7 or 8 foote vvide as occasion serues shutt in vvith a vvodden gate or Turnepikes made of sparrs some tvvo ynches and a halfe thick in diameter and about fiue or six foote high plated with yron heads at the points and having tvvo great Iron nailes driuen through them eight or nine ynches long and blund headed on the other side of the thicknesse of an ynch halfe an ynch or thereabouts they are pointed to driue them in the better into the ground in two places to stopp vp the passage as the 33 Plate and the 140 Figure shevveth which pikes three or foure rowes of them must be driven in closse one to another as high as a mans girdle vvhich is about 3 foote or three foote and a halfe the first and vtmost rovv must be driven into the ground deeper then the other and so the one aboue the other rovv that they maye not be pulled vp These are of good vse also to be driuen in vpon the topp of a breach as Sr. Francis Vere did in Ostend vvhen an Ennemy is ready to giue an assault and that one hath not time enough to cast vp a breast of Earth vpon it These and an other Instrument called in Dutch a frize Ruyter and by vs a turnepike as also your quadrangular tanternailes cast dovvne vpon a breach are of singular vse to barrocadoe and stopp vp places A Turne-pike is made in this manner follovving The 33 Plate 141 Figure TO make a turne-pike ye must take a round sparre some 12 or 15 foote longe and about 5 or 6 ynches in diameter and boore holes through it in many places so that these holes meete not one vvith an other being boored right one vnder another about an ynch in a sexangular forme that the circuit maye be divided into three equall parts and in euery part ye must boore a hole as is said one vnder an other that the demypikes of sixe foote length vvell sharpned with yron heads at both ends about an ynch or an ynch and a halfe maye be putt crossvvise fast through the holes of the sparres 3 or 4 ynches one from an other euen as the Figure 141 demonstrateth These turne-pikes are of a very good defense against horsemen to stopp a passage into the Campe to stand at the entrance into a worke or vpon the gapp of a worke They maye be made so that yee maye runne them vpon wheeles to remoue them from one place to an other and joyne their axeltrees together with pinnes of yron so that on a sudden ye maye shutt in the passages vnto an army and being so joyned ye cannot remoue the one without the other so that these turnepikes joyned together giues the longer and better resistance There are other inventions to keepe out an Ennemie but having noe leisure now at this time to treate of them wee will passe them over and come to handle of the Approches OF APPROCHES The 31 32 Plates and 127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. Figures FOr asmuch as in approches whereof we intend annon to speake one must of necessity vse showels spades fire-rakes pickaxses mattocks hatches bils and axses to giue the more lustre to our buysinesse I haue thought good to describe them here And seing Monsieur Doncker in his life time Controuler of the fortifications in the vnited provinces and besides at the siege of Gulick Controuler of the princes of Brandenburgh and of Nieuburgh their ordinance a man being very skillfull in makeing these materials gaue me the modell of them in that true forme as ye shall see them represented here to your view in the 31 and 32 Plates by the numbers 127 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. and 139. The Figure 127 is an ammunition spade whereof the part A B is a foote high and A C two foote being in all three foote longe the point A B is platted with a sharpe edge of yron some sixe ynches broad that ye maye spitt a foote into the Earth with it The 128 Figure is a showell made more hollow and some what greater then a spade which cannot be vsed with that nimblenesse as the former because of the great quantity of Earth which it will take so that for ordinary vse I should rather advise one to vse the spade for those that are not able and stronge men The showel 129 hath a plate of yron onely being fitt to levell and plaine the ground and for this reason in my opinion ought to be made longer then the other because it must be vsed with as much strength as the other The Figure 130 is a pickaxe well knowne to workemen vvherewith ye digg vp a stonie hard ground into which a spade or a showell will not enter The 131 Figure is a Mattock the head whereof is like an axe made bending which is also well knowne and vsed to digg vp hard and stonie grounds The 132 Figure is a hatchet to be vsed with one hand The 133 Figure is an Axe to be vsed with both hand The 134 is a lesse kinde of axe vsed with both hands not vsuall in these parts The Figure 135 demonstrated in the 32 Plate is an amunition wheele-barrow which will hold a foote of Earth deepe and if it be well loaded a foote and a halfe which wheele-barrow as the Figure 136 sheweth is made of an iâ—nographick forme contayning 16 ynches in length and 14 or 15 ynches in bredth and 7 ynches high the boords being made for lightnesse of firre wood saving the axeltree and the handles which are of other wood some 17 ynches long but the shorter they are the better they are and that for diverse reasons The Figure 137 is a bill to cutt brush and braunches with all and vsefull for the makeing of Bavins and bundles of brush Gabions and for other necessary occasions aswell in hutting as to be vsed in trenches works The 138 Figure is a kind of a crooked bill serving for the same vse The Figure 139 is a longe showel or a rake for the casting vp of Earth out of galleries to fill vp a moate and in other dangerous places And the forme A in the 31 Plate is good also to plaine the Earth vvhich is cast vpon a gallerie to keepe it from fyring which otherwise might happen to a gallerie The 33 Plate 144. 145. Figures BEfore wee come to speake of Approches it is very necessarie that one should gett an exact draught as well of the interiour as of the exteriour part of that towne of fortresse which one resolues to approach vnto with all the markes and observations as namely of hedges wayes hills valleys and the like that ye maye know the better how to order and runne your approches Ye ought not to break ground noe neerer at the first theÌ„ within a muskett shott or at the furthest as farre as a harquebusse a Crock can reach and as I say ye ought to beginne your trenches somewhat
S and T A namely the face upon TA and the curtaine upon T S ye haue the like distances and from the points I X the arches which cuts betweene them in a certaine place by which intersection the line T V shal be drawne cutting the line S B at V then the right line V L. being drawne passing through the center L cutting A R at G ye shall haue all the parts of this Fortresse for hauing sett downe the distance R G from R to H from the same point G is drawne a paralell to S B as E G cutting the Diagonall line L A at E the like ye shall finde for F and consequently all the other parts of the said Fortresse Pentagonall The same must ye also understand of the other figures following from the figure 60 to the figure 68. Also ye may finde the point V in setting downe upon T A 2 equall parts such as ye require and from the extremity or utmost end hauing made it a parallell to S T and upon the same 3 of those parts and drawne from the extremity the line TV the said point will consequently be knowne thereby NOte that the proportion giuen here betweene the face and the curtaine is not so much to relye fast upon it as to show that the generall rule sett downe here before in the 9 and 10 plates take place also in all other reasons which may be propounded For otherwise wee are of the opinion that the former figures would rather be accepted then these here because that the reason of the curtaine to the face is as wee haue said aboue sesquialtera as well in square Fortresse as of Pentagonall and others following Which for the facility simplicity together with the goodnesse of them ought to be preferred before the figures 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 and 68 of the 11 Plate aboue said Whereof the face to the curtaine is as the exemples shew of diuerse reasons in such sort that hence forward one ought to resolue that the reason of the curtaine to the face ought in all formes of Fortification to be sesquialtera and the face 24 rod each rod containing 12 foote the length whereof is sett downe in the 25 plate of our Geometrie noted with the character or the figure 1 is diuided into 12 ynches which rod is used in the Fortifications of the United Provinces to the end that the line of defence may not exceede much aboue 60 rod which is about as farre as a Musket can well beare the gorge to the flanke may be made by the rule giuen in the 11 plate according to the reason giuen but forasmuch as it is more convenient to make the angle forming the flanke GAC plate the 11 of 40 degrees which giueth the reason almost as 6 to 7 in my opinion one ought to rest thereupon and so ye shall haue a generall rule for all manner of Fortifications whither they be Quadrialtera Pentagonall Hexagonall or the others following as ye may perfectly understand by that which shal be said hereafter In the meane while note that I giue here the reason of the gorge to the flanke as 7 to 6 which ought to be understood in Fortresses without Casemates but if it were my intention to make some of them I would then alter somewhat of the said proportion The manner how to describe succinctly the designes or Plots of some regular Fortifications The 12. Plate and the 69. Figure ALthough one may by that which we haue taught sufficiently now understand the order and Method requisite to be held in all manner of Fortifications yet I haue thought it good to trace out here some from among the rest to make the louers of this Art to conceiue the better my intention and will begin with a regular Pentagone whereof the angle of the center maketh 72 degrees and the angle of the Polygone 108 degrees and seing the angle flanked according to the table before mentioned maketh 69 degrees It wil be easie to finde the angle C A D which is alwayes equall to the angle flanking interiour and shall finde the same to be 19 ½ degrees setting then your graduate Instrument upon 19 ½ degrees it makes the angle CAD and drawing first the covert line infinite AB takeing upon the scale 24 parts or rod and sett then from A to C drawing from the point C a perpendicular upon A B as is CD afterward hauing sett on DE the length of the curtaine which is here onely 34 rod because the false brayes makes the lines of defence too great then the distance AD from B to E raysing from the E the 〈◊〉 cular EF being equall to D C and FB drawne out the two faces wil be knowne for to knowe the center of the Bulwarke shal be made of 2 lines GA GB the Demy-diameter of the Polygone then your instrument being sett upon 40 degrees ye shall finde the angle HKA cutting the said demy-diameter at the same point H from which point the line HI being drawne ye shall haue the side of the Polygone interiour upon which out of the points C and F shal be drawne the perpendiculars CL FM which will forme the flanks and the gorges of the said Fortresse Pentagonall in the inside of the side of the Polygone interiour shal be drawne a parallell of 5 ½ rod for the thicknesse of the rampart as N O N R and RS and ye must draw for the parapett of the rampart a parallell of 20 feete also in the inside of the said side of the Polygone HI and on the outside thereof ye shall drawe a parallell of 20 foote for the falsebray as LX and yet more outward 20 other foote for its parapet so all the other parts wil be traced out which are within the moate for seing that there is here noe Casemates the falsebray is carried not onely about the curtaines but also about the flankes and the faces of the Bulwarks in such sort that the falsebray serueth as a Casemats to the said flankes the entrance or sallies ought in my opinion to be made in the midst of the curtaines as covertly as possibly may be the Bulwarkes are made either massiue or hollow from Earth at this present wee haue drawne them out as being hollow from earth so the superficies or plaine in the midst of the bulwarke N R S H. is of the same heigth as the rest of the enclosure of the Pentagone is the moate shal be 10 rod broad which is traced out as followeth In the point A or the angle of the Bulwarke shal be made an arch of the distance of 10 rod in the point V make an other arch of somewhat a lesser extention then the former about 10 or 12 foote then drawe upon the back thereof a covert line infinite the like must be done on the otherside of the Bulwarke and so from place to place with covert lines being drawne as abouesaid
upon the brinke and angle of the moate the reason why their faces P Q and Q R are made of a greater distance is that the deffence may be the better for otherwise their could be noe defence made but from one part of the face of the bulwarke which otherwise would not be sufficient to hinder the assaults of an ennemie which ravelins or loose peeces li◠so open and are raised aboue the plaine field some foure foote that one may the easier discouer the said field and so also to prevent the inconveniences which might happen when one would giue fire from them upon the besiegers if the said ravelin had not bene raised which would haue annoyed those which were under the covert way Upon the said Ravelin being so raised is made a parapet of 20 foote broad and 6 foote high which wil be able to resist Canon the moate whereof ought to be made 50 or 60 foote and as deepe as possibly may be about the said moate ye must make also a cover way of some 20 foote broade as hath bene noted before Afterward ye must make a parapet of 50 foote broade six foote high ending at the end of the 50 foote towards the plaine field as the profile doth show in the 72 figure and to the intent ye may the better understand my meaning we haue made the said Hexagone in perspectiue with the falsebrayes Ravelins covert wayes and their parapets apart as appeareth by the second 71 figure but ye must note that the said Ravelins must be in respect of Ramparts which haue a double height to see in them the more perfection also a double height to make them show the better for otherwise they would seeme too little for the reason abouesaid against our intention The 72. Figure THe Profile shal be made as in the 12 Plate of the former figure 70 by drawing a privie line infinite and takeing upon it all the dimensions as first the bredth of the ramparts the parapets the falsebrayes its parapet the bredth of the moate the covert way and the other parts of the said profile and seing wee haue here ordained Ravelins wee will make this profile from the midst of the rampart passing also through the midst of the Raveline that ye may the better understand our meaning According to which ye shall take the bredth of the Rampart 68 foote from A to C from C to D 20 foote from D to E 20 foote and from E to F 6 foote the bredth of the moate shal be 150 foote as from F to G which ought to be broader but seing the distance falls out too litle it shal be made but of 150 foote the Raveline ought to haue in this place 180 foote but seing the ground faile us wee haue made the dimension thereof 180 foote but this hindrance would not permit us to make it of that competent greatnesse as it ought which I speake to giue noe stop to the Reader which Ravelin is raised 4 foote aboue the plaine field from 6 to T upon which a parapet is made whereof the basis shal be 20 foote broad and 6 foote high to wit its bredth from Q to R and the height from Q to S the footebankes are made of the same bredth heigth therefore I will make here no mention of them neither of the taluds or sloopings of Ramparts Parapets moates aswell the interiour as the exteriour parts are made according to the nature of the soile for by how much the ground is leane sandie by so much ye ought to giue it the talud by that meanes ye shall hinder the falling downe of the workes for which reason often times ye must giue on the exteriour side being a sandie ground as much talude as heigth and if the said Ravelin be also raised 4 foote aboue the plaine field me thinks it will not be amisse to raise the rampart thereof which is 15 foote some 6 foote higher to commaund the better the said Raueline leaue the Bulwarks of the height of 15 foote that all inconveniences may be prevented on the outside of the Raveline is made the edge HI of 6 foote and a moate of 50 foote then the covert way 20 foote the parapet LN 60 foote with a footebanke of the ordinary bredth of 3 foote in that manner as the 72 figure demonstrateth The description of the plote of a Fortresse Heptagonall The 14. Plate and 73. Figure LEt there be giuen to be fortified a Heptagone whereof the side of the Polygone exteriour maketh 63 rod and the angle flanked 80 degrees To doe this ye shall first divide the said side AB into 7 equall parts as ye see by the points 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. and from the points of the 5 and 2 parts the perpendiculars D N and E O shal be drawne being equall to A D and E B to wit either of them 2 seuenth parts of the line A B then ye shall draw from the extremities or the utmost parts of these perpendiculars the privie line infinite H I. which shal be the side of the Polygone interiour and by consequence N O the curtaine The angles C A B and C B A shal be made by the helpe of a graduate-instrument as our compasse is or an other either of 64 ½ degrees in such sort that the intersection of the lines A C. C B which is C shal be the center of the said Fortresse Heptagonall Afterward I B 8 of the 40 degr which is the halfe of the angle flanked that ye may haue the whole angle of 80 degr according to the Hypotheses and where the said lines cutt the said perpendiculars D N and E O in the points 2. 8 ye shall haue the faces A 2. B 8 the flanks N. 2. O. 8 and also the gorges H N. O I the Parapets Ramparts Falsebrayes for the other parts of this Fortresse ye shall doe the like as hath ben taught in the former figure Hexagonall the faces in this present Raveline shal be made of 15 rod the moate of 10 rod and the moate to the Ravelin of 15 foote then about it shal be made a covert way of 20 foote a parapet of 60 foote broad descending as we haue said before sloopingly According to this forme the flanke wil be then made of a reasonable greatnesse but the gorge so much the lesser which may be made so seing ye intend not to make any flankes in the Casemates but in case ye would ye must then make the flanke the lesser and consequently the gorge the greater to the end ye may haue space enough for to make within them the said Casemates The like is to be understood when ye meane to make a Catt upon the Bulwarke for the gorge being so litle besides other inconveniences it is impossible to make there such a bodie in reserving sufficient space for the flanks which me thinks in such places that haue such narrow
the foundation in a ditch or a quagmire ye must make use of such fagots bound and tyed up together with cords if it be in a river then ye must binde brickbats or stones betweene two bundles to make them sinke to the botome ye may make them as long or as short as ye please and so necessity requires till ye haue filled up the water with these sinkers upon which yow must lay your foundation then ye must also driue in some piles about 18 or 20 foote longe according to the depth to make them lie the more firme and solid together Now these bundles are made in the forme of Saucidges as here followeth First ye driue into the ground stakes of the heigth bredth as ye desire to make these Saucidges either great or small the one a foote high the other a foote and a halfe and sometimes two foote then ye lay betweene these stakes bulrushes boughs or small bundles of brush bound fast together and in the midst of them ye must lay brick-bats when ye sinke them in a river but of Earth if ye will lay them as a foundation in a moate all along the said worke then ye binde the said bundles with stones or Earth in them fastning them with wit hs in the same manner as ye binde up a fagot or a bavin and in this forme are your Saucidges or sinkers made which being done the letters A are bound one to another as strong as possible may be as ye may perceiue by the letter B in the 2. 17. Plate Then ye sinke these downe to the bottome that ye may afterward build your Fortresse upon them according to the former platforme whereof a Plate is made before which groundworks among the Ingeniers of the united Provinces are much used because these parts are maritimate moorish and subject to bad foundations so that in some places the foundations cost more then the rest of the building it self yea in diuerse places of these Countries the Inhabitants are driuen to keepe their grounds from the violence of the Sea and Rivers by such and such like meanes and remedies to their great and unspeakeable charges for one would haue thought it had ben impossible for them so many yeares to doe it since the times that these Provinces were united had not the superintendants Dikegraues used great care and diligence in continuing the same preservation for the good of the inhabitants and common weale whereof wee will speake more at large hereafter When the worke is raised aboue the water and that the Earth in the moate diminisheth the Worck-master shall then beginn to lay his edge or border upon the line drawne out for the Rampart Now the line being drawne out upon the ground as ye see in the line C. by the 2. of the 17. Plate being fiue or six ynches broad and as deepe which is done by the Ingenier himself to take away all excuse from the Work-masters that he may likewise carrie a right line aswell on the inside as on the outside of the Rampart as also for the moate and the other parts of the said Fortresse represented in the plat-forme Besides if the condition of the undertaker containes that the outside of the Rampart must be raised with sodds which are ordinarily 4 or 5 ynches square and 14 or 15 ynches long diminishing towards the inside as ye may see here by the figure D to the end that betweene the said rowes of sodds one may lay a litle earth to settle them the better together to the bodie of the Rampart Moreouer they are so laid together that the rowes aboue must lie euen in the midst of the joynture of the rowes beneath makeing them settle together according as the condition beares and as the articles are which the undertaker hath signed unto Now for his better ease he must make use of a triangular Instrument such a one as the letter F demonstrats being 〈◊〉 â—â—de A B about 2 or 3 foote more or lesse according to the quality of the worke and the rest so consequently For as ye desire to haue the Talud either great or little so ye must enlarge the line A G or lessen it If it be needefull to lay bundles of brush to strengthen your works of the Fortresse ye must lay them so that the ends touch the former sodds to wit the one row half a foote aboue the other and betweene each of them halfe a foote of Earth continuing the worke so untill it be finished upon the top of the Earth of the Rampart ye shall raise the parapet with such a Talud and bredth as the conditions imports in the same manner as before raising it with sodds as we haue said If ye make your Fortresse in a fatt and a clayie soile then ye may in stead of sodds make a cruste of 3 or 4 foote or more stamping it well with a stamper made to that end and of such an inclination as your agreement beares in which crust ye may sett a certaine kinde of grasse called in Flemish Queeckcruyt in Latin Gramen in English Meddovv grasse which roote is of such a nature that it will spread itfelfe ouer the whole Rampart and binde the Earth fast together so that it will make the said crust of a long durance and almost perpetuall on the outside of the said brust ye may sowe Oats or Hay-seed they use also to sett upon the Bulwarke roots of seuen-leaued-grasse which is likewise very good but the leaues doe not spread themselues ouer the exteriour superficies or this crust as the abouesaid grasse doth for this reason some yeares since his Excellencie hath found it good to repaire all the Fortifications of such a crust without sodds because experience hath taught us that the said sodds bindes not the rest of the Earth so well as the said crust doth which being moist by that meanes joyneth so much the better the rest of the wall or Rampart together which is of very great use and is quickly done The talud of the Rampart is made somewhat greater that one may stand an end the better upon it as ye may see by the profiles here before aswell of Ramparts as Falsebrayes This being done ye must make the parapet of the covert-way of earth digged out of the moate whereof good store was layd on the outside of the moate to that purpose and the said undertaker ought to that end make an exact calculation of the quantity of Earth which is necessary for that use But seing oftentimes the undertakers are not skillfull in casting up such accounts It were good that the Ingenier himself should make an exact calculation not onely of this part but also of the whole worke which may be done in that manner as wee haue showne in our Geometrie or else in this easie manner following The second 17. Plate and Letters G H R. LEt the 12 part of the Fortresse be Dodecangular G and AB the face 24 rod the
the midst of the line E F and for asmuch as the angle E is of 112. degrees vvhich comes neere vpon the angle of a Pentagone ye shal be vpon the foresaid angle E describe the angle of a Pentagone and seing that the line E D makes 80 rod vve vvill make the angles flanking interiour of the forme of a Pentagone to the end tha the skirts E L. and D O. be equall as we haue said before for seing the Ennemies force betvveene E D is equall reason requireth that the defense thereof be likewise made equall that by this meanes ye maye take away all occasion from an Ennemie to attempt any further place the most advantagious for him Now in regard that the distance D. C. exceedeth the measure vvhich wee haue spoken of before to wit of 114 ½ rod it vvilbe necessarry to make the Raveline K betweene the said angles D C to supply the defect of the defense the like maye be made betweene C B and the angles of the Bulwarks and B the rest shall be made according to their formes the faces flanks and Curtaines in that forme as vvee haue said aboue euen as this figure Hexagonall 95. demonstrateth The 96. Figure HErein it is requisite to note that vvhen one is bound to fortifie precisely the angles of the figure either interiourly or exteriourly ye meete many times vvith difficulties to vvit here are some angles or sides too small and others too great in so much that this irregularitie maye cause many great defects Which maye greatly be remedied vvhen ye maye haue libertie to change a litle the angles of the figure euen as wee haue done in this 96. figure in such sort that the angle E being but 112. degrees which is the angle of a Pentagone makes the angle of the bulwark S E T too much pointed as when ye would make it on the inside of the angle E. Therefore see that ye make the face E S vpoÌ„ the side ED that by this meanes ye maye haue the angle S E T broader and more open drawing the line E O so that it be equall to ED and that the angle O E D be 20 degrees so that the curtaine Q. P. comes not too farre into the figure and that the line of defense ER maye come a part of it out thereof if it be possible as here to R for the more the said line commeth out of the curtaine it is so much the better which is when the angle O E D is broad and open But this exemple if this had bene observed the Bulwarke L had bene a great distance from the curtaine C D and would haue made it much longer then it is at this present Then vpon the point O shal be made the second face of the Bulwarke W O V so made that O W and O V and ES are of an equall greatnes that the line D X be drawne in such a manner that the angle Y Z 5 be capable to receiue the Bulwark of an Exagone and for the better attayning to such a structure ye shall make first vpon the line C B the flanke noted by 4 5 and the face Z 5 to the end that CB maye serue for a curtaine and so fitted that it maye almost be equall to the curtaine D. C. Then vpon CB ye shall make the Bulwarke I. according to the greatnesse of 4 B. answerable to the Bulwarks G. H. and seing the angles A Bare sharpe ye shall make these two Demy-Bulwarks according to our method mentioned in the 18 Plate and so ye haue finished the thing required Note AS we haue fortified this figure on the inside so ye maye doe the like on the outside in case the ground will afford it but we suppose here that it would be necessaire to make it in such a sort in regard that the lengths of the sides require more the interiour fortification then the exteriour whence appeareth that there are many vvayes to fortifie places irregular yea an infinite number yet bounded with these limits to wit that the angles of the Bulwarks ought not to be noe further assunder then 80 rod at least 60. that the angles flanked must not be lesse then 60. degrees That your line of defense ought not to exceede much aboue 60 rod for by how much the Bulwarkes haue a second flanke by so much they are the better the more spacious and larger the flanks and gorgâ—◠〈◊〉 the Bulwarks are the better for them according to our former Maxims set downe in the end of the first part according to which an expert and skillfull Ingenier will be sure as much as possibly maye be to haue all these advantages abouesaid And for the better facilitating of what is said aboue wee haue made here the figures 97 98 99 100 101 which must be cutt out vpon a pastboord drawne out vpon the same measure as the plott of the place requireth which is to be fortified and to fitt them to the places of the figure with the greater consideration that possible maye bee that he maye follow the rules abouesaid as neere as may be where vnto these figures in my opinion are of very great vse for he may turne and remoue them on what side soeuer he will and after he hath found the most convenient place then he maye joyne fasten them together with a litle waxe that afterwards he maye overcast the advantages and disadvantages which he is to expect How to fortifie an Irregular place lying vpon the side of a river The 22. Plate 102. Figure LEt the forme irregular which ye would haue be the plate of Hardervvijck noted by the numbers 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 whereof the extremities or vtmost ends are 1 6. touching the Dike A B and C D which ye desire to fortifie To doe this ye must first overweigh how many bulwarks the circuit of the same place will take vp husbanding them so that ye must make as few as maye be because they are parts of a fortification which will cost much and yet so that you must not place them so farre assunder but that the one bulwark must helpe to defend the other for this reason we haue made the line of defense about 60. rod which is a longer distance then is giuen when one is to defend them with the Muskett or caliver The others that must be defended with the CanoÌ„ maye be 1000 foot distant one from an other or there abouts because at the least it will carry so farr over that ofâ—entimes a Canon will carry much further then to the vtmost end of the line of defense so that they may hinder the batteries which are made to beate downe the flank of the angle from whence the line of defense is drawne also ye make it so that the distance of the said angle vnto the angle of the Bulwark be not so farre as a Canon beares but rather shorter for which reason we
great Mathematician consumed his time wholly in this point by maintayning that all fortifications aswell great as small ought to be made in a square-forme but seing that the Bulwarks towards the 4 angles by this meanes become lesse forcible then the others as the figures A and B demonstrate in the 23 Plate me thinks this ought to be taken into consideration Whither it were not better to make a Fortresse whereof the Bulwarks and the lines of defense be of a like force then to make them as aboue For it is impossible that one should make a fortresse stronger in one place but ye must diminish the strength thereof in an other place to wit as the common proverb is one ought to cutt his coate according to his cloath But when the situation of the place and the avenues thereof be such that one maye be assured of the resistance which maye be made better here then there reason then requireth that in such a case one must make such an avenue stronger by diminishing the strength of an other which is not so subject to be attempted as the former is For the site of a place sometimes will require this irregularity But when as it falls out in a plaine field it is reason that the strength thereof be also regular so then in such a case one cannot take any advantage in one place more then a◠other without hurting and weakning of an other which one ought maturely to consider and not yeeld easely therevnto vvithout good and pregnant reasons And seing these Countries which lye lowe and are subject to invndations overflowings the rivers are commonly bounded in vvith Banks and Dikes for the preventing of such inconveniencies and the preservation of the Inhabitants from an vtter subversion These dikes coming to touch both the one and the other part of the said tovvnes as here in the points H A. vvhich sometimes are separated from the said towne by a vvall vvhich goes from A to N. and from M to H vvhich in the Figure C is called a Doudan made in the forme of an Asses back narrow in the midst and bending downwards on both sides vvhich is made ouer a moate to stop the vvater vvhich othervvise vvould breake into the land is called by those of these countries a Beer that is a Beare in regard of the strength vvhich makes it almost inviolable Therefore the Basis or foundation of such a worke is layd first with a grate of beames of timber locked one into an other with squared beames bound fast together vpon vvhich the vvall is built these beames and piles vvhich are driuen in and layd in this groundvvorke are some 8 10 or 12 foote long according to the depth of the riuer and about 7 8 9 or 10 ynches thick lying tvvo or three foote distance one from an other vvhich also ought to be in length answerable to the depth of the vvater Sometimes these Beares are made vvholly of timber and are lyned vvith huge thick oaken plancks betvveene them closse together and are much longer then the former because the vpper ends must stand of much aboue the vvater as ye thinke the vvater can rise in winter and on both sides of these piles you shall laye tvvo great beames or bands of timber the one at the endes of the piles and the other in the midst betvveene the bottome and the vpper end of them fastned together vvith yron bolts vvhich are as thick as these piles and passing through these piles and then ye shall line them with good stronge oaken boords in joyning them as closse together as possible maye bee that they maye keepe out the water the better and last the longer Now if ye resolue to make noe such separation but to let the banck or dike stand then it wil be good to cutt and pare it as narrow as you can to keepe an Ennemy from coming vpō it with many men in front or to hinder his approches the better on that side I am of the opinion also that ye ought to make the line C B. F G. about 300 foote longe that one might giue the more fire vpon an Ennemy both at his falling on and going off but when there is noe fortification made on the other side of the riuer it were much better that the dike did not stand against the point A but that it were made neerer to the inside of the towne that one might the better offend the approches made on the outside thereof to wit towards the river as is showne in the former Figure and 22 Plate but if the other side of the riner lying opposite to the towne ought to be fortified for the reasons abouesaid then it matters not greatly seing one maye sufficiently offend the Approches on that side and because the cutting off would be chargeable if it be made in a circular forme me thinks the best course is to draw the right line O P and the two others O Y and P. K so that O Y and P. K. maye be of the length of one of the sides of an Octogone or thereabouts that the Bulwarks O P. maye be well defended from the curtaines and that the Bulwarke also on the other side maye likewise helpe to defend the curtaines then betweene O and P. according to their distance maye be made the Bulwarks Q. and R but seing the distances E F. and B D. are too longe to be defended from the Bulwarks D E. ye must make the two Bulwarks S T. whereof the faces are 16 rod the flanks 8 rod the faces of the other Bulwarks are each of them 20 rod or thereabouts which distance is capable to lodge men enough in it to defend it and if neede requires to make also therein some speciall cuttings off as wee shall declare vnto you hereafter Note that if the lines D B F E be too short to make the Bulwarks vpon them marked S T it is apparant ye maye then lengthen the sides so farre that the said Bulwarks maye with conveniency be made vpon them then ye must drawe a line paralell to D E. but if the distance D B. and E F. be so that the angles B F maye be defended well from the Bulwarks E and D. as then you neede not make the said Bulwarks S. and T seing that from the others namely E D they maye be sufficiently defended And for asmuch as I finde these fortifications to be best which come neerest to the demensions giuen before in our regular fortifications termed Royall whereof the faces flankes defences and gorges which are the principall parts of a fortification are all capable to worke well their effects one ought to haue a speciall care aboue all things to fitt the sides of places to be fortified that they maye be almost of the length of Polygones which ye shall finde in the table of our demensions described hereafter euen as wee haue done here in lengthning the sides
B D and F E. till that X Z be equall to the lengthened sides B X. and F Z. Vpon which and in the very midst of them ye shall make three Bulwarks and vpon the angles X and Z the two Bulwarks X and Z which are the Bulwarks of an Hexagone because the angels X and Z make each of them 120 degrees which are indeed the angles of an Hexagone as appeareth by the said table in which are taken all the demensions belonging to an Hexagone aswell the gorges flanks as the faces and from them ye maye drawe out your Bulwarkes X and Z abouesaid which wil be more royall then the two Bulwarks D and E yea or of the others likewise so that this fortification will not cost much more then the former makeing the place more spacious the circuit almost alike and the Bulwarks much better and in my opinion this forme of fortification ought to be preferred farre aboue the other considering what advantages one maye gett thereby But if one were tyed to the forme B D E F whereof the two sides B D. and F E are longer then 90 rod which is a distance too farre for the Bulwarks D E. to help to defend the angles F and B one should be driuen to make the two Bulwarks S. T. lesser then the former whereof the faces would make but 16 rod which notwithstanding wil be capable to defend the abouesaid Angles F and B. Note that if the place requires that ye must lengthen the line O P. as farr as the riue side I K. lyeth then ye maye drawe from the furthest end of the Bulwarks O and P. right lines to I and K and then ye maye make two Bulwarks vpon the said lines one vpon the right curtaine by which ye shall make your fortification the stronger because the angles of the Bulwarks O P. wil be so much the larger and the defense of the other Bulwarks vpon the said lines the better How to fortifie a place situated by the sea-side and to make therevnto a commodious Haven The 23 24. Plates and the 103. 104. Figures PLaces lying by the sea-side haue oftentimes neede of a good hauen aswell to harbour such shipping as maye daylie come into them as also to keepe them safe from an Ennemy and from the violence of stormes and tempests And for asmuch as these places must resist the injuries of winde weather and the raging billowes of the sea as is said they ought to be soundly fortified and kept and because Earth alone will not be sufficient to withstand the beating of the sea vpon them in regard of the fragility thereof which would be washed away such places ought to be made with free-stone or at least wise with good brick with driving in on the outside of the wall next the sea-side many stronge piles by clasping them together in this manner following FIrst some 300. foote or thereabouts from the wall A B. marked figure 104 ye must driue in a rowe of piles a foote thick in diameter and some 8. or 10. foote longe as the 24 Plate and the 104 105 Figures demonstrate These must be pointed with yron and sharpned well that they maye enter the better into the ground and must be driven in with an Engine called in Dutch a Hye hauing a block plated with yron of some 1000 or 1200 pound weight which falls downe vpon the heads of these piles and is drawne vp with a pullie with some 40. men euen as one should ring at a Bell foure or fiue of them guiding the Hye that the logg maye fall downe perpendicular just vpon the head of the pile that they driue in and shall driue it in so deepe till the head thereof be but three or foure foote aboue the ground After ye haue driuen in the first row some sixe or seuen foote distance from it ye must driue in the second rovv whereof the vpper ends must be aboue the ground more then the first row by a foote and a halfe or at the most two foote so that your second row ought to be foure foote and a half or at the most sixe foote Then about sixe foote neerer the towne ye must driue in a third row of piles the heads being a foote or two foote aboue the second row as the site and the necessity of the place shall require continuing so till you come to the very wall of the towne against which you shall laye bedds made of Bundles of brush as the figures 106. and 107. showes wherevpon ye shall lay heauie stones 3 or 4 cubicall foote thick to make them lye firme and fast betweene the rowes which are also driven in with stakes or sparrs as the figure 105 106 demonstrate All these rowes must be so ordered by a masons line that they may lye euen from the one side to the other and to keepe them closse together ye must haue long sparrs sawne in two through which you must boore holes and driue yron or wooden pinnes through the said rowes and clinch them well and as is said remember that the piles of the second row are longer then the first and the third rovv longer then the second and so consequently the rest must bee Then euery ninth foote ye must laye crosse sparrs of the same weight as the first or thereabouts which ye joyne to euery row by driving great yron bolts through the piles and the other sparrs vvhich lye crosse the other rowes makeing through them quadrangular chambers vvhich you lay bundles of brush into in makeing them lye fast together by diving in of stakes and in laying first a bedd of brush and then a row of flint stones vpon it and your brush must be hedged and wreathed together to make it lye the faster and firmer that it maye not be loosened and driven away with the violence of the vvater as ye maye see in the 24. Plate and the 106. 107. Figures This being done then ye shall laye the Basis of the wall first by driving in piles into the Earth and foundation if it be moorish as the 108. figure sheweth But if your foundation be good and firme then ye shall make as it were but a Gridiron of wood vpon it as the figure 109 noteth these sparrs vvherewith you make it must be some 8 10 or 12 foote longe according to the ponderosity of the wall and as your foundation shall require and some 10 or 12 ynches thick Vpon this you shall beginn to lay your wall about 10 or 12 foote thick allowing to euery foote of tâ—lude two foote of height laying within it spurrs of wood from 16 to 20 foote and foure or fiue foote longe making them lye levell with the wall as the art of Masonrie teacheth and some sixe foote distant one from an other then by this meanes ye shall binde the vaults one to an other and the two vaults shal be comprehended by the third to make them last the longer and
wil be the better able to resist the waues of the sea when the winde makes them beate against the vvall filling the vaults vvhich are betvveene the spurrs vvith good Earth stamped and beaten in wel that there be noe holes or hollovvnesse betvveene them In doeing so ye make your hauen as the greatnesse of the place vvill beare it and according to the number of ships vvhich you meane to harbour in it The mouth or entrance into the hauen being some 20 24 or 30 foote broade according to the greatnesse or smallnesse of the ships that are to come into it Ye maye make the hauen either of a round forme ovall square or a paralellogramma vvith a right angle as the site of the place and the accommodation of the Inhabitants shall require On the outside of the mouth ye shall driue in the breath of 100 or 150. foote rovves of piles from one end to the other as abouesaid which maye serue for the comming in and going out to make the entrance of the ships the more easie as appeareth by the 104 figure in vvhich the paralell lines AB CE EF FG GH HR are rovves of piles filled and stuffed vvith bundles of brush and stones vpon them as vvee haue noted in the 106. figure where ye must obserue that the vvall of the figure 106 vvhich ye see on the outside is the same as the figure 110 is vvhich ye see on the inside The rest of the tovvne asvvell that part of it vvhich lies next the sea as the other side maye be fortified in that forme as the plate of Ostend demonstrates vvhich is the next follovving makeing your fortification soe that the faces of the Bulvvarks maye be about 100 foote or more to hinder the better the approches vvhich an Ennemie maye make on that side seing those places wil be the weakest in regard of the banks and shelues of sand noted Z which are commonly in such places Therefore one is constrained to raise the ramparts higher in such places then the order of fortifying vvel requireth that one maye lye the safer vnder couvert from an ennemies batterie If the vtmost ends A and B be of a rock ye must cutt them off as much as possible maye be both in the height and in the bredth as the commodiousnesse and the site of the place vvill afford if it be sandie it vvilbe safer to deepen the moate euen vp to ones neck in case the countrie circumjacent vvil permit it as ye maye see here in the 25. Plate of Ostend the Figure 112 in vvhich towne hath bin practized found out as many inventions to make it invincible as in any tovvne of our age and noe lesse inventions tryed on the ennemies part to gaine it vvhich they did at last after three yeares three months and odd daies siege vsing all manner of industrie in makeing their the approches galleries mines and other inventions which the art of man could invent them Neither was there lesse art vsed on the defensiue part to make them get it by ynches meale as appeared by the generall and particular cuttings off counter mines counter-batteries and other vvorkes vvhich vvere made in such sort that this place vvas as it vvere a schoole and a studdie of euells to bring men to thier ends vvhere nothing vvas either omitted or forgotten but many strange engines invented aswell to stop the mouths of the channels and hauens as for the approches towards the tovvne as this 25. Plate demonstrateth where ye shall see the approches made with gabions or great Bassketts filled with Earth woolsacks to stop the water breaches and at other times sand-baggs for the reason why they made vse rather of these things then to advance their workes and by approches sapps whereof we intend to treate hereafter was because the countrie lay low and was sometimes overflowne with water in regard of the ebbing and flowing of the sea entring in and going out betweene the mouths A B. Of some loose Peeces in regular fortresses The 23. Plate 111. Figure MAny men are of the opinion that in places of great importance to forslow and hinder an ennemy the more one ought on the outside of a place regular to make diverse works separated from the bodie of it by that meanes to giue the Assaillant the more worke that he cannot come to advance his dessigne And though I dare not approue much of them in regard of the great expence which they will cost and the number of men necessary to keepe and defend them yet I will giue here some instruction to those that are desirous to make such works Let AB then be the side of a Decagone vpon which ye shall make by the helpe of our former table the Bulwarks Q T Y Z S R then ye shall drawe the paralell lines G I H and HP for the faces of the Bulwarks of the distance of some 10 or 12 rod for the bredth of the moate and for to finde the angle L M N ye shall draw the angle of the shoulder passing through the angle of the Bulwarke R. the line RM the like ye shall doe vvith the line Q M then ye shall make the faces LM MN of 24 rod from whence ye shall dravv the flanks LK NO equall to the flanks TY or SZ and finally the lines IK OP ansvvering to the points Q and R. for the better keeping of them ye shall make the Ravelins VWX vvhereof the angle W comes noe further from the center of the fortresse then the angle M dravving from the angle of the flanke O a line vnto the point W and the face V W of the length M N. Ye maye make likewise the flanks 3 4 V 6 but then the defenses of the Bulvvarks vvilbe of noe vse because they blinde the faces LM MN on the outside of these loose vvorks ye maye make a good moate vvith a couvert vvay and a parapet as the figure 111 demonstrateth These vvorks vvill cost much and ye must haue a great many men to guard them so that one ought to be vvell advised ere he vndertakes the makeing of them and to see if the meanes of the Lord of the place his forces and time will permitt it more ouer he ought to consider that the entrances in and commings out of the said loose peeces are dangerous and difficult and therefore hardly to be relieued How to make a fortresse where two great riuers are not aboue 15 or 18 rod assunder one from an other or thereabouts The 26. Plate 113. Figure THat you maye the better vnderstand my intention and meaning I haue thought good to make vse of the Plate of S. Andrews Fort made by the Admirant of Arragon that yeare as he withdrew his army from the siege of Bommel which is a Fort situated in Bommelsvvard betweene these two great rivers called the Mase and the VVhale haueing noe great distance betweene A C then
some 80 rod being the narrovvst place of the whole Iland and consequently stronge by nature and situation having but two avenues or passages to come to it to wit one vpon the left side from Rossems field and the other on the right side from Hervverden situated at the vtmost end of Bommelsvvard opposite against the Vorne or Nassaus Fort which is a fortresse with fiue Bulwarks and well made Now to ordaine the said place ye must first resolue if ye intend to make a Covert-Way vvith a parapet round about the place and with all suppose that the circuit interiour though litle enough is able to lodge in it as many men as ye meane to leaue there in garnison according to which ye shall first make the angles of the Tenailles A B C and according to the course of the sides of both the rivers ye shall make the tvvo angles of the Tenailles A I H C R D and finally the other two D E F F G H c. which angles because the sides of the rivers runs somewhat slanting towards one of the sides they cannot be equall which causeth the inequality of the sides of the Tenailles and consequently of this fortresse Pentagonall then ye shall make of the distance of some 6 or 7 rod paralell lines to the lines A B C R D which vvill forme the bredth of the parapet for the covert way then on the inside ye shall make a paralell of some 18 foote for the bredth of the covert way the bredth of the moate about some 7 rod which lines of the moate towards the interiour side make the angles M N O P Q which shal be the angles of the Bulwarks the faces flanks and curtaines whereof often ye shall finde rules giuen in our former rules of the 10 Plate and so ye shall haue the thing required The Heads K and L are made to breake the course of the water which otherwise would spoile the fortification and especially the angles D H of the parapet of the covert vvay vvhich having a good moate of some 12 rod as this Plate sheweth it wil make a great resistance Note THat this figure for want of takeing heede is turnd the wrong way so that the angle F ought to be with all that which lies on that side on the left hand and the angles A B C with all that is on the left hand towards the right hand the cause is because they cutt the Plate as the Figure was marked How a Generall shall come to besiege a Towne WE haue for a time bene minded to describe the order which an Army ought to keepe in marching towards the place which one intends to besiege where it is necessarie to treate of militarie motions of the order of the march vvhich every souldier ought to obserue in particular as also of the Companies Regiments and of the vvhole Army but seing I haue noe leisure to doe it at this present I will reserue that for the next Edition to make this and other things in some places more compleate And now vvee vvill beginn to treate of quarters and lodgings of euery companie then of euery regiment and finally of the whole army as also of their entrenchments and the things vvhich depends thereon that we maye afterward come to the approches sapps mines galleries and interiour cuttings off as followeth The 27 28 Plates and 114 115. Figures WHen as an Armie is come within 3 or 4 miles of the place where it shall quarter The Quartermaster Generall goes out before with some 50 80 or 100 horse that he maye the better view the ground place where the army shall encampe before they come thither which ought if it be possible to be neere vnto some river side nor farre from a good wood and where there is good store of forrage asvvell for horse as stravv wood for hutting and makeing of paillasses The said Quartermaster Generall then having viewed all the grounds chosen the best shall drawe a draught of it and show it to the Generall of the Army which being done and resolued he shall then goe in all diligence with all the other particular Quartermasters of the Regiments to giue them their ground and quarter which shal be 300 foote deepe and the bredth according to the number of the Companies and the greatnesse of the Regiments After this the particular Quartermasters shall line draw out their quarters to distribute them according to the number and qualities of the companies giuing to euery companie which is about 110 or 120 two rowes of Hutts to these which are 150 3 rowes to 200 foure rowes and all running downe in right lines from the front so that the said rowes are all paralels one to another each row being 200 foote deepe and 8 broad The Sutlars Hutts must be 20 foote deepe and 60 foote is allowed for the Captaines Hutt and enbowring and the streete betweene the Hutts and the said lodging are 100 foote which with the 200 foote for the souldiers Hutts makes in all 300 foote which is the depth that a regiment must haue either for Horse or foote other quarters and the rowes betweene them which make the streets back streets shall be likewise must be 8 foote which rowes in their depth shal be divided into 25 parts so that euery of them make 8 foote for the depth of the said Hutts and the bredth being likewise 8 foote each hutt will containe 64 foote square for euery two souldiers that they maye the better lye together and help each other as well in makeing vp their Hutts as before and afterward And for the better accommodation of the Army the Quartermaster Generall ought to take care that the Quarter as is said be neere vnto some river wood and fourrage and to labour that the said Quarter be provided with all things necessarie and quartred as neere the Towne besieged as possibly maye bee to the end the trenches and approches maye be relieued as soone as maye be in case of necessity And seing oftentimes there happenssome mischiefe amonge the Hutts which joyne closse together when as fire takes them so that one row a whole streete yea sometimes the vvhole Quarter is burnt before any order can be taken they shall build them I â— or 3 foote assunder one from another to the end one maye pull them downe quickly without endangering the other and so by this meanes maye be kept from fyring From the front of the Hutts ye shall Kitspit 10 foote where ye shall seâ—t vp your crutches for your piks and armes and beyond them some 16 or 10 foote further is the distance betweene the Captaines lodging and the armes being 28 30 or 32 foote deepe and 24 or 28 broad in the front But when the streets betweene the Hutts and the Captaines lodging are but 20 foote then the said lodging is to be 40 foote deepe Beyond the Captaines Hutts there is a place
of 200 or 250 foote or thereabouts called the Alarm place to drawe in armes at the end whereof the line of entrenchment for the Campe runneth to wit haueing a ditch some 6 7 or 8 foote broade 5 or 6 foote deepe and the parapet of the same bredth and height to wit the basis of 8 foote and 4 or 5 foote high but when it is 6 foote high then ye must make a foote banke which must be a foote high and 2 or 3 foote broad that ye maye the better discouver the fields about ye Behinde the Regiment are the sutlars Hutts or tents leaving a street betweene them and the souldiers Hutts of 20 foote and the bredth of their hutts are likewise 20 foote Betweene the sutlars and the other Regiments there is a streete or a separation made betweene regiment and regiment about 40 50 yea 100 foote as the ground will afford it and the greatnesse of the said Regiments And the better to accommodate euery Regiment the Quartermaster Generall ought to know the greatnesse and the number of the companies of them And so as is said ye haue the depth of a regiment which is 300 foote in which are contained the Captaines and the sutlars lodgings with their streets and the distances betweene them and the souldiers The Colonell is lodged in the midst of his regiment leaving a streete of 80 foote as the Figures 114 115 demonstrate to lodge therein his traine and the officers of his Regiment as the Quartermaster the Marshall Chirurgian others In the midst of the quarter the Generall of the Armie is lodged some 600 foote or more from the entrenchment according to the greatnesse of the Campe and the accommodation of the place having a front of some 700 foote more or lesse as his traine is either great or small being 300 foote deepe as all the other quarters are having in the midst where they sett his pavillions an overture of 400 foote broad for to discouver by sight the place where they drawe vp in armes Behinde him the master of the ordinance is quartered having his quarter 300 foote deepe and 700 foote in front more or lesse according as his traine is great For in case that the carrages and victualls must be lodged within the compasse of the Campe it is very necessarie the said place be larger that it maye containe them all and as then ye maye separate the traine of victuals from the traine of the ordinance Upon the right hand are lodged sometimes the other Officers belonging to the armie leaving betweene them and the rest a streete of some 40 50 or 60 foote that they maye freely passe through it with the ammunition of warre to the place where they are to be vsed and then round about it are the foote lodged according to the former order being as is said 300 foote deepe with the Captaines tents and the sutlars hutts and the bredth of the front according to the greatnesse of the regiment euery companie of 100 men takeing vp 32 foote with the streets which are betweene the hutts and before them is the place of Armes 200 or 250 foote to draw vp by companies into their divisions and battallions to wit euery companie directly before his Captaines lodging their to draw vp in parado to receiue the commaunds of the Generall of the Army In the front of the hutts the Lieutenants and Ensignes are lodged and the Sergants Gentlemen of the armes in the reere next the 〈◊〉 they maye presently prevent any disorders which might fall out And for the more easie vnderstanding of what is said aboue in the 27 Plate 114 Figure wee haue here represented the quarter of an English Regiment consisting of 20 Companies as they were quartered as I remember before Gulick whereof the Plate K L M N O P is the Colonels lodging Q R S T his Kitchin Stable H I the Captaines lodgings 24 foote broad and 30 or 32 foote deepe G the crutches or the forks against which the Pikes and Muskets stand CA the souldiers Hutts whereof euery file containeth 25 and 8 foote in depth and bredth the goings out are betweene the two files but the foure vtmost hutts of euery companie haue their goings out towards the streets CH AE which is the Sutlars streete E F are the Sutlars Hutts which are made either large or straight as euery ones occasion shall require leaving a litle space betvveene them for their more freedome and for the danger of fyring The scale which is herevnto annexed will shew you the true measures The 28 Plate and 115. Figure THe 28 Plate is the draught of a Colonels lodging in a larger forme that one may the better vnderstant the order which is here to be obserued 9 is his tent his gallerie to goe into his tent 5 6 is his sleeping tent where it maye be so ordered which would not be amisse that there be a gallery from 5 to 6 to goe in and out prively from one tent to an other 7 is a hutt for the Colonels servants 11 his Kitchin 10 12 are also Hutts 13 in his Stable 14 and 15 are the officers Hutts of the Regiment and all other officers which are not ranged vnder any Companie are lodged in this streete behinde the Colonell 2 3 are the Captaines tents 16 17 the places where they draw vp in armes 4 4 4 4. are the souldiers Hutts the side KL from the colonels lodging is a right line with the Captaines lodgings not to hinder the sight of the front of the Hutts But as for mee I thinke it were more convenient that the front of the Captaines lodgings were made in a right line euen with the front of the Colonell to wit that 2 3 and M N maye be in a right line whereby the alarme place should be of an equall bredth The 29. Plate 121. Figure IF necessitie requires to quarter the Horse vvith the foote within the circuit of one line which is vsually done when one feares an Ennemie to fall on vpon many sides and that there is noe other accommodation for the horse without the campe otherwise it were much better to lodge the Horse out of the foote quarter for the avoyding of many inconveniences which the foote might receiue by them and which the Horsemen might receiue from the foote leaving betweene the Sutlars Hutts of the foote and them a streete of 40 50 yea sometimes of 100 foote according as the place will afford it having their front towards the place of armes euery regiment quartred together being commonly 8 troupes in a regiment allowing to euery hutt 10 foote in length betweene them and their Horse there is a space or a streete giuen them of 5 or 6 foote broad to lay in their fourrage then betweene the same 5 foote the great streetes which are ordinarily 20 foote is made a space of 10 foote for their horse allowing to euery
platformes according to the greatnesse and number of your peeces for a Demy-Canon being shorter then a whole of necessity the platforme of the one must be longer and deeper then the other and seing a Canon being mounted vpon its Carriage is some 16 or 18 foote longe it is evident that the batteries ought to be made for recoyling at the least 10 or 12 foote longer makeing together 28 or 30 foote 12 or 15 of the first foote tovvards the parapet must be vnderlayd with thick stronge oken plancks and the other with hurdles when ye haue not plancks enough vpon the said batteries ye make a parapet 12 16 or 20 foote thick or thereabouts with port-holes for your canon as the Figure 143 demontrateth Sometimes ye sett vp Gabions 6 foote high and 3 foote broad filled with Earth for your ordinance to play out of leaving a little space betvveene them to putt out the mouth of your Canon which space so soone as the Canon is discharged is presently stopped and blinded vvith a bundle of brush full of leaues that the ennemie maye not discouver the port-holes but when you make your batteries vpon the Counterscharfe or vpon the brinke of the moate then the port-holes assoone as your Cannon is shoâ—â— off are shutt with doores of thick oken planks musket proofe that the said port-holes maye not be seene Sometimes ye sett onely Gabions vpon the parapets of Batteries which containe 7 foote in Diameter and 10 in heigth yea oftentimes sett 3 rovves of them vpon he said parapet which make in all 21 foote thick as appeareth by the Figure 149 the 34 Plate There are vsually made three sorts of Gabions to wit the ordinary of 6 foote high 3 foote wide the middle sized 7 foote high and 5 wide and the double Gabions 10 foote high and seuen foote wide in the mouths as appeareth by the Figures 146. 147. 148. the platforme or bed is a foote higher behinde then before or by the parapet to the end the peeces maye not recoyle too farre as also that with the more ease they maye be drawne vp towards their port-holes and seing euery peece is broad at the Axeltree some 7 foote ye must allow 5 or 6 foote for a space betweene the Axeltrees of each peece one both sides so haueing 4 5 or 7. foote distance betweene them one maye the better come to the mouths of the peeces to lade them for it is necessary to haue roome enough vnto both sides to come to them readily that being discharged ye may draw them vp againe into their places If the sides lye open they must be blinded vvith a parapet of Earth or vvith Gabions at the furthest ende of the batterie ye must make a cellar or a place for your powder bullets match and other necessaries for the Conductour which shall giue out the pouder the bullets with a gentleman of the ordinance who shall giue order to the Canoniers when and how often they shall shoote and without whose knowledge and Commaund they shall doe nothing the amunition which is there must be covered with horse skinns and haire cloth to prevent the danger of fyring and to that end this hole is made in the Earth The circuit of the batterie is oftentimes trenched about as the others in the approches are but otherwise vvhen an ennemie is not to be feared onely is compassed about with match bound vp with stakes that noe man vnwares or without leaue maye come within the compasse thereof The entrance into the said batterie is made slooping that one maye the better come vp and goe downe and chiefly that ye maye with the more ease draw vp the Canon into them The Batteries must not be farre from the trenches but that vpon all occasions they maye be seconded According to which directions ye shall easely make all sorts of batteries as for exemple The Generall would haue you to make a batterie for foure peeces of Canon ye must take for euerie peece at least 12 foote in length so that for the foure peeces ye must haue 48 foote and then for the two vtmost peeces each 5 foote makes 10 foote which with the 48 make in all 58 foote vvhich shal be the bredth of the said batterie for 4 peeces excepting the Parapets Taluds vvhich oftentimes haue as much Talud as heith and sometimes the halfe and for the depth ye must take 28 or 30 foote or thereabouts besides the Parapets and Taluds the first 12 or 15 foote are layd with Oaken plancks and the other vvith hurdles for whole Canon as we haue said vvhich carrye a bullet of 48 pound weight but some two foote lesse for the halfe Canon and for other peeces accordingly The said plancks must be layd both at length and sidelings and the hurdles along the peeces as appeareth by the Figure 143 in which H is the ditch G the edge F the Talud E the parapet B the bedding of the plancks C the Talud The Figure 142 is the profile of the said batterie 8. 12 is the cellar where the powder stands which ought to be somewhat neerer the batterie then is marked here and was made in the same time as the battery was and the Earth which is cast vp out of it is vsed to raize the said batterie when ye haue not earth enough to make vp the batterie with all then ye must digg round about it as we haue said in this exemple 143. But for a batterie which is made vpon the brinke of a moate it is not commonly so high nor taketh vp such a great space as this present batterie doth because the ground will not afford it and that they cannot soo well cover such places so that one is constrained to entrench them more narrowly vvithin the place to be the more secure vnder convert from the short of the besieged which forbeares not to offend yee aswell by hand granadoes as otherwise How to pierce through a Counterscharfe and to make a Gallerie over a moate The 34 Plate and 150. 151. 152. 153 Figures WHen you are come with your sapp to the parapet of the covert way then you must make batteries to beate dovvne the flancks and the other places of defense of the Fortresse or towne and vvithall ye beginn then to pierce into their counterscharfe and for the better effectuating thereof if it be high ye must make an entrance into it through a mine so that your discent into the moate maye be made leuell with the Superficies of the water of the moate which discent must goe downe slanting as F L the Figure 150 G H I K is the furthest end of the mine or the discent into the moate F G the height of the mine being 6 foote or aboue and some 5 foote broade or some what more that the Earth vvhich is taken out of it maye the more commodiously be carryed away and that the more men maye march in front in it Before ye
gett in the ground at the entrance ye must vnderprop it with posts as the former F G H shewes vntill such time as ye are gott so deepe that ye are vnder the Earth and then for keeping the earth from falling downe ye must driue in posts on both sides and laye oaken plancks which are not very broade crosse vpon them continuing so as you advance your mine in keeping the Earth from tumbling downe these posts and plancks must stand and joyne closse one to another as ye see represented by the Figures 150 153 Plate 34. In which F G H is the entrance into the mine to descend into the moate The 3 first posts because ye are not yet entred much into the ground are made in that manner as the Figure 152 demonstrates the rest are sett in that forme as the Figure 150 showes in such sort that I K is the entrance into the Counterscharfe If the ground lye lowe and that ye cannot gett into the counterscharfe after the manner abouesaid then ye must continue your sapp to the brinke of the moate and that ye maye keepe it from fyring ye must cover it ouer with fyrre plancks and cast earth vpon it that your men maye worke with the more safety and that ye maye hinder the besieged from casting in of granadoes and other fire works ye must place muskettiers round about the approches which if they perceiue the ennemie cast any fire workes from the rampart vpon it they maye giue fire presently vpon them Being gotten through the Counterscharfe and come to the edge of the moate ye presently cast abundance of fagots brush earth into it to fill it vp and one or two of your resolutest men leaps into the moate to lay them right vpon the face of the Bulwarke that as you fill vp the moate to come to the skirt of the Bulwarke so ye maye advance your gallery till you are over in setting your posts forward and laying plancks over it and casting Earth vpon the gallerie which must be 7 or 8 foote high and 6 7 or 8 foote broade for the larger it is so much the better and the more men maye march in Front in it the posts or supporters maye be sett some 5 or 6 foote distance one from an other vvhich maye be plancked on the in side and on the outside with oakeÌ„ planks and the posts being some 6 ynches thick the gapps or spaces betweene then are filled with Earth to resist the force or violence of canon and aboue the gallâ—rie as is said ye cast vpon it a foote or halfe a foote of earth thick and then spread it abroad with a fire-rake to keepe it from fyring which fire-rake is described in the 31 Plate by the Figure A. The 151 Figure WHen you haue putt over your gallerie as we haue said then you must beginn to mine as the place and as the Assaillants shall finde it best either vpon your right or left hand high or low if the water hinder you not mining workeing in this manner following The Earth which you digg out of the mine must be carryed away in wheelebarrows through the gallerie whither you will If you please you maye cast it into the water towards the angle of the Bulwarke and so fill vp the moate with it if it be not incommodious for you to carry it through the gallerie But on the other side ye must marke well the turnings of your mine which maye occasion the Besieged to counter-mine and so to hinder the dessigne of the Besiegers For if they haue once discouvered or mett with the mine of the Assailants they must be forced to stopp it vp to abandon it and so beginn another The Countermines which are made in ramparts or Bulvvarks vvhen a fortresse is new made being some 5 or 6 foote high and 3 or 4 foote broad are of singular vse which doe encircle the place and from them ye maye heare the least noise that is made on the outside and which way one workes and by that meanes maye hinder them the better from myning These mines are commonly made in the forme of a paralellograme or a long square to wit the chamber in which the pouder is layd must be 4 or 5 foote high and 3 or 4 foote broad and in length answerable to the ponderosity or weight of the rampart and according to the breach which ye intend to make If ye vvould blowe vp the rampart on the inside you must peerce into it some 6 or 8 foote and then ye must make your chamber but onely 4 foote high some 3 or 4 foote broad and some 6 foote longe according to the number of the barrells of pouder which you meane to laye in it and the greatnesse of the wall vvhich you intend to blovv vp The reason why the chamber is made here but onely 4 foote high is to the end that the exhalation finding the least resistance towards the inside forces it with the more violence and makes therein a greater shaking and breach to the terrour and hurt of the besieged when ye would blow vp the vpper part of the rampart theÌ„ you make your mine some what ascending vpwards if the moate be very deepe that your dessigne be not frustrate by reason of the water for your better assurance ye must make your chamber some 5 6 or 7 foote high to the intent that the exhalation maye breake vpwards according to the intention of the Master-miner But the entrance into the said chamber as we haue said aboue must be onely 4 foote high and 3 broad to the end one maye the better stopp it and hinder the exhalatioÌ„ from breaking out backward towards the gallerie which one ought deligently to prevent in shunning those inconveniences and mischiefs which oftentimes by such casualities haue hapned heretofore Then having chambred your pouder and noted well that those within haue not discouvered it you must stopp and shutt vp your mine exceeding firme that it maye take the better effect To doe this the best way wil be to stopp it at E with two hughe plancks just at the said entrance at E with great sparts of timber and driving them into the Earth as firmely as possibly may be The chamber F G H I is 4 foote broad and F G F I is sixe foote in length Oftentimes the bredth is but 3 foote that one maye be the better assured of the resistance of the posts and plancks In one of the plancks which stoppeth vp the entrance E into the mine ye make a hole in it to putt your traine through which runns from E to B that through it ye maye giue fire to the pouder in the said chamber After these plancks ye damme vp your mine with good Earth from E to B the turnings C D E are made to delude the besieged that they maye not finde out your mine by counter myning but most often it runns right forward or somewhat winding The length
of the chamber F I which is here but sixe foote is made as longe as necessity requireth but the bredth F G is ordinarily noe more then 3 or 4 foote at the most and to weaken the more the place which you intend to blow vp me thinkes it would be good before ye spring your mine to digg some Holes in some corners that the exhalation may haue the better vent and easie bursting out Some are of the opinion that a barrell of pouder will blowe vp 12 foote of Earth according to which ye may make the said chamber and lay in as many barrils of pouder as you please to the end you maye make your breach the larger more spatious But seing this is yet vnresolved I will leaue the judgment thereof to those which haue more experience therein then my selfe How one must be prepared against a Siege The 35 Plate and 154 155. Figures HAving succinctly spoken of Approches Sapps the descent into a moate galleries and mines me thinks it will not be amisse now to treate of the preparations which must be made against a seige If then one should be suddenly surprized so that there is noe time to make any outworks halfe moones Horne works or other peeces of fortifications as well loose as joyning to the wall or place one ought in my opinion besides the care that ought to be takē for materials amunition and victualls whereof I doe not intend here to speake one is to take speciall heede vpon what side of the towne or Fortresse the Ennemie will beginn and runne his approches towards what Bulwark he makes them on which side I would make some works to hinder an ennemie as we shall declare in the 38 Plate Figure 159. But if one be advertized of the Siege some time before or that ye imagine it wil be good to provide such necessaries and to fortifie those places with a more capable defēse which we intēd to speake of hereafter according as ye shall finde the weaknesse of the place to require as time will permit you to doe it before ye be besieged as well without the towne as within to make good entrenchments to provide munition victualls and men sufficient to defend that place without the Towne you must make Horneworks invented of late yeares Halfmoones traverses and other works all tending to hinder the Besiegers from getting into your moate and to prolonge the siege with hopes of reliefe seing experience hath taught vs that when an Ennemy comes once to enter your moate and to putt over his gallerie that towne or place cannot long hould out if you haue not made stronge workes entrenchments and cuttings off without to giue an Ennemie his handfull and to make them gaine your work◠ynch by ynch which notwithstanding are not of so good a resistance as is your settled firme and solid rampart These workes ought to be drawne out according to the greatnesse of the place and the men which ye haue to man them For if ye haue many of those works they will require a great many men to defend them so that if ye haue not men enough to keepe them that labour and expence will be in vaine and so an Ennemie maye soone become master of them And seing in all observations exemples are of great efficacie I haue thought good and profitable to make you vnderstand my intention by representing vnto you the Plate of Gulich prepared against that siege whereof the Bulwarks of the towne are marked by the numbers 2 3 4 5 the Castle which is quadrangular by the Ciphers 6 7 8 9. And seing the towne stands vpon a low ground and the Castle vpon the side 6 9 8 vpon a higher ground in all likelyhood the approches was to be begun on this side as the Besiegers did in the yeare 1611 for which reason and to hinder the Approches on that side they made the angles 9. 8. and betweene them the Horneworks c d f the Ravelins c g h b being not further assunder one from an other but that from the curtaine one might defend the vtmost hornes c d f. But seing c and f are very narrow to wit onely some 24 rod and shoote out farre from the bodie of the Fortresse in my opinion they ought rather and it had beene much better to haue made the angles in the forme of the Raveline c f and so haue quitted the said horne-works because as we haue said they were too straight and narrow and to haue made them at g or vpon the curtaine 6 9 the Horneworks 1 and also whither the Raveline b could not haue defended the Raveline c in the place of the angle of the Bulwark 8 and to haue made the hornworke q. vpon the curtaine ◠8 and so might haue saved the Raveline a. And betweene the two Bulwarks of the towne 4 5 the Raveline r o betweene 3 4 and so haue saved the entrenchment n which runs out farre frō the angle 3 and is of noe great defense The Raveline k is made betweene the Bulwarks 2 3 to take away the entrenchment m made in a Tenaille but the sides being of a very small distance for this consideratiō of litle vse yea many times hurtfull as experience hath showne oftentimes The reason why I make of the angles 8 and 9 the Ravelins c and f in stead of the Horneworks is that the Horneworkes d i might be the better defended which wil be reciprocaly defended from the said Horneworks and will not be so farre distant from the body of the said fortresse Those which are of an other opinion maye follow their owne intention and experience against whome I will not contend acknowledging that experience strikes a great stroake in all occurrence saving that I am onely permitted to giue advise therevpon The said Horne works are made in bredth and height as necessity requires and as they maye resist the forces of an Ennemie and according to the time they haue to make them For the first one makes a Rampart or a parapet some 12 16 or 20 foote broade 6 foote high and a ditch of the same bredth of 12 16 or 20 foote and some 6 foote deepe If one cares not for the expence and hath time ye maye add to the former bredth 6 8 10 or 12 foote more in enlarging also to so much the bredth of the ditch and then the Rampart is made some 3. 4. 5. or 6 foote high and vpon it also ye shall make a parapett of 6 foote high with a foot-banck some 3 foote broad and a foote high the ditch is enlarged and deepned according to the greatnesse of the Rampart and as wee haue taught in the Plates of our regular fortification before and the higher the Ramparts be the entrenchments are the better covered one maye make them the further from the place to wit within a musket shott so that there wil be a better meanes for entrenching and
cuttings off and to forsâ—ow and hinder an Ennemy from advancing his approches The 38 Plate 159 Figure IF one hath not time to make these workes abouesaid as when an Ennemy is neerer at hand then one did expect After ye haue observed well the place towards which the Assaillant makes his account to beginn his approches as towards these two Bulwarks one might make litle ditches without them as A B C D which are in the extention of the Capitals beginning in the Angles A C of the length of 600 foote or thereabouts to wit that the vtmost end B D be not out of muskett shott of the bredth of some 6 foote at the most and 5 foote deepe without the parapet the Earth being playned from the one part to the other to the end that you maye not hinder the sight of the muskettiers which you shall lodg in them and in stead thereof vpon the edg of these shal be sett small muskett basketts filled with Earth easie to be removed from one place to an other It wil be good for ones better security to hold there a Corps de garde that if the ennemie seeke to beate them from thence they maye be the more able to discharge their duties whereby in my opinion the approches of the Besiegers maye be much hindred being so puzled they wil be constrayned euery time to alter thier dessignes and so to beginn their approches againe a good way further off and more crookedly as towards B D to which being come they can gett noe advantage seing they are enfiled with the angles of the Bulwarks If they had time to make chests in them or to make them in such a sort that the Besiegers could not driue them out of them it would be much better Of Cuttings off aswell generall as particular The 36 Plate 156 Figure IF an Ennemie be gott into the skirt of the Bulwarke g h and that one hath not time to cutt it off royally yet you are resolued to make him gayne the place foote by foote you must make the cuttings off f l m whereof n o p is the ditch makeing the angle of the Tenaille l as much pointed as possible maye be that the lines f l and l m maye be the better seene from one an other carrying the outward edg of the ditch n o p as neere the skirt g h as possibly maye be that ye maye haue the ditch as large as maye be to hinder the takeing away of the tenaille l. If the whole face be not ruined but onely the angle of the Bulwarke r one shall make the angle t from the Tenaille s t u which in regard of the smallnesse of it wil be better then the former so that on the inside of the cutting off x y z one maye haue space there to make the ditch as great and as deepe as maye bee the entrance ought to be in the angle of the tenaille t. But seing that fortification is better which hath two flancked and flanking angles ye must make the entrances in and out also double to haue the same the more easie and if time occasion would permit they may make in the angle t two issues which in my opinion might be made vpon the two sides s t and t u as neere the angle t as one can and ye must note by the waye that the Bulwarke against our intention is made massie and not hollow The 38 Plate 159 Figure IF the two faces be wholly spoyld as the Figure 159. demonstrateth then I should thinke it good to make the angles a b c contayning the angle of the tenaille b as litle as maye bee to gaine the better place of defense in makeing the ditch as large and as deepe as is possible as it is here marked out by the lines d g e. When the Bulwark hath a Catt noted B and that its angle h is ruined then one might so order the cuttings off l m n o the ditch p. q. r. s t that the besiegers should be compelled to vndermine the Catt and to passe the ditch which the lines p q r s t represents vpon the edge exteriour But if the whole Bulwarke be ruined you shall drawe from the midst of the curtaine of the Bulwarke ruined a privie line marked by the letters h I vpon the inside whereof ye shall make the two skirts of the bulwarks according to our generall method giuen in our regular fortifications and the other cuttings off h k l m n i shall haue the other Bulwark B being also ruined one maye draw the privie line s h make within it two other skirts as h o p q r s and so o h k p l wil be a perfect bulwark having flancks gorges faces and curtaines of the same proportion as the two Bulwarks had which were ruined and by this meanes euerie place aswell regular as irregular maye be cutt off Many other sorts of cuttings off might be described according to the situation of the place and the manner of attempting by the industrie of the lngenier which hath the ordering of such cuttings off But seing the like inventions were abundantly practized in the Towne of Ostend the Lovers thereof maye peruse the 25 Plate of this bocke and see what cuttings off was vsed there the ennemy having possessed halfe the towne before he gayned the whole How one ought to carrie him selfe vpon an Assault The 36 38 Plates 156 159 Figures IF the ennemie prepares to giue you an assault and that his breach be great enough those within must labour by all meanes and seeke to stopp it to defend them selues in the best manner they are able and aboue all if it be possible to driue in some strong piles vpon the top of the breach which we before haue called palisadoes for an assault described in the 33 Plate and Figure 140 each palissadoe having 2 yron pinnes some 10 ynches longe driven through them as we haue said that by this meanes one may keepe them from comming vp and entring the rampart or breach Now seing the breach ought to be defended by able men furnished with armes fitting to such an end ye must make choise of your best ablest and most couragious men which must stand vnder the breach to second those which helps to defend it and shall fall on when they see their fellow-souldiers repulsed back On the inside of the cutting off you shall place some other troupes of a stronger body then the former to the end that if those men which defends the breach should be forced to retreate into the ditch that the others at that very instant maye show themselues vpon the top of the rampart of the new cutting off and if there be any meanes to plant a peece of ordinance or two vpon it which maye be blinded till the Besiegers falls on it will greatly offend them The entrances and sallies to the said breach ought in my opinion