Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	flower_n	leaf_n	stalk_n	2,678	5	11.7558	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A35310	The antient and present state of Muscovy containing a geographical, historical, and political account of all those nations and territories under the jurisdiction of the present czar : with sculptures and a new map / by J.C., M.D., Fellow of the Royal Society, and a member of the College of Physicians, London.	Crull, J. (Jodocus), d. 1713?	1698 (1698)	Wing C7424; Wing C7425; ESTC R2742	334,877	511

ready to be cut towards towards the latter end of November or the beginning of December They Sow it but once in three Years but the first year produces the best when the leaves are cut off within a foot of the ground The Stalks are thrown away as useless and the leaves laid a drying in the Sun which done they are put a put a soaking for four or five days in a Stone Trough the Water with the leaves is often stirred till such time that the Water has sufficiently extracted the whole tincture of the Herb. Then the Water is smoothly drawn off into another Stone Trough in order to let it settle for one night The next day all the Water is again drawn off to the settlement and what is thus left in the bottom of the Troughs is strained through a course Cloth and so set a drying in the Sun And this is true Indigo which however the Banyans frequently adulterate by mixing with it a certain Earth of the same Colour And because the excellency of this Commodity is judged by its lightness they have cunning enough to add to it some oyl to make it swim upon the Water The second year the Stalk which was left in the ground the year before shoots forth other leaves but they are not comparable to those of the first tho' they much exceed the Wild Indigo Wherefore they reserve the greatest part of the second Years product for Seed That of the third Year is as much infersour in goodness to that of the second as that is in comparison of that of the first and being therefore in no esteem among forreign Merchants is onmade use of in the Country in dying of their Cloaths After it hath been in the ground three Years they let the Land lye fallow for one Year before they set it again The Banyans in General are the most crafty Traders in the World which makes the Muscovites as do also the English and Dutch in India employ those residing at Astrachan and in other parts of the Empire employ them for their Factors and Hawkers as being the most likely to discover the cheats of their brethren in India Both the Banyans and Armenians residing at Astrachan are very industrious in keeping a constant correspondence with the Indians and Persians in their respective Countries but especially in all the Seaports of the Caspian Sea which by reason of the vast number of Rivers that exonerate themselves into it rendereth the Commerce with Persia and consequently with the Infidels very commodious to the Muscovites Among others the great City Gangea one of the fairest and best in Persia by reason of its advantageous Situation for trade upon the confluence of several Rivers and the great Croud of strangers that resort thither on the account of Traffick is frequently visited by the Muscovian Factors the Banyans and Armenians But Shamachie is the place The City of Shamachi which chiefly furnishes the Muscovites by reason of its nearness to the Caspian Sea with such Indian and Persian Commodities as they stand in need of This City was indeed formerly much bigger than it was now the greatest part of it having been about twenty Years ago ruin'd by an Eathquake yet notwithstanding this misfortune it is still very considerable there being not in all the Persian Empire a City where there is so general a resort of strangers of all Nations to wit of Armenians Banyans Georgians Greeks Turks Circasians and Muscovites the latter of which have their particular Caravansera or publick Storehouse where they truck their Tin Russia Leather Copper Furrs and other Merchandises for the precious Commodities of India and Persia and which afterwards are conveyed into to Russia either by Land by the Way of Derbent through the Dagesthan and Circasian Tartars over the great Desarts of Astrachan to the river Wolga or else are Ship't in the Road of Nizora the most safe and most convenient for Shipping in all the Caspian Sea and from thence are carried up the Wolga to the River Oc●a and so by the Inopea to the Capital City of the Empire The project which by the Command of the present Czar of Muscovy has been set on foot of 〈◊〉 a Communication betwixt the great Rivers the Wolga and the Don would when perfected be of incredible advantage to the Muscovites in trans●●●ing not only their own but all the Sarick Indian Persian and Chinese Commodities into the other parts of Europe especially if his present Czarish Majesty should be so Successful against the Crim Tartars as to make himself Master of the Taurica Chersonesus and consequently of the City and Port of Caffa formerly so famous when in the hands of the Gene●ses and the Port of Erzotra Situate on the black Sea I have hitherto withal the enquiry I could make not been able to be fully instructed in what place it is that this Communication betwixt these two Rivers is to be perfected But thus much is most probale that it must either be effected by cutting a Canal on this side of the first Branch of the River Wolga Communication betwixt the Rivers Don and Wolga near the City of Zariza where the Don advances within Seven Leagues of the Wolga for else by rendring the small River of Kamous Navigable which rising out of the Don falls below the said City of Zaria behind the Islle of Zerpinsk into the River Wolga As to what relates to the Chinese Trade in Muscovy The Chinese Trade how the way thither was first discovered and improved by the Sable Hunters of Siberia and how by the Rivers of Obi Genessay Lena and Yomour and by the conveniency of their sleds drawn by Rain-Deer during the Winter Season they carry on that Trade has been circumstantially related in the first part in that Chapter where we treated of Siberia We have therefore only thus much to add here that as by the help of the Banyans and Armenians 〈◊〉 Muscovites maintain a constant correspondence with the Indians and Persians so with the assistance of those they call Kitachi they keep up their Communication with China These Kitachi go commonly under the Name of Chineses in Muscovy by reason that the Muscovites call all the Inhabitants betwixt the River Oby the Wolga and China which 〈◊〉 properly the Great Tartary by the Name of Ka●●● But in regard the Muscovites as we mentioned in the first Volumns have made such considerable discoveries on that side of late Years as to have built several Cities for the security of their Colonies on that Side they have also by degrees drawn abundance of these wandering People to these 〈◊〉 where after once they became fix'd and began to have a true Sense of the Benefits and Advantage of a Settled Life they have settled themselves in the other parts of Muscovy and prove very beneficial to the Russians to carry on the Chinese Trade by their Correspondence with the several Tartarian Nations Inhabiting that spacious Country betwixt Siberia and

Restoratives at which the Indian Women are the most expert in the whole World as they are very skilful to send their Husbands upon certain occasions to the enjoyments of the other World But to return to the more serious part of their Religion they hold the immortallity of the Soul but believe withal that at its departure out of the first Body it transmigrates into that of some other Creature Thus they affirm that by example the Soul of a good natur'd and meek Person is translated into the Body of a Pidgeon or Chicken that of a Cruel and Rapacious Fellow into a Crocodile a Lyon or a Tyger that of a Cunning and Crafty Man into that of a Fox That of a Glutton into the body of Swine that of a Treacherous and Malicious Person into a Serpent before they are admitted to the enjoyment of Spiritual Beatitude For which reason it is the Banyans abstain as we mentioned before from killing any living Creatures even to the Insects be they never so troublesome or dangerous Nay they Act with so much Circumspection in regard of all Living Creatures of what kind soever that they forbear keeping any fire and lighting of Candles in the Night time out of fear that the Flies or Moths should chance to burn themselves therein they scarce can be induced to make any Pits in the ground for fear of drowning the Slegs and other Insects If the Mahometans among them do sell any Birds they will be sure to redeem them if possibly they can and feed them well because say they we don't know how soon our selves may stand in need of the same kindness and they will Erect Hospitals for Beasts that are Hurt or Wounded They have a more then ordinary respect for Cows so that if they know of any one that is to be killed for the Market they will not only purchase and redeem it at a high rate from the slaughter but there is scarce a family but what breeds up one almost as tenderly as their own Children For they will comb and feed it and lodge it as cleanly and as carefully as if it were one of their best Friends or Relations They never eat but in private and before they touch the Victuals they throw some small quantity of it separately into the Fire the Water the Air and upon the Earth They have abundance of other pretended niceties too many to be inserted here but it ought not to be passed by in silence that tho' they acknowledge one Supream God they nevertheless worship the Devil alledging for a reason that God having created him to govern the World They worship the Devil and to do hurt to Mankind he ought to be appeased by Prayers and Sacrifices From whence it is that his Statues of Gold Silver Ivory Ebony Marble Wood or Stone are every where to be seen in their Mosques the figure of which appears most dreadful to the eyes of the Beholders For his Head out of which come forth four Horns is adorn'd with a triple Crown in the shape of a Taira His Face resembles that of a large Boar with two great Teeth coming out of his Mouth and a great ugly Beard on his Chin. He bends his Breast to his Belly where the Hands hang down negligently Betwixt his Thighs there appears another Head with two Horns upon it as ugly as the first thrusting out of the Mouth a Tongue of extraordinary bigness Instead of Teeth it hath Saws and a Cows Tail behind This Figure stands always upon a Stone Table this being the Altar where the offerings are to to be made They have no other light in their Mosque than what they are furnish'd withall by the Lamps which are kept burning perpetually near the Idol And after the Priest has finished his Devotious he purifies his Head by putting it into these Flames as the other Banyans purifie themselves before the Sacrifice by washing in a Trough which always stands on the right side of the Altar But it being beyond our present Scope to digress further into the cloudy and Superstitious Rites of these Banyans let us return to their traffick which seems to be more suitable to our present intention These Banyans therefore being the most in number throughout the Cities of Surat Blevitshia Gandeer Goga Cambaya Dium Pateppatene Mangalor Gondore Massary Gandivi Balsara and in the Metropolis of the Province Hamed Ewad or Amadabath they manage the whole Trade of India not only in Silks Cottons but also all sorts of Proveado's of Gold and Silver Sattins Velvets Taffata's Sattins for Linings and Carpets quilted Coverlets of Silk or Cotton Tents which are used instead of Coaches Cabinets of Lacque Chest boards of Tortoise Shell Seals Beads Chains Buttons and Rings of Ivory Amber Rock Christal or Agat The other Commodities which by the Banyans are transported into Mnscovy and Persia are Sugar candy'd or in powder Cummin Opium Ginger dry and preserv'd Myrobolans or Indian Plums Sal Armonias Musk Amber Greece Lacque Saltpeter Indico Borax Assafaetida and Diamonds besides several sorts of other precious Stones The Lacque is a Gumm taken out of a certain Tree Lacque how made not much unlike a Plum Tree there is abundance of it all over the Province of Guzurette its native colour is Red Brown But the Indianst beat i● to powder and after they have given it what colour they please make it into Sticks for to Seal Letters or beatfiie their Cabinets and other Household Stuff Saltpeter is made in those parts Saltpeter how made out of the blackest and Saltest ground in the following manner having made certain Trenches they fill them with this Nitrous Earth and let into them out of the Adjacent small Rivulets so much water as they think sufficient for its soaking which that it may be the more effectually done they tread it with their feet till it be well mix'd When they believe the Water to have drawn out all the Nitrous Substance which was in the Earth they take after it be well setled the clearest part of it which they dispose in another Trench where after some time it grows thick and then they boil it like Salt continually scumming it Lastly they put it into a great Earthen pots where the grossest dregs falling to the bottom they take of the Saline Substance which is set a drying in the Sun till it grows hard and is reduced into that form as we see it in Europe The best Indigo in the World comes from about Amadabath Indigo how prepared the Capital of the Province of Guzurat●e from a Village called Chirphees The Herb out of which that is made is not unlike that of Yellow Parsnip but shorter and of a more bitter taste It sprouts forth to branches like a Reed growing some Years when the season proves kind Six or Seven foot high with a flower like that that of a Thistle and the seed altogether like Fenugreek It is seldom sown till in June and is