this Receit then strongly bound with pack-thread and coted with moulten pitch making therein but one vent of an inch deep wherein must be put fine powder to prime it bruised very small this being fired with a match after it hath burnt awhile ding it into any water it will rise and burne furiously upon the top this is very proper to set fire upon the Enemies floates or Galleries that are built upon the water there shall need no Figure to demonstrate this CHAP. CCXLVIII Of certaine earthen Bottels filled with a kinde of mixture to be fired which are thrown amongst the Enemie THere are certaine Earthen Bottels to be made of a round fashion being not halfe burnt are best for this use they are invented to disorder the Enemies Rankes or to astonish them being whirld out of the Souldiers hands amongst the Enemies will soone make them give ground the device is this having got as many of these Bottels as shall be thought requisite these must bee filled halfe full of Serpentine powder or somewhat more there is to be mixt with it a quantity of Hogges grease Oyle of Stone Brimstone Saltpeeter twice refined Aqua vitae Pitch these being stirred together over a soft fire in some earthen vessell this composition being put into the Bottell with fine powder bruised to cause it to fire suddainly the Bottell is to have a Cord to throw it by this hath wrought strange effects Also there is a kinde of Composition which is besmeared about Ropes ends and Hoopes which are to be throwne from a Wall upon the Enemy which will burne and disorder them wonderfully especially at the scaling of a Wall The Composition is this take Sulphre in meale sixe parts of Rozin in meale three parts these being melted in a Pan over a slow fire then taking Stone-pitch one part hard waxe one part of Towe halfe a quarter part of Aqua vitae halfe a quarter part of Camphire â…› parts these being also melted together there must bee stirred into it Saltpeeter-meale two parts and when it is taken off the fire there must be foure parts of bruised powder mixt with it these being oynted upon Hoopes and Ropes and set on fire wheresoever they light they cannot be quenched but will burne the Enemy to death View the Figures following CHAP. CCXLIX How a frame of Musquets are to be made and ordâ—red for the defence of a Breach or for the flanking of a Battalia of Pikes THe use of this frame of Musquets is very excellent both in the defence of Breaches Bridges Ports or to be plac'd before the Divisions of Pikes or flanking the Pikes in Battell whereby the Enemie will be wonderfully shaken and by the helpe of a few men which are to remove them too and fro and to give fire to the traines strange exploits may be performed The manner of it is thus A Frame is made of Boordes or Planke three Stories high one story halfe a foot above the other and a foot or more behinde one the other the lowermost tyre is to lye about three foot from the ground the next halfe a foot above that and so the third there are certain quilles or small spouts of Brasse to goe from one touch-hole to the other so that the traine being fired they shall one discharge after another beginning first with the uppermost tyre as the Enemy enters the Breach then the second and the lowermost last there is also a broad plate which shall be plac'd over the Breeches of the Musquets that no sparkles may fall downe into the Pans of the second nor the lowermost tyre each tyre is to hold twelve Musquets a breast one being plac'd a foot distance from the other there are certaine Ringles on each side to remove it by There is one in Germany that hath onely twelve Musquets which may be discharged eight and forty times according to the French new invention for Pistols This was practised at Ostend when Duke Albert made his potent assault by which he was wonderfully repuls'd View the Figure CHAP. CCL An Instrument called a Flaile used in the defending of a Breach or scaling of a Wall or when the Enemy is at handy blowes THis instrument is used in the Warres to defend breaches or when the Enemy is entered the streets of a Towne and are at close fight then these are the onely weapons for dispatch there being no defence for it it is made much after the fashion of a Flayle onely the Swingill is short and very thicke having divers Iron Pikes in it upon all parts of it that which way soever it falles it destroyes divers souldiers are appointed to attend the Enemies assaulting the Breach some standing at one end of the Breach the residue at the other and when the Enemy is come up at push of Pike so close that the Pikemen can make no use of their Pikes then these Flayles makes way through their Head-peeces and Armour View the Figure CHAP. CCLI The use of the Turne-pike and how it is framed and of the excellent defence it makes both against Horse and Foote upon all straights and passages THis Instrument is of great use to bee cast into straites breaches passages or high-wayes for which way soever it is rowled there bee sharpe pikes towards the Enemy to hinder his approches the manner of framing of it is after this manner First there is a round Beame of light wood as Firre or Sallow about twelve Inches in circumference and ten or twelve foot long at every halfe-footes length or under there must bee holes bored thorow every way a-crosse then there must bee Staves fitted for those holes of good seasoned Ash about a yard and a halfe long somewhat tapering towards each end the ends of these Staves must bee armed with Iron Pikes cheeked downe a good way that they may not bee hackt off with their Swords then being droven into the foresaid holes just halfe way of the Staffe it will bee defensive which way soever it bee turned the beame is to be so made that one may be fastned to the other by hookes at each end so that if need bee halfe a score of them may bee coupled together or otherwise as the breach or passage is in breadth the Musqueâ—iers may shoot over them and the Pikes may defend them so that the Enemy shall not have the advantage to pull them asunder and so long as they lye neither Horse nor Foot can passe for them when they are to be transported by waggon then the Staves are to be knockt out that they may lye in closer roome View the Figure following CHAP. CCLII The use of the Pallizadoes to prevent both Horse and Foote from any sudden assault and how they are framed HIs Excellency the Prince of Orange had alwayes these Instruments carryed in his Army either by Water or by Land for wheresoever hee did incampe his Army for any time especially if the Enemy were quartered neere he alwayes gave directions to
have these Pallizadoes pitcht into the ground round the quarters and upon all Passages and Bridges the Turne-Pikes were placed with a sufficient Guard to defend them The manner of framing them is after this fashion they take Furre-poles about twelve Inches in Circumference and foure foote and and a halfe and some five foot long and upwards these are sharpe at the nether end with a peece of Iron that they may enter the Gravell or Stones and some are not within a handfull of the upper end there is two Iron Pikes of five or sixe inches long driven in side-wayes one crossing the other then in the middest betwixt both is the third Pike placed right-forwards these being driven into the earth about a foote and a halfe and in distance a foote or thereabouts asunder the Pikes will so answer one to the other that nothing can passe but must receive hurt when they intend to raise a Parapet of earth then as they finish the worke they pull up the Pallizados There is another kind of Palizado made of peeces of Oake-heart sharpt at one end the other end is layed into the earth three quarters of a yard deepe neere the top of a Breast-worke either of Skonce or Redout View the Figure of the former Palizado CHAP. CCLIII The use of the Calthrop and of the Spiked Planke to anoy both Horse and Foote THe Calthrop is an Instrument very offensive to the Enemies Horse and by the use of them a few Souldiers may make an able resistance either in the streetes of a Towne or upon any passage or in a Pitcht Battell the lightnesse of it being such that every Souldier may carry two or three of them at his Girdle and as they advance towards the Enemy throwing them downe they will indanger any thing that shall tread upon them They are framed in this wise first they take a tough peece of Sallow and making it round about the bignesse of an Apple there is Iron pikes driven thorow which points every way so that which way soever it falls a pike will be upwards to runne into the feet either of Horse or Man there is another fashion made of a peece of Bord as broad as a Trencher which is driven full of nayles and lyned with another thin Bord to keepe the Nayles from slipping backe these are very good to bee throwne upon passages in the night-time when a feare of the Enemies approch is at hand Also at the Siege of Ost-End the Arch-Duke invented a device to defend himselfe against sudden Sallyes out of the Towne wherefore hee cansed to bee layed at the neerest Retrenchments long Plankes driven full of long sharpe spikes the sharpe points lying upwards to runne into their feet that should assayle him this is good to lay crosse streetes in a Towne in the night-time when an Enemy hath entred the Ports View the Figures following CHAP. CCLIV The use of the Bome or Baricado to crosse a passage or high-way to prevent the Enemies Horse in their speedy approches THis kinde of Instrument is used very frequently about all the frontier Townes in the Netherlands it is to bee plac'd upon some straight passage in the Road or high-way a flight-shot from each Port or neerer to prevent the Enemies sudden assault with his Horse-troopes the forme and fashion is after this manner The Beame which crosseth the way is of Oake-hart and a foot square of Timber at the least then upon one side of the way is pitch'd downe a strong able Post the top of it being fitted to enter into a hole of the Beame about the third part of it from the fore end then there comes divers Braces downe from the Beame which are mortic'd into a circular piece of Timber framed purposely to winde about the middest of the standing Post the Post being there made with a Regall these Braces stayes up the Beame from sinking downe at the fore end and it also hinders the raising of it up from the standing Post upon the other side of the way is another able Post for the end of the Beame to shut against the said end of the Beame hath a very strong Spring-locke which at the first pulling too locks into the Post there is alwayes a Sentinell to garde at this Bome to open and shut it to Passengers if there bee any voyd place betwixt the Postes and the hedges it must bee strongly railed the Figure followes which happily may better informe you CHAP. CCLV. Of a second kinde of Bome or Baricado to lay over Rivers to prevent the comming up of Boates whereby the Enemy may surprize a Towne THis second kinde of Bome was invented by the Netherlanders to prevent the Enemies designes who had many times deceived them by rowing up their boates the Rivers and unexpectedly have entred their Townes the manner of framing it is after this fashion In the narrowest place of the River or Haven they spile both the sides next the bankes with long able spiles mortissing the top of them into an over-way or beame of sound Timber onely in the middest of the streame they leave a passage for such vessels or boates to passe as are requisite then they take a peece of Timber or some Mast of a Ship which being fitted in due length for the place the one end of this Bome hath a Staple of strong Iron which is joyned by a Ringle to a second Staple that is droven into the inmost Spile likewise upon the Spile of the other side is a strong Staple whereunto the fore-nd of the Bome is to bee fastened either by a Mortice plated with Iron or some Chaine fastened unto it and this is strongly lockt upon the top of this Bome goes a thick barre of Iron from end to end which hath large strong pikes rivited into it three or foure inches one from the other Lastly the iron plate or Barre is rivited to the Bome so that it cannot possibly be cut in sunder neyther can they have their Boates over it by reason of the Pikes this they may open and shut at pleasure Many times they use iron chaines but they are more chargeable and not so good in regard a Boat will runne over it View the Figure CHAP. CCLVI. Duke Alberts Invention for the staying of the Hollanders Shippes at Ostend that his Batteries might the easier discharge upon them IN the Siege of Ostend Duke Albertus had planted divers Block-houses with Ordnance to impeach the Hollanders shipping which releeved the Towne yet with a quicke tyde and faire Winde they entred in despight of his Ordnance without any dammage wherefore he bethought him to draw a mighty Cable over the Channell where the Shippes did usually passe safely by the favour of the darke night to divers parts of this Cable he fastned divers empty Caske as Pipes and Hogsheads to beare it up straite and even also there were certaine Anchors to stay the Pipes and Cable from floating away hee having prepared his Batteries in
an open flat Boat which they terme Punts these they convey by water to any place they intend to march over but if they march to some remote place so that they cannot passe by water then they are transported upon Carriages and drawne by Horses which doth them great service to stow in them Powder Match Ammunition Bread and such like they are made like to Horse-boatee flat-bottom'd the ends open and rising so that when they are joyned together the rising ends meeting it is like an Arch thorow which the water hath passage foure men may march a brest over them and they are twenty or thirty foot long a peece they are fastned together with iron hookes and their Masts and Tacklings are fixed to the sides of them to strengthen them the rising ends of these Punts have ledges nayled halfe a foot distance one from the other to prevent the feet both of Men and Horse from sliding they are stayed with Cables and Anchors from falling downe with the streame These are the surest and best Bridges that ever yet were invented and very easie to bee conveyed either by land or by water besides many things belonging to the Warres may bee carryed in them The Prince of Orange many times made Bridges with small Vessels as Hoighs or the like they were stayed by Anchors their beake heads pointing against the streame there were Rafters plac'd from one Vessell to another and plancher'd over The Figures of these severall Bridgesfollow A Bridge laid upon Caske The Tressels which the King of Sweden made his Bridge upon to passe over the Lech into Bavaria the feet of the Tressels had weights upon their Ledges to hold them downe in the water There was likewise another Bridge framed at the Siege of Ostend called Pompey's Chariot it was framed of foure wheeles and a peece of Timber of a hundred and fiftie foot long lay upon the Wheeles upon which was framed a slight Bridge this was to be drawne in a darke night to the Motes side and so thrust over by the force of men the manner of framing of it you may more plainely see by the Figure following onely observe the Wheeles were fifteene foot in height CHAP. CCLXII The use of the Leathren Boate and how to make it THis kinde of Boate was invented for the lightnesse of it and to bee used to convey Souldiers over Motes and Rivers whereby some suddaine and unexpected exploit may be done before the Enemy is aware of it for a Souldier may carry one of these under his Arme twenty miles without any great trouble the manner of framing them is after this manner there must be the two sides or Bellies of an Oxe hide well tanned beaten out and made concave this being cut fashionable to the keele of a Boate the two sides are to bee sowne strongly together so that no water may soake through then taking a couple of strong staves to pend the sides and the ends of the Leather from bending in when the Souldiers are in it The Hollanders carry their Skutes and Boates upon carriages and in them they put their Ammunition and other necessaries being well covered over with Tilts or sometimes one Boate covers the other these Boates they can speedily take off from the carriages and upon all occasions suddainly make use of them View the Figures of them CHAP. CCLXIII An easie and quicke way to cast water with great Scoopes MAny times when Fortifications are a raising springs will arise and hinder the Workemen from digging so that men must continually cast it out or else their Workes are presently drowned For the better and easier effecting of it the Hollanders have invented a speedy way the manner of doing it is thus they pitch certaine Poles a crosse the crosses are to stand in distance asunder according to the quantity of persons that are to worke betweene them upon the top of these crosses lyes another Pole over-thwart unto this Pole are divers Cordes fastned and to the lower end of the Cord is the handle of the Scoopes tyed within a foot of the Scoope this Cord beares the weight both of the Scoope and of the water the man is onely to guide the Scoope out pulling it too and fro these Scoopes may be very great ones many times they nayle on Steales unto great Trayes having a peece of Leather fastned over the end of the Tray by the Steale to keepe the water from flying backwards by this devise a man may cast more water at ease in one houre than otherwise they can doe in three besides they wet not themselves halfe so much View the Figure following CHAP. CCLXIV How to make a Skrew to winde up water with the use of it THis Engine called the Skrew was invented by the Hollanders to empty Pondes and Motes it being a thing very usefull in the Warres it is framed after this manner First there is a Rafter some twenty foot long and sixteene inches about this is hewen round onely a foot and halfe at the upper end it is foure square whereon a Trundle wheele is to be fixed and to be turned about by a Cogge wheele at each end of this Rafter of Wheele-tree is a gudgion of iron as the Wheele-tree of a Mill hath for the Engine to turne upon then within three quarters of a foot of the lower end there is a Regall to be made in this Wheele-tree which must be made halfe an inch deepe and so carried in manner of a Skrew within the foot of a Trundle wheele at the upper end next you must take Deale Boordes of eighteene inches long the one end of them is to be fitted cleverly into the Regall and joyned so close that no water may get out it will seem to be after the fashion of a winding Stare-case this is to be covered over with Deale Boordes and likewise to be reagold into them that the ends of the short Boordes may be fastened into them and hooped over with flat iron Hoopes so that it will seene round like a Pype or a great long Barrell Next there is a Cogge-wheele to bee made to turne this Engine round it is formed like a Cogge-wheele of a Horse-mill only the Cogges are to stand downwards and it is drawne about with two or three Horses Plankes being placed for them to goe on this Engine being placed in the water the nether Gudgeon running in a peece of Timber placed for that purpose in the water the Engine lying side-wayes the upper Gudgeon is likewise placed in another peece of Timber very tryly so that the Cogge-wheele may turne about the Engine at the upper end of the Barrell of this Engine must be placed a Troffe to receive the water and convey it away into some ditch this Engine will screw up water as fast as it runnes out of an Overshot-mill whereby in a short time an infinite deale of water may be drawne View the Figure CHAP. CCLXV. The Description of an Engine whereby water may be drawne out
Assailants as they are climbing the Bulworkes But when the Defendants have used all their indeavours to no purpose and the Enemy being got into the Worke then it is time to intreat and provide for a Composition yet for all they are reduc'd to these extremities they ought to make choise of such inconveniences as are least hurtfull to them The Composition is to be made according to the Forces they have and the hopes they have to releeve it and according as they are able to sustaine themselves if they should put it to the last brunt It is no dishonour for a Captaine to intreat with his Enemy in two respects the first is the conservation of their Armes and Baggage the second is the Pillage which may bee made within the Fort the which may possibly be regained againe by some stratagem from this Enemy in a short time after Now having the Fortresse surrendred upon composition the Generall must consider whether he be able to maintaine it and whether the profit of it will be answerable to the charge which if it be he must rase downe all the out-Trenches which the Enemy made and repaire the Breaches of it and then to draw his Army into convenient Garrisons that they may be fit for the next imployment of the Prince Thus taking Reason and Experience for his guide in all his enterprises which must be just and equitable will cause the Honour and glory of a Generall to shine Thus have we finisht the discourse of Fortification and in regard the use of great Artillery is the chiefest thing to be used in a Fort I have thought it fit to frame a discourse of the use of Artillery having taken the opinions and rules of the best Authors eyther ancient or moderne to steere my course by onely I shall shew you a Figure of a Fort beleaguered and of a Fort assaulted upon the Curtin View the Figures following ssss ppppppp ssss ssss ppppppp ssss ssss ppppppp ssss ssss ppppppp ssss ssss ppppppp ssss ssss ppppppp ssss ssss ppppppp ssss Here you perceive the breach made in the middest of the Curtin At the letter B is a Catte with Ordnance on it to batter against the Re-intrenchments and to 〈◊〉 it There is a Worke raised at C to prevent them I would wish you to peruse Jerome Cataneo by him you shall receive further instructions If the Breach may possible be made in the Point of the Bulworke it is farre better than the Curtin because the Defendants have farre the oddes in defending the Breach from either Flanke and from the Re-intrenchment besides the Gallery that shall be laid over the Mote will sooner be battered downe from the Flankes The next is the Paralellagram of a Fort beleaguered And then the use of Redouts And then after that the duties of Souldiers in Garrisons shall be plainly shewed CHAP. XXXIII A Triangular Skonse with directions for the best scituating of it THis kinde of Triangular Skonse must bee scituated in a place strong by Nature otherwise it is of poore resistance and little better than a Redout they were invented to be plac'd in some spot of ground naturally invironed with strength being a place that could not be capable of any other Figure in regard of the smalnesse of it Likewise it is a small charge to raise it and speedily done the place must not be of any great consequence where this Figure is scituated for it cannot withstand any great resistance it is formed with earth after the same manner the other be onely high and thicke to resist Ordnance CHAP. XXXIV The manner of framing a Triangle Redout ARedout is a kinde of sleight Fortification used for the defence of some few men And of these principally there are three kindes which are to be made use of according to the quantity of men you place in them and the consequence of the passage they are to bee raised in for they are not to be used but for Out-guardes to prevent the Enemy from making any suddaine surprises the greatest defence they can make is against the Horse to hinder them from passing by any Foord of Water or other Passage if the Passage bee thought convenient for the The Paralellagram of the discourse desiphering the manner and order observed in the Siege and defence of a Fort. Plaâ—e this Figure betwixt â—olio 84. and 85. Enemies approaches then place two of these Redouts a square on one side the way and this Triangle a little wide of the other on the other side of the way the Brest-worke of them is to be some foure or five foot thicke and eight foot high with a good broad foot-step and convenient height to stand on so as they may discharge over the Worke. The Pallizadoes are to be wrought in two foot from the top of the Worke the greaâ—ends to be laid downewards into the Worke so that the sharpe ends may rise upwards they are to lye three foot into the earth and as much out the outside of this worke ought to be good sollid earth being digged taperwise viz. sixe inches thicke at the end that should lye outmost and some two inches the end that lyes inward by this meanes they will not slip out and make the worke decay in the middest is your rubbish earth to be rammed downe the Ditch ought to bee sixe or eight foot wide with a Draw-bridge to enter into the Worke. CHAP. XXXV The manner of framing a Quadrangle Redout THis foure Square Redout is to hold a hundred or 150. Souldiers and these are to be raised where you conceive the Enemy hath most advantage to gaine a passage to come to annoy your Campe it serves also in the beleaguering of a Fort to place one or two of these Redouts betwixt two Forts that they may flanker it and so to Trench in the Fort round that no accesse may bee eyther to or from the Towne it must bee well Pallizadoed as you see by the Figure especially if it stands upon any passage of consequence The Prince of Orange made use of these Redouts to surround his Campe one to stand Musket-shot from the other so that the Enemy could not possibly passe but to the losse of his Men but however the Enemy could not possibly doe any designe upon his quarters but there would be a convenient alarum so as the whole Army would be at the Brest-worke of their Trenches to entertaine them In the discourse of Incamping we have taken occasion to speake of these kinde of Forts more fully CHAP. XXXVI The manner of framing a Quadrangle Skonse THis Foure-square Skonse is of greater strength than your Triangle and if it be favoured with a strong Scituation as great Rivers or upon a Rocke or where it may be flankered from the Bulworks of a Fort it will stand in great stead otherwise it is not to be taken for a strength of any moment The Bulworkes and Curtines are to be made very high thicke and strong that it may endure
off the Masters shoulders Wherefore in what place of consequence the Master of the Ordnance is absent there the Lieutenant is to be present if the Master bee in the Campe then must the Lieutenant be at the Battery Breach or Curtin if the Master bee present in the afore-named places then ought the Lieutenant to be at the Store-house the Mines or some other place of most necessary importance and imployments The residue of the Sub-Officers are these Master Gunner under Canonires Wagon-Master the Furrier and divers Clerkes besides Gun-makers and Carriage-makers and others of meaner dependency Great care is to be taken that the Gunners performe their duties in managing their places both in mounting dismounting charging levelling and where he sees a defect these superiour Officers being expert and skilfull in this Art may be able to instruct correct and controule the ignorant and see those escapes amended in what sort soever committed hee is to make an Inventorie of every small and particular parcell that accompanies the Peeces of Ordnance and of them the service being performed to give his accompt Against the Army march it is requisite he make provision that every Peece hath his sufficient number of draught-Horses and Oxen apt to draw the same according to the nature of the wayes with sufficient Attendants to assist upon all occasions Likewise every Peece hath his Gunner with his Co-adjutor or Mate and a man to serve them both and helpe them charge discharge mount wadde cleanse scoure and coole the Peeces being over-heated Further there must bee a Master of the Timber or Wood and a Smith their duties must be to see the Garriages fit or to amend them Over the aforesaid Gunners there is a Corporall or Constable chosen to view or take charge of all the inferiour Gunners and of their actions The Master of the Ordnance must be very carefull to see his Store-house be continually furnished with all manner of Provision both for Artillery Munition and manner of Armes and Engines both offensive and defensive all kinde of Ordnance ready mounted upon the Carriages Quintals of Canon-powder and other powder Oxe-hides to cover and defend the same shot of Iron Leade and Stone in great quantity fitted for all manner of Peeces Match Iron-shovels Mattockes Pick-axes Axes Hatchets Hookes Plants Boordes Hâ—rdles Mandes Baskets Wheele-barrows small Tumbrels for one Horses draught Nayles for the Tyres and all other purposes Sawes Sledges Iron Barres Crowes Aâ—gers Skrewes Chargers Ladles Rammers Spunges Chaines Cart-clouts Weights all sorts of Smiths-tooles Horshooes and Nayles Cordage Coffers Candles Lanthornes Scarclothes Sope Grease Tarre Scaling-ladders all sorts of Small-shot Weapons and Armes belonging both to Foot and Horse he is likewise to have those that are skilfull in making Trunkes Balles Arrowes and all other sorts of Wild-fire and Fire-workes and for the continuall supply of them there ought to be had in a readinesse great store of Sulphur Salt-peter Rosin Caly-vine Quick-peall Lint-Seed oyle common Lampe oyle Pitch Tarre Campher Waxe Tutia Arsnick Quick-Silver and Aquavitee hereof are to be framed Balls of fire Cressets and Torches that stormes of Raine and wind cannot extinguish Murthering Bullets to be shot out of peeces and the like as shall particularly be showne hereafter in this discourse Further the Master of the Ordnance upon the receit of a Ticket from any of the Captaines of the Army is to give speedy order to his Clerke to deliver both Powder Match and Bullets He must have under his Command a Band of Pioners the Captaine over them ought to be very discreet and carefull he must likewise see these Pioners be sufficiently guarded whilest they are at worke lest the Enemy surprize them he is to see every man carefully payed his meanes he is to be a very expert Engineere with a most approved judgement in all kinde of Fortifications and able to direct all kinde of Officers under him as the Lieutenant of the Ordnance Engine-Master Captaine of the Pioners and the Trench-master he is to have all kinde of Boates and Bridges he is also to appoint under his hand-writing the number and proportion of all manner Provision of Munition which shall attend the Army and the Lieutenant must see it performed and distributed to the inferiour Officers Lastly he is wisely and discreetly to order all his affaires and whatsoever he is put in trust with for his owne honour and the welfare of the Army In the next Page followes a Table of all kinde of Ordnance with their names and proportions of Weight Length and Bignesse c. CHAP. XLV The Names of all kinde of Ordnances whatsoever both for Field and Garrison now in use for offensive or defensive Service with the height of their Diameters their weight and length The thicknesse of the Mettall at the Breech Trunnions or Necke The number of Men Horses or Oxen requisite for the draught of each Peece the height weight and compasse of the Bullet belonging to each Peece how much Corne or Serpentine Powder is requisite to charge every severall Peece and also the length and breadth of the Ladles fit for every Peece the distance every Peece shoots at Point-blanke and utmost Randon c. First invented by Mr. Smith but in some kinde rectified with Additions thereunto Fit for all kinde of Officers to understand and observe ut sequitur The Names of the Peeces of great Ordnance now in most use The height of the Diameter of each Peece The height of the Bullet The weight of the shot in pounds Compasse of the shot in Inches and parts Weight of Serpentine Powder Weight of Corne Powder Weight of the Peece in Pounds Length of the Peece in Feet Thicknesse of Mettall at the Touch-hole inches Thicknesse of the Mettall at the Trunnions Thicknesse of the Mettall at the Neck Ladles length Ladles breadth Length of the Planzes of the Carriage of the Peece Depth of each Planke in Inches at 〈◊〉 Depth of the Planke at the lower end in feet Thicknesse of the Planke in inches and parts The number of men to draw each Peece in service The number of Horse to draw each Peece The number of yoke Oxen. Distance of pace the Peece carries at point-blanke Distance of paces each Peece carries at utmost randon Length of the Coyler Repes Canon of 8 7 â…™ 64 25 1 7 40 32 8000 12 8 6 1 4 4 23 1 2 15 16 â— 4 32 20 8 90 16 9 300 1500 70 Canon Serpentine 7 1 2 6 3 4 52 23 4 7 25 1 4 26 7000 11 1 2 7 1 2 5 1 3 3 3 4 22 14 1 2 16 1 4 20 18 1 4 7 1 2 80 14 8 340 1600 66 French Canon 7 1 4 7 46 1 4 22 11 14 25 23 1 4 6500 12 7 1 4 5 2 â— 3 5 â— 21 13 3 5 16 1 4 29 18 7 1 4 70 12 7 360 1740 64 Demi-Canon eldest 6 3 4 6 1 2 36 5 8 21 3 14 20 1 4 20 6000 11
Planke and to have a Touch-hole at the Bottome as O and that end of the Boxe where the hinge of the Lid is there must stand up from the Boxe a peece of Iron or Brasse in length answerable unto the Lid of the Boxe this peece of Iron must have a hole quite through it towards the top and a Spring as AG must be skrewed or rivited so that the one end may cover the said hole on the top of all this Iron or Brasse that stands up from the Boxe there must be jointed a peece of Iron made as you see in the Figure the hinder-part of which is bent downeward and entreth the hole that the Spring covereth the other part resteth upon the Lid of the Boxe open this Boxe Lid and put in a quantity of Powder then shut the Lid downe and put fire to the Touch-hole at the Bottome the Powder being fired will blow the Boâ—e Lid up the notches more or lesse according to the strength of the Powder thus by firing the same quantity of divers kindes at severall times you may know which is strongest CHAP. CCLXXIX Of a Bridge made without Boates or Barrels Cordage or Timber-worke which transported 4000 men at once ouer a great River IN the Ascent of Cyrus the third Booke pag the 57. the Army being in great distresse invironed on one fide with high Mountaines and deepe broad Rivers on the otherside a Rhodian presented himselfe to the Generall and did undertake to transport 4000 at once over those Rivers without Boates or Barrels whereof indeed they were defective wherefore he provided all the raw Hides that he could possibly get and sowing them up very close blew them full of Winde then hee made use of such Cords and Ropes as the Army could affoord and tyed them together having stones upon them which went downe like Anchors these being plac'd upon the waters he threw Rice upon them and then earth which kept them from tottering making them lye stable every Bouget was able to convey two men by this meanes the Army was convayed well CHAP. CLXXX How Caesar made a Bridge upon the River Rhine and carried his Army over into Germanie CAesar holding scorne to transport his Army over the River Rhine by Boates into Germany he bethought himselfe to try what hee could doe to make an artificiall Bridge which should stand more for his honour and the terrour of his Enemies they conceiving it impossible to frame a Bridge over a water so deepe broad and swift wherefore he caused great store of Timber to be brought and at two foot distance he placed two Trees of a foot and halfe square sharpened at the lower end and cut answerable to the depth of the River these he let downe into the water with Engines and drove them in with Commanders not perpendicularly after the fashion of a Pile but Gâ—blewise and bending with the force of the water opposite unto these he placed two other Trees joyned together after the same fashion being 40 foot distant from the former by the demension betweene their lower parts in the bottome of the water and reclining against the recourse of the River these two paire of Couples thus placed he joyned together with a Beame of two foot-square equall to the distance betweene the said Couples and fastned them at each end on eyther side of the Couples with Braces and Pins whereby the strength of the worke and the nature of the Frame was such that the greater the violence of the streame was and the faster it fell upon the Timber worke the stronger the Bridge was united together in the couplings and joynts In like manner he proceeded with Couples and Beames untill the Worke was brought unto the other side of the River then he layed straight plankes from Beame to Beame and covered them with hurdles and so hee made a floore to the Bridge Moreover on the Lower side of the Bridge he drove Supporters which being fastened to the Timber-worke did strengthen the Bridge against the force of the water and at the upper side of the Bridge at a reasonable distance he placed Piles to hinder the force of Trees or Boates or what else the Enemy might cast downe to damme up the water whereby the Bridge might have beene borne downe by the violence of the streame this worke was begun and finisht in ten dayes CHAP. CCLXXXI The Description of an Instrument invented by King Henry the fifth at the Battell of Agincourt and since used by the King of Sweden and by him called a Swines-Pike THis Instrument was first invented by King Henry the fifth at the Battell of Agincourt and did infinite service there and now of late dayes was used by that famous Generall the King of Sweden the manner of it is thus First the Instrument is made of a strong peece of Ash about foure foot in length biggest in the middest and shaved Taper-wise towards each end upon each end is fastened on an Iron Pike of an indifferent length with cheekes downe a pretty way the staffe to strengthen it this instrument every Masquetier carried one of them at his girdle when they were upon service as they advanc'd to give fire upon the Enemie they stucke down one of these somewhat sloping to the intent if the Enemies horse should charge them these Instruments would prevent them for they could not possibly shift them but they would pierce their Horses Breasts by this they were able to maintaine a skirmish against the potency of the Horse View the Figures of it CHAP. CCLXXXIII How a Case of Tinne is to be made to carry light Matches in that the Enemy may not discover them THe Prince of Orange when he intended to assault a Towne by night upon an On-slaught he invented an Instrument to carry the light matches in so that the sparkes of them might not be discovered from the walles by the Enemies Sentinels the manner of forming them waâ— thus theâ—â— was a peece of Tinne or Lattin made like an elder pipe about a foot long the hollownesse of it was of sufficient bignesse to hold the match within it it had also divers holes on eyther side like the holes of a Flute to let in the ayre to keepe the match from extinguishing the match being drawn in a good way into the Pipe it cannot be discovered for the winde can have no power to make the sparkles flye View the figure CHAP. CCLXXXIII How the Venetians did order their Powder after their Arsnall was burnt THe Venetians had their Magazine blowne up with Gun-powder two or three severall times and for a future prevention they sate in counsell a long time how they might prevent this danger which might come either by accident or treachery but they could in no wise contrive a way to their liking a poore man in Venice hearing of it had presently a device in his brains how to order the matter so that no damage might ensue eyther by fire to consume it or by
dependancies And first wee will discourse of the true measures and proportions of them which at this day are in use and accounted the most perfectest that ever were invented which wee account now to bee infallible Maximes of this Art View the Figure following CHAP. XXV Of the Measures and Proportions of our moderne Fortresses WE have formerly discourst of ancient Fortresses of their defects and remedies Now it remaines wee should intreate of our moderne workes which are now brought to bee most perfect in regard of those Ancient Fortifications before mentioned And first wee will speake of their measures and proportions the which must serve us for Maximes because they are grounded upon very good and infalible reasons as experience hath shewed and doth teach us dayly I. That Fortresses are composed of many Bulworkes and that the sayd Bulworkes should bee of equall distances and of equall Angles the ground being so large that a Regular worke may bee raysed thereon as neere as may bee equally As for Irregular workes necessity must drive us to make them wanting the commodiousnesse of ground that the Regular Figure should have II. The Bulworkes ought to bee large and spacious to the end they may Re-intrench themselves and the point or Angels as blunt as possible may bee made III. That the entery or mouth of the Bulworke ought to bee from Sixty to Seventy paces viz. Thirty or Thirty five from each end of the Curtin to the midest or point of the entrance into the mouth of the Bulworke IIII. That the defence of the Bulwarkes ought to bee taken from the third part of the Curtin at the least as in all Formes or Figures of 6. 7. and 8. and of those of 9. 10. 11. 12. of the halfe of the Curtin As for the Pentagon it will permit the taking of the fift part of the Curtin because the Angels are not so much pointed As for the square Figure it ought not to bee put amongst the number of Fortresses and much lesse the Tryangle for they onely are to bee raised in places of advantage which are strong by nature or in a Campe or siege of a Towne V. The Line of defence viz. the distance that is taken from the Flanke to the point of the Bulworke opposite to it ought to bee 180 paces viz. five foot to each pace at the least and 200 at the most Although Erard alloweth not above 122â— Toyses sixe foot to the Toyse Amounts to 735 feete But his errour I shall afterwards shew and likewise the reason why I allow 265 foot more then he doth VI The Line of the Flancke ought to bee Thirty paces and if the Shoulders of the Bulworke bee comprised in it then the Flancke ought to bee larger by the third part viz. tenne paces and twenty paces for the formiâ—g of the Shoulders VII The Ditch or Moate ought to bee thirty paces broad and running even by the sides of the Bulworkes VIII In the middest of the Ditch there ought to bee a Cave digged deeper then the rest some foure paces broad IX The Counter-scarpe there ought to bee framed with Stones without Lyme X. Vpon the Counterscarpe there ought to bee an Alley three paces broad with a breast-worke ready to defend them so that they may kneele and lay their Peeces over it to discharge and the Ground is to bee made all even beyond it that the enemy may have no Bancke to defend himselfe XI All the good earth which is beyond the Counterscarpe ought to bee thrown away a Musquet shot from it and all kinde of Stones to bee plac't there in the roome of it which will infinitely offend the enemy being battered about with the shot from the Walles of the Fort. XII The halfe Moones which are plac't in every Angle betweene two Bulworks ought to bee forty paces viz. twenty on either side and the defence thereof ought to bee alwaies taken as neere as possibly may bee towards the Curtin the Ditch therof being foure Paces at least in breadth XIII The Ditch or Moat ought to bee Thirty foot deepe being well stored with all kinde of Fish which may bee a great helpe to sustaine them in the time of a Siege XIIII The Wall or foundation of the Fort ought to bee thirty foot high XV. The Rampier above the foundation of the Wall ought to bee likewise 30. foot in height and 20. foot broad both Curtins and Bulworks are to have a Parrapet answerable and a foot-step for the Muskatiers to step upon to make them of sufficient height to discharge their Musquets over XVI Vpon the entery or mouth of every Bulworke there ought to bee a Cavaliere eight foot high and twenty paces large So that three or foure Peeces of Canon may bee planted there for the making of Counter-batteries XVII The place of the Hankes ought to bee fifty foot broad and 75. or 80. foot long XVIII The rightnesse of the Shoulders ought to bee 50. foot long in such sort that it may shoot right to the point of the opposite Bulworke XIX That such Sally-Ports as are necessary ought to bee 15. foot broad made under the Wall in the Hancke betweene the Shoulder of the Bulworke and the end of the Curtin to bee Brick't over like a Vaute and at each end of it a very strong foulded Gate These Sallyes are for the Souldiers to passe into the False-Bray to defend the Moat and the foot of the Bulworkes and Curtins XX. The False-â—ray ought to bee 15. or 16. foot broad from the foot of the Bulwork to the Moat At the very foot of the Rampiers is planted a bed of quick-set two foot broad which will not onely hinder the enemy from sudden running through it but also stayes up such earth as shall bee battered downe from falling into the Moat Next the Moat the False-bray hath a breast-worke three or foure foot high for the Musquetiers to shoot over to defend the Moate XXI That above the end of the Shoulder called the Orillion there ought to bee an Imbracer for to place a Peece of Ordnance to batter against the Ruines that the Enemy should make in the face of the Bulworke XXII That the Rampiers ought to bee made as much sloping as they are high which is their naturall sloping pinching inwards that the Water may shoot off View the Table following and reason will not only allow it But will also reprehend Mounsier Bellay page 21. who allowes onely one foot slope in 8. or 10. foot height So that a Wall being 60. foot high by his Rule shall have but 6. foot slope which would make it so steepe that without the battering of the Canon every shower of Raine will wash it and moulder it downe Observe your best Fortifications as Zutphen and Densburge in Gilderland are by this rule framed XXIII That such foundations of Stone or Bricke-workes as are made against Waters or otherwise to beare up the Fortifications of Earth ought to bee 5. foote broad below
a convenient remedie to every thing that shall require it for if we have to doe with a puissant politike Enemy we must spare no cost and charge not onely to fortifie but also to make the workes large and spacious and of able strength to resist the battering Canon to the end likewise they may make divers re-intrenchments lest it should happen as once it did to the Spaniards at the Fort called the Golette which was made to keepe the Haven for the King of Spaine but having by experience found the defects of it they having observed the true rules of forming it their errour was in making the Bulworkes too little so that when the Turke came with his great Army there could not men be plac'd to defend it As we shal afterwards discourse of the Line of defence of the perfection of it as I may terme it because in the just proportion thereof depends the conservation of the Fortresse Wherefere now we use to make our Bulworkes larger when we first raise them for should they be too small there were no helpe but if our Enemy be but weake in his forces in such a case wee shall not need to be at that cost and labour to make our Workes so large onely the Walles raised with earth and Palizadoed about with Bulworkes without shoulders Likewise the out-workes as Halfe-Moones and Horne-workes and the like may bee spared so that the Workes be made according to Rule and the Mote full of water will be sufficient to keepe the Enemy from surprizing it View the Figure following CHAP. XXIX Of the Venetians manner of Fortification THe Venetians have found by experience the Rules and Maximes of the Spaniards touching the manner of their defences they having small differences as is to bee seene by that admirable fortified Towne in the Isle of Crete named Nicolia with his Bulworkes well ordered onely they were too little not having space sufficient in them for retrenchment the Turke besieged it and wonne it with the Fort of Fumogasta and all the Isle of Crete which the Turkes possesse to this day they finding the inconveniences insident to these small Workes they began to make their Workes more spacious in the Towne of Palma la nova upon the flankes thereof they might place more men for defence and likewise they might re-intrench the oftner For their Enemy the Turke was most potent and likewise the Emperor wherefore they made spacious Bulworkes which they termed Bulworkes Royall viz. large spacious workes with large bouted shoulders as the Figure following will better instruct you CHAP. XXX A Comparison betweene the Rules of Fortification handled in this Treatise with the Rules of others with certaine Answers to divers Objections in Fortification IN the beginning of this discourse of Fortification we have fully described the Rules how to fortifie after the Low-Country manner being the most absolutest manner that can be invented we will not lose the time to repeat it againe they being drawne with the same proportions that at this day is or ought to bee used in all places in Europe that is famous for Fortification And in our progression we will indeavour to make some comparisons betwixt our moderne way of fortifying and the ancient manner formerly used From thence we shall draw the knowledge of the perfection of this Art how farre it exceeds the writings and practises of former Ages First we will begin with the Spanish and French and by the way let us observe the oppositions that the French will have about the Line of Defence in their Fortifications The principall Enginieres in France as also Errard de Barledce which hath writ of Fortification and he would have the defence of the Bulworke to to be 100. Toises which is 120. Venetian paces that is 60. feet English by the Rule 12. inches to each foot to the end sayes he that it may be defended with Muskets â—lledging further that the Canon can doe no great hurt or damage in regard of the uncertaintie of the shot and because they cannot be discharged so often as the Muskets but there will be a great deale of intermission betwixt shot and shot He further opposes that the defence ought to be taken from the Flanke because sayes he it makes the Bulworke more obtuse in his Angle-Flanke To these oppositions we must make answer altogether because the remedies of one of these faults depends upon that of the other And first we must know and hold for a Maxime infallible that no Fortresse but ought to be made with all advantages so that it may be able to defend against a great number as if I should say the advantage must be so great that one man may resist ten this being taken for a ground and Rule we come now to confute this French opinion viz The Line of Defence they hold ought not to bee above 100. Toises or sixtie feet English or 120 to be the most because saith he 120 or 144. Toises is the furthest a Musket can shoot to defend with them further the Canon they alledge is of small validitie in regard of its uncertaintie in shooting so that it doth small damage to the Enemy If the French Enginieres will maintaine this Argument they must of necessity destroy the Flankes making them so small for the lodging of Musketiers in them but I say that cannot be done because they must be larger to lodge farre more Souldiers for the defence of the Fortresse for they ought to be 17. Toises large with the Shoulders as Mr. Errard intends to give to each Flanke which amounts to some 20. paces 5. foot to each pace and this is but capable to lodge 34. Souldiers on the sayd Flanke allowing 3. foot distance for each Souldier to use his Armes in Now doe but observe how the Enemy will have a wonderfull advantage by making his approaches in his roling Trenches and Mines under the earth which shall bring them to the Counter-scarpe where being arrived they can raise their Batteries and cause their Ordnance to beate continually upon the heads of the Musketiers that defend the Flankes or the place that is to be assaulted so that they cannot be able to make resistance or to doe them any hurt from the Walles besides the Mote being large the Enemy may lodge in his Workes three times as many Souldiers which shall continually shoot against the Hankes of the Fort and keepe them under so that their defence will be to no purpose Moreover the Enemy having raised his Batteries within distance hee will soone beate those Musketiers from off the Shoulders of the Bulworke causing them to retreat they having then but the space which is rescued by the Flanke being but 6. or 7. Toises which is but distance enough for 12. or 14. Souldiers how doe you thinke then they shall bee able to resist 300. which shall be upon the Counter-scarp and under it Furthermore I demand if he will not have the Flankes defended with Ordnance how
of Breda Anno 1624. With the Description of the chiefest Trenches Forts Redouts and Batteries which were raised by Marquesse Spinola against it YOu having taken a view of the precedent Figure of a Fort beleaguered being surrounded with Trenches Redouts Forts and Batteries for your better understanding the manner and way how an Army should be brought and pitcht in convenient Quarters and how the Trenches and Redouts Forts and Batteries are to be plac'd in places convenient I have taken some paines to bring to your view the orderly way which that famous Generall Marquesse Spinola observed at the remarkeable Seige of Breda It being the Queene of Garrisons in the Netherlands beautified and strengthened with the absolutest Fortifications that eyther Art or Nature could afford So that it was conceived to be impregnable Wherefore in the first place take notice how Spinola divided his Army which consisted of 198. Foot Companies and 32. Troopes of Horse into three parts purposely to distract the Hollander to which end they tooke their marches severally to other places then that which was intended but at last they met and joyned together at a Dorpe neere Breda The Towne of Breda fearing their designe did immediately strengthen their Garrison with 45. foot-Companies and onely two Troopes of Horse these Forces of the Towne were quartered in the Out-workes and Walles where they caused immediately to be raised divers Horne-workes and other Fortifications beyond them as the precedent Figure of the Horne-worke will demonstrate the Souldiers of the Towne past into these Out-workes through Sally-Ports made under the Wall of the Towne Spinola having encamped his Army two Leagues from Breda he rested certaine dayes not doing any thing which made the Hollander thinke they had some other designe But having weighed all difficulties in his Ballance of reason upon the 26. of August about twi-light he sent Medina with 10. Troopes of Horse and 4000. Foot to pitch downe upon one side of the Towne of Breda Ballion had order the same time to march with his owne Regiment and 14. other Companies of Foot and a certaine number of Horse with divers Canons and these were to pitch downe in another Quarter neere the Towne just opposite to the former Troopes and there they raised divers Workes and intrench'd themselves The next Morning by breake of day Spinola arrived with the rest of the Forces and intrencht them upon the other two sides of the Towne Then from these foure severall quarters they began to draw a Trench of earth from quarter to quarter in which they raised divers Redouts and Forts about 400. paces one from the other which served for a prevention of all suddaine Sallyes out of the Towne each Colonell from his owne quarter wrought towards the next and mann'd the Workes with parties of Souldiers The first Trench was but 5 foot high and 7. foot thicke at the bottome and three foot broad at the top the Ditch was 6. foot deepe and 7. foot broad at the top and two foot at the bottome This Trench was 3600. paces in circuit but in regard of the overflowing of the grounds in Winter they quitted these first Works and were constrained to raise more solid Works further off from the Towne Wherefore they raised a second Trench neere ten foot high and fifteene foot thick at the bottome and made somewhat sloping there was two foot bankes for the Musquetiets to step upon to give fire over the Brest-work this Brest-work was raised above Foot-bankes five foot high ten foot thicke at bottome and sixe at the top This second Trench contained in Circuit 16000. paces Likewise beyond this second Trench from the Towne-wards distance about 200. paces they were constrained to raise a third Trench with divers Forrs Redouts and Batteries as the precedent Figures will shew you this Trench was of the same demention that the former was being made very solid and strong to defend their quarters from the Prince of Oranges his Forces who did seeke to raise their Siege or to releeve the Towne This last Trench fetcht a Circuit round about the former Trench it being 52000. paces in compasse Vpon the out-side of both these Trenches a Ditch was sunke seven foot deepe 15. foot broad at the top and 8. foot at the bottome The Souldiers of Breda sallyed out upon Spinola's men as they were raising the first Trench next the Towne and if they had falne upon them in severall places at once they would by all probability have beaten them from their quarters they being very weary and but few in number at the first So that they were constrained both to fight and fortifie themselves the space of three houres afterwards a greater resistance was made to beate them backe The Redouts of Earth were made of a quadrant Figure and were so plac'd in the Trench that no Angle or corner appeared outwards they were 50 foot wide in the inside and on the out-side 80. and strongly fortified with a Pallizado of sharpe sparres placed in the outward edge of the Parrapet they had a ditch about them and a Counter-skarpe beyond the Ditch and upon the verges of the Counter-skarpe another Pallizado of Spiles was plac'd to hinder the Enemies approaches The Forts were raised with greene Turfe with foure irregular Bulworkes 35. foot thicke and 13. foot high their Curtins 100. foot long as the Figures of them will shew you These were of the strongest sort which were plac'd neere the Town their Ditches were 12. foot wide and 8. foot deepe these were to indure the battering of the Canon from the Towne The other Forts and Redouts were raised 13. foot high from the ground and 15. foot thicke the Ditches 12. foot broad and 8. foot deepe the inside of these Forts and Redouts were but 8. foot high and raised perpendicular at which height a walke was made five foot high and broad and upon this was a Parrapet round the Workes five foot high and ten foot thicke this was to shelter the Musquetiers from the shot of the Towne These Workes had a kinde of Planke to lay over the Ditch for the Souldiers to goe over into the Workes and being these Bridges were drawne up with Pullies and fastned with iron haspes to the Posts of the Gate they both served for Bridge and Gate And before these Workes upon the out-side of the Ditch was a halfe-Moone raised well pallizadoed to defend the entrance into the Forts These mighty vast Trenches with the Forts and Redoubts were by the diligence of the Souldiers which wrought both night and day they being continually releeved with fresh-men finisht in 17. dayes You shall finde amongst the precedent Figures divers great Forts one of them was formed in a forme quadrant with foure halfe Bulworkes made very sollid for Artillery to be planted upon it was Canon proofe The Curtins were 120. foot long 28. foot thicke and 15. foot high pallizadoed round to hinder the Enemies assaults Likewise you shall finde the
with 7000 foot and 30 Troopes of Horse to a convenient place neere Osterhout where hee Incamped within three miles of the Enemy where he confronted the enemy and anticipated the place of great advantage for the Prince of Orange to have relieved the Towne by it After that the Prince of Orange did perceive their was no hopes of relieving the Towne hee provided for his safe Retreate to which end hee raised divers Workes to hinder Spinola from pursuing him As first upon a convenient passage hee raised a Fort to Retire his men into and to defend them from the sudden pursuite of the Enemy and upon the side next Spinolas Campe by which hee was to make his Retreate hee raised a Brest-worke along the Causie with a deepe Ditch to cover his men from the Enemies shot and also to obscure them in their Retreate Spinola fearing the Prince of Orange should have assaulted some of their Garrisons with his Army Hee commanded Grave Hendrick Vanden-Bergh to dog him with his Army to prevent his designes This Siege having lasted part of Summer all Winter and part of the Summer following which was a thing thought impossible to have bin done being eleven Months The Governour of Breda founded a Parley and was content to surrender the Towne they being almost famished if Spinola would agree to such Articles as hee should propound For the performance of which Articles there were sufficient Hostages from either side to confirme the Agreement I have set downe the Articles they being a most fit patterne for all Governours to shape their Agreements by The Articles follow First a Captaine of the Garrison of Breda brought Spinola two Copies of the Articles betwixt them that hee might first signe them both which done hee carried them backe to the Governour for him to signe one part of them was brought backe to Spinola Vpon the signing of these Covenants the Governour demanded 1200 Waggons and 60 Boats to carry away sicke and maâ—med persons and others with their Carriages and Housholdstuffe which was by Spinola granted Imprimis It shall bee lawfull for the Governour of the Towne with the rest of the Officers and Souldies both of Horse and foot to March out of the Towne armed Souldier like viz. The Foot with flying Colours Drums beating compleatly Armed Bullet in mouth Match lighted at both ends their charges full of Powder and Shot The Horse with their Trumpets founding Standards displayed Armed in such sort as when they March towards the Enemy And that no Souldier shall bee of what Nation soever questioned or detained for any cause or pretext whatsoever not though he had formerly bin in the Enemies service All without exception having free liberty to march the best and most commodious way to their next Garrison without injurie hinderance or wrong done to their owne persons their Armes Horses or Baggage and this with all safety and assurance possible And further it shall bee lawfull for them to take their Wives Children Houshold Housholdstuffe Horses and Carts with the Armes of all Souldiers dead or hurt sicke or runne away without any search or inquiry made after them Item All Ministers or Preachers of the Word Commissaries of Musters Officers of Contribution with their Clerkes Ingineers Gentlemen of the Artillery the Auditor of the Souldiers Masters of Fire-workes Captaines of Pioners Canoners Surgions of Regiments and private Companies with all such as belong to the Traine of Artillery Marriners Notaries Overseers of Workes Provosts Pioners Carpenters Smithes Commissaries of the Victualls and all persons whatsoever any way belonging to the Artillery or Engines with their Wives Children and Servants Horse and Armes shall bee comprehended in the former Article and enjoy the same priviledges Item All Boats found about or in the Towne at this present as well those which arrived last with the Colonells as with any others shall be permitted with all their necessaries and tackling to returne to their next place of refuge guided by their own Pilots and Marriners in which it shall bee lawfull for them to Imbarke their Families and Housholdstuffe with the Armes and Baggage of the Colonells Captaines and other Officers of the Armie sicke persons with such as attend them and all others whosoever desire to passe by Water into their next safe Garrison And to this purpose the River shall bee open for them during the terme of twelve dayes and then within that space they may safely repaire to and joyne themselves with their other men of Warre and from thence take their journey to what place they please the Boats remaining still to their owne Masters and owners And during the sayd terme of twelve dayes no man shall dare to molest or hinder those Boats but shall permit them to passe freely with their Passengers without searching them for any cause or pretext whatsoever And if it chance that the passage of the River bee not yet freed and made Navigable againe by which their journey may bee any way hindered the time in which by that meanes the journey hath beene stayed shall not bee reckoned amongst those twelve dayes which terme they enjoy freely and withall assurance as well in the River it selfe as upon either shore of it where Marriner or any other Passengers shall have occasion to land for their commodity or affaires And if any of the Boats belong to any man who shall desire to reside still in the Towne of they shall bee tyed notwithstanding to helpe to transport Passengers and Baggage out of Breda and afterwards returne home to their Masters Item Spinola shall allow the Governour any reasonable and sufficient number of Waggons as hee shall demand to transport his owne the Colonell Captaines Officers and other mens Baggage of the Garrison to their next Garrison from whence they shall returne them safe and faithfully againe Item It shall bee lawfull for the Governour to carry out with his Garrison any foure Peeces of Artillery and two Morters hee shall make choice of with all their appurtinances and as much Powder and Ball as they will beare at sixe charges and it shall bee at his choice to transport them with their Carriages either by Water or by Lane And for this purpose the Marquesse Spinâ—la shall allow the Governour if hee shall demand it all Canon-Horses and others with their Waggons and Waggon-men as shall bee requisite for the transporting of these Peeces of Artillery and Morters with all their appurtenances Item What goods or Housholdstuffe belongs to the Prince of Orange it shall be lawfull for him or his Deputie to transport them to what place hee pleaseth within the time of sixe Moneths at which time a free passage shall bee given without any molestation or hinderance in the meane time the goods to bee safely preserved Item If it chance that any man comprehended in the two first Articles shall bee unable for his sicknesse to goe out of the Towne with the Garrison it shall be lawfull for such to remaine in the Towne
57 4 59 5 61 6 Further we may observe another ready way to levell mount and imbase a Peece by a Holbert Linstocke or any other staffe which Mr. Norton hath beene very industrious in making and inventing of it the manner of performing it is in this kinde First marke from one end of the staffe a distance equall unto the pummell or height of the Caskable of the Peece being placed levell upon the platforme Next you must take the distance betwixt the Center of the Truanâ—oâ—s and the pummell oâ— Caskable which make or imagine a Semi-diameter of a circle and divide it by diagonalls and paralells or otherwise into 1000. equall parts Thirdly you must repaire to the Table of Sines and take the number answering unto every degree out of the sayd 1000. parts and set that distance from the sayd marke downewards and if the totall signe of the Table bee 100000 you must omit the two last figures of each number thereof towards the right hand and if it chance to be 10000000 then you must omit 4 figures of each number you finde in that Table and the remaining number will shew how many of those 1000. equall parts are to be set downewards upon the staffe from the marke beneath the sayd levell for each severall degree Fourthly you must draw 10 paralells and diagonalls from the first degree to the second and from the second to the third successively continued from each to his next making every degree with arithmtticall Caracters by this you may from six minutes to sixe minutes by those right Sines mount your Peece This staffe being this framed and ordered the use of it is thus You are to bring down the Center of the pummell or Caskable of the Peece to any number or degree thereon so marked for the Peece you setting the lower end of the Staffe to the platforme which being performed the Axis of the Bore of that Peece will be found to be elevated unto the degree assign'd Further if all these instruments should be wanting yet the industrious Gunner by arithmeticall skill may by an Inch rule mount any Peece of Ordnance unto 10 de-degrees of the quadrant by measuring the just length â—f the Concave Cillinder or Barrell of the Peece then reducing that measure into Inches and double the same afterwards multiplying the number of inches so doubled by 22 and divide by 7 taking notice of the number of the quotient which last quotient being likewise divided by 360 the degrees contained in the whole Circumference of every Circle the last quotient Number will demonstrate the number of Inches and parts of an Inch that will make a degree in the quadrant for that Peece as Smith in his Art of Gunnerie demonstrates it by example of a Saker whose Concave Cillinder or Bore is just seven foot long if you would desire to know what parts of an Inch Rule will mount her to one degree of the quadrant you must worke it thus First reduce the seven foot into Inches and there ariseth 84 that 84 Inches being doubled makes 168 the which being multiplyed by 22 ariseth 3696 the which being divided by 7 the quotient will be 528 then againe dividing this quotient number by 360 that will yeeld 1 1 â— which is as much as one Inch 1 2 wanting 1 15 part of an Inch by this example you see it confirmed that any Peece of Ordnance whose Chase is but seven foot long being mounted by an Inch Rule unto one Inch and â— 15 parts that Peece shall lye just the height she would have done if you had mounted her unto one degree of the Quadrant Moreover if you would mount the same Peece unto two degrees of the Quadrant by the inch-Rule aforesaid then you must multiply the measure in your Rule last found being one inch â— â— parts by 2 in the order of Fractions and you shall have 4 â— the which 44 being the Numerator of the fraction being divided by the Denominator which is 15 the quotient being two inches 14 â— is your desire by this you perceive three inches wanting 1 1â— part makes two degrees of the Quadrant Lastly observe if you would have your Peece mounted by an inch Rule for to answer any number of degrees under 10 either you must Multiply that number by the number of inches and parts of an inch that makes the degrees of a Quadrant otherwise you may worke as you did the first Conclusion Multiplying the first product by the number of inches desired and dividing the product by the numbers before mentioned your last quotient will resolve you As for a further example the peece of Ordnance before mentioned you desire to elevate by an Inch rule to answer to 8 degrees of the quadrant first you reduce the length of the Bore into Inches as formerly is shewed doubling that measure it makes 168 as in the first conclusion which 168 Inches multiplyed by 22 yeelds 3696 Inches the which Product being now multiplyed by 8 ariseth 29568 which sum divided by 7 the quotient is 4224 the same divided by 360 yeelds in the Quotient 11 Inches 1 15 parts of an Inch. So many Inches and parts of an inch must the same Peece be elevated unto with an Inch-Rule to answer unto 8 degrees of the Quadrant But to lay your Peece point-blank without instrument you must bring the height of the Mettle at the mouth equall with the Horizon and then the Concave Cillinder will lye point-blanke But Master Norton doth mislike Master Smiths wayes in shooting by the Mettall or Mira Comune and he hath beene very zealous in finding out a more perfect way and Sayes to shoot with any Peece by the Mettall or Mira Comune the difference or mount about the levell which the Mettall causeth being considered and exactly examined will shew the angle of the Peeces Mounture with the which you must repaire to the precedent Table of proportionall Mountures for the severall Randons upon each point or degree of the Gunners quadrant in page 127 which is thus to be appropriated unto any Peece first having made one shoot with her at the Mounture of a certaine marke assigned and finding her dead range for the same which being reverted to the given elevation will soone yeeld the range required the example is after this manner given That suppose by examination it be found out that by reason of the eminencie of the Mossell Ring and length of the Chase of the Peece the directions of the Mettall at the breech and the Mossell ring to mount the Peece higher then it would if the assise of her Bore were duly directed by a true desparte unto any Marke assigned by six degrees and let it bee imagined that the Marke is elevated six degrees above the Horrizon so found by the Quadrant and observing that at the mounture the Peece did shoot 850 paces for her dead range the question is how farre the same Peece would convey the like shotte with the like
marke and in like manner observe some other marke if any other Hill happen to bee and so proceed untill you may see the place desired if then your sight running through the sight of the Rule the thred ever falling upon the Lane of levell exceeds that place the conveying of that Water is possible otherwise not If it should chance that a quadrant bee wanting yet you may take the distance to any place by the Carpenters square First you must have a Saffe divided in certaine proportions a 100 or a 1000 parts at the beginning of your length upon the very toppe directly standing set the inward angle of the square lift up or put downe this instrument untill you see the farthest part of your longitude your sight running through the visuall holes of the square The square so remaining and the Staffe not removed from his height marke where the other end of the square next unto you noted upon the ground see then what proportion the Staffe then beareth to the part of the ground which the neerest end of the square pointed unto from the Staffe the same shall the length have to the quantity of the same Staffe as you may more plainly see by the next Figure where the Staffe A. C. is imagined to bee 6 feet and the space A. D. 2 foot Considering now that 6 the length of the Staffe containeth 2 thrice therefore the longitude desired A. B. must consequently containe three times the Staffe being 6 foot long that maketh 18 foot as by the Figure following you may view the truth of it But if the ground bee not levell and plaine their will arise errour Moreover it behoveth you to have a fine cord made fast to the upper part of your Staffe C. which must bee tyed even with the inward edge of the square and so drawne to the ground where the neere end of the square from the Staffe pointed as you perceive at C. D. the other end directeth truely to the object or distance desired Now it remaines we should take farther observations concerning latitudes and bredths the which upon the matter may serve for the taking of any distance either in the way of latitude or loÌ„gitude being a thing most requisite in divers respects As suppose divers Ordnance being planted upon a Battery against the Enemy and having Battered sufficient for an assault the bredth of this breach is to be required that the forces may accordingly be ordered for to enter it And this may bee done either by the helpe of the quadrant or the Iacobs-Staffe if by the quadrant then you must suppose two markes at each end of the breach then going directly towards one of the sayd Markes that by supposition you are â—istant from the same about the length betwixt the two markes whose distance you would measure Then laying your quadrantâ— flat upon some Stoole or placing the same upon some skrew of a Staffe being perpendicularly erected moving the same to or from the marke you stand against placing the quadrant so as the visuall sights passing from the Center of the quadrant by the Lines of levell may direct you to the sayd marke and the visuall Line passing from the Center of the quadrant by the 12 point or division of the scale which is called the Hipothenusal line may direct you to the other marke and then the length of your standing to the marke which the Line of levell doth direct you to is from the same just the distance betweene the two markes you intend to measure then looking athwart by the other edge of the quadrant or through your sights on the Rule espie another marke directly against the marke you meane to measure and the visuall Line passing betweene the station and the sayd marke will be paralell to the Breach of the sayd Wall or Line passing betweene the two marks whose distance you would measure then removing your quadrant before the other Marke placing the same so as the Line of levell may direct you to the sayd Marke and the Line passing by your sights on your Ruler may direct you to your first station the distance betwixt your two stations being measured is the just space betwixt the two Markes or two ends of the Breach as by this demonstrative Figure appeares where the Line A. B. sheweth the length or distance of the Breach to bee measured as suppose it to bee 100 paces and the like number you may perceive to bee in C. D. as also in the Line C. A. and D. B. Moreover the distance of both the Markes may easily bee taken by the former conclusion at one Station As suppose the Wind-Mill C to bee your first standing and the distance C to the end of the Breach A which the Line of levell directs you to is just 100 paces that some being squared makes 1000 paces the like number of paces you may perceive in the Line betweene the two ends of the Breach A. B. being multiplied in it selfe These two summes being joyned together make 2000 paces the quadrant Roote hereof makes 141 paces and almost 1 2 parts shewing the true distance from your standing to the farthest Mark B. Likewise by the divisions of the Scale of your quadrant by knowing the distance to any Tree Wind-Mill or Steeple or other marke not farre distant you shall thereby know how much the same is higher or lower then yoâ—r standing as suppose from your standing to such a Steeple bee 200 feet then in viewing the same marke through the sights on your Rule the index or plumbline falls on the part sixe on the scale of your quadrant being contrarie shadow Wherefore you must divide 12 by 6 the quotient is two then by the same quotient number againe I divide 200 feet the space betwixt my standing and the marke and so I finde 100 foot higher then your eie If you turne the contrary angles of the quadrant to your eie you may finde out all defents If a quadrant bee wanting by the helpe of a Iacobs-Staffe any heighth or bredth is to bee taken by setting the end to your eye and taking your visuall Lines by the end of the little Staffe that is crosse the long one which is called the moveable Rule then goe forwards and backwards untill you see the foundation and toppe of the Mark you intend to measure as the example following shewes where I desire to take the height of the Towre A B I take my first station at C and my eie runnes in the Line by the end of the Crosse Rule to the toppe of the Tower B and at the same instant without moving my eie-sight runnes by the lower end of the Crosse-Staffe to the Base of the Tower A for so you must order the Crosse-Rule on the Staffe D â— So that at once both head and foot of the sayd marke may bee seene then where you stand set a marke at C then measuring the distance betwixt the Lines D E putting the Crosse-rule to G
in the hidden qualities of the Magnes-stone Have recorded how two friends may discourse upon any subject although they be a thousand miles distant the manner to performe it is thus Take two peeces of round Bords being smothed about the bignesse of the top of an houre-glasse upon these must be glewed a peece of cleane paper which being done a Circumference must be drawne on eyther of them and the Letters of the Crosse-row being set downe distinctly a pretty distance a sunder round the said Circumference of each of them Then after the manner of a Sunne-diall there must be a Steele-needle plac'd in either of them of one length and weight these Needles must be toucht with the Magnes-stone both at one instant your Friend is to have one of these instruments the other to remaine with your selfe the just time of the day being appointed when the discourse should begin you must with your finger direct the Needle to such Letters one sensibly after another for the making up a word then pauze so long as you thinke he may well write it downe then removing the Needle againe to those Letters which doe spell such words as your minde may be understood and as you remove your Needle so voluntarily will your Friends Needle point at the same Letters whereby you may discourse what you please Viginerius in his Annotations upon Titus Livius 1316. Columne of his first Volume doth report that a Letter may bee read through a Stone-wall three foot thicke by this onely device Harpagus writeth to Cyrus concerning the treason of King Astyages having cunningly unbowelled a Hare put his Letter therein and after hee had ingenuously sowed it up againe delivered it with the Nets to one of his Hunts-men the faithfullest of all his houshold and he carried it to King Cyrus Frontinus Lib. 3. Chap. 13. Many saith he being desirous in actions of Warre to send their Letters missives secretly whereby their friends may know their mindes and yet to avoid all meanes of discovery have written within the Scabbards of their swords and sent them as acceptable presents Machiâ—vel in his Art of Warre makes mention how a Captaine in a besieged Towne may cause his friends to understand his mind the manner of acting it is thus He that desires to relate his minde must write his whole scope downe in paper first and holding it in one of his hands and a Torch or two Torches in the other hand Likewise taking the advantage of a high Steeple or Towre and the opportunity of a darke night whereby the Lights may be further seene by his friend that should observe the same wherefore having Inke Pen and Paper ready and for the better understanding how it should be performed take notice of the Letters of the Crosse-row how they are placed that you may discerne how the Lights shall describe every severall Letter for the making up a word A B C D E F G H I K L This part of the Crosse-row with one light 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 M N O P Q R S T V W This part of the Crosse-row with two lights 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Now observe that all the Letters of the first Division of the Crosse-row are to be demonstrated with one light As for example If you would Copie downe the Letter A you must hold up one Light but once if you desire he should copie downe B you must shew one light twice likewise C one light is to be shewne thrice and so of the rest as the Figures underneath the Letters will guide you The second part of the Crosse-row beginning at M is to be demonstrated with two lights once N with two hights twise O with two lights thrise and so of the rest as the figure underneath each Letter shewes how many times you must hold up your Light to demonstrate such a Letter Suppose I would have my friend Copie downe the word Man M being the first Letter of the second part of the Crosse-row must be signified with two lights shewed once then obscuring the lights untill you thinke he hath copied it downe next you must shew one light once which signifies A then obscuring the Light as before you must next shew two lights twice which signifies N being the second Letter of the second part of the Crosse-row the word being finished you must obscure the Light twice as long as you did it for a Letter otherwise a Letter cannot be distinguisht from a Word nor a Word from a Letter by this you see the word Man signified by the helpe of the Light and by this device your friend may understand your minde being a mile off If you desire to let your Friend understand your secrets so that they should not be discovered take a whole sheet of Paper and with Pen and Inke write upon one side some formall Letter of discourse farre from the matter you intended to participate in secret to your Friend which being finisht turne the Leafe over and with the juyce of an Onion or Leman write your secrets betweene the Lines written with inke your Friend knowing the secret of it will reade it against the fire-light or putting it into water Demoratus desiring to make knowne to the Lacedemonians how King Xerxes was armed and prepared for his journey against Greece did write the counsell of the King in small Tablets of wood which he covered over with waxe and in that manner sent them to the Lacedemonians they taking off the waxe read all the Contents thereon written â—ontius likewise reports that Pachorus sent Letters in a Nosegay of Violets to his beloved Lucretia likewise he wrapt letters in Balles of waxe and threw them in at his Mistresses Window One of the surest wayes to write a Letter which is not possible to be read but by him that is to receive it and knowes the device is in this kinde to be performed First you must have two flat Rulers three or foure inches broad and halfe a foot long they must be both of a breadth to a haires breadth then take a sheet of cleane Paper and cut it out into narrow peeces like your smallest Tape then with mouth-glew fasten the ends together and winde it even about the Rule giving the end you begin to write at a privie marke then write your secrets upon the Paper eyther in Letters or Characters which being unwound from the Rule can never be possibly brought together to be read unlesse it bee wound about your Friends Rule whereby he may understand your minde There is a most excellent way to write so as it is impossible to bee understood which is performed after this manner Take two halfe sheets of Paper and Rule them one upon the other so as the Lines may be of equall distance then take your Pen-knife and just upon the Lines cut through both the
comfort of Age and Wit the grace of Strength and Vertue the guide of Wit in all Souldiers they are not to be allowed of eyther young or old for Streâ—gth without Wit is dangerous Wit without Vertue hurtfull and pernicious so likewise Age without Strength is but tedious Therefore Commanders ought to be of a prime judgement in making choise of such Souldiers as are likely to prove serviceable And in regard our Weapons are of a divers Nature as Pike and Musquet it is to be observed that Nature hath framed men fit in stature and qualities to use them The tallest and ablest men ought to be trained up to manage the Pike the men of meaner stature are to serve in Musquets and to inable them the better every man from his youth should exercise themselves in manlike actions which might make them hardy setling their joynts and breeding strength so that in a short time their Armour and Weapons would seem very easie and light Likewise Souldiers must be very carefull to observe their Rankes and Files and especially in time of Battell taking notice that upon all occasions they must make their Leaders place good if he should chance to be slaine before him for if the Front of the Battell be not kept compleat the enâ—my will soone ruine it The consideration of which caused Manlius Torqâ—â—tus for example to pâ—steritie to put his Sonne to death because contrary to command he observed not his Rankes Likewise no Officer nor Souldier ought to goe beyond his Commission although a Conquest might ensue the reason is because none may trench upon the jurisdiction of Authority and also in regard for the most part a thousand times more mischiefe may ensue than good possibly can which made Posthumu◠〈◊〉 use martiall Law against his Sonne Aulus Posthumus at his returne from his conquered Enemy If an Army be so fortunate as to gaine a Conquest so many as are appointed for the execution of the victory must be diligent in the execution and not to fall to pillaging whereby the Enemy may take an opportunity to rally his broken forces and overthrow you It were very good for Souldiers to practice all kinde of Weapons and to bee singuler in the use of them Likewise Souldiers must be very perfect in the divers beates of the Drumme they ought to be very expert in swimming by reason many exploits are to be atchieved by it and the lives of many Souldiers sav'd by it They should use themselves to carry heavie burthens that they may bee the fitter to carry provision in a March and to carry earth up the Trenches without wearisomnesse for a Souldier must looke to be exposed to all manner of toyle upon occasions of necessity In consideration whereof the worthy Commanders of ancient times 〈◊〉 choise of Country labouring fellowes to be their Souldiers because they could indure paines and hardinesse rather than out of Cities and Townes for such are fittest to be Horsemen Souldiers are further to take notice that in Garrison or in a setled Campe their duty is upon all occasions not making any delay at the sound of the Drumme to repaire to his Colours with his compleate Armes be it to answer an Alarum or to releeve the Watch where no Souldier of what birth or degree soever should not take it in scorne or hold it a disgrace to stand Sentinell untill such time as hee understands himselfe better and then being a Gentleman of a Company he must not refuse to be instructed and taught by the meanest Officer it must bee farre from any Souldier to disobey any of his Officers precepts and especially such as are given in charge by the higher Authority neyther to contemne or slight the Martiall lawes lost death be his reward Souldiers must be very wary how they undervalue their Officers especially their Generall or how they speake invectively or reproachfully of any service or designe that hath not taken effect Souldiers must rather choose death then cowardly to runne from their colouâ—s neither must they have any converse with the enemy either by speech sending or receiving of Letters were it from his dearest Friend without the Generalls Lycence A domesticke Traytour is a Monster amongst enemies and let such a one know that never any prospered For as Queene Elizabeth once said in the like case that shee would make use of the treason but never trust the Traytour Now lastly we must take notice of each Souldiers particular duty both in Garrison and in field as the next Chapter shall declare CHAP. LVI The duties both of Officers and Souldiers in Garrison EVery Fort or Garrison hath a Governour a Major and a Captaine of the Watch these are the principallest in authority Next there are divers other Captaines and Officers both of horse and foot with their Companies to each belonging of the duties of each I will discourse briefly of and I thought it fitting to place this discourse here rather then in the end of the tract of Fortification The duty of a Governour is to be vigilant and carefull that all Officers and Souldiers under his jurisdiction doe punctually performe their duties and where default is according as the offence is to punish he is to have daily intelligence of the enemies proceedings which he must procure either by sending out partyes of Foot or certaine Horse or else by the Countrey people hee is to see all the Workes and Fortifications about the Towne preserved and kept and what defences else hee in his wisdome shall thinke necessary to be raised the Garrison must indeavour to doe it what out-Watches either of Horse or Foot he sees sit to be placed upon places convenient for the prevention of the enemies secret approaches he must command it and his Major must see it executed he is the chiefe judge in place of judicature only assisted by the chiefe Officers who have each of them a voyce and the Governours stands for two by which meanes a Malefactour is according to his demerit punished or freed according as most voyces shall agree upon by his authority hee may commit the chiefest Officer for any misdemenour and cause him to be brought to his tryall By his care and wisedome all things are to be managed his Major is his eye mouth and hand His duty is to see the Watches set to see the Gentlemen of the round doe their duty the Sentenells stand at their postures the Ports well guarded hee is to receive no Troopes into the Fort but first hee must goe to them with a sufficient guard of Pikes and Musquets he is to receive the patent from the Captaine of those troopes which if he findes it to be the Princes hand and Seale he is immediatly to acquaint the Governour withall and by his permission to conduct them in if there be divers Companies that Company which first enters the Towne hath the preeminence the rest inccessively in order and so accordingly they are to take their turnes to watch
answering to the commands of Authority and many times some of them are altogether deficient both in their Armes and appearance and usually all or the greater part will borrow two or three houres of the set time before they come to the place where they are to bee called over that dayes worke above all other is so tedious that they desire onely to trifle it to an end Seventhly a base scorning and inveterate hating of such Officers as have a desire to take paines with them in exercising them and shewing them their postures and causing them to bring in compleate Armes Eighthly the negligent and beastly keeping of their Armes that hardly halfe the Armes of the Band are fitted as they should bee for a present use but altogether defective and making any trash serve to passe the Muster not regarding future services In all these particular faults our Horsemen are guilty of and may blush for their shamefull abuses to King and State and in one thing they sâ—rpasse our Foot-troopes and that is the employing of such Horses as are sequestred from common rurall uses and onely appropriated to the Kings service they instead of riding them and managing them for the Warre set them to Plow and Cart or to performe some journeys either in a Coach or otherwise or rather more absurdly make a Cart-horse or Coach-horse serve to beare the great Sadle which they thinke sufficient to blinde the eyes of Authority should there bee any suddaine use that our forces should stand in competition with an Enemy I feare wee shall fall short of what is to bee expected And although these defects may seeme but as a shadow to such points of disloyalty and disobedience as formerly wee have discourst of yet these defects argue and savour of stupid security and a base undervalluing esteeme of the use of Armes which all Nations doe most highly honour and esteeme as the meanes for safety of Kingdomes the preserver of Lawes and above all the preserver and defender of Gods Gospell which without it would soone bee dasht under feet and a confusion overflow our Realme Therefore let us endeavour to amend what hath beene amisse and in all dutifull obedience follow such directions as Authority shall prescribe banishing our owne ends and every day furnishing and fitting our selves to the largest extent of our abilities and powers to doe our God King and Country the faithfullest and best service wee possibly may and that willingly and with a delight for this end wee were first borne as was truely veryfied by Pompeius Magnus that famous Commander hee having shipt his men and ready furnisht them with Victualls and Munition for the reliefe of the City of Rome which was then by the Enemy besieged and in great distresse In the interim a wonderfull tempest of Winde Raine Thunder and Lightning arose so that nothing but ruine to him could bee expected his friends and Souldiers besought him not to venter his life and the Navies losse Hee returned this noble answer I am borne to obey Authority Et necesse est ut eam non ut vivam Hee knew the Rules and Edicts of Soveraigne Authority were not to bee deferred but hee tooke them as his Card to steere his course of loyalty and obedience by If wee should but draw examples of obedience from the Creatures and observe how in all things they stand conformable and obedient to the Lawes of Nature How the great unruly Ocean observes the course of the Moone in bringing in her tides The Massie earth waites the time and pleasure of the Sunnes revolution to yeild up the fruit and hidden treasures contained in her bowells to the uttermost of her power All Creatures both Vegetative and Sensitive are precise and ready bent in all obedience when Nature enjoynes And yet Man a Rationall Creature most obstinate and hetrogeniall in his duty loyalty and obedience to his Superiours which Nature doth not onely challenge as a right but God claimes it as a due And how siily and foolish are men above all other Creatures in making provision for their safety there is no Creature but Nature hath armed it with some defensive weapon not so much but the poore Bee hath his Pike which most valiantly and skilfully hee can use for his defence and preservation But the times wee live in are such that wee have neither will nor skill but we referre all to a generall Providence thinking it sufficient if they be roughcast with riches and prosperity and the liberty and peace which here hath beene plentifully enjoyed breeds a boldnesse and foole hardinesse to doe evill for long peace and large freedomes makes men as unfit to follow the Warres for the present as pampering and youthfulnesse doth a Colt unridden he that should have a suddaine occasion to backe him for present service cannot but expect the Ryder should be overthrowne and worke confusion to himselfe and all that depend on him It was partly seene and tried at the Isle of Ree in France at the Siege of Rochell and although our English had beene some short time tutured and exercised under the banners of Mars yet the right valiant and judicious Captaines had no more command of them in the time of need when the tryall of their obedience skill and vallours should have beene brocht then of a Herd of Deere For all they saw by flight there was no safety but eminent destruction yet they could not bee perswaded to make an honourable resistance whereby they might either have freed themselves or have died like men with their faces towards the Enemy Now judge you if such cowardly basenesse was found in those that scorned to give their heads for the washing being the prime spirits of our Kingdome we cannot but expect worse of these here behind remaining which will fall short many bowes length of their worth if we doe not flatter our selues for they will find warre a wearisome stage where Souldiers must play their parts against their wills for truly it may bee said of a people that are unexercised and know the Warres but by heare-say quod valentes sunt prevalent ante pericula in ipsis tamen periculis discedunt They have ability enough and to spare untill danger appeares but when perill indeed comes they get them gone as Vigetius sayes there is a rule in the Philosophie of the Warre In omni praelio non tam multitudo virtus inâ—â—cta quam â—rs exercitum solent prestare victoriam In every Battell skill and practice doth more towards the victory then multitudes and rude audacity But certainly our age is possest that an Enemy will dare at our brave cariages and gay cloathes as the Larke doth at the Hobby untill they beate them downe with their bolts Let such make tryall that please it will prove but Dulce bellum inexpertus Matters not usefull prove inductions to terrour for there are three things which agravates feare Inexpectation unacquaintance and want of preparation The first
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s L Reare C S 4. sssss sssss sssss D sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss 6 E ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp 7 S ppppp ppppp ppppp D 2 ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp ppppp 8 S 2. sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss sssss 9. E C S. 2. sssss D pppppppppp D sssss S. 1.  sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss   sssss  pppppppppp  sssss  S. 3. sssss  pppppppppp  sssss S. 4. In this precedent Figure you see the divisions of the Company drawne up into an even body or Battalia all the Fell-leaders standing even in Front together making one Ranke CHAP. LXXV How the Officers are to draw both Pikes and Musquets one File sequenting another into a Ring for the better and speedier exercising them in their postures THe Company standing in an even body as the former Figure shewes before the Captaine shall exercise them in grosse as they now stand the easiest readiest and most convenient way is to see every man particularly doe his postures both of Pike and Musquet Wherefore first draw out the body of Pikes from the shot then command the right Wing of shot to face to the left hand and the left Wing of shot to face to the right hand then Marching forwards joyn their Files together so facing as they were makes them stand in an even body That Officer which intends to exercise the Pikes is to draw them into one side of the Field and some other Officer is to take the Musquets and draw them another way a convenient distance apart so that one division may not interrupt the other then either Officers drawing out their Files one following another leading them round into a Ring the Officers standing in the middest every Souldier facing towards him so that hee may see all their actions and likewise they may heare his words of command and observe how hee handles his Armes that they may imitate him and where he sees any one aukeward and ignorant hee is speedily to step to him and to shew him how to demeane himselfe the words of Command and the postures followe in the next Chapter CHAP. LXXVI How an Officer is to demeane himselfe in the Exercising of the Musquetieres and how every Souldier is to observe and imitate him punctually from Posture to Posture THe Officer having disposed his men as before is shewed himselfe standing in the middest of them taking a Musquet in his hand and Bandelieres about him he shall command silence and being presupposed they stand with their Bandiliers on their match betweene their fingers their Musquets shouldred and their Rests in their hands the Officer commands them to 1 Rest your Musquet This Pocture is performed the Musquet being shouldred First by slipping it then bringing about the right hand and grasping the Musquet at the breech and at the same instant drawing in your right heele to your left ankle with a small jutte of the shoulder you raise the Peece and poise it in the right hand being stretcht out with the Musquet-rest in the left hand likewise stretch'd out then bringing about your left hand and foot you meet the Musquet with your Rest placing it upon the ground aslant from you your Thumbe pressing the side of the Barrell and the Forke of the Rest together your right legge being brought a little forwards standing with a full body towards the mouth of the Peece the But end close to your side above your huckle bone 2 Poise your Musquets This Posture is performed by bringing up the right leg to the ankle of the left the Peece being stayed upon the Rest by the pinching of the Thumbe the right hand at the same motion graspes the Peece at the Breech the middle joynt of the fore-finger plac'd under the Pan the upper joynt next the hand just with the breech-pin the Thumbe upon the inside of the Stocke a little pressing downe the right hand and raising the left with the Rest you receive it and hold it at armes end with the mouth plum upwards the Rest in the left hand with the Arme out-stretch'd the right foot being removed side-wayes at the same instant with the right hand the body will stand full and comely 3 Shoulder your Musquet The Musquet being poised you must bring about your right hand drawing up the heele of your right foot to your left ankle and as your Musquet is ready to touch your left shoulder you must at the same instant bring about your left hand over the But end of the Peece with the Rest in it the ground end of your Rest pointing towards your right thigh joyning the Sear◠of the Peece close to your shoulder Note when you intend to poise it as in the former posture you must turne the point of your Rest inwards towarde your left thigh and withall let the Peece slip a little the Breech will lye fit for the right hand to receive it 4 Take your Rest in your right hand fit for march There needs no great commenting upon this Posture onely when the Musquet is shouldred you are take the Rest into your right hand for to be a stay unto you in your march 5 Take your match betweene the fingers of your right hand This Posture is performed by bringing about your right hand and betweene the fore-finger and thumbe thereof take the Match within an inch of the Cole from betweene the little and third finger of the left hand then holding your right hand out from your body 6. Put your Rest string about your left wrist and carry your Rest in your left hand There needs no great circumstance about this Posture onely you having the Rest in your right hand upon a March you now put on the String upon the left hand holding the Rest in it over the But end of the Musquet by which you are in a readinesse to make present use of it 7 Returne your Match betweene the fingers of the Left hand This Posture is performed having the Match betweene the finger and the Thumbe of the right hand you are to bring your Arme about towards the left hand there placing the Cole end of the Match betweene the middle and third finger thereof the light end to the backe of the hand-ward then taking the other end of the Match and place it in like manner betweene the third and little finger by this meanes it is not troublesome but readie to bee
as the string will permit you shall easily receive it and so with a full Body stand poysed 30. Ioyne your Rest to the outside of your Musquet The Posture is performed after the Musquet is poyzed by drawing in your left heele towards the small of your right foot your left hand holding the Rest close by the forke and your thumbe pressing the end of the forke close you bring it to the Musquet then joyning the Rest to the out-side of the Musquet and locking them fixe together by pressing the lower side of the forke with your thumbe the Peece lyes firme in your left hand in one even ballance your right hand being at freedome and your left legge set out againe 31 Draw forth your Match This posture is performed by drawing in the right heele to the small of the left foot at the same instant bringing your right hand with a kinde of circumference towards your left you are to take the Match betwixt the thumbe and second finger then holding it out towards your right side at the same instant you are to set out your right legge againe your Musquet being held in a due height 32 Blow your Cole Having taken the Match from between the little finger and the third finger of the left hand betwixt the thumbe and second finger of the right hand within an inch of the coale of it then bringing it towards your mouth turning your head towards your right side stooping very little you gently blow it your right legge being let out forwards 33 Cock 34 Fit Your Match Having blowne your Match as aforesayd you are to bring it with a little circumference to the Cocke and are to fit it into the same with your thumbe and finger not screwing it in having before directed the widenesse of the Cocke to the thicknesse of the Match your left legge being set forwards with the knee somewhat bending out 35 Guard your Pan. Having tryed and governed the Match with your thumbe and second finger to the end you may set it higher lower shorter or longer and your left heele being drawn towards the small of your right foot you are gently to lay the two fore fingers of the right hand full upon the Pan to defend the Powder from the sparkles of the Match 36 Blow the ashes from your Cole Having guarded your Pan as aforesayd and your left heele being drawne towards the small of your right foote you are gently to raise the Peece up towards your mouth and without stooping blow off the ashes from your Cole 37 Open your Pan. Having blown off the ashes from the Cole standing in the same posture as aforesayd you are at the same instant handsomely with your middle finger to shove aside the Pan lid and removing your left legge forwards with the knee bending out 38 Present upon your Rest. Your left leg being set out as aforesayd and your right hand having graspt the Musquet with your thumbe in the small of the Stocke and your middle finger plac't against the tricker then having plac'd the Musquet in the Rest the mouth of it being kept at a reasonable height and the lower end of your Rest being set forwards the Butt end of your Peece will be plac'd full upon your right breast then setting your right legge somewhat out side-wayes standing with a full body towards the mouth of your Peeece you shall bee ready to give fire 39 Give fire breast high Having as before is shewed presented well viz holding the Musquet and the Rest in the left hand bearing the right Arme or elbowe somewhat up and turning a little the body to the left side the left knee bowed and the right legge straight and not laying your cheeke to the Stocke before you shall set the Musquet to your breast then taking your ayme breast high without starting or winking you are gently to pull downe the tricker and so give fire with a full body upon the Enemy 40 Dismounte your Musquet joyning your Rest to the outside of your Musquet You having discharged must pull in your right legge a little then thrusting your Musquet a little forwards you shall joyne your Rest to the outside of your Musquet holding it in an even ballance in your left hand not forgetting to hold the mouth up especially if it hath not gone off for feare of hurting any man 41 Vncocke and returne your Match Your right heele being drawne towards the small of your left foote you are to bring about your right hand in a comely manner and with your thumbe and second finger pull the Match out of the Cocke and returne it betweene the two last fingers of the left hand 42 Cleere 43 Shut your Pan. You standing in the same posture as before after you have returned your Match you are with the thumbe of your right hand to run the Pan and cleare it that no sparkles may remaine then with your fore-finger you are to thrust the cover of the Pan close after you have blowne off the sparkles 44 Poize 45 Shoulder your Musquet After you have cleared and shut your Pan you must graspe your Musquet with your right hand close by the britch-pin as in the second Posture is shewed then raising the Musquet with your left hand you poize it up holding the mouth of it right upwards your right arme being stretched out your rest remaining in your left hand likewise extended then drawing your right heele to the small of your left foote at the very instant your right hand brings the Musquet to your left shoulder your left hand with the Rest in it being ready the same moment to embrace it at the butt end the Seare being thrust close to your shoulder then removing your right legge againe to his former station you stand upright with a full body 46 Take the Match betweene the fingers of the right hand To performe this view the posture before described at the figure 5. onely the Match is to bee placed betweene your fingers of your right hand as before it was in the left 47 Take your Rest into your right hand clearing your string from your wrist This is to be performed first by drawing in your right heele to the small of your left foote and withall bringing your right hand to your left you receive the Rest clearing your left wrist from the string 48 Returne your Rest into your left hand the String loose This is performed as the former Posture is at the Figure 47 in reverse 49 Return your Match into your left hand This is performed as the former Posture is at the Figure 5. 50 Vnshoulder your Musquet and Poize This is performed as the former Posture is at the Figure 8. 51 Rest your Musquet This is likewise performed as is shewed in the former Posture at the Figure 1. 52 Set the But end of your Musquet upon the ground You are to dismount your Musquet off the Rest then placing the But end of it upon the ground close by the outside
of your right foot with the Stocke towards you your right hand holding it somewhat more than halfe way towards the mouth you stand with a full body boult upright with the Musquet in the same manner by your right side 53 Lay down your Musquet Rest. Match This Posture is performed by stepping forwards with your right foot your selfe and Peece standing as in the precedent Posture then declining with your body you lay it downe gently with the mouth in a right line from you and and the locke upwards after the same manner also your Rest and Match is to be disposed of 54 Take off 55 Lay down your Bandeliers After your hands are free from your Musquet Match and Rest you may with your left hand take off your Hat which may hinder you and with your right hand neatly convey them over your head and so as before lay them downe along by the side of your Musquet but so as the Match may not fire them 56 March from your Armes This is principally used to make the Souldiers apt and ready to finde their owne places againe and to be quicke in re-arming themselves upon a suddaine Allarme The Sentinell Posture is no otherwise then having your Musquet rested primed and charged with powder and Bullet for your better ease and readinesse to give fire upon the Enemy to make an Allarme you stand at that Posture with the But end of your Musquet at your right huckle bone with a light match cockt the mouth of the Peece somewhat mounting and your hand grasping the Stocke with your finger upon the Seare And this shall suffice for the Postures of the Musquet onely you are to draw your Files into an even body againe fit to joyne with the Body of Pikes CHAP. LXXVII How aâ— Officer is to 〈◊〉 himselfe in the 〈◊〉 of the Pikes and 〈…〉 Souldier â—s to imitate him punctually from Posture to Posture THe Officer having disposed his Piâ—â—emen as before is shewed and standing in the midst of the Ring with a Pike in his hand after he hath â—â—â—â—â—â—ded silence and being presupposed that the Souldiers stand with their Pikes advanc'd The Officer commands them to Order your Pikes This Posture is performed the Pike being advanc'd by drawing in your left heele towards the small of your right foot and at the same instant raising your left hand as farre as you can indifferently stretch it you graspe the Pike in it towards the top of your head then loosening your right hand which holds the But end of the Pike and withall sinking your left hand with the Pike in it as low as your skirts you againe raise up your right hand and guiding the Pike with your left you place the But end of it by the out-side of your right foot your right hand holding it even with your eye and your thumbe right up then removing your legge to his former station your left arme being set a kimbo by your side you shall stand with a full body in a comely Posture Advance your Pikes The Pike being ordered as in the former Posture is shewed without changing of your hold you must with your right hand lift the Pike a little from the ground and taking it suddainly againe with the left hand towards the 〈◊〉 end leaving so much length below as you can afterwards reach well with the right hand where it is stayed in the fist at the full length of the arme hanging right downewards your fore-finger and thumbe close at the But end resting it close to your thigh and bearing against the shoulder close to your breast causeth it to stand firme and upright without wavering Shoulder your Pike This Posture may be performed eyther when the Pike is advanc'd or ordered If advanc'd then your left hand is to be brought about to your right side and being stretcht upwards you are to take hold of the Pike towards the top of your head then loosening your right hand which holds the But end the left hand sinkes the Pike downewards sloping in a right line forwarns so that the right hand receiving the second hold as high as it can conveniently reach and graspes the Pike with the thumbe long-wayes upon the Pike and underneath it Then your left hand leaving its former hold immediately graspes the Pike just below your right hand and so both hands being joyned together they gently conveyes it unto the right shoulder leaving the right fist close prest to the Plate bone thereof with your right elbow close downe by your side and your left elbow set a kimbo you stand with an upright full body Note that in acting this Posture your feet are not to bee removed eyther backwards or forwards but occasionally side-wayes as the hands are imployed in the executing this Posture some never stirre any foot at all I leave it as a thing indifferent Levell your Pikes This is performed the Pike being shouldered by bringing your left hand to the Pike and grasping it close under your right hand and withall at the same instant drawing in your left heele towards the 〈◊〉 of your right foot then with an even motion of both your hands you are to raise the butte end of your Pike untill it lyes levell upon your shoulder then returning your hand and foot to their due places you shall stand in a faiâ—â— Posture This may bee performed without moving the foot but then it hath not the like grace with it Slope your Pikes This Posture is performed in the same kind the former was only the hands presseth downe the butte end of the Pike within halfe a foote of the ground which causeth it to lye right sloping Charge your Pikes to the Front This Posture may be performed either when the Pike is advanced or shouldered wherealso you must further observe whether it be to be acted standing or Marching If so be your Pike bee advanced and you are to act this Posture standing Then you must only slip backe your right hand and your right foote a good stride placing your foote side-wayes from your body Then with your left hand you are to receive the Pike about a yard from the butte end holding your elbow in an even distance from your body with your hand close to your breast so that the Pike may have the more freedome to play forwards and backwards just breast-high of a man your left knee being bent for wards and your body yeelding towards the point of the Speare so as you may not easily be thrust back by the Enemy If your Pike be shouldered then you must receive the Pike in your left hand a pretty reach downewards tâ—wards the butte end of the same at the same instant you are to raise the Pike with your right hand from your shoulder and with your left hand draw in the butt end of the same towards the outside of your right thigh then slipping backe your right foote and hand you receive the butt-butt-end of it you charge it as before
is shewed If this Posture be to be performed Marching your Pike being shouldred then first steppe forwards with your right foote and let your left hand receive the Pike and equall distance from your right hand towards the butt-butt-end of the same raising your Pike forwards with your right hand from your shoulder then at the same instant step forwards with your left foot and receive the butt-butt-end of the Pike with your right hand just behind the side of your right thigh But to performe this Posture â—rooping and your Pike advanced then you are only to step forwards with your left foot and with a little shogge of the shoulder and drawing backe the butt-butt-end of your Pike in your right hand will cause the Pike to fall forwards where your left hand is at the instant to be ready to receive it betweene the Thumbe and the forefingers at a convenient distance Charge to the Horse Note in charging to the Horse it hath beene in former ages used to place the but-end of your Pike in the ground by the inside of your right foot and so to draw your Sword over your left arme and divers Rankes of Musquetiers plac'd to shoot over their heads behind them No question it is a very good way for your Bow-pikes but the former charging is most in use Charge to the Reare You may by the precedent Posture conceive how to charge your Pike either to the right or left hand But for the charging to the Reare the Pikes being either shouldered or advanced is somewhat difficult Therefore you may please to observe that if the Pike bee advanced you must with your left hand take it in his proper place up towards your head then suddenly turning your body about towards your left hand and being faced about you are to thrust backe your right hand with the butt-end of the Pike in it and withall your right leg is to be set out with it this will bring you into the right Posture But if your Pike be shouldered and you are to charge to the Reare then you must take the Pike in your left hand a good distance from your right hand towards the butt-end and at the same instant with your right hand raise the Pike from your shoulder as high above your head towards your left side as possibly you may then standing firme with your left legge you are to bring about your right side and legge towards the left hand about and being halfe turned you are to let loose your right hand and with your left hand you are somewhat to advance the point of the Pike forwards so that the butt-end may bee drawne backe by your right side for your right hand to receive it your right foot also at the very instant being stept backe makes you stand fully charged Port your Pikes This Posture is performed by holding the Pike a halfe distance betweene advancing and charging and was only invented to case the hind most Rankes from the intollerable labour of continuall charging and to secure the Pikes from the Bullets which would have more power to breake them if they hold them advanc'd Besides it is the most aptest and comliest Posture for a Company to use in marching thorow a Port or Gate and most readiest for to charge upon a sudden Checke your Pike This Posture is to be performed at three Motions First if your Pike be shouldered you are to raise it with your right hand from your shoulder and with a ticke of your left hand you are to convey the butt-end of it by your right side then thrusting backe your right with the Pike in it so farre as conveniently may be you are to take a fathom with your left hand as farre towards the Speare end of the Pike as possibly you may then conveying the Pike in your left hand baackward as before you are againe with your right hand to take another fathome within a foot of your Pikes end Lastly stepping forwards with your left foote you bring your left hand withall which receives the Pike within a quarter of a foot of the Speares end Provided alwayes that in all the motions of the hands you suffer not the butt-end to touch the ground untill you have checkt it with your left hand Pikes as you were Trayle your Pikes This Posture is performed after you have used the Circumstances in checking as in the precedent Posture is shewed by bringing up your Right foot even with your left and by removing your right hand just before your left close to the end of the Pike then you are to withdraw your left hand and place it a-kimbo by your side and your right hand will hold the end of the Speare just above your right huckle-bone with your body standing full forwards Pikes as you were Lay downe your Pikes This Posture is to bee performed your Pike being advanced by stepping forwards with your right foot then your right shoulder with a small bearing forwards and with it a little jogge causeth the Pike to meet the left hand which gently conveyes the Speares end to the ground then turning about your right arme in a kind of Circle will cause the backe of your hand to bee next the outside of your right Thigh then leaning your body forwards you convey the butt-end to the ground close at the side of your right foot so as the Pike will lye in an even line from your foot forwards Recover your Pikes and charge This Posture is performed your feet standing even together only owing your body forwards you cause the backe of your right hand to bee put downe close by the out-side of your right foot then in the raising of the butt-butt-end of your Pike you turne your hand with the Pike in it so that the inside of your hand will bee towards your right side Then your left hand in the raising taketh the Pike at a convenient place or distance and elevates it either to the Posture of charging or ordering as the Officer shall please to command The word of Command which the Officer is to use for the reducing of these Postures to their first station is Pikes as you were There are divers other Postures which I doe here omit referring you to the booke of Militarie discipline Composed by that worthy Gentleman Master William Barrife Lieutenant to the Artillery Garden who hath merited much honour in performing so Noble a worke in a most concise and exquisite way for the which our Kingdome is much bound to him CHAP. LXXVIII How the Commanders shall draw their Files both of Musquetiers and Pikes and joyne them in one body fit to be exercised in grosse YOu have seene every Souldier performe his Postures well then you must draw out the File-leader of the Right-hand-file with his whole File Commanding every File-leader successively to draw up his File either of other And being drawne into a body command them to advance their Pikes In the meane time the Lieutenant or some other Officer
so little as you will have him Likewise to make him keepe his head alwayes towards the Enemie being in fight at single duell you must make him goe sidewayes with his hinde part onely and his fore part stand party steady to performe this you must turne your bridle hand somewhat on that side you touch him likewise you must helpe him with your rod by striking him therewith on the contrary flanke behinde Further take notice the carriage of your Horses head is a matter of no small consequence his forehead being the strongest part of his head his snought or mussell the weakest and tendrest the more he thrusteth out his mussell the more he distendeth his backe and beareth the lesse force in his actions and it is impossible hee should ever make good Manage observe time keepe order or continue in breath any space of time together whereas by bringing in his mussell and extending his forehead he uniteth his force together and gathereth his strength in his backe whereby he becommeth more nimble in his actions Secondly he shall see his way the better and be in lesse danger of falling in running and if he should chance to fall he is the abler to rise speedily Thirdly in his performances against an enemie he shall be able to execute or suffer more with his forehead than can be expected from his Mussell being the tendrest part of him Fourthly he cannot be so apt to be urged right forwards upon a sudden as otherwise he might doe Lastly the Horse that Raynes well and bringeth in his head shall alwayes bee better stayed both of head and necke and have a better mouth than otherwise Wherefore if your horse will not bring in his head at any time when you stop him with your bridle hand then holding your hand still at that stay correct him sometimes with your right Spurre and sometime with your left and sometimes with both your spurres at once and at the selfe same instant thrust him with your right hand upon the necke towards his eares to force him to bring in his head but if he will not yeeld with that then by pulling your bridle towards you cause him to goe backe some three paces and then to returne faire and softly to his first place this being put in action divers times together and every time he thrusteth out his nose correct him as before is shewed Moreover if your horse by wresty so as he cannot be put forwards then let one take a Cat tyed by the tayle to a long pole and when he goes backewards thrust the Cat towards his stones where she may claw him and forget not to threaten your horse with a terrible Noyse or otherwise take a Hedgehog and tye him streight by one of his feete to the inside of the horses tayle so that he may squeake and pricke him Likewise if your horse be fearefull and shie so that he is afrayd of every thing he sees you must take heede that in no wise you correct him for it least he should take the thing he beholdeth and shunneth to be the cause of his chastisements and so become more fearefull than before but rather stay a while and doe not force him forwards but by gentle meanes make him by little and little aproach neere the thing he feares which if he performes cherish him with your speech and hand and you shall set by standing still sometimes to looke on it and sometimes by going towards the object he feares he will be so acquainted therewith as he will not feare it and when he commeth at it let him gaze and smell on it a good while to the intent he may be more assured thereof Further to embolden your horse to make him hardy in the warres you must use to incounter upon a soft pace or trot with another horse man face to face in one path but beware they dosâ—e not one the other but rather let the adverse horse bee compelled backe a few steps which will harty the other or if you please you may incounter one with the other riding in two sundry pathes the one comming cheeke by cheeke within a foote of the other the pathes being both of a just length each of them containing about tenne paces to the intent in managing your horse too and fro upon a trot you comming one towards another from two contrary ends may both meete right in the midst of your course passing one by another which you cannot chuse but doe if you keepe true time as well in their trotting as in their â—urning also not forgetting upon what hand soever the one turneth the other must doe the same and in the selfe same instant Moreover when you trot the Ring you may embolden your horse by entring both together into the Right Ring then turning your horse tayle to tayle follow you the right hand and let him follow the left in the same Ring the ring path being so inlarged that at your meeting in ryding it about you may not touch one the other Having ridden thus about twise you may enter the left ring and doe as before was shewed CHAP. CVI. How to make a Horse endure Pike Sword Gunshot Drumme and the like IN this Chapter we are to deale with the difficultest matter of all and that is now to make a Horse abide Pike Gunshot Sword Drumme and the clattering of Armour or to runne upon any hazard to performe this you must acquaint him throughly with the rod or truntion so as he may not feare it sometimes coying him therewith upon the Necke and by holding the point right forth by his eye or betwixt his eares so as it may bee alwayes in his sight and being throughly assured of the rod then appoint a foote man having a staffe in his hand or pike to stand in your way as you should passe and as you aproach let the footeman by little and little make signes seeming to strike your horse upon the head then encourage your horse to goe on towards the footeman who at the same instant must retreate backe as if he would flee in doing this you shall much imbolden him Likewise to make him abide the sword a footeman must performe it in the same manner as he did with the Pike but be ware he strikes him not After this cause half a dozen footemen or more to stand in his way making a greâ—t shouting and noyse threatning him with their loude voyces against whom you must incourage him to goe forwards first with a soft pace secondly with a trot thirdly with a gallop at which time let the footemen retreate fayning to runne away also let them threaten them with their staves Pikes or swords To make him dure Gunshot Drumme or clattering of Armour or any hideous noyse whatsoever let your horse goe hard by another horse or rather betwixt two other horses that are accustomed to the like noyse and are not afrayd and as you ride together cause
three or foure Pistols to be discharged first a good distance off then neerer hand according as your horse beginneth to abide them during which time forget not to make much of him Likewise every morning before he is drest discharge a Musket or two and sound a Trumpet and beate a charge with your drumme and then when he is patient feede him and cherish him the Groome may sometime dresse him in bright armour hee may be used to eate his Oates from off the Drumme head you may ride him against an armour plac't upon a stake that he may overthrow it and trample it under his feete Every horseman that doth not observe these briefe observations and fit himselfe and his horse in all respects before hee come to be trayned they will prove both unfit for service neither would I wish any Captaine to approve either of man or horse that in some reasonable manner hath not attained to this perfection for an Oxe well Managed may in possibility doe better service than an ill ridden wresty horse neither can any security or reputation bee expected by any service they shall undertake if the Officers be not diligent to see their Troopes well ordered and demeaned Thus premising every Horseman is or will be in this nature qualified wee will proceede to the Exercising of private Troopes and breefely shew all their Postures and how they ought to be imbattelled but first it is necessary to give a touch about the severall kinde of arming both of Curassiers Harquebuzires Carabines and Dragoones as followeth CHAP. CVII How the horse Troopes ought to be devided and distinguished by their severall armes apt and fit for divers services and what proportion of Cavalry ought to be joyned with the Infantry WE are to understand how our Generalls of late ages have divided their horse Troopes into foure severall kindes proper for divers Services and accordingly their armings are sutable to their Offices as The arming of the Câ—irassier Harquebuzier Carbine Dragoone is chiefely Defensive Offensive Offensive and Defensive The light armed which are the Harquebuziers Carabines and Dragoones are imployed to begin a charge against the Infantry upon flanke and reare at once the Front is dangerous if the two armies of foote be ready to joyne then the heavie armed viz. the Cuirassiers shall take the advantage of such disorders as are procured by the light armed for their compleate arming is efficatious to defend their bodies from the push of pikes the better to thrust in amongst them The light armed are also more apt and fit to be sent upon services that require expedition which the heavie armed are unfit to performe for the Cuirassier is to be compleately armed Capapè with a good Buffe coate to preserve his body from the pinching of his pondrous armour his horse is to be fifteene hand high and upwards he is also to have his Bedee Nagge and a Boy to carry his Armes and Snapsacke and to get him forrage for his horses his Saddle and Bitte must be strong and good whereunto must be fixed upon each side of it a case of good Firelocke Pistolles the barrell being full eighteene inches long and the bore of twenty or twenty foure bullets in the pound with his Spanner and flaske boxes a good sword and a scarffe over his armes to distinguish him from the enemie His service in the warres is chiefely defensive As for the proportion which the horse should beare to the foote there are divers of sundry opinions but the Prince of Orange used to allow three to tenne or twelve at most viz. 3000. horse to 1000. or 12000. foote and every troope consisting of five score horse which are ordered twenty in ranke and five deepe in file the which custome they use the rather because of the scarsitie of their horse and againe they are opiniated that in regard each horse man hath two Pistolles they may perfect their fight as well as a Troope of Musquetiers that are tenne deepe in â—yle having but one Musquet apeece but from this hath proceeded many inconveniences as Captaine Beumount hath observed wherefore his advice was to have the horse Troopes consist of sixe score so they may be ranked twenty in breast and sixe deepe in file they being then more apt and proper to double their rankes whereby their front may be extended or if being in skirmish with the enemy any shot should be drawne out to give fire upon them in the reare then the two hindmost rankes of a horse may peckiere about and put them to retreate and the foure foremost rankes in the front may be the better able to prosecute their fight wherefore my discourse shall be to shew you how the Troopes consisting of 120. horse ranked twentie in brest and sixe deepe in file shall be exercised and fitted for the warres and leave it to the judicious Commander to take his choyse CHAP. CVIII How the Harquebuziers and the Carbines ought to demeane themselves THese kinde of horse men are to be armed with an open Caske Gorget backe and brest more than Pistoll proofe with good Buffe coate to preserve their bodies from bruising Their Harquebuzes are to be two foote and a halfe in length their bores of seventeene bullets to the pound about their neckes a strong leather Belt with a Swivell to hang the Ring of their peeces upon a Flaske and Touch boxe and Pistolls like to the Cuirassiers Their horses ought not to be under the size of fifteene hands in height when they passe by the Generall or Troope through the streetes of a towne they place the but end upon their right thigh and their right hand grasping the barrell towards the middest of it the locke towards their bodies otherwise in their march if the enemy be not neere they hang downe by their sides Likewise the Carbine requires a smaller horse a faire Buffe coate his Carabine twentie seven inches long the bore of twentie foure bullets to the pound and he is to demeane himselfe upon all points like the Harquebuze having his sword in a strong belt Flaske and touch boxe CHAP. CIX How the Dragoones ought to arme and demeane themselves THe Dragoones are no lesse than a foote company consisting of Pikes and Muskets only for their quicker expedition they are mounted upon horses they are of great use for the guarding of passages and fordes in regard of their swiftnesse they may prevent the enemies foote and gaine places of advantage to hinder their passage Their Pikes are to have thongs of leather about the middle of them for the easier carriage of them The Muskets are to have a broad strong belt fastened to the stocke of them well neere from one end to the other whereby he hangs it upon his backe when hee rideth holding his match and bridle in his left hand any horse if he be swifâ— will performe this service in regard they alight and doe their service a foote so that when tenne men alight the eleventh holdeth
readinesse for the same purpose on eyther side of the shore no sooner were the Shippes stayed but the Ordnance played upon them to their great detriment many of them being suncke and the rest battered Some haue caused a Massie chaine to be conveyed over a Heaven or Channell also long peeces of Timber linck'd together hath beene a meanes to hinder shipping for otherwise it is a difficult thing to offend the passage of shipping or boates especially by night as was probable at the same Siege there being as Grimstone recordeth 70 shot made at one Fleet in that Channell yet not one of them suncke nor damnified View the Figure CHAP. CCLVII The manner of making a Battery to floate upon the water that the Ordnance may shoot the leveller invented at Ostend by Duke Albertus THis Floate was invented at Ostend to plant their Ordnance on it that they might strike the Vessels betweene Wind and water as they came into the Heaven the manner of framing it was on this wise First there were divers strong large Pipes or Hogsheads made purposely upon the which divers Beames or Rafters were strongly fastned crossing every way to hold the Pipes together then there were divers Plankes fastned upon the toppe of the Rafters after the fashion of a floore of a house round the sides were wooll-packes fixed to shelter the Enemies shot this Floate lying thus levell with the water gave the Ordnance fit opportunity to shoot at a better certainty upon eyther side of the Heaven was one of these Floates planted not one right against the other but a certain distance wide so that if one mist his shoot the other should indeavour to hit The figure of it followes CHAP. CCLVIII. The manner of framing the Engine called the Saulciffe which is to be used against a beleaguered Towne to shelter both Horse and Foote THis Instrument was invented at ost-Ost-end for the safegard both of Horse and Foote the manner of framing of it was after this manner They tooke divers Bords or Plankes of Deale-wood and framed them in manner of a Hogshead or Pipe but so great that a Horseman might ride behinde it and not be discovered the Concavitie of it was filled with Dunge and sand it was hooped with broad Iron hoopes it was twenty foot long there were fiftie or sixtie men to rowel it this did the Arch-Duke wonderfull service in preserving his Souldiers both from the Cannon and Musquet it being alwayes rowled before those that went to Intrench themselves or to releeve such Guards as were dangerous and within shotte of the Walls of the Towne by this devise they could goe as neere to the Enemies workes as they listed the Figure followâ—â— CHAP. CCLIX How to stop up the passage of Vessels and Boates in a Channell or to mend a breach in an arme of the Sea THe best and presentest way to stop and damne up a Channell or a breach is to fill the Hulke of old cast Ships Hoighes and Boates with earth and so conveying them to the fittest place where the water is narrowest and shallowest and there to sinke them Likewise by filling old sackes full of Earth or Sand and casting them into the water will damme up a small Haven and will hinder the passage of all kind of Vessels from releeving a besieged Towne and by this the breach of an arme of the Sea may bee stopped but first it must be well pyled to stay the Vessells and Earth from being washed away wherefore they must take the opportunity of a low-water to worke in and have sufficient helpe to lay the foundation sure for feare of blowing up Moreover if you feare the water will decay some weake place of the banke then there must be a stancke made to shelve off the force of the water also if there be any Skonees or other Workes that the water beates against the Wall and decayes it by dashing against it then for the preventing of it there must bee Mattes made of Sedge and Bulrushes which must be staked downe before the Earth and Hurdles made with Oysiers Also for the Landing up of some shallow place where the water runneth but in Winter time or in great Stormes the best way is to set it thicke of Oysiers which will speedily grow and keepe up the Sand and Rubbish from washing away so that in a short time it will be landed up View the Figure following CHAP. CCLX The manner how to make a Bridge with Cord to convey Souldiers over a Moate or River by meanes whereof they may speedily Scale the Walls of a Towne THis kind of Bridge is used upon all surprises of Townes and Forts which are to be taken in upon the sudden it being so light that two or three men may bring it twelve or fiveteene miles in an evening and place it over any narrow water so that their Souldiers may march over abreast the manner of framing it is after this fashion First there are two woodden Rowles made of strong light wood either of them being twelve foot long one of these Rowles have at each end a Winch which may be taken off and on like to a Grindstones this is to wind and strayten the Ropes that they may lye tyte at each end and in the middest of the Rowles are to be holes bored thorow wherein must be fastned foure strong Ropes but if there be more Ropes it will be the stronger at every footes end there may be one if the Bridge be twelve or ten foot broad then it is but boring so many holes and drawing so many Ropes thorow then you are to take Cord and knit it with Mashes like the Mashes of a Flue so that a mans foot cannot slip thorow this Cord being knit all the way fast to the Cordes one end of this Bridge is to be transported either by one or two that can swimme or in a Leatherne Boate made for that purpose the ends of the Rowles are to bee staked downe strongly either with Iron stakes made for that purpose or with woodden Next it is to be straitned out straite with Winches and made fast you are to note that over these Ropes and Mashes there is Canvasse stitched downe to make the Bridge firme that they may not faulter with their feet in passing over View the Figure following CHAP. CCLXI How to make a firme Bridge both for Horse and Men to march over and to transport their Ordnance over any River although as broad as the Thames EArle Charolois in the warres of France termed the Holy League being to passe over the great River of Seine he caused divers Casks to be made of very strong bord or Clampall strongly hooped and of a great bignesse upon which he fastned Rafters and Plancherd it over placing divers strong Anchors to stay the Bridge from the force of the streame over this Bridge as Commines reports marched a hundred thousand men with all their provision and Ordnance The States of the Netherlands have a kinde of
of any place or depth or mount any River water to bee conveyed to any place within three or foure miles distance SVppose A. B. C D. to be a deepe Moate River Well or Pond and EF to be a strong peece of Timber fastened overthwart the same a good distance in the water in this Planke let there bee fastened a peece of Timber with a strong Wheele in it as G and H. having strong Iron spikes drove athwart the Wheele within the crevice and strongly rivited on each side let them be three or foure inches distance from each other Let there bee likewise made in the said Planke two holes in which set two hollow Posts that may reach the toppe of the Wheele or so much higher as you desire to mount the water Let them bee made fast that they stirre not in the bottome of one of these Posts there must be fastened a barrelâ— of Brasse as g. h made very smooth within and betwixt these two Posts at the toppe let there be fastened unto them both another peece of strong Timber to hold them fast lest they start asunder and in the middest of that make a Mortice and in it fasten a strong peece of Timber with a wheele like to the former the pin thereof ought to be made fast to the Wheele and have a crooked handle to turne about that by turning it you turne the Wheele also then provide a strong Iron chaine of length sufficient having on every third or fourth Linke a peece of horne that will easily passe thorow the brasse Barrell and a Leather on each side of it but somewhat broader then the horne put this chaine under the lower Wheele in the Well upon both the lower Posts draw it over the upper Wheele and linke it fast and straite then by turning the handle round the Chaine will also turne whose Leathers comming up the Brasse Barrells will force up the Waters before them Or after the same manner you may take two Plankes eighteene or twenty inches broad a-peece and twenty or thirty foot long or more at the lower edges of these Plankes there is a bottome Planke of the same length and thicknesse closely joyned and fastened also downe the middest is another joyned and fixed these are to bee nine inches broad and being thus framed it makes a square Boxe as is usually for Clocke-leads to goe downe in the upper side is open like a Troffe then there are divers square peeces of Bordes fitted justly to goe up and downe the said Concavities these Bordes have foure flat Irons goes thorow them to each corner goes one these are keyed together so as they may play to and fro these square peeces being thus chained together drives up the water thorow the hollow of the said Plankes at the two ends of this Engine is a Wheele as the former hath only they differ in fashion for they are made like a Millers Trundles the uppermost hath a double Sweake so that eight or tenne men may turne at it the nether end of this Engine is placed in the water the upper end is stayed with Crutchets or other provision the open side lyes upwards and in turning the Wheele those square bordes comes downe the open side and runnes up the Boxe and forceth the water out CHAP. CCLXVI. The description of an Engine to force water up to a high place very usefull to quench fire amongst buildings in Townes and Garrisons or Huttes in Campes or Leaguers THis Engine hath a brasse Barrell marked a. having two suckers in the bottome of it marked b. also a large Pipe going upon one side of it marked c. with a Sucker nigh unto the top of it and above all a hollow round Ball d. with a Pipe at the top of it made to skrew another Pipe upon it to direct the water to any place then fit a Forcer unto the Barrell with a handle fastned unto the top at the upper end of this Forcer drive a stong screw and at the lower end a Skrew-nut at the bottome of the Barrell fasten a Screw and at the Barre that goeth crosse the top Barrell let there be another skrew-nut put them all in order and fasten the whole to a good strong frame marked f. that it may stand steady when you use it either you must place it in the water or in the Channell of the streete and drive the water up to it with broomes and by moving the handle too and fro it will cast the water up with mighty force to any place you shall direct it Note there is no Engine for Water-workes of what sort soever whether for service or pleasure can bee made without the helpe of Suckers Forcers or Clacks a Sucker is a Boxe made of Brasse having no bottome in the midst of which there is a small barre goeth crosse the same having a hole in the middest of it this Boxe hath a lid so exactly fitted unto it that being put unto it no Ayre nor Water can passe betweene the Crevisses this Cover hath a little Button on the top and a seame that goeth into the Boxe and so thorow the hole of the aforesaid crosse Barre and afterwards it hath a little Button rivited on it so that it may with ease clap up and downe but not be taken or slip quite out as this figure in the Margent demonstrates A Forcer is a plug of wood exactly turned and leathered about the end that goeth into the Barrell is Semi-circularly concave as this second Figure opposite sheweth A Clacke is a piece of Leather nailed over any hole of a Pumpe c. having a peece of Lead to make it lye close so that no Ayre nor Water may passe thereby as the third Figure sheweth CHAP. CCLXVII The description of another kinde of Engine to cast up water with violence THere must bee prepared a strong Table of Planke three or foure inches thicke with an Iron Sweepe fastened at the one end thereof to lift up and downe unto the end of the Sweepe let there be linked a piece of Iron having two Rods of length sufficient let there bee made a hole quite through the middest of this Table whose diameter let be above five or sixe inches then provide two peeces of Brasse in forme of Hattes but let the brim of the uppermost be but one inch broad and have divers little holes through it round about also in the crowne of this must bee placed a large Sucker and over it a halfe Globe from top of which must proceed a hollow Trunke about a yard long and of a good and wide Bore then take good liquored Leather two or three times double and put betweene the bordes and the brims of this and with divers little Skrewes put through the holes of the brim skrew it fast unto the top of the Table Note the Table must bee leathered also underneath the compasse of the brim of the lower brasse also the lower brasse must bee of equall diameter in hollownesse unto
the other but it must bee more Spirall towards the end or bottome and must have either a large Clocke or Sucker fastened in it also the brim of this must bee larger then that of the uppermost and have two holes made about the middest on each side one bore then two holes in the Table on each side of the brasse one answerable unto the holes of the brim of the lower brasse through which holes put the two Rods of the Iron hanged to the Sweepe and rivet them strongly into the holes of the lower brasse place this Engine in water and by moving the Sweepe up and downe it will with great vigor cast the water on high CHAP. CCLXVIII How to make water at the foot of a Mountaine to ascend to the top of it and so to descend on the other side for the furnishing of Garrisons TO this there must be a Pipe of Leade which may come from the Fountaine A to the top of the Mountaine B and so to descend on the other side a little lower than the fountaine as at C then make a hole in the Pipe at the top of the Mountaine B and stoppe the end of the Pipe at A and C and fill this Pipe at B with water and close it very carefully at B that no ayre get in at the hole B then unstop the end at A and at C then will the water runne perpetually up the Hill and descend on the otherside this is of great consequence to furnish Villages CHAP. CCLXIX How to make a Scaling Ladder of Cords which may be carried in a Souldiers Pocket by which a Wall Castle or Towne may be scaled THis Engine is of excellent use in the Warres for the speedy surprising of Townes you must first take two pulleyes A and D unto that of A there must be fastened a strong Hooke or Crampe of iron as B and at D let there be fastened a Staffe of a foot and a halfe long as F then at the pulley A place a hand of Iron as E to which tye a Cord of halfe an inch thicke eyther of silke or pure hempe then strive to make fast the pulley A by the helpe of the Crampe-iron B to the place that you intend to scale and the staffe F being fastened at the pulley D put it betweene your legges as if you would sit upon it then holding the Cord G in your hand you may guide your selfe to the place required CHAP. CCLXX. Of Scaling-Ladders framed of Wood and how they are to be used in the Warres THis Instrument for the scaling of a Wall is to be made of light Wood and about nine or ten foot long scaled like a Ladder the upper end of the sides have Hookes fastned unto them to hang somewhat shelving that the Souldiers may the easier ascend if the Wall be higher then there may be two of these Ladders hooked together some are made with joynts to open longer or shorter as occasion shall be but for the most part the Scaling-Ladders are made according to the height of the Walles that are to bee scaled these are carried by Wagon or by Water and are to be hung upon the Walles or Ports very secretly for feare of discovery View the figure CHAP. CCLXXI. The use of Gabions and Baskets for the defence of the Cannoniers and Musquetiers THese kind of Instruments were invented for the securitie both of the Cannoniers and also of the Musquetiers the manner of framing them is common to all Basket-makers the Gabion or great Basket is some foure foot Diameter and made of course roâ—â—es of Osiers or water Sallowes and foure or five foot high They are to be first placed where they should be used as a Barricado against the great Shot and then they must be filled with good earth well rammed there is many times three or foure set one before the other to bury the shot of the Cannon and likewise one aâ—â—op of another to shelter both the Men and Artillery The same small Baskets are likewise made of rods and two foot or two foot and a halfe Diameter and about the same height these are to be filled with good earth and to bee placed upon the Partapets and â—rest workes one close by another for the Musquetiers to discharge betweene them and to shelter them from the Enemies Bullets these are likewise many times set double there must be a care no stones be amongst the earth if Baskets should be wanting then there must be Sacks filled as before is shewed View the Figures CHAP. CCLXXII The use of Cru-wagons and small Carts with the fashion of them THese Instruments were invented to convey Earth out of Moats and to carry it upon workes those Wheele-barrowes that are to be driven up by the strength of one man are made very small and light they are used chiefly in the foundation of a worke before it growes too steepe for the Horse to clyme up there are shelving places left for the Wagons to bee drivven up and Bordes layd to keepe the wheeles from sinking into the eath The Figure followes CHAP. CCLXXIII The use of the Powder-pots in a pitcht Battell to mischiefe and breake the Enemies Rankes with the Description of the forme of them THese Engines are of use to discomfit an Enemy in a pitcht Battell the manner of framing them is according to this following Description there must bee 〈…〉 prepared either of Earth or of timed Lattin the Mouths of them are to be foure inches Diameter and the height of them sixe on either side of these is a hollow quill formed of Earth or sodred of Lattin about the bignesse of a Tobacco-pipe these are to goe from the toppe of these Pottes just to the bottome to convey the the traine of Powder to the Touch-hole at the bottome Vpon the toppe of this Quill is a round knob to bee plac'd hollow about the bignesse of the halfe shell of a Walnut this is to put the end of a Reed or pipe made of Tinne to convey the traines of Powder from one Pot to the other Further a certaine number of these Pots are to have upon all foure sides Pipes as before is shewed these are to be placed both at each end of the Stratagem and in two or three places in the middest from these the fire is immediatly to be given that the fire may more speedily be spread to every ranke of these Pots and indeed if they were all made after this manner to convey fire from all foure parts it would bee more speedier and better onely the traines would bee a little the more trouble to lay from one to the other These Pots are to be set sixe foot asunder every way square or further as occasion shall offer These Pots being filled halfe full of Powder there is a peece of thinne Borde to bee fitted to the diameter of the Pot and put downe close to the Powder upon this Borde are Pible-stones to be placed to fill up the
them in Foot-men 2000. of Curassiers 300. of Harquebuziers 400. the residue of the Carbines and Dragones 500. with their Colonels and their Officers The Colonels and Captains of the Cavalliary may be quartered at the head of their Regiments as you may behold in the figure of the Camp Those marked G. are for the Colonels of the Foot H. for the Captains of the light-Horse-men or Harquebuziers I. for the Captain of the Curassiers or Lances K. for the Captain of the residue of the Carbines and Dragones So there remaines Regiments of an hundred paces broad and one hundred and fifty paces long for the Souldiers to bee quartered in which may by small streets of five paces broad be divided into as many spaces as there are severall Bonds in every Regiment These last divisions of Bonds are omitted in the figure because in so small a plot it would breed confusion This must be observed that the shot bee lodged towards the outside of the Camp that they may bee in readinesse to answer the alarm the which may be done by dividing the utmost seven Regiments into halfe as you may see in the figure by the pricked lines leaving the seaven spaces marked with L. for 7000. Shot and the other with M. for 7000. Pikes all the other Regiments marked with N. are likewise for Pikes and Muskets to the number of 16000. Thus you see in the North moytie of this Camp is quartered all the Foot and Horse the other halfe of this Camp must serve for the quartering of the unarmed as Pioners Carters Carpenters Smiths Sutlers Butchers and all sorts of Mechanicall Artificers together with a large place of assembly for the Souldiers to retire unto to put themselves in order upon any alarm as also to exercise themselves in sundry sorts of activity You shall therefore from the South side of the Generall Pavilion six hundred paces Southward extend out your first main street of fourty paces broad and crosse it againe with another street running East and West three hundred and sixty paces distant from the South side of the Generalls Pavilion this street needs bee but thirty paces in breadth Againe extend the second narrow street that runs paralell to the first main street untill you come to this crosse street last made so have you O. your place of Assembly three hundred and thirty paces broad and five hundred and fourty paces long P. shall be appointed for the Munition and Officers attending upon the Artilery Q. is the Marke-place and round about this Market-place may bee lodged the Butchers Bakers Cooks and Victuallers of all sorts About the place of the Assembly may be the Tents of all such as furnish the Camp with things needfull for the Souldiers as Armourers Taylors Shoo-makers and the like There still remains two long squares of earth either of them 540. paces long and 190. paces broad here the Carts and Wagons with the horse and oxen for the Carriages themselves must alwaies impale that part of the Camp that is not fortified either by nature or art the Pioners likewise may be quartered in this Camp Lastly you shall line out 60. paces distant from all these Regiments and Quarters already set down and there raise the circumference of the intrenchment of the Camp making a good Trench eight or ten foot wide and raise a good Parapet or Brest-work of five or six foot thick and as high with a foot-bank to make the Souldiers of height sufficient to give fire over it your Ordnance is to be plac'd on the same But if the enemy be near and of greater force than your selfe then you must make your Trenches very large and deep with a Rampart and Brest-work of a great height and thicknesse with a Bulwark at each corner and in the midst of the Curtain View the figure following where the line the Ordnance is planted upon demonstrates the sleight Trench and Brest-work which is to be made the enemy being a far distance from you The outmost line with the Bulwarks is the figure of the strongest Intrenchment for security when the enemy is at hand For the Guards and manner of watching I have discoursed of in the beginning of this Discourse and more fully in the latter end of the Discourse of Fortification I intend in the next Chapter to shew you the manner of the Swedes Incampings which I rather affect than this CHAP. V. How the King of Sweden in the late Emperiall Warres used to incamp his Army with Figures to explaine the same THe Swedes in their late German Warres have been very curious in their Incampings in regard of the potency of their enemies and the multiplicity of their Armies and were able by their excellent order and good discipline to performe as great atchievements with their Army of 16000. Souldiers as their enemie could with 20000. For that famous Generall never filed his men above six deep and never above 126. in a Company besides the Officers and in a Regiment but eight Companies which he might the better doe in regard his Souldiers were no novices but admirable apt and pregnant in their exercisings and performances this was one reason of this his only and peculiar way of imbattelling and incamping Likewise the fewnesse of men in his Companies made the more Divisions and Cohorts and the more Officers which he found by experience stood him in great stead and lesse charge to maintain them His incampments were different both from the ancient Romans and our modern Hollanders as you may see by this discription following how he used to enquarter his Regiments of Foot as by the sequent figure you may perceive in the head of the Quarters nine large Square at the upper end of the figure marked with the letter A. all which are the due places for the Colonell and Captains to pitch their Tents upon where you see the word Colonell written and the Captains according to their degrees in seniority and dignity of Office as you may perceive by their Hutes or Tents marked each on the head of his owne Company The number over the Colonells Hutes or Tents shew it to be 48. foot broad viz. twice as broad as any of the Captains Cabbins which are marked with 24. at each end of these rowes of Squares you see the number 30. marked which shews how many foot long each of these great Hutes are Now whereas the King of Swedens discipline was usually to have but eight Companies to a Regiment so many Hutes you see on the top of the Quarter four on each side the Colonels And the reason why this famous Warriour had so few in a Regiment as 1008. and consequently so few in a private Company as 126. those 1008. being divided amongst eight Captains was that he might have the more places of preferment and the more Officers to command these few men This is a greater advantage than our Ancestours were aware of and it were happy if our English Companies were reduced into 126. men
in a Company and not to be suffered some to be 200. and some 300. and some 150. which if it must needs bee so and may not bee altered then I could wish all Companies to be only of the extent of 200. and 80. of them to bee Pikemen and 120. Musketires The rowes of lesse squares marked on each side of the figure with the letter B. are the Hutes for the Souldiers to lie in between the Front of which and the Colonels ground you see a large void space or distance which is twenty foot wide marked at each end the use of it is for the drawing up of the Companies or for the Officers to walk in and for the Souldiers to speak with them there this space is marked in the figure with C. Right under the Colonels Hute you see another void space as wide as the Colonels Hute is and as long as all the Quarter of the common Souldiers marked with D. the use of it is for the Officers of the Regiment commonly called the Officers of the Staffe as the Provost-Marshall the Quarter-Masters of the Regiment and the like Of the Quarters of the common Souldiers on either side of this long void space these bee the proportions All the little squares bee Hutes or Cabbins in the longer rowes marked with the letter M. on the first Hutes are the Musketires lodged and in the other rowes marked with P. are the Pikemen lodged one row of Musketires and one row of Pikes makes up one complete Bond or Company of 126. men In the Musketires row are twenty four Hutes and in the Pikemens but eighteen the reason is because the King by his orders commands that every complete Company should have three Corporalships of Musketires foure Files or Rots as the Swedes terme them make a Corporalship of Musketires but of Pikemen three Files or Rots make a Corporalship so that twelve Files of Musketires and nine Files of Pikes viz. twenty one Files firemen in depth in each File is a complete Band of 126. men besides the Officers and Serjeants When his Companies were weak then hee would have but two Corporalships of Musketires and the remainder to be Pikes Each of these Hutes are nine foorsquare viz. three yards every way and whereas one row of Musketires and one row of Pikes belongs to one Company these therefore neerer set together than the row of Pikes belonging to severall Companies are for the Pikes and Musketires of the same Company are parted with a street but six foot wide whereas betwixt the Pikes of severall Companies is a street of eighteen foot wide and betwixt the Musketires of severall Companies a street of twelve foot wide and so you see the severall proportions marked The length of the row of Pikes is but 162. foot as you see it marked betwixt the two first rowes of their Hutes The length of the Musketires row is 216. foot as is marked in the margent the distance of breadth being observed they amount to 360. foot or 72. paces so broad is the whole Quarter for one intire Regiment Below all this in the Rear or lower end of the Quarter you have a voyd space 14. foot of ground running all the breadth of the Quarter serving for the freedome of Ayr this is marked with E. Last of all you may behold another lowance of ground marked with the letter F. which is for the Sutlers Chap-men Butchers c. of the Regiment Add now the distances of length together and they come to 300. foot which is the length of the whole Quarter for one intire Regiment Now rests the chief point of discipline in the number and order of the placing of the Hutes and the men in them Concerning the number there be three men to be lodged in one Hute as well Pikes as Musketires so that in 24. Hutes of Musketires of one Company there bee 72. men and in the 18. Hutes of Pike-men of one Company there be but 54. men which number added together amounteth to 126. which is a complete Band. These 72. Musketires are again divided into three Corporalships and the 54. Pike-men also into three Corporalships Four Files or Rots of Musketires goe to one Corporalship and of Pike-men but three Files or Rots to a Corporalship So that 24. Musketires goe to one Corporalship and of Pikes 18. according to the number of either of their Cabbins Furthermore their order being to march six deep in File therefore in every two Hutes there is one Rot or File lodged which presently know how to put themselves in order Thus hath every Corporall of Musketires eight Hutes to look unto and every Corporall of Pikes six Hutes under him This certainty and disposing of the numbers serveth much for private government this order of quartering they are opinionated is prevalent for the ready resisting of the enemy Whereas you see two rows of Pikes and two rows of Musketires still together with their Cabbin doors inward one to another this is the use of it Suppose the enemy in the night falleth upon the Quarters the Alarme being taken and given by those of the outmost Guards out slips the two rows of Pikes into the street or alley betwixt them and presently marching out betwixt the Captains Hutes they are instantly in a fair order of Battell The Pikes being gone then the two next rows of Musketires joyning together march also out upon both sides of the Pikes where they are ready instantly to flank them Thus one Squadron or halfe-Regiment issuing out upon one side of their Colonels Tent and the other halfe on the other presently they draw themselves in complete Battalia and find their Colonels and Captains in the head of the Quarter ready to conduct them to the Brest-work thus so soon as the Alarm is given in from the outer Guards the Souldiers will bee ready to entertain their assault every man before his own Quarter upon which the enemy falleth before he can possibly march hee never so fast come neer to doe any execution If you desire to heare how in that huddle of darknesse they can possibly find their weapons know that by the order of their standing every man can at first comming most readily clap his hands upon his owne To instance in the Pikes for example The place where they all stand together is upon a thing made after the fashion of a paire of Gallowes at the head of the Quarter the upper overthwart beam is for the Pikes to stay against then there is another beam lower for to hang the Corslets upon and to lean the Muskets against this is to have a defence over it to defend the wet Now when any service or exercise is done abroad hee that lyeth in the Rear of the Quarter by comming in first setteth down his Armes inmost and he that commeth in last leaveth his outmost which when hee again goeth first out hee findeth his formost and when the last man commeth he findeth his own left every man
King of Sweden who used to range his Battalia's but six men in depth so that with ten thousand well-exercised men he could extend the Front of his Army as broad as the enemy could with fourteen thousand and make his partie good with them in regard of his sundry Retreats which brings fresh hands to fight and weary out the enemy as also hee would not misse of places of advantage environed with water or marish grounds c. so that his Army should not be assaulted upon all sides Sebastian King of Portugal when he aided Mulehamet in the Wars of Barbary against Abdimelec King of Morocco ranged the Rear of his Battell against the River Maraga which was as a wall to defend them Moreover a Generall must take this for a Rule viz. to enlarge or strengthen the Front of his Battell according to the number of his Souldiers as also according to the force of his enemies Troops if the place where you are to imbattell in be narrow then of necessity you must straighten your Ranks and if the place be wide and open you must bee very carefull not to extend the Front of your Battell too wide except your Army bee of greater potencie than the enemies then by extending out the Wings of your Battell you may gain advantage by over-winging them whereby you may charge them both in Flank and Front at once But hee that shall adventure to charge an Army upon all sides either must have four times more men than the enemy or else he must be sure to perish for want of discretion Also there is great discretion to be used in ordering of Battels that they may not bee plac'd in low grounds neer any hill or high banks or upon the side of a hill because the lower grounds are subject to the enemies Ordnance if the enemy should have this advantage the best way to prevent it is to march out of distance from such places of advantage to cause them to come down to you But some fondly have maintained the lower ground to be of greatest advantage in regard the Muskets will doe more service in shooting upwards than downwards To this I answer it is but a simple opinion for it is double advantage to have the higher ground in regard both Horse and Foot will soon find to their costs that it is a double pains besides they come upon them with a great deal more power down hill than they can up hill and a bullet shot from a side-hill may shoot through two or three Ranks when as that which is shot upwards cannot shoot past through one as for their bullets rowling out they are simple men that charge them the mean time But this by the way Tenthly your Battell must bee so ordered and disposed that the enemy may bee brought into some stratagem or made to disorder his Troops which may be done many waies as by causing your Army orderly to retrait so that the enemy may disorder his Ranks in the pursuit and then to take the occasion to fall on again orderly and rout them The ancient Generals were very politick in this for when they knew that their enemies plac'd their greatest strength in any one Point or Wing of the Army then contrarily they would frame that Point or Wing weakest which was to encounter with them their ablest forces they commanded to stand firme and not seek to repulse the enemy but to resist them and the weakest Battalia's they caused to assault the enemy and then to retrait to their Battalia's behind them by this means they brought the enemy into two great disorders the first was the enemy had his best Souldiers inclosed betwixt their adversaries Battalia's the second was when the enemy thought they had gotten the victory their Bands would disorder themselves by pillaging as the like hapned at the Battell of Dreux in France where the Lord of Guise stood fast with his Battalia all the rest being fled from him but the valiant Switzers who opposed themselves against all the fury of the enemy In the mean time the Prince of Codee's Troops being confident of the victory some of them following the slaughter and others fell to pillaging thus being scattered abroad the Lord Guise finding his opportunity with those men he had hee marched up to them with a bold countenance and overthrew them before they could order themselves in any form to receive their charge Likewise Scipio plac'd his weakest Forces against Asdrubal's best souldiers which hee had plac'd in the midst of the Battell and upon each Flank Scipio had plac'd his ablest men So soon as Asdrubal charged Scipio's Battell they retraited only the two Flanks of his strongest souldiers stood firme Asdrubal's souldiers pursuing the retrait before they were aware were gotten between the two Divisions of the Flanks of Scipio as if they had been in an half-Moon they there being charged upon both sides by them his weakest men being there were soon vanquish'd and the rather because his chiefest Forces being plac'd in the midst of his Battell could not come to fight Eleventhly You must know how and when to make use of such instruments as may hinder the enemies Horse and disorder and annoy his Foot-troops and for this purpose the King of Sweden made use of an instrument which he termed a Swines Spike formerly used by one of our Kings whereby he gained a Conquest in France it was a peece of Ash four foot long at each end a speared pike of yron his Musketires stook this at their girdles and as they advanc'd forwards to give fire upon their enemy every man stook down his instrument aslope into the ground this hindred the Horse from charging them Also many have made use of the Caltrop it being a small peece of round wood with pikes sticking up every way each souldier having one or two of these about him may cast them before the Front and Flanks of the Army these will much annoy the enemies Horse Also your Powder-pots being plac'd in the earth and fire given unto them just as the enemy shall be approaching over them these will infinitely disorder and kill them Moreover it behooves a Generall to be of a very quick apprehension and to forecast with himself what stratagems will best sute with the condition of the enemy and the situation of the place and how and when to put them in execution that they may work their best effect In the framing of your Battell you must bee mindfull to order the Battalia's so as there may be a space left of two paces for the Musketires to march down by the sides of the Pikes after they have given fire upon the enemy for if the distance should bee lesse as divers would have it the motion of the Battalia's would presently close them up Also the distances between the Battels of the forlorn hopes and the front of the main Battel ought to be sixtie paces or according as the place will admit