he_o inform_v i_o that_o it_o be_v their_o usual_a way_n to_o turn_v water_n and_o snow_n into_o ice_n by_o pour_v a_o convenient_a proportion_n of_o that_o liquor_n into_o a_o great_a quantity_n of_o snow_n and_o have_v also_o inquire_v 〈◊〉_d ice_n have_v not_o the_o like_a operation_n he_o tell_v 〈◊〉_d that_o it_o be_v usual_a and_o he_o have_v see_v it_o practise_v in_o 〈◊〉_d to_o cement_v ice_n to_o building_n and_o other_o thing_n and_o also_o to_o case_n over_o body_n as_o it_o be_v with_o ice_n by_o gradual_o throw_v water_n upon_o they_o but_o i_o doubt_v whether_o that_o effect_v be_v to_o be_v ascribe_v bare_o to_o the_o contiguity_n of_o the_o ice_n because_o i_o learn_v of_o he_o that_o this_o way_n of_o increase_a ice_n be_v practise_v in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n when_o water_n thin_o spread_v upon_o almost_o any_o other_o body_n will_v be_v freeze_v by_o the_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air._n 7._o the_o glaciation_n that_o nature_n unguided_a by_o art_n be_v wont_a to_o make_v begin_v at_o those_o part_n of_o body_n at_o which_o they_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n it_o usual_o happen_v that_o they_o freeze_v from_o the_o upper_a towards_o the_o low_a part_n but_o how_o far_o in_o earth_n and_o water_n the_o most_o considerable_a body_n that_o be_v subject_a to_o be_v freeze_v the_o frost_n will_v pierce_v downward_o though_o for_o some_o hint_n it_o will_v afford_v worth_a the_o know_n be_v not_o easy_a to_o be_v define_v because_o the_o deepness_n of_o the_o frost_n may_v be_v much_o vary_v by_o the_o degree_n of_o coldness_n in_o the_o air_n by_o which_o the_o glaciation_n seem_v to_o be_v produce_v as_o also_o by_o the_o great_a or_o 〈◊〉_d duration_n of_o the_o frost_n by_o the_o loose_a or_o close_a texture_n of_o the_o earth_n by_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o juice_n wherewith_o the_o earth_n be_v imbue_v and_o by_o the_o constitution_n of_o the_o subjacent_a and_o more_o internal_a part_n of_o the_o earth_n some_o of_o which_o send_v up_o either_o actual_o warm_a or_o potential_o hot_a and_o resolve_v steam_n such_o as_o those_o that_o make_v corrosive_a liquor_n in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o that_o the_o frost_n will_v not_o seize_v upon_o or_o at_o lest_o can_v continue_v over_o mine_n and_o i_o have_v see_v good_a large_a scope_n of_o land_n where_o vast_a quantity_n of_o good_a limestone_n lie_v near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n on_o which_o i_o have_v be_v assure_v by_o the_o inhabitant_n that_o the_o snow_n will_v not_o lie_v there_o be_v divers_a other_o thing_n that_o may_v vary_v the_o depth_n to_o which_o the_o frost_n can_v penetrate_v into_o the_o ground_n i_o say_v into_o the_o ground_n because_o in_o most_o case_n it_o will_v pierce_v deep_o into_o the_o water_n but_o yet_o that_o we_o may_v not_o leave_v this_o part_n of_o the_o history_n of_o cold_a altogether_o uncontribute_v to_o we_o will_v add_v some_o of_o our_o note_n whereby_o it_o will_v appear_v that_o in_o our_o climate_n the_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d less_o into_o the_o ground_n than_o many_o be_v please_v to_o think_v 8._o the_o note_n i_o find_v about_o this_o matter_n be_v these_o that_o follow_v which_o i_o 〈◊〉_d unaltered_a because_o it_o be_v tedious_a and_o not_o worth_a while_n to_o add_v the_o way_n we_o employ_v and_o the_o caution_n we_o use_v in_o make_v the_o observation_n but_o we_o shall_v rather_o intimate_v that_o the_o follow_a trial_n be_v make_v in_o a_o village_n about_o two_o mile_n from_o a_o great_a city_n i._n jan._n 22._o after_o four_o night_n of_o frost_n that_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o for_o very_o hard_a we_o go_v into_o a_o orchard_n where_o the_o ground_n be_v level_a and_o not_o cover_v with_o grass_n and_o find_v by_o dig_v that_o the_o frost_n have_v scarce_o pierce_v into_o the_o ground_n three_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a and_o in_o a_o garden_n near_o the_o house_n we_o find_v not_o the_o earth_n to_o be_v freeze_v more_o than_o two_o inch_n beneath_o its_o surface_n ii_o nine_o or_o ten_o night_n successive_a frost_n freeze_v the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o garden_n about_o six_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_a in_o depth_n and_o the_o grasless_a ground_n in_o the_o orchard_n where_o a_o wall_n 〈◊〉_d it_o from_o the_o south_n sun_n to_o the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o about_o eight_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a or_o better_o february_n the_o 9_o we_o dig_v in_o a_o orchard_n near_o a_o wall_n that_o respect_v the_o north_n and_o find_v the_o frost_n to_o have_v 〈◊〉_d the_o ground_n 〈◊〉_d a_o foot_n and_o two_o inch_n at_o least_o above_o a_o foot_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d the_o eight_o day_n since_o it_o be_v 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d inch_n and_o a_o half_a a_fw-la slender_a pipe_n of_o glass_n about_o 18._o inch_n long_o and_o seal_v at_o one_o end_n be_v thrust_v over_o night_n into_o a_o hole_n purposely_o make_v with_o a_o spit_n straight_o down_o into_o the_o ground_n the_o 〈◊〉_d of_o the_o water_n be_v in_o the_o same_o level_n with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n the_o next_o morning_n the_o tube_n be_v take_v out_o the_o water_n appear_v freeze_v in_o the_o whole_a capacity_n of_o the_o cylinder_n but_o a_o little_a more_o than_o three_o inch_n but_o from_o this_o stick_n of_o ice_n there_o reach_v downward_o a_o part_n of_o a_o cylinder_n of_o ice_n of_o about_o six_o inch_n in_o length_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o water_n remain_v 〈◊〉_d though_o it_o be_v a_o exceed_a sharp_a night_n precede_v by_o a_o constitution_n of_o the_o air_n that_o have_v be_v very_o lasting_a and_o very_o bitter_a the_o earth_n in_o the_o garden_n where_o this_o trial_n be_v make_v we_o guess_v to_o be_v freeze_v eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n deep_a as_o it_o be_v in_o another_o place_n about_o the_o same_o house_n but_o be_v this_o tube_n have_v not_o be_v in_o the_o ground_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v have_v freeze_v it_o quite_o through_o 9_o another_o note_n much_o of_o the_o same_o import_n we_o find_v in_o another_o place_n of_o our_o collection_n find_v that_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o mildness_n of_o our_o climate_n i_o be_v scarce_o to_o hope_v for_o any_o much_o deep_a congelation_n of_o the_o earth_n or_o water_n i_o apply_v myself_o to_o inquire_v of_o a_o ingenious_a man_n that_o have_v be_v at_o musco_n whether_o he_o have_v observe_v any_o thing_n there_o to_o my_o present_a purpose_n as_o also_o to_o find_v in_o captain_n james_n voyage_n whether_o that_o inquisitive_a navigator_n have_v take_v notice_n of_o any_o thing_n that_o may_v inform_v i_o how_o far_o the_o cold_a be_v able_a to_o freeze_v the_o earth_n or_o water_n in_o the_o island_n of_o charleton_n where_o that_o quality_n may_v probable_o be_v suppose_v to_o have_v have_v as_o large_a a_o sphere_n of_o activity_n as_o in_o almost_o any_o part_n of_o the_o habitable_a world_n and_o by_o my_o inquiry_n i_o 〈◊〉_d that_o even_o in_o freeze_a region_n themselves_o a_o congeal_a degree_n of_o cold_a pierce_v nothing_o near_o so_o deep_a into_o the_o earth_n and_o sea_n as_o one_o will_v imagine_v for_o the_o traveller_n i_o speak_v with_o tell_v i_o that_o in_o a_o garden_n in_o musco_n where_o he_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o thing_n i_o inquire_v about_o he_o find_v not_o the_o ground_n to_o be_v freeze_v much_o above_o two_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o captain_n james_n journal_n the_o most_o that_o i_o find_v and_o that_o too_o where_o he_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o prodigious_o tall_a ice_n they_o have_v in_o january_n concern_v the_o pierce_a of_o the_o frost_n into_o the_o ground_n be_v this_o that_o the_o ground_n at_o 63._o tenfoot_o deep_a be_v freeze_v whence_o by_o the_o way_n we_o may_v gather_v how_o much_o sharp_a cold_n may_v be_v presume_v to_o have_v reign_v in_o that_o island_n than_o even_o in_o russia_n and_o as_o for_o the_o freeze_a of_o the_o water_n he_o do_v in_o another_o place_n occasional_o give_v we_o this_o memorable_a account_n of_o it_o where_o he_o relate_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o break_n up_o the_o ice_n in_o the_o freeze_a sea_n that_o surround_v the_o island_n we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o it_o be_v first_o to_o be_v note_v say_v he_o that_o it_o do_v 86._o not_o freeze_v natural_o above_o six_o foot_n the_o rest_n be_v by_o accident_n such_o be_v that_o ice_n that_o you_o may_v see_v here_o six_o fathom_n thick_a this_o we_o have_v manifest_a proof_n of_o by_o our_o dig_v the_o ice_n out_o of_o the_o ship_n and_o by_o dig_v to_o our_o anchor_n before_o the_o ice_n break_v up_o the_o rest_n of_o that_o account_n not_o concern_v our_o present_a purpose_n i_o forbear_v to_o annex_v only_o take_v notice_n that_o notwithstanding_o our_o late_o mention_a experiment_n of_o freeze_a water_n in_o
immersion_n of_o the_o glass_n into_o water_n not_o only_o a_o while_n before_o noon_n but_o a_o hour_n or_o two_o after_o dinner_n and_o at_o distant_a hour_n afterward_o though_o the_o descent_n of_o the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v neither_o so_o quick_a nor_o so_o considerable_a as_o it_o have_v be_v former_o in_o the_o morning_n june_n 27._o in_o the_o morning_n a_o small_a cylinder_n of_o water_n pendulous_a in_o the_o above_o mention_v glass_n upon_o the_o immersion_n of_o the_o egg_n in_o a_o basin_n of_o water_n will_v immediate_o and_o very_o considerable_o subside_o whereas_o the_o same_o glass_n be_v immerse_v in_o the_o vessel_n of_o quicksilver_n former_o mention_v 〈◊〉_d present_o ascend_v both_o part_n of_o this_o experiment_n we_o several_a time_n try_v and_o the_o reason_n be_v suspect_v to_o be_v that_o the_o quicksilver_n have_v stay_v all_o night_n in_o my_o chamber_n which_o be_v somewhat_o warm_a whereas_o the_o water_n be_v bring_v up_o that_o morning_n and_o to_o the_o touch_n seem_v cold_a than_o the_o quicksilver_n and_o a_o while_n after_o dinner_n the_o same_o water_n have_v be_v still_o keep_v in_o the_o room_n we_o divers_a time_n find_v that_o as_o well_o that_o as_o the_o quicksilver_n do_v immediate_o upon_o immersion_n impel_v up_o the_o pendulous_a water_n in_o the_o slender_a pipe_n another_o time_n in_o frosty_a weather_n and_o about_o the_o begin_n of_o january_n we_o do_v with_o such_o a_o glass_n as_o have_v be_v already_o several_a time_n mention_v take_v somedrop_n of_o water_n out_o of_o a_o vessel_n wherein_o that_o liquor_n have_v for_o a_o good_a while_n be_v keep_v that_o it_o may_v be_v reduce_v as_o near_o as_o we_o can_v to_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n then_o 〈◊〉_d the_o suspend_v water_n to_o continue_v a_o convenient_a while_n in_o the_o long_a and_o slender_a stem_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n that_o the_o internal_a air_n may_v be_v reduce_v to_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o external_a we_o take_v up_o the_o glass_n by_o the_o open_a end_n and_o immerse_v the_o obtuse_a part_n of_o it_o into_o a_o shallow_a vessel_n contain_v some_o of_o the_o above_o mention_v water_n we_o find_v the_o suspend_v drop_n sudden_o impel_v upward_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n or_o more_o and_o the_o ball_n of_o the_o thermometer_n be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o water_n into_o the_o air_n the_o pendulous_a drop_n do_v again_o though_o far_o more_o slow_o than_o it_o ascend_v subside_o this_o be_v repeat_v three_o or_o four_o time_n with_o some_o interval_n between_o and_o that_o in_o a_o room_n where_o there_o be_v no_o chimney_n and_o still_o with_o the_o like_a success_n save_v that_o in_o the_o two_o last_o trial_n we_o take_v the_o weatherglass_n out_o of_o the_o shallow_a water_n and_o plunge_v it_o into_o a_o deep_a vessel_n of_o the_o same_o water_n that_o stand_v very_o near_o the_o other_o we_o find_v for_o further_a confirmation_n of_o the_o experiment_n that_o the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v upon_o these_o new_a immersion_n impel_v up_o near_o if_o not_o full_a as_o high_a again_o as_o when_o we_o have_v immerse_v it_o only_o in_o the_o shallow_a vessel_n and_o take_v it_o out_o of_o this_o deep_a glass_n we_o find_v the_o cold_a of_o the_o external_a air_n to_o reduce_v it_o to_o its_o former_a humble_a station_n thus_o far_o the_o note_n i_o have_v yet_o be_v able_a to_o recover_v and_o though_o as_o i_o say_v i_o dare_v not_o build_v very_o much_o upon_o they_o yet_o by_o small_a seal_a weather-glass_n i_o find_v enough_o to_o invite_v i_o to_o suspect_v that_o of_o the_o degree_n of_o heat_n and_o cold_a in_o the_o air_n we_o may_v receive_v differ_v information_n when_o we_o employ_v only_o our_o organ_n of_o touch_v and_o when_o we_o make_v use_v of_o fit_a instrument_n i_o shall_v add_v on_o this_o occasion_n that_o not_o only_o water_v itself_o but_o moist_a vapour_n abound_v in_o the_o air_n may_v make_v we_o think_v it_o cold_a than_o the_o weatherglass_n discover_v it_o to_o be_v for_o though_o it_o be_v general_o take_v for_o grant_v that_o the_o thermometer_n do_v only_o more_o exact_o measure_n or_o determine_v the_o effect_n which_o cold_a have_v both_o upon_o it_o and_o upon_o our_o sensory_n yet_o i_o have_v long_o suspect_v that_o there_o be_v somewhat_o else_o in_o the_o case_n and_o i_o have_v observe_v that_o sometime_o the_o weather_n seem_v more_o or_o less_o cold_a to_o i_o then_o that_o which_o precede_v when_o the_o contrary_a appear_v in_o the_o weatherglass_n and_o that_o when_o upon_o consideration_n of_o the_o whole_a matter_n that_o difference_n do_v not_o appear_v to_o depend_v upon_o those_o circumstance_n of_o exercise_n or_o rest_v or_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n i_o come_v out_o of_o or_o any_o of_o those_o other_o thing_n to_o which_o a_o considerate_a man_n that_o go_v upon_o no_o better_a than_o the_o common_a opinion_n about_o weather-glass_n will_v be_v apt_a to_o impute_v to_o that_o phaenomenon_n and_o i_o be_v the_o less_o dispose_v to_o think_v myself_o mistake_v because_o have_v purposely_o inquire_v of_o other_o in_o the_o same_o house_n who_o be_v not_o tell_v what_o information_n the_o weatherglass_n give_v they_o agree_v with_o i_o in_o the_o sense_n i_o have_v of_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o wether_n and_o have_v since_o as_o occasion_v serve_v communicate_v my_o observation_n and_o suspicion_n to_o divers_a ingenious_a man_n i_o have_v be_v by_o their_o recenter_n observation_n confirm_v that_o what_o i_o have_v take_v notice_n of_o be_v not_o the_o effect_n of_o any_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d from_o which_o and_o other_o particular_n that_o we_o may_v have_v elsewhere_o opportunity_n to_o mention_v we_o may_v plausible_o enough_o infer_v that_o it_o be_v not_o amiss_o not_o only_o to_o take_v notice_n when_o we_o have_v opportunity_n of_o the_o sense_n that_o be_v express_v of_o the_o degree_n of_o cold_a by_o bird_n and_o other_o animal_n who_o diet_n be_v more_o simple_a and_o regular_a than_o we_o and_o who_o perception_n be_v common_o more_o delicate_a and_o less_o divert_v but_o especial_o to_o examine_v the_o coldness_n of_o the_o air_n and_o other_o body_n as_o well_o by_o experiment_n and_o instrument_n as_o by_o the_o touch_n and_o on_o this_o occasion_n i_o must_v not_o pretermit_v that_o memorable_a account_n that_o be_v give_v we_o by_o martinius_n in_o that_o noble_a piece_n of_o geography_n which_o he_o call_v atlas_n chinensis_n where_o speak_v of_o the_o air_n of_o that_o populous_a country_n he_o have_v this_o singular_a passage_n ad_fw-la caeli_fw-la say_v he_o solique_fw-la temperiem_fw-la quod_fw-la attinet_fw-la 28._o majus_fw-la in_o hac_fw-la provinciâ_fw-la frigus_fw-la est_fw-la quam_fw-la illius_fw-la poscat_fw-la poli_fw-fr altitudo_fw-la vix_fw-la enim_fw-la illa_fw-la excedit_fw-la gradum_fw-la secundum_fw-la supra_fw-la quadragesimum_fw-la &_o tamen_fw-la per_fw-la integros_fw-la quatuor_fw-la saepe_fw-la menses_fw-la flumina_fw-la omne_fw-la adeò_fw-la durè_fw-la concrescunt_fw-la gelu_fw-la ut_fw-la currus_fw-la equosque_fw-la 〈◊〉_d gravissima_fw-la etiam_fw-la onera_fw-la glacies_fw-la ferat_fw-la innoxiè_fw-la acsecurissimè_fw-la transeant_fw-la ex_fw-la iis_fw-la ingentia_fw-la etiam_fw-la glaciei_fw-la frusta_fw-la exscinduntur_fw-la quae_fw-la in_o futuram_fw-la aestatem_fw-la ad_fw-la delicias_fw-la servant_n his_o 〈◊〉_d omnes_fw-la nave_n ita_fw-la in_o ipsâ_fw-la glacie_n defixae_fw-la sunt_fw-la ut_fw-la progredi_fw-la nequeant_fw-la ubicunque_fw-la illas_fw-la frigus_fw-la occupo_fw-la quod_fw-la certo_fw-la certius_fw-la circa_fw-la medium_n novembris_fw-la ingruere_fw-la solet_fw-la per_fw-la quatuor_fw-la illos_fw-la menses_fw-la immotae_fw-la ibi_fw-la perstare_fw-la coguntur_fw-la neque_fw-la enim_fw-la resolvitur_fw-la glacies_fw-la ante_fw-la martii_fw-la initium_fw-la haec_fw-la plerumque_fw-la glaciei_fw-la concretio_fw-la uno_fw-la fit_a die_v cum_fw-la non_fw-la nisi_fw-la pluribus_fw-la fiat_fw-la liquefactio_fw-la to_o which_o he_o add_v what_o make_v most_o to_o our_o present_a purpose_n 〈◊〉_d illud_fw-la mirum_fw-la tantum_fw-la non_fw-la videri_fw-la aut_fw-la sentiri_fw-la illud_fw-la frigus_fw-la ut_fw-la europeos_n ad_fw-la hypocausta_fw-la subeunda_fw-la videatur_fw-la posse_fw-la cogere_fw-la aut_fw-la in_o europâ_fw-la ad_fw-la glaciem_fw-la producendam_fw-la 〈◊〉_d unde_fw-la ad_fw-la subterraneas_fw-la illic_fw-la exhalationes_fw-la pro_fw-la harum_fw-la rerum_fw-la causis_fw-la indagandis_fw-la 〈◊〉_d recurrendum_fw-la est_fw-la etc._n etc._n but_o all_o that_o i_o have_v be_v imply_v of_o the_o necessity_n and_o usefulness_n of_o the_o weatherglass_n be_v no_o way_n inconsistent_a with_o the_o truth_n of_o the_o latter_a part_n of_o our_o former_o propose_a paradox_n namely_o that_o we_o be_v not_o rash_o to_o rely_v upon_o the_o information_n even_o of_o common_a weather-glass_n themselves_o for_o though_o they_o be_v a_o excellent_a invention_n and_o their_o information_n in_o many_o case_n preferable_a to_o those_o of_o our_o sense_n because_o those_o dead_a engine_n be_v not_o in_o such_o case_n obnoxious_a to_o the_o same_o cause_n of_o uncertainty_n
easy_o be_v break_v there_o and_o have_v set_v the_o viol_n to_o freeze_v as_o before_o without_o find_v the_o water_n to_o descend_v in_o the_o pipe_n we_o do_v with_o a_o forceps_n break_v off_o the_o slender_a seal_a end_n that_o the_o outward_a air_n may_v come_v to_o press_v upon_o the_o suspend_v water_n and_o by_o it_o upon_o the_o cool_v air_n in_o the_o viol_n whereupon_o as_o we_o expect_v the_o water_n be_v swift_o depress_v by_o our_o estimate_n eight_o or_o ten_o inch_n but_o not_o so_o low_a by_o a_o pretty_a deal_n as_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o viol_n after_o this_o by_o rarify_n the_o air_n in_o the_o viol_n and_o by_o blow_v into_o it_o through_o the_o pipe_n the_o water_n be_v raise_v within_o about_o half_a a_o inch_n of_o the_o top_n of_o the_o pipe_n who_o slender_a end_n be_v seal_v the_o viol_n be_v again_o place_v in_o snow_n and_o salt_n but_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n at_o the_o top_n which_o be_v rarify_v before_o be_v by_o refrigeration_n so_o weaken_v that_o it_o be_v unable_a sensible_o to_o depress_v the_o water_n wherefore_o break_v off_o the_o apex_n as_o before_o the_o upper_a air_n immediate_o drive_v it_o down_o divers_a inch_n our_o last_o trial_n therefore_o be_v to_o leave_v in_o the_o same_o pipe_n about_o 3_o ½_o inch_n of_o air_n rarify_v as_o little_a as_o we_o can_v and_o place_v the_o viol_n in_o salt_n and_o snow_n as_o before_o we_o observe_v that_o the_o air_n in_o the_o pipe_n do_v upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o air_n in_o the_o viol_n expand_v itself_o very_o little_a though_o the_o water_n in_o the_o viol_n be_v in_o part_n turn_v into_o ice_n but_o upon_o break_v off_o the_o slender_a seal_a end_n the_o outward_a air_n present_o depress_v the_o water_n above_o two_o inch_n beneath_o the_o last_o level_n and_o by_o remove_v the_o glass_n into_o a_o warm_a room_n we_o find_v that_o the_o water_n ascend_v a_o pretty_a deal_n above_o a_o inch_n high_o than_o the_o same_o uppermost_a level_n whereby_o we_o probable_o conclude_v our_o weatherglass_n to_o be_v staunch_a thus_o much_o i_o find_v together_o in_o one_o place_n among_o my_o promiscuos_fw-la collection_n but_o after_o this_o come_n to_o have_v the_o conveniency_n of_o glass_n so_o shape_v as_o to_o be_v easy_o seal_v i_o judge_v it_o fit_a to_o make_v use_n of_o some_o of_o they_o to_o keep_v even_o the_o most_o suspicious_a from_o object_v that_o i_o shall_v also_o have_v make_v some_o trial_n with_o glass_n which_o be_v hermetical_o seal_v will_v be_v sure_o most_o accurate_o to_o hinder_v all_o immediate_a intercourse_n betwixt_o the_o internal_a and_o external_a air._n and_o i_o remember_v that_o once_o we_o take_v a_o glass_n like_o the_o bolthead_n of_o a_o common_a weatherglass_n save_v that_o the_o small_a end_n be_v draw_v very_o slender_a for_o the_o more_o easy_a break_n of_o the_o apex_n and_o into_o this_o glass_n a_o convenient_a quantity_n of_o water_n be_v pour_v and_o then_o the_o glass_n be_v seal_v up_o at_o the_o sharp_a end_n and_o invert_v the_o water_n fall_v down_o to_o that_o end_n and_o possess_v its_o due_a space_n in_o the_o pipe_n then_o the_o round_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n have_v a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n apply_v about_o it_o though_o the_o internal_a air_n must_v needs_o have_v be_v thereby_o much_o refrigerated_a as_o will_v be_v ready_o grant_v and_o may_v be_v gather_v from_o divers_a of_o the_o experiment_n mention_v in_o these_o paper_n yet_o we_o observe_v not_o the_o water_n manifest_o to_o rise_v and_o though_o a_o attentive_a eye_n shall_v in_o such_o a_o trial_n discern_v some_o sensible_a intumescence_n in_o the_o water_n yet_o that_o may_v well_o enough_o proceed_v from_o some_o little_a expansion_n of_o the_o aerial_a particle_n which_o we_o have_v elsewhere_o show_v to_o be_v usual_o latitant_fw-la in_fw-la common_a water_n upon_o the_o diminution_n of_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o air_n above_o the_o water_n cause_v by_o weaken_v that_o air_n spring_n by_o the_o cold._n but_o when_o we_o have_v to_o complete_a the_o experiment_n break_v the_o slender_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n under_o water_n the_o include_v air_n become_v then_o contiguous_a to_o water_n that_o have_v obtain_v immediate_a intercourse_n with_o that_o water_n who_o surface_n be_v every_o where_o press_v by_o a_o pillar_n of_o the_o external_n air_n that_o lean_v upon_o it_o the_o water_n be_v by_o the_o gravity_n of_o that_o outward_a air_n hasty_o impel_v into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o pipe_n the_o spring_n of_o who_o air_n be_v as_o we_o say_v weaken_a by_o the_o cold_a to_o the_o height_n if_o i_o misremember_v not_o of_o several_a inch_n another_o sort_n of_o trial_n i_o remember_v we_o make_v after_o the_o follow_a manner_n we_o take_v glass_n bubble_n blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n some_o of_o about_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o nutmeg_n and_o some_o much_o great_a each_o of_o these_o bubble_n we_o furnish_v with_o a_o very_a slender_a stem_n often_o no_o big_a than_o a_o raven_n quill_n which_o be_v usual_o divers_a and_o sometime_o many_o inch_n long_o into_o this_o stem_n a_o drop_n or_o two_o of_o water_n be_v convey_v may_v easy_o enough_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o lightness_n of_o so_o little_a liquor_n together_o with_o the_o slenderness_n discourse_n of_o the_o cavity_n which_o permit_v not_o the_o include_v air_n to_o penetrate_v the_o water_n at_o the_o side_n but_o rather_o impel_v up_o the_o entire_a body_n of_o it_o be_v keep_v suspend_v and_o so_o betray_v very_o small_a change_n and_o much_o small_a than_o to_o be_v take_v notice_n of_o by_o common_a wether_n glass_n as_o to_o rarefaction_n and_o condensation_n in_o the_o air_n it_o lean_v upon_o now_o when_o in_o one_o of_o these_o instrument_n if_o watch_v when_o the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v somewhat_o near_o the_o top_n of_o the_o stem_n we_o nimble_o apply_v to_o the_o orifice_n of_o that_o stem_n the_o flame_n of_o a_o candle_n we_o can_v by_o that_o heat_n almost_o in_o a_o moment_n seal_v it_o up_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o thinness_n of_o the_o glass_n and_o the_o slenderness_n of_o the_o stem_n and_o if_o then_o we_o place_v the_o thus_o seal_a glass_n in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n how_o much_o soever_o the_o air_n within_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o ball_n must_v be_v in_o all_o probability_n refrigerated_a by_o this_o operation_n yet_o it_o will_v scarce_o sensible_o and_o not_o at_o all_o considerable_o shrink_v as_o we_o gather_v from_o the_o pendulous_a water_n remain_v in_o the_o same_o place_n or_o its_o fall_n at_o most_o but_o inconsiderable_o low_a but_o if_o then_o with_o a_o pair_n of_o scissors_n or_o otherwise_o we_o dexterous_o break_v off_o the_o seal_a end_n of_o the_o stem_n and_o thereby_o expose_v the_o internal_a refrigerated_a to_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n the_o water_n immediate_o will_v be_v hasty_o thrust_v down_o sometime_o divers_a inch_n below_o its_o former_a station_n and_o sometime_o quite_o into_o the_o cavity_n of_o the_o round_a end_n of_o the_o glass_n to_o which_o we_o shall_v add_v that_o not_o only_o when_o these_o thermometer_n be_v seal_v neither_o the_o usual_a degree_n of_o cold_a nor_o those_o of_o the_o heat_n in_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n will_v at_o all_o considerable_o depress_v or_o raise_v the_o pendulous_a water_n which_o if_o the_o glass_n be_v not_o seal_v will_v as_o we_o former_o note_v show_v itself_o wonderful_o sensible_a of_o the_o mutation_n of_o the_o air_n as_o to_o those_o two_o quality_n but_o we_o sometime_o purposely_o try_v that_o though_o upon_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o sormer_o rarify_v air_n in_o the_o glass_n the_o pendulous_a water_n be_v descend_v fast_o enough_o yet_o if_o even_o then_o we_o nimble_o seal_v up_o the_o open_a orifice_n of_o the_o stem_n which_o may_v easy_o be_v do_v in_o a_o trice_n the_o descent_n of_o the_o water_n will_v be_v present_o stop_v and_o it_o will_v stay_v either_o just_a in_o or_o very_o near_o the_o same_o part_n of_o the_o shank_n wherein_o it_o chance_v to_o be_v when_o by_o seal_v of_o the_o glass_n it_o come_v to_o be_v fence_v from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o atmosphaere_n and_o in_o that_o place_n it_o will_v continue_v till_o the_o seal_a end_n be_v break_v off_o for_o then_o in_o case_n the_o ambient_fw-la air_n be_v as_o cool_v as_o it_o be_v when_o the_o glass_n be_v seal_v the_o water_n will_v for_o the_o reason_n already_o give_v be_v further_o depress_v according_a as_o the_o weaken_a spring_n of_o the_o inward_a rarify_v air_n be_v more_o or_o less_o remote_a from_o a_o equality_n to_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o ambient_fw-la air_n beside_o for_o further_a trial_n we_o take_v a_o large_a
generate_v fasten_v itself_o as_o on_o other_o occasion_n we_o declare_v very_o strong_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o glass_n contiguous_a to_o its_o edge_n as_o the_o liquor_n freeze_v deep_a and_o deep_o this_o crust_n of_o ice_n increase_v in_o thickness_n and_o strength_n so_o that_o the_o water_n be_v include_v as_o in_o a_o vessel_n hermetical_o seal_v betwixt_o this_o ice_n at_o the_o upper_a part_n and_o the_o side_n and_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n every_o where_o else_o and_o consequent_o the_o remain_a water_n be_v uncapable_a of_o congelation_n without_o expansion_n when_o the_o ice_n be_v grow_v strong_a enough_o at_o the_o top_n to_o make_v it_o easy_a for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n of_o the_o freeze_a water_n to_o crack_v the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o glass_n then_o to_o force_v up_o that_o thick_a cake_n of_o ice_n the_o vessel_n will_v be_v break_v how_o much_o soever_o there_o be_v of_o it_o empty_a above_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n and_o this_o conjecture_n may_v be_v confirm_v by_o these_o two_o particular_n the_o one_o that_o when_o water_n be_v freeze_v in_o a_o broad_a vessel_n which_o be_v too_o strong_a to_o be_v break_v or_o stretch_v by_o the_o frost_n the_o surface_n of_o the_o ice_n contiguous_a to_o the_o air_n will_v be_v convex_a or_o protuberant_a because_o that_o though_o the_o glaciation_n begin_v at_o the_o top_n the_o thickness_n and_o compactness_n of_o the_o vessel_n make_v it_o easy_o for_o the_o expansive_a endeavour_n to_o thrust_v up_o that_o cake_n of_o ice_n in_o those_o part_n of_o it_o that_o be_v the_o remote_a from_o the_o side_n whereunto_o they_o be_v strong_o fasten_v then_o to_o break_v so_o solid_a a_o vessel_n 6._o the_o other_o particular_a be_v afford_v we_o by_o that_o experiment_n of_o we_o mention_v in_o the_o vth_z title_n forego_v wherein_o if_o a_o vessel_n half_n full_a of_o water_n be_v make_v to_o freeze_v not_o first_o at_o the_o top_n but_o at_o the_o bottom_n that_o liquor_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o ice_n without_o danger_n to_o the_o glass_n but_o we_o will_v now_o add_v a_o experiment_n on_o who_o occasion_n we_o have_v set_v down_o these_o consideration_n for_o be_v incline_v to_o think_v that_o the_o spring_n of_o the_o air_n shut_v up_o in_o a_o vessel_n stop_v will_v preserve_v it_o expanded_a or_o at_o least_o keep_v it_o from_o considerable_o shrink_v notwithstanding_o a_o very_a great_a degree_n of_o cold_a in_o case_n the_o vessel_n be_v strong_a and_o close_o enough_o to_o fence_v it_o from_o the_o pressure_n of_o the_o external_a air_n we_o conjecture_v that_o the_o bare_a weight_n of_o the_o outward_a air_n add_v to_o the_o refrigeration_n of_o the_o include_v air_n will_v not_o be_v sufficient_a to_o break_v much_o weak_a glass_n than_o those_o we_o have_v be_v speak_v of_o and_o therefore_o partly_o to_o satisfy_v some_o ingenious_a man_n that_o this_o conjecture_n make_v i_o dissent_v from_o and_o partly_o to_o show_v the_o peripatetic_n and_o those_o that_o adhere_v to_o they_o in_o the_o question_n under_o consideration_n that_o either_o the_o cold_a alone_n can_v always_o as_o they_o teach_v we_o contract_v the_o air_n or_o that_o if_o it_o do_v the_o break_n of_o well_o stop_v glass_n in_o frosty_a weather_n be_v much_o fit_a to_o evince_v that_o there_o may_v be_v a_o vacuum_n then_o that_o there_o can_v be_v none_o we_o make_v the_o follow_a experiment_n 7._o we_o take_v three_o glass-bubble_n of_o differ_v shape_n and_o size_n which_o we_o cause_v to_o be_v blow_v with_o a_o lamp_n that_o to_o make_v the_o experiment_n very_o favourable_a for_o our_o adversary_n we_o may_v have_v they_o much_o thin_a and_o consequent_o weak_a than_o those_o glass_n that_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o to_o keep_v liquor_n in_o and_o which_o notwithstanding_o be_v wont_a to_o be_v break_v though_o they_o be_v not_o full_a by_o the_o frost_n these_o bubble_n when_o the_o air_n be_v at_o a_o convenient_a temper_n within_o be_v as_o easy_o they_o may_v be_v nimble_o seal_v up_o with_o care_n to_o avoid_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o air_n in_o they_o and_o be_v afterward_o expose_v sometime_o to_o the_o air_n it_o self_n in_o very_o frosty_a weather_n and_o sometime_o to_o that_o great_a cold_a which_o be_v produce_v by_o the_o place_v they_o in_o a_o mixture_n of_o snow_n and_o salt_n we_o can_v not_o nevertheless_o find_v that_o any_o one_o of_o the_o three_o be_v at_o all_o break_a or_o crack_v so_o that_o in_o case_n the_o include_v air_n be_v condense_v into_o a_o lesser_a room_n the_o space_n it_o desert_v may_v be_v conclude_v empty_a or_o else_o it_o will_v hardly_o appear_v what_o 〈◊〉_d there_o can_v be_v that_o nature_n shall_v break_v as_o the_o peripatetic_n pretend_v very_o much_o strong_a glass_n in_o apothecary_n shop_n to_o prevent_v a_o vacuum_n 8._o have_v show_v that_o water_n itself_o acquire_v a_o considerable_a expansion_n by_o cold_a we_o will_v next_o show_v that_o aqueous_a body_n or_o those_o that_o abound_v with_o waterish_a part_n do_v divers_a if_o not_o 〈◊〉_d of_o they_o the_o like_a we_o take_v egg_n and_o expose_v they_o to_o a_o sufficient_a degree_n of_o cold_a we_o observe_v that_o when_o the_o contain_v liquor_n be_v turn_v into_o ice_n they_o burst_v the_o shell_n asunder_o so_o that_o divers_a gape_a crack_n be_v to_o be_v see_v in_o they_o as_o long_o as_o they_o continue_v freeze_v 9_o milk_n urine_n rhenish-wine_n and_o good_a spirit_n of_o wine_n be_v set_v to_o freeze_v in_o distinct_a glass_n egg_n neither_o of_o the_o three_o former_a liquor_n 〈◊〉_d observe_v to_o subside_o before_o it_o begin_v to_o rise_v the_o event_n in_o sum_n be_v that_o the_o urine_n be_v much_o long_o then_o either_o of_o the_o two_o other_o liquor_n before_o it_o begin_v to_o swell_v but_o rise_v to_o a_o far_o great_a height_n than_o they_o afterward_o the_o wine_n do_v not_o leave_v the_o mark_n above_o a_o inch_n beneath_o the_o milk_n ascend_v about_o two_o inch_n and_o the_o urine_n by_o guess_n six_o or_o seven_o 10._o a_o strong_a solution_n of_o 〈◊〉_d vitriol_n be_v put_v into_o a_o cylindrical_a pipe_n seal_v at_o one_o end_n so_o that_o the_o liquor_n fill_v the_o pipe_n to_o the_o height_n of_o about_o six_o or_o eight_o inch_n be_v freeze_v with_o snow_n and_o salt_n the_o congeal_a liquor_n grow_v very_o opacous_a and_o look_v as_o if_o it_o have_v be_v turn_v or_o shoot_v into_o vitriol_n save_o a_o little_a that_o remain_v fluid_a and_o transparent_a near_o the_o bottom_n and_o this_o ice_n as_o appear_v rise_v considerable_o high_a than_o the_o liquor_n do_v before_o congelation_n it_o be_v perhaps_o worth_a try_v whether_o or_o no_o even_o several_a body_n of_o a_o stable_a consistence_n and_o durable_a texture_n may_v not_o be_v find_v to_o receive_v some_o though_o less_o manifest_a dilatation_n by_o excessive_a cold._n and_o methinks_v those_o who_o attribute_n glaciation_n to_o the_o plentiful_a ingress_n of_o frigorifick_a atom_n into_o body_n shall_v by_o their_o hypothesis_n have_v be_v invite_v to_o make_v some_o trial_n of_o this_o kind_n since_o we_o see_v that_o the_o invisible_a moisture_n of_o the_o air_n against_o rainy_a weather_n do_v seem_v manifest_o enough_o to_o alter_v the_o dimension_n of_o door_n window-shuts_a and_o other_o such_o work_v make_v of_o wood_n not_o well_o season_v and_o even_o without_o suppose_v the_o truth_n of_o the_o epicurean_a hypothesis_n if_o we_o consider_v that_o in_o bread_n though_o we_o be_v sure_a that_o much_o more_o water_n be_v add_v to_o the_o meal_n or_o flower_n than_o be_v exhale_a in_o the_o oven_n yet_o there_o appear_v not_o the_o least_o drop_n of_o water_n distinct_a in_o the_o concrete_a and_o that_o hartshorn_n sponge_n and_o many_o other_o body_n that_o seem_v very_o dry_a will_v afford_v by_o distillation_n good_a store_n of_o phlegm_n or_o water_n and_o more_o than_o can_v probable_o be_v ascribe_v to_o any_o transmute_v operation_n of_o the_o fire_n if_o i_o say_v we_o consider_v these_o and_o the_o like_a thing_n it_o may_v seem_v worth_a while_n to_o try_v which_o i_o want_v the_o conveniency_n to_o do_v by_o accurate_a measure_n whether_o the_o invisible_a and_o interspersed_a water_n its_o comminution_n notwithstanding_o will_v not_o upon_o freeze_a swell_v the_o body_n that_o harbour_v it_o and_o i_o will_v the_o more_o glad_o have_v be_v satisfy_v in_o this_o because_o i_o hope_v it_o may_v help_v i_o to_o unriddle_v a_o strange_a 〈◊〉_d afford_v we_o by_o the_o narrative_a of_o the_o dutchman_n voyage_n to_o nova_n zembla_n wherein_o they_o relate_v that_o the_o cold_a be_v so_o great_a that_o their_o clock_n be_v freeze_v and_o will_v not_o go_v though_o they_o hang_v more_o weight_n upon_o it_o then_o before_o so_o that_o they_o be_v