Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	foot_n	half_a	inch_n	1,859	5	11.0254	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A33609	Timber-measure by a line of more ease, dispatch and exactness, then any other way now in use, by a double scale after the countrey-measure, by the length and quarter of the circumference in round timber, and by the length and side of the square in squared timber, and square equal in flat timber : as also stone-measure and gauging of vessels by the same near and exact way, likewise a diagonal scale of 100 parts in a quarter of an inch, very easie both to make and use / by Hen. Coggeshall.	Coggeshall, Henry, 1623-1690.	1677 (1677)	Wing C4891; ESTC R34821	10,413	45

TIMBER-MEASURE By a Line OF More Ease Dispatch and Exactness then any other Way Now in Use By a DOUBLE SCALE After the Countrey-Measure by the Length and a Quarter of the Circumference in Round Timber And by the Length and Side of the Square in Squared Timber and Square equal in Flat Timber AS ALSO Stone-Measure and Gauging of Vessels by the same Near and Exact Way Likewise a Diagonal Scale of 100 Parts in a Quarter of an Inch very Easie both to make and use By HEN COGGESHALL Gent. LONDON Printed for the Author and are to be sold by Robert Pricke at the Golden Ball in St. Pauls Church-yard next Cheapside where you may have Choice of Books of Geometry Perspective and Architecture Likewise Italian French and Dutch Prints 1677. TO THE Reader IF Thou delightest in Timber-Measure or hast occasion for Much Thou hast here a Line so Fit for thy Purpose that thou canst not imagine much less wish a better For what can be more ready and easie then having set twelve to the length to see the Content exactly against the Girt or Side of the Square Whereas on Mr. Partridge's Scale the Content is the Sixth Number which is far more troublesome then with Compasses The Line is also so clear that one cannot easily mistake any way Also the Girt-Line being subdivided into Halfs and Quarters of Inches renders this way more exact then any other way by Decimal Division But a Mean Proportional is also most easily and exactly found hereon whereby Flat Timber or such as hath Bredth and Depth as also Stone c. is also readily Measured hereby Gauging of Vessels ●s likewise readily and exactly Performed by this Line Besides in great Pieces the Content is given in Loads and Feet directly where the Load is Accounted 40 Foot Lastly being small or great it is Measured in a manner with equal facility But I refer thee to the Book and Rule not doubting of thy kind Acceptance as it never failed of the Approbation of all such Gentlemen and others concerned in Timber who have seen and understood it it being none of the least Commendations of it that it is presently understood THE DESCRIPTION And USE of a LINE of TIMBER-MEASURE THE double Scales Contrived by Mr. Partridge are well known and deservedly esteemed yet in this Point of Timber-Measure they are not so useful The Meas●re this way upon these Scales being far more troublesom and uncertain then on the single Line of Numbers with Compasses Whereas the Line here treated of is so easie speedy to work exact and also so intelligible as that a better cannot be desired The Line begins at 4 and is unequally divided to 40 each Division subdivided into four it representing Inches with their Halfes and Quarters but Numbred thus 4.5.6.7.8.9.1.2.3.4 Which 1.2 and 3. most commonly signifie 10.20 and 30. Though sometimes when there is occasion of Measuring any thing so small they signifie themselves only At 12 let there be four Pricks in a Rhombus thus As also there may be such another at 41.57 for an use hereafter mentioned So that as far as 40 In●hes the Girts by which name we call a quarter of the Circumference are actually on the Line Though beneath 4 Inches it is not accounted Timber And if the Girt be above 40 Inches yet shall it be exactly Measured by this Line As also all Flat Timber that is such as hath bredth and depth may be speedily Measured hereby the Mean Proportional being found by the help of this Line more easily then on the single Line with Compasses Herein it excelling any other Measure now in use This Line divided as hereafter is shewn and thus Numbred is to slide against the Line of Numbers in two Lengths to which it is exactly equal which as in other Measure is to be estimated as occasion requires Ordinarily 1.10.100 Sometimes 10.100.1000 And sometimes ·1 or 1 10 1.10 The first Estimate is always meant if it be not otherwise limited These things Premised I shall shew you the Use of this Line To Measure Round Timber TO which purpose you may take Notice that in Measuring the length of a Tree they begin at the ground-Ground-end at the second Chip and Measure to the other end in feet and half-feet for I never knew any Buyer Measure in less Dimensions then half a foot in the length and content nor less then a quarter of an inch in the Girt then back again half-way where they take the Circumference with a Cord and Measure a fourth Part thereof having doubled it twice in Inches and quarters of Inches And this must be observed that the length be g●ven in Foot measure and the Girt in Inch-measure though it be one two three Foot or more in length This done you have three Numbers given viz. 12. which is always the first then the length which is the second and the Girt the third whereof 12 and the Girt are always on my Line which I shall therefore hereafter call the Girt-Line the Length and Content on the Line of Numbers But you may Note by the way that though Timber is Measured usually in feet and half-feet And in Inches halfes and quarters of Inches and I never saw any Measured otherwise Yet any man may Measure in less Dimensions if he please or the Custom be so But always the Length in Foot-measure and the Girt in Inch-Measure as is before said To come therefore to the Rule set 12 on the Girt Line marked as before to the Length on the Line of Numbers Against the Girt on the Girt-Line you have the Content on the line of Numbers So that the lines being set to the length you have at one View against any Girt his own Content at that length As also what is got or lost by adding or abating a quarter or half an Inch which convenience no other Way of Measure affords Now there being several Cases in Timber-Measure I shall set down the most ordinary and give an Example of each whereof this shall be the first VVhen the Girt is from 4 to 40 and the Content not above 100 Foot 1. Example At 9 foot length and 15 inches Girt what is the Content Set 12 on the Girt-line to 9 on the line of Numbers against 15 on the Girt-line is 14 and a little more on the line of Numbers which is the Content viz. 14 foot 2 Example At 35 ½ foot length and 14 ¼ inches girt what is the Content Facit 50 foot And of this way being the most easie you will have the most frequent use 2. VVhen the Girt being from 4 to 40 the Content is above 100 foot If the length be not above 9 foot the Content will not be above 100 foot therefore First if the length be 10 foot or above set 12 to the length in the first length of the line of Numbers so shall your Content fall in the second length But now 1 in the middle of the line is 100 the 2

Timber at that girt So much for Timber-measure by this line which how much it surpasseth the way by Compasses needs no more proof than the judgment of them that have seen and understood both wayes this being preferred by several as wel● Gentlemen as Timber-Masters Carpenters and Ship-Wrights who have desired these Rules Stone-Measure Stone may be measured as square or flat Timber only the len●th would be measured in Feet and Decimals of Feet the side of the square if it be square or the bredth and depth in Inches and Decimals of Inches Whereby the mean proportional being first found the Content will be also found in Feet and Decimals of Feet as in the measure of square or flat Timber aforegoing Gaugeing of Vessel The Gauge-pipe for Wine is marked on the Rule with W of Beer with B. Wherefore having measured the length of the Vessel in Inches and tenths as also the Diameter at the Bung and at the Head first find the mean Diameter thus Take the difference between the two Diameters this difference Multiply by 7 add the Product to the less Diameter so as the figure representing hundreds be set under the unite-place of the less Diameter and the rest forward toward the right hand for a Centesimal the same shall be the mean Diameter Then set the Gauge-point against the length in the line of numbers and against the Mean-Diameter on mine is the just content Example Let the length be 34 ½ inches The Diameter at the Bung. 29.4 inches the Diameter at the Head 25.3 inches the difference is 4 1 which multiplied by 7 makes 287 which I add to the less Diameter thus 25.3 which 28.17 is the mean Diameter 2.87 28.17 Then setting the Gauge-point of Wine or Beer respectively for example of Wine against 34 ½ Against 28.17 or 28.2 you will find 93 Gallons the just content As for the double Scale of numbers at 2 equal lines in each 2 lengths though the measure of Board and Plank on them be as the measure of Timber on this by setting 12 to the length and against the bredth standeth the Content or by setting 12 to the bredth and against the length stands the Content for which cause as also for working proportions of other sorts I have caused them to be put on to the other flat of these Scales Yet the measure of Timber upon them is so troublesom as there is no induring it I mean this way the way by Compasses on the single line far surpassing it For though the Compasses stand upon a fourth number yet there is not the least necessity of determining what that fourth number is which yet must be exactly defined on the double Scale and so transferred from one line to the other My Line also being actually divided into Halfes and Quarters of Inches is ready for the Measurers use The Timber in this County of Suffolk and for ought I know elswhere not onely what is for Building Ships of all sorts as also what is Shipt for London or elsewhere being always measured the length in feet and the quarter of the Circumference or Girt in Inches Halfes and Quarters and not otherwise Whereas on the Line of Numbers the large Divisions are subdivided into ten Parts where want the Quarters actually and after into 5 where there are wanting both Halfes and Quarters actually the Quarters in this case being hard to pitch on and after into 2. This is no great inconvenience in my Measure the Line of Numbers representing only Feet viz. in the length and content in which as I said before I never saw less dimensions taken notice of then feet and half-feet But where the Custom is to measure to a quarter of a Foot it may be done so as well this way as the other Concerning the Rules Let them as other double Rules run between two Loupes upon a Spline either planed so or glewed into one with a furrow in the other and of one or two foot in length If of one foot length the Line of Numbers is ordinarily 11 inches precisely and on this we may measure to a foot as far as 200 foot But if they be 2 foot long far farther to half a foot the Lines being near 23 inches As to that of a Foot my Advice is this Let the bredth of each be about six tenths of an inch let both the Loupes be fixed to that which hath the Spline on it so the other shall always run in one Loup whitherway soever you move it And on this Account I call one Moveable the other fixed On this Loup'd or Fixed Rule let the Line of Numbers begin at the end next you when it lieth toward your left hand that this Girt-line may slide against it on the right hand To the outward Edge of this Loup'd Rule on this flat let the Foot be divided into 100 parts In the other Flat let the double Scale of Numbers be put on but let them begin at the other end so shall the moveable Rule be to your right hand when the beginning of the Lines are toward you which I hold convenient On this Flat to the left Hand let the foot be into 12 inches each into ten parts for Decimal Measure So is it Fitted for any one that useth a Two-Foot Joynt-Rule besides to measure the Girt or any other measure But if any Gentleman or other please to have this Fitted for other Measures it may be conveniently and easily done thus Let the moveable or furrowed Rule be an inch longer then the other that being drawn out to 2 Foot in length it may be there Fixed by a small Vice-Nail through the Loup which is at the end of the single line of Numbers the Screw-Nut being let into the Rule before the Loup be fixed it having also two Shouldrings that the Loup being Fixed it may also be immoveable One Pin going through on one side the said Screw-Nut the other on the other Then there being room towards the outside of the moveable Rule Let there be put on the same Flat on which the Girt-line is 12 inches divided into Halfes quarters and half-quarters but Numbred from the Loup 13 14 15 c. to 24. at the end On the other Flat of this moveable Rule next the outward edge let be 12 inches divided as next before into halfes quarters and half-quarters But numbred from the said end to the Loup with 1.2 3.4 c. to 12 at the Loup So any Girt or thing of one Foot or under may be measured on this last But if it be above it may be measured on the other Flat beginning at the empty Loup and so toward the end of the moveable Rule Or it may be annexed to the Carpenter's Two-Foot Joynt-Rule having two Loups fixed to the immoveable Leg the Spline being also glewed into the said Leg and the lines of Numbers and this line put on in every respect as before But let the Inch-lines be put on thus On the Flat whereon the Girt-line

is let the inches be put on to the inner Edges of the Joynt-Rule to begin at the double end with 1.2.3 and to 24. at the single end subdivided into halfes quarters and half-quarters On the other Flat let them be put on in the like manner but to begin at the single end Also the Foot into 100 parts and into 12 inches each inch into 10 parts maybe put on the single Rule toward the outward Edges one on one Flat and one on the other There are two Properties which may be Noted on this Line which if there be no other use of them will try the truth of the Divisions 1. Set 10 on mine to 1 in the middle of the Line of Numbers which must be reckoned 100. So shall every division and subdivision on my Line stand against his own Square on the line of Numbers so that the square Root of a Number is easily found 2. What number on mine stands against 1 in the beginning of the Line of numbers against the squares on the Line of numbers shall stand the numbers that are in Arithmetical proportion from the said number As set 4 on mine to 1 on the Line of numbers Against 4.9.16.25.36.49.64.81.100 on the line of Numbers Stand 8.12.16.20.24.28.32.36.40 on mine So setting five as above mine against the said square shall stand 10.15.20.25 c. To divide the Girt-line Prepare a Diagonal Scale of one hundred in the Integer ten Integers whereof shall be exactly equal to the whole Line of numbers of 2 lengths against which this Line is to slide but there will not be need of above 7 of the said Integers Having fitted the beginning and end of your Line to the beginning and end of the Line of Numbers The end at the beginning shall be 4 the other 40. Set of the Arithmetical complement of 4 from the beginning so shall you have 10 Figured 1. Then may you set of the Divisions beneath ten by their Arithmetical Complement but they must be set off from 10 toward 4. All the Divisions above ten shall be set off by their proper Log Omitting the Judices from ten toward 40. But because my Line is subdivided into halfes and quarters not into Decimals 25 must be accounted the quarter 50 the half and 75 three quarters The Complement Arithmetical of 4 3.979 shall give you ten The Complement Arithmetical of 9.75 neglecting the Index set off from ten toward four giveth you 9 ¾ it being 0.109 0.222 giveth you 9 ½ 0.338 giveth 9 ¼ But then above ten 0.107 giveth 10 ¼ 0.212 giveth 10 ½ 0.314.10 ¾ 0.414.11 Always neglecting the Index A Diagonal Scale of 100 Parts in a quarter of an Inch. FINDING a Scale of this Nature in Wings Book of Surveying made by Mr. Hayes being above three inches broad and having in 20 Chains and the Diagonal 1760 Pricks which render it troublesom to make yet named by the Author J. W. with several hard Names as troublesom to speak I here offer the ingenious Surveyour one in little more then half the Bredth and long as he please without one Prick and but four short Lines more than his of the same length yet of as easie and certain use as his or any other Let the bredth of the Rule be about one inch and eight tenths and an half or 1.85 inches Let the length be as you please divided into transverse parallels equally at a quarter of an inch distance for the Chain Lines Setting of two tenths toward the left hand for Figures for Numbring the Chains draw the first long or Link-parallel representing 0 draw 20 long parallels more at about eight Cents of an inch equal distance from this and one another which shall be the Link-parallels Let those parallels that represent 5.10 and 15 viz. The 6th 11th and 16th from the Figures or left hand edge of the Scale be only scratc'ht through the Chain-parallels not drawn clean through except through the Diagonal Integer or quarter of inch being the uppermost where they must be drawn through On the top of the Scale over the said 5 and 15 stamp or cut a 5 over 10 a Cypher as also put a Cypher between every scratch in the said Link-line representing 10. So will the Scale be divided as it were into two Scales by the said row of Cyphers Figure the Chain-lines as in other Scales from the Diagonal Integer downward Divide the uppermost Integer at each end into five equal parts exactly Draw Diagonals from 0 on the Left hand to the first on the Right and from the first on the Left to the second on the Righr and so on as in other Diagonal Scales So whereas in other Scales you have your Diagonal Integer divided into ten one way and ten the other here it 〈…〉 divided into five one way and twe●ty the other And this is easily ma●● intelligible and certain in working 〈◊〉 it The Vse If the place of tens in your Link● be 0.2.4.6 or 8. which Figures or at least two of them I would have set at the left end of the said Diagonal Integer against their respective Diagonals then use the first or Left hand Scale But if the place of tens in your Links be 1.3.5.7 or 9. use the second or Right hand Scale For that Diagonal which is 20 in the first Scale is 30 in the second that which is 40 in the first is 50 in the second and so the rest An Example of each To take off ten Chains and 46 Links or 10.46 Chains set one Foot of the Compasses on the tenth Chain-parallel on the Link-parallel representing 6 in the first or l●ft hand Scale and extend the other to the Diagonal of 40 in the said Link parallel of 6. But to take off 10 Chaines and 56 Links set one foot on the said Chain-line of 10 and the Link-parallel representing 6 in the right-hand Scale and extend the other Foot to the said Diagonal which is 40 in the first Scale but 50 in this This you will finde after a very little practice to be no trouble but very certain and exact And being in a small Volume it is not troublesom It will be also made in as much less time then the other as so many hundred Pricks which are as above is said 20 Chaines no less then 1760 in every Chain there being 80 so the longer the more Which Considerations of time and trouble will render this cheaper and being as easie and exact as any other will I hope be at least as well accepted H. COGGESHALL Some Additional Notes 1. NOTE Relating to Page 7. line 9. TO what Number soever you set 12 17 will stand against the double thereof but it will stand a little over or beyond because something less then 6 inches make a foot at 17 inches square set therefore 17 so and in this Example you shall finde 10● foot near 2. NOTE concerning Gaging Having the difference between the two Diameters in inches and tenths On the double Scale of Numbers set 1 on the first to 7 on the second against the difference on the first will be the Number on the second to be added to the less Diameter 1 in the middle of the second being one inch If this Number be above 10 as it will be if the difference be above 14 and an half account 1 at the beginning of the first 10 so shall you have this Number on the second 1 in the middle of the second being 10. 3. NOTE Relating to Page 21. line 15. In stead of the Vice-Nail and Screw-N●t there mentioned a Pin that goeth full through will do as well and is readier for use therefore they may be omitted The length of the moveable Rule shall not need to be above 12 inches and an half An Example of Stone-Measure Let a Stone be 6 foot and 35 centes long 36 inches and an half broad 5 inches and 7 tenths deep Setting the bredth to it self against the depth you have a little short of 14 and an half where make a fine mark with chalk or coal Then remove 12 to the length and this mark will point out 9 foot and about two tenths which is not a quarter FINIS ERRATA Page 7. line 10. re●● of 〈◊〉 home to the l. ●8 r. 103 foot near l. 20 r. ● When. p. ●● ● r. 4 fo●t ea●h tenth p. ● l. 15. r. ● When. 〈…〉 r. in the first l●ng●h p. 10 l 10. r. 5. When. p. 1● l 5. 〈…〉 p. 1● l. 5 d●l● and. p. 14. l. 17. r. The use of the division at 41.57 p 15. l. 17. r. ten●●s ●f inches p. 1● l. ● r. Gag● point l. ● r. of Beer with B or A. l. ●● ● C●ntent in Gallons p. 24. l. 16. r. on mine l. 17. r. squares Licensed May 25. 1677. And Entred according to Order ROGER L'ESTRANGE These RVLES with all other Mathematical Instruments are made by Walter Henshaw at the Globe and Marriner near the Hermitage-Bridge near Wapping