Geometâ—ician shall vse for the setting downe in writing the lying buttings and contents of the said peece of ground which he hath measured He must also haue two men that is to say one his assistant to goe before him and to carrie the end of the chayne and to thrust downe into the earth the tenne or twelue shafts and the partie whose ground is measured or some one for him that can lay and point out vnto the Geometrician the bounds and limits of the said peece of ground whether it be arable wood medow or aniâ— other such like place How and in what manner the Measurer of these grounds is to accomplish and performe his worke THis Measurer of grounds being thus suted with all the foresaid instruments seruing for the measuring of ground and hauing likewise the directions and assistance of others as hath beene said to helpe him about his worke must diligenâ—ly enquire of the manner fashion and custome of measuring in that place and of what length his chayne must be how manie poles are contained in an arpent in that countrey and how manie foot are to goe to euerie pole seeing as wee haue said before almost euerie countrey hath his seuerall measure besides this hee being well instructed and taught in the boundings and limits of the peece of ground which hee would measure he must lay aside or else at the least trusse vp his cloake verie close and place himselfe at one of the ends of the plot of ground wood or medow hauing his shafts all of them vnder his girdle on the left side and his Squire hanging by a little crooke at his girdle on the right â—ide there pitch downe his Geometricall staffe making fit and fast his Squire vnto the end thereof and to assigne for his more ease the tenne shafts which hee had made fast vnto the left side at his girdle vnto that place whereas is fixed the little hindge afterward stouping with his head to take his sight and view by shutting the one eye ouerthwart and within the holes or lights of the said Squire the forme and first the length by one side of the Squire afterward the breadth by the other side of the said Squire without stirring or mouing of the Squire at all from out of his place from aboue the staffe of the peece of ground that hee would measure It is true that hee shall need neither staffe nor Squire if the peece of ground be square or of a small compasse because that without any such Squire he shall be able to discerne the forme of the ground and in such cases hee shall onely vse the helpe of his shafts which hee shall giue vnto his assistant and of the chayne the one end whereof he shall hold himselfe and giue the other vnto his assistant which shall goe before to sticke downe the shafâ—s at each end of the chayne both of them herein applying themselues to the same purpose alike The assistant shall goe before and first he shall hold in his left hand the tenne shafts altogether leauing the eleuenth with the Master-measurer to fasten downe in the place where he shall begin his measuring if so be that the measurer doe not chuse rather in stead thereof to vse his staffe the said assistant shall hold one of the ends of the chayne by the ring with the great finger of his right hand and that without aniâ— want of roome for his finger to goe in he shall fasten downe in the earth one of his shafts which his left hand shall haue reached him with his right hand at the end of the chayne as it is stretched forth at length the said Master-measurer shall fullow him and shall take vp the shaft which his assistant hath set downe into the earth then the assistant shall proceed and goe on alwaies carrying the chayne with him and fastening the end of the chayne which hee carrieth with one of his shafts thrust downe into the earth and this shaft the Master-measurer alwaies comming after shall take vp and both of them shall continue and hold on this course the one to put downe the shafts and the other to take them vp vntill such time as the chiefe measurer haue gathered to himselfe all the tenne or twelue shafts which will be so manie or so manie poles This done both of them shall goe vnto two other ends of the said peece of ground and shall doe in like manner as they did at the first where when as the measurer hath measured the length of one side he shall measure the one breadth leauing the length of the other side and the other breadth hauing found out by his Squire that the peece of ground is square if rather for his owne assurance and contentment of the owner he thinke it not meet to measure the two lengths by themselues and the two widenesses by themselues Whereupon it will come to passe that if the peece of ground or wood for an example contaâ—ne from the one end to the other on all sides tenne poles multiplying the one side by the other that is to say tenne by tenne they shall haue the totall summe of the poles of the Square which will be a hundred poles which is one aâ—pent and so hereupon the measurer shall conclude that the place doth containe an arpent Againe if in case that the place were of greater breadth and length than tenne poles square they shall hold on their measuring and passe from one end to the other accounting that which shall be more still reducing all that they measure into hundreds of poles and so into arpents See here the easie way for the measuring of Land Woods and other places of small compasse and square wherein there is no great need of anie Squire but and if the peâ—ce of Land Wood or other such place be of great compasse and contents and yet notwithstanding lying straight on euerie side as of fiue or sixe hundred arpents or more it will stand the measurer vpon to vse the helpe of his Squire wherefore hee shall pitch downe his Geometricall staffe at one of the ends of the said peece and shall set his Squire to the top of the end of his staffe and shall view the other end of the ground through the holes or lights of the said Squire if his sight and largenesse of the place will permit him which if it will not then onely so farre at that time as his sight may bee conâ—â—ied vnto which place directly whither the direct line of the squire doth looke hee shall send his assistant or some other man to pitch downe a diameter that is to say a stake or pole or some other certaine marke so farre off as that the said measurer may see it at that end of the peece where he is taking his sight or else many diameters in many places alwaies directly beholding the first diameter if in case the peece of ground should be of longer distance so as that one two or three
diameters alone would not be sufficient as those which the said measurer should not be able easily to see and discerne The diameters one or many being thus pight they will serue to helpe the measurer better and more easily to measure the peece being thereby as it were diuided into many equall portions If it be a peece of vnderwood that one would measure the measurer and two or three stoppers doe cut downe so much of the said vnderwood as may make a way of such widenes as that the measurer and his assistant may easily pasâ—e But if this be a wood of great timber trees and of a great compasse and reach the great trees shall sâ—rue for diameters Then the direct draught being taken and the diameters pight and the other end of the peece of ground attained the measurer shall giue his assistant tenne shafts and shall keepe still the eleuenth or in place thereof vse his Geometrical staffe as we haue said before and shall hold one of the ends of the chaine with the great finger of his right hand as his assistant shall hold the other end in his right hand and the ten shafts all together in the left to pitch downe one at the end of euerie chaines length as we haue said before In this figure you may perceiue how this measurer and his assistant doe performe the thing How to reduce all sorts of grounds into a square for the better measuring of it BVt as all grounds are not of one forme and fashion so is it not possible that one manner of measuring should serue to find out the quantitie of euerie peece and therefore to speake generally all places and grounds are either square or longer than they be broad and then they are called somewhat longer than broad but stretching right out or vnequall both in length and bredth and then they be called somewhat long and ending like a horne or in the forme of a vvedge that is to say alike long but of an vnequall bredth or of an equall triangle or of an vnequall triangle or round or halfe round or of the fashion of a bow or consisting of many corners or of many fashions mixt together or they are inclosed one within another for the 〈◊〉 measuring of all which places you must reduce them into a square vvhich is as Polyclâ—tus his rule for the vvell measuring of all grounds and places the measure of square is verie easie as vve haue said that is to say like number of poles on euerie side which consisteth of tenne poles to a French arpent which number being multiplied vvith it selfe which is ten by ten make the whole summe of poles whereof an arpent consisteth vvhich are a hundred poles and euerie pole consisting of eighteene foot If then the earth be found by the measuring of the Geometrician to be more long than broad and yet hauing each long side equall and each side of bredth likewise equall which is called Balongue droit for the bringing of this forme into a square you must remember or else hauing it set downe in writing tableâ— for the better remembrance what number of poles are in the length and how many likewise in the bredth and to multiplie the length by the bredth that is the poles of the lengâ—h by the poles of the bredth as for example if the measurer haue found in â—he â—quall length of a ground fiue and twenty poles and in the equal bredth of the same ground foure poles he shall multiplie fiue and twentie by foure and shall â—ay foure times fiue and twentie are a hundred this ground then by this multiplication is found to containe a hundred poles and so by consequent an arpent at a hundred poles to an arpent and eighteene foot to a pole and so in like manner as the length is more or lesse Likewise the bredth being lesse or greater that the number of the length and bredth be multiplied together whether it be lesse or amount to more than an arpent he shall make his accounts and reckoning to fall proportionably according to the greater or lesse number of poles as well of the length as of the bredth as for example if the measurer haue found in the length of a ground seuen and thirtie poles and a halfe and in bredth one pole he shall multiplie thirtie seuen poles and a halfe by one and shall say that this ground containeth thirtie seuen poles and a halfe which is a quarter and a halfe of an arpent at a hundred poles to an arpent and eighteene foot to euerie pole by the same meanes if the ground be seuenteene pole long and two pole and sixe foot broad in multiplying seuenteene pole by two pole and sixe foot he shal find a quarter and a halfe two pole three foot of an arpent after a hundred pole to an arpent and eighteene foot to a pole If the ground be found by measuring to be vnequall and vnlike as well in the length of the one side to the other as in the bredth of the one end to the other you must remember or for your better remembrance set downe in writing tables the vnequall numbers of the two sides as also those of the two ends and afterward to reduce the two vnequall lengths as also the bredths into an equalitie in the end multiplying the equall length by the bredth likewise made equall as for example if one of the broad ends of the said ground doe containe foure poles and the other two poles onely and the one of the sides of length containe sixteene poles and the other tenne poles to bring and reduce the thing into a square you must take of the two poles by vvhich one of the broad ends is broader than the other the halfe that is to say one pole and put it to the two poles of the other end and thus each end will contain his three poles a peece equally And of the sixe poles wherein the one of the sides doth exceed the other in length to take also the halfe which is three pole and to put them to the tenne so each of the sides vvill be thirteene pole a peecâ— then afterward to take the number of one bredth made equall vvith the other as vve haue said vvhich is three pole for to multiplie one length made equall likewise with the other as we haue said which is thirteene pole and to account that three times thirteene are thirtie nine so there will be thirtie nine pole which make a quarter and a halfe one pole and a halfe of an arpent according to a hundred pole to an arpent and eighteene foot to euerie pole so then you must follow this rule in euerie thing that is Balâ—ngue cornue that is fashioned after the manner of a horne that is that the side and end which are of greatest contents doe helpe and succour the other which are the lesser in yeelding of their owne so much vnto them as may make side equall with side and end
pound of water will be 〈◊〉 They must bee brayed sufficiently small put into the gourd and dealt with as seedes and hearbes are dealt withall The Oyle commeth forth first and afterward the water Spices and aromaticall things are distilled after the same manner that seedes are but in their distillation mingle not Wine or Aqua-vitae as some doe but onely pure fountaine water for Wine and Aqua-vitae rise vp presently without carrying wiâ—â— them the vertues of the aromaticall things whereas the water riseth noâ— vp without taking with it the aromaticall things The Oyle of Nutmegs swimmeth aloâ—t and so doth that of Mace For to distill Oyle of Cinnamome in excellent manner Bray a pound of Cinnamome in such sorâ— as that it may goe through a sieue but beat it not all to powder put it in a gourd and powre vpon it water of Buglosse Borage Endiue and Balme of euerie one halfe a pound let them stand together foure or fiue daies in the vessell well stopt then out of this gourd powre them into another gourd and set this gourd in an earthen pot with sand betwixt the pot and it and so set them both in the furnace first make a soft fire but after make it greater by little and little after that there is a measure distilled out after this manner take it away as the best for that which 〈◊〉 loweth is of a great deale lesse vertue than the first but yet may be kept to 〈◊〉 new Cinnamome in After the same fashion you shall distill Cloues Pepper Angelica Galanga c. See in our secret remedies CHAP. LXXXII Of the manner of extracting Oyles out of Wood. FOr as much as the oylie substance of wood is more â—enacious and clammie by reason of the slyminesse thereof therefore the extrâ—câ—ing of the â—ame is diuers from that of hearbes and seedes and is not 〈…〉 but 〈◊〉 greater cost and drawne and gathered with greater 〈…〉 and industrie than those of seeds and plants which we haue entreaâ—ed of before know well that some doe accustome to draw Oyles per desâ—â—nsumâ— as they vse 〈◊〉 call it in two vessels of earth set one vpon another and a plate of yron with a hole in it betwixt them both but such Oyle is nothing worth and tasteth for the most part of I cannot tell of what adustion but the best is to draw it per ascensum that so you may haue that which is excellent good faire and penetratiue the manner is such Make your furnace of matter and forme as aboue sauing that in the vppermost part of it you must haue a cleft or open place for the more easie placing and disposing of the necke of your vessell The vessell shall be fashioned like a Bladder Corner or bagge of a Shepheards Pipe called of the Chymists a reâ—ort it must be of glasse or else of earth and varnished and leaded within and of such bignesse as that it may containe a dozen pound of water hauing a necke of a foot and a halfe long or a foot long at the least and bending downeward It is to consist of two parts the one of them stretching from the bellâ—e of the said bladder forward some six fingers long and for thicknesse so made as that ones hand may goe into the orifice of it to make cleane the said vessell within and the other growing euer lesse and lesse euen vnto the end must be made to ioyne with the former part by the meaâ—es and helpe of some fastening matter as glue or cement of Bole-armoniacke and yet in such sort as that they may be set together and taken asunder when need shall require This is the figure and shape A The Retort of glasse or earth vernished within and leaded B The orifice of the Retort for the taking in of matter into the bellie and bodie and for to giue way also for the making cleane of the said bellie and which for that purpose must be made larger than it is pictured here for else the hand cannot enter into it C The other part of the Retort into which must be inserted the nether part of the Retort which must haue a ring about in the place where the two parts shall be cemented and luted together D The Pipe which must be narrow and sharpe-pointed to the end it may be inserted and put into anie sort of glasse-violl or bottle If you haue not the benefit of a furnace you shall place the Retort in fit and conuenient sort within an earthen panne or in stead thereof in a vessell or pot of yron good and wide and filled with sand or ashes or without anie thing in it and that vpon a brandrith if there be need of vsing a verie great fire as we see it daily practised amongst the Apothecaries Wherefore to draw oyle out of oylie wood you must first make it small and bring it into pieces in such sort as Turners doe with turning of wood and not with anie Saw or anie other edge-toole neither yet must you make it like powder for in boiling it would too lightly and easily rise and swell as also those gobbeâ—s and lumps which are cut by edge-tooles or other instruments doe hardly and with great difficultie yeeld anie oyle put into the Retort two pound of this wood diuided into pieces after the manner of the Turners and as much Aqua-vitae for the steeping and infusing of it let them infuse together certaine daies This Aqua-vitae by reason of his subtlenesse pierceth more easily than any other liquor and likewise without any difficultie separateth and forcibly draweth the oyle from his proper subiect and yet in the meane time in neither changeth nor corrupteth any manner of way the nature of the said oyle because it draweth neere vnto the temperature of oyles which is the cause why we mingle with the wood Aqua-vitae rather than common water howsoeuer I do not any thing doubt of the maner before described about the distillation of oyles hearbs seeds in which is vsed the vessell of Copper with a head powring thereinto some cleare fountaine vvater as though it could not be verie certaine and profitable for the extracting of oyles of vvood vvere it not that vve doe â—eare more than any thing else the ouer great and vehement boyling thereof proceeding of the disagreement of the drinesse of the matter and moisture of the vvater vvhich might hinder the course of our distillation Adde hereunto also that such kinds of oiles can hardly rise to the inner top of the head if we see this fashioned copper vessell When as the vvood hath beene sufficiently infused place the earthen pan in the vppermost part of the furnace vpon the barres of yron set the retort within this earthen pan with sand in the emptie spaces betwixt as also couered ouer vvith sand cause the necke to passe through the cleft made in the vppermost part of the furnace and to turne downeward towards the receiuer into the mouth vvhereof it must
tenne dayes the child borne thereon shall not be subiect to women In the sixteenth day Iacob was borne For this cause it maketh good to buy and â—ame Horses Oxen and other Cattell the sicke shall be in great danger of death if he change not his Ayre or House dreames shall come to passe the child shall not liue long In the seuenteenth day Sodome and Gomorrha was destroyed It is ill to attempt and doe any thing Physicke taken will doe no good vnto the Patient the dreames will be verified within thâ—ee dayes the child will not be prosperous in all things In the eighteenth day Isaac was borne It is good to be at leisure and to goe about businesse the sicke shall be in danger of death the dreame shall be true the child shall not trauaile farre but he shall get greaâ— goods In the nineteenth day King Pharoah was borne This day is dangerous wherefore it will be good to auoid companie and drunkards and to liue peaceably without doing any thing the diseased will soonâ— recouer the dreame will proue truâ— the child will not be malicious or a mocker In the twentieth day the Prophet Ionas was borne This is a good day for the doing of all things the disease will continue long the dreame true and apparent the child which shall be borne will be malicious and a mocker In the one and twentieth day was borne King Saul It is good to reioyce and cheare vp ones selfe in faire and honest Apparrell good to buy prouision for sustenance the theft committed will be found out the taken sicke in great danger of his disease the dreame vaine and vnprofitable the child borne subiect to endure great â—rauaile In the two and twentieth Iob was borne It is not good to goe about Merchandise not to enterprise or vndertake any charge That sicke shall be in danger to die of the sicknesse that hee shall take this day the dreame shall be true the child borne shall be good and honest In the three and twentieth day was Beniamin borne Whatsoeuer a man doth vpon that day it shall turne to his honour the disease shall be long but not mortall the dreames false the child borne a dissembling wretch and ill fauoured In the foure and twentieth day Iaphet was borne It is an indifferent day that is to say neither good nor bad the sicknesse will hold long but the patient will recouer the dreame will be of no effect the child that is borne will be mild and courteous and will loue to make great cheare In the fiue and twentieth Mortalitie entred into Egypt The sicke will be in danger of death the sixt day after the beginning of the sicknesse the child that is borne therein shall be subiect vnto many dangers perils and aduersities In the six and twentieth Moises diuided the Sea the same day died Saul and Ionathan for which cause the day is verie dangerous and not good to doe any thing in He that falleth sicke vpon that day will neuer escape the dreames will proue true the child borne will not be any man of great prosperitie or pleasure that is to say neither poore nor rich In the seuen and twentieth it is good to take paines in all manner of businesses the sicknesse will be variable the dreames will be doubtfull the child borne will be mild and louely In the eight and twentieth all good things will be good to be done the sick shall be recouered of his sicknesse the child borne shall be slouthfull and negligent In the nine and twentieth day Herod caused the children to be slaine This is a dismall and vnhappie day wherefore there must nothing be done that day nor yet vndertaken the dreames will be verie certaine the sicke will turne found the child borne will liue and keepe societie in peaceable manner among men The thirtieth and last day is good to doe all things in The sicke shall be in great danger euen vnto death but if he be well and carefully looked vnto he will recouer the dreames will be turned into ioy within the fift day the child borne will be subtill and deceitfull As concerning the Sunne which is the other Instrument of the whole World performing the greatest part of his actions really and in deed during the day whereof it is the author as the Moone doth hers during the night as being then when she is in her force and vigour it by his naturall heat influence actions and casting forth of his coelestiall beames giueth vnto earthly bodies their forme and vegetatiue life accompanied with certaine powers and vertues so farre forth as euerie naturall bodie is capable and deserueth or requireth it Which operations of the Sunne in these Earthly matters are wrought and effected by certaine his motions accomplished in the foure quarters of the yeare which is that time wherein the Sunne dispatcheth his whole course Wherefore the wise and prudent Husbandman shall giue heed to the foure quarters of the yeare which are the Spring Summer Autumne and Winter to the end that according to the motion and power of the Sunne in these foure quarters hee handle manage and gouerne all his affaires of Husbandrie And this is the thing that wee will more particularly handle at large in the Chapter following by the workes that the Husbandman must doe in euerie seuerall moneth of the yeare CHAP. X. The particular Workes that a Husbandman must be carefull to doe euerie Moneth in the yeare FVrthermore to the end that his people may not liue idle and that they may not loose one small minute of time which being imployed about some one or other worke he shall dispose of his workes so as that they may euerie one haue his certaine time and he shall know at his fingers ends what things is to be done euerie moneth and time of the yeare Yet thus euer to gouerne his memorie that these labours following being more naturall to the Kingdome of France than to any of her neighbours they shall for their satisfaction because the Booke is now intended generall returne to the sixt Chapter and there behold the conuenient labours fit for colder Countries as is the Island of great Britaine Ireland and the Low Countries In the moneth of Ianuarie chiefely toward the end hee shall cut downe his Wood which hee appointeth for Building or other Worke when the Moone is vnder the Earth for the brightnesse of the Moone maketh the Wood more tender and the Wood which shall be cut at such time will endure a long time without rotting He shall dung the Fruit-trees not letting the dung touch their roots He shall graft all such great and little Trees which bud betimes as Rose-trees Damaske Plum-trees Apricock-trees Almond-trees and Cherry-trees He shall digge the Earth for the casting in of Nuts Almonds and the kernels of Apricockes Peaches and Plums and such others in grounds that are cold and moist in the two first quarters of the Moone Hee shall cut his Vine in
haue trauelled into Polonia say that the Ellend doth resemble the Asse iâ— nothing but in her eares as otherwise in all points almost being like 〈◊〉 the Hart hauing a clouen foot but that he is a great deale bigger and in hoâ—â—es like vnto a Fallow-Deere Although the Asse be mocked of the most because of his long eares yet notwithstanding those eares how great soeuer they be doe serue him to shew his vertue and to make to appeare his vnderstanding and certaine knowledge which he hath of the change of the weather seeing that if it will turne to raine he then laieth them so 〈◊〉 vpon his necke that one would say they were glued to it CHAP. XXX Of the Mule-keeper A Good House-holder must not be vnfurnished of things necessarie for his House whether they serue for food and sustenance or for ease Wherefore although in respect of some manner of worke he may be content to want Mules hauing the benefit of Horse to carrie him to the Market and other â—laces whither his businesse shall call him yet notwithstanding the Mule is necessaâ—ie for his â—asement whether it be that he would rather ride vpon Mules than vpon Horses because of their easier pacing or that by reason of age or want of health of â—odie he cannot endure the trauell of a Horse but is constrained to prouide a Horse-litter to carrie him in I will further say that in some places as in Auernia â—hat for the scarcitie and small number of Horse and Oxen the Mules are esteemed of great value and are vsed to toile the earth to trauaile and doe other necessarie â—hings tending to the commoditie and maintenance of the House to say nothing â—hat Mules are proper Beasts strong and able to carrie great and heauie burthens as Trunkes sackes of Corne and Meale and such other burthens which Horses could â—ot beare The ordering and charge of Mules is like vnto that of Horses as well in respect of their meat pasture feeding and furniture as in the curing of their diseases whereunto they are subiect and therefore wee will knit vp in â—ewer words what may be said of them both for the causes rehearsed as also for that I willingly leaue the whole knowledge of their feeding and handling to those of Auernia amongst whom they are in such high request Notwithstanding to speake summarily the Mule-keeper must not onely be carefull of the well-feeding of his Mules but also of making of the most profit of them The profit that may be raised of them consisteth in the verie same commodities that may be raised of the Asse and that is principally of goodly Herds and Flocks Hence he shall chuse a good and goodly beautifull male Mule Asse or Horse and likewise a female Mare or she Asse for the saddle for if both of them happen not to fit the turne and be well conditioned yet that which doth cannot be but valiant and couragious And although that male and female Mules be engendred either of the male Asse and the Mare or of the Horse and female Asse yet those are the best which come of the Asse and the Mare for those which come of the Horse and the Asse though their name be according to their fire yet they resemble in conditions their dammes altogether Wherefore it is best to the end you may haue goodly and beautifull she Mules to make a Stalion of an Asse which is faire and beautifull of a good race and that hath beene well tried You must chuse one that is three yeares old and vpward great and corpulent of a strong neck strong and large ribbes of an open and musculous or fleshie breast fleshie thighes well-trusâ—ed legges of a blacke colour or â—lea-bitten with red tending to a bright or of a gray siluer colour or of a darke murrey colour for commonly Asses are of a Mouse colour but they which are of this haire are not so liuely and stirring as the other and if there come forth either male or female Mule wearing this liuerie they are not so good and sutable The Mare must be lesse than tenne yeares old great and faire and of good limbes to the end she may take and keepe the nature of the Asse disagreeing with her bodie and being of another kind than she her selfe and that she bestow vpon her fruit not onely the gifts of the bodie but also of spirit and liuelinesse The young stayeth in the dammes bodie twelue moneths wherefore the Mare would be couered from mid March vnto mid Iune to the end she may foale when grasse is in full force thereby to be sure to get good store of Milke She hauing brought forth her young one it must be vsed after the manner of young Colts excepted onely that after it hath sucked sixe moneths the damme can giue it sucke no longer by reason of the ach of her teats but it must be made to sucke some Mare that so it may grow more lusâ—ie or you must let it goe with the damme that it may learne to eat so that still it be prouided of milke to sucke The Horse-mule well chosen must be of a grosse and round bodie hauing small feet and thinne legges and drie a full and large crupper a broad and soft breast a long and compasâ—ed necke a drie and small head On the contrarie the Mare-Mule must haue her legges somewhat grosse and round a straight and solide bodie and a crupper hanging towards the taile The Mare-Mules are stronger mightier nimbler and longer liuers than the Horse-Mules but the Horse-Mules are more tractable and more easie to guide and learne than the Mare-Mules be Both of them are subiect to lunacie but to take this fault away you must make them drinke some wine oftentimes If they be froward and vnwilling to be sadled you may tie vp one of their fore-legges euen vnto their thighes to the end that in the meane time they may not fall backward If they be hard to shooe on the right foot behind you must 〈◊〉 vp the left before The Mare-Mule is subiect to the same diseases that the Horse as hath beene said notwithstanding there is something peculiar in them for which the remedies doe follow When she hath an Ague you must giue her raw Coleworts when she bloweth and sigheth much and hath a short wind you must let her bloud and afterward giue her to drinke three quarters of a pint of Wine with halfe an ounce of Oyle and as much Frankincense and two pints of the iuice of Horehound If shee haue the moules and scabs about her pasternes called the Grapes you must put vpon them Barly meale and open the impostume if anie thing be in it Their leanenesse and languishing is taken away by giuing them oftentimes drinkes made with halfe an ounce of Brimstone beaten a raw egge and a dramme of Myrrâ—e with Wine The same remedie is good for the paine of the Bellie and the
the other for hastâ—e Pease Beanes and such like being right necessarie 〈◊〉 your household vse yet notwithstanding you may sow anie of those seeds abroad 〈◊〉 your Fields or manie other remote Croft or Close well tilled for the purpose 〈◊〉 fully as much profit conueniencie especially your Hempe and Flax for you 〈◊〉 vnderstand that there be some Soyles so rich and fat that after you haue 〈◊〉 Wheat Barly and Pease successiuely yeare after yeare that then in stead of fallowing and giuing your land rest you may that yeare sow a full crop of Hempe whicâ— â—estroying the weeds and superfluous growths which spring from the fertilenesse of â—â—e Soyles makes your land apt and readie to receiue either Wheat or Barly againe â—nd so you neuer loose anie Crop at all bue haue euerie yeare something to reape â—â—om your ground whereas should you let it rest and bestow meaâ—ure vpon it as 〈◊〉 case of more barren earth you would so much ouer-rich it that it would either â—â—ildewe and spoyle your Graine or else choake and slay it with the aboundance of Weeds which the earth would vtter forth of it owne accord Againe if your land â—e with your neighbours in common amongst the generall Fields here a land and â—ere a land or here two and three and there two and three as it is a generall custome 〈◊〉 diuers places and that such lands doe butt vpon greene Swarthe or Grasse-â—rounds which are likewise common and on which both your selfe and your neighâ—ours must necessarily teather your Cattell which Cattell if at anie time they breake â—ose or by the negligence of their Keepers be stalld too neere the Corne may doe â—ou much hurt on your Graine in this case and to preâ—ient this euill you shall sow â—â—e ends of all such lands as butt on the grasse tenne or twelue foot in length as your and may conueniently spare with Hempe for vpon it no Cattell will bite so that â—n either of these cases aforesaid you shall not need much to respect the preseruation â—f your Hempe or Flax Garden The Inclosures of the Gardens must be such as the commoditie and necessitie of the place doth require that is to say of Walls if the reuenues of the House will beare it or of a strong and thicke Quick-set Hedge if there want either Pit-â—tone or reuenues to build the wall withall Notwithstanding it is least cost to speake the truth and more profit to inclose and compasse them in with a Quick-set Hedge than with a Wall for the Quick-set Hedge doth endure a longer time and asketh not so great charges neither to trimme it nor to repaire it as the Wall doth Such a one is that which is made of Brambles and Thornes as white Thorne or with the plants of Elder tree or other plants with tufted flowers mingled and set amongst the Brambles the same being cut by the taile and made plaine and euen when the time of the yeare serueth as wee see here in manie places of France Some there be that compasse and inclose their Gardens with Ditches and Banks but small to their profit seeing the moisture of their Gardens which should serue them is thereby conueyed away and taken from them and this holdeth in all other cases but where the ground is of the nature of Marishes The common inclosing vsed by Countrey men is of Thornes Osiers and Reedes but such Hedges doe require almost euerie yeare new repaire reliefe and making in putting new stakes therein whereas if it had an abiding and liuing root it would free the Gardeners of a great deale of trouble cost and trauell The ground of the Gardens must bee good of his owne nature free from Stones Durt and hurtfull Hearbes well broken and dunged a yeare before it be digged to be sowne and after it hath beene digged and dunged againe or marâ—ed you must let it rest and drinke in his dung and marle And as concerning the nature and goodnesse of it the Clayie Stiffe or Sandie ground is nothing worth but it must be fat in handling blacke in colour and which crumbleth easily in the breaking or stirring of it with your fingers or which hath his greene Turfes or Clods breaking easily vnder the Pick-axe and becommeth small with labouring as the small Sand and generally all grounds that are good for Wheat are good for Gardens It is requisite also to the end it may bring forth greene Hearbes in aboundance that it be a reasonable moist ground for neyther the ground that is much drie nor that which is much subiect to water is good for Gardens Notwithstanding if the Grounds belonging vnto the Farme happen not to haue this commoditie of idle and vnimployed ground to make Gardens you must remedie that soare as well as possibly you may The Clayie Stiffe and Sandie places must bee amended by Dung and Marle and would bee cast three foot deepe The Watrie place shall be made better if there bee mixt with it some Sandie or Grauellie Ground and therewith cast it round about with ditches thereby to draine and draw out the water annoying the Gardâ—â— And thus the good Husband shall doe his endeuour to amend and make in soâ—â— sort his ground more fruitfull Lee the dung which he layeth vpon it be either 〈◊〉 Sheepe or of Swine or of Horse or Pigeons or Asses according as the nature of 〈◊〉 ground shall require or of Oxe or Cow for albeit some Gardners thinke it of 〈◊〉 coole a nature and not so nourishing vnto tender hearbs as the other which are 〈◊〉 hot yet they are greatly mistaken therein for it melloweth the earth and enricheâ—â— it more than anie of the other and maketh it more apt to sprout and put forth 〈◊〉 encrease besides it doth naturally affect no weeds if it haue better seed to workâ— vpon Whence it commeth that the Garden so manured keepeth his hearbes 〈◊〉 the cleanest fullest and largest Also Ashes are a verie good meanure for Gardenâ— especially if the ground be apt to chap or breake into great rifts as diuers Claâ— grounds are neither if the soyle be answerable thereunto shall you omit Marâ—â— Sand Chalke Lyme or such like And the elder it is the better also in as much 〈◊〉 in time it looseth his filthie stinke and whatsoeuer other euill qualitie and getteth 〈◊〉 new kind of rottennesse which is more soft and more easie to be conuerted into the substance of the earth whereby good earth is made better and the naughtie amended This is the cause why such as haue written of Husbandrie in Latine haue called dung Lâ—tamen and Frenchmen Litiere because it maketh the ground meâ—â—â—e supposed when it is once mingled and incorporated with the same For dung that 〈◊〉 pure and of it selfe must not be laid vnto the roots of trees but first where thereâ—â— need of the shortest earth and afterward of dung The Hedge of Quick-set parting the Kitchin Garden and that other for delight would be
A Linimenâ— made of Garlicke Salt and Vineger killeth Nits and Lice The decoction of Garlicke not bruised giuen in Clysters or applyed vnto thâ— bellie in manner of a fomentation assuageth the paine of the Colicke and expelleth wind Against an old Cough comming of a cold cause it is verie good to rub the soles of the feet the backe bone and wrists of the hands with an Oyntment oâ— Liniment made of three Garlicke heads well powned and beaten in Swinâ— Seame Against the paine of the Teeth comming of a cold cause there is nothing beâ—ter than to hold in the mouth Vineger or the decoction of Garlicke or to apply vnto the aking tooth three cloues of Garlicke stamped in Vineger For the killing of Wormes in children it is good to giue them to eat Garlicke with fresh Butter or else to make a Cataplasme thereof to lay vpon the Stomacke They which can scarce or hardly make their Water or are subiect vnto the Stone receiue great comfort by eating of Garlicke To keepe Birds from hâ—â—ting of young Fruit you must hang at the boughes of those Trees some quantitie of Garlicke CHAP. XXV Of Scalioâ—s SCalions are like vnto Garlicke in tast and smell but in stalke and fashion the leaues resemble Onions saue onely that out of their head there grow manie hulles or huskes which bring forth manie round little leaues They thriue and grow better when they be set than when they be sowne for when they be sowne there is no great hope of their comming to any fairenesse before the second yeare They may be planted from the first day of Nouember vnto the moneth of Februarie to haue the fruit thereof the next Spring and they are planted as Garlicke But in the meane time you must gather 〈◊〉 before the March Violets doe flower for if one vse them not before that they be flowred they will fall away and become but sillie ones They are knowne to be ripe if their leaues begin to drie away below For to cause them to haue 〈◊〉 and thicke heads you must put brickes round about their rootes as hath beene said of Leekes As concerning the vse of Scalions there is no great helpe or profit to be hoped for or expected except of such as are giuen more to their pleasure than to their health for the Scalion serueth for no other thing but to prouoke and stirre folke 〈◊〉 the act of carnall copulation and to haue a good appetite They haue the same veâ—â—wes that Garlicke saue onely that they be somewhat troublesome to the 〈◊〉 because of their more sharpe and subtle tast CHAP. XXVI Of Parsley PArsley craueth no great labour but loueth a stonie and sandie ground for which cause it is called Parsley againe it craueth not anie store of manure wherefore it will be good to sow it vnder Arbors It desireth aboue all things to be well watred and if it so fall out as that it be sowne or planted neere vnto anie Fountaine or Riuer it groweth verie faire and in great quantitie And if anie be desirous that it should haue large leaues hee must put into a faire Linnen Cloth so much seed as he can hold in his three fingers and so cast it amongst the stones in the ground or else he must put in a Goats trottle a quantitie of Parsley seed and so set or sow it And he that will haue it curled must bruise the seed with a pestle of Willow to the end that the huske may breake and fall off and afterward wrap it in a Linnen Cloth and so put it in the ground Otherwise without thus much to doe it may be made to curle howsoeuer it be sowne if you draw a Rowler vpon it so soone as it beginneth to grow It is a good time to sow it from mid May vntill the Sunne be risen to his highest point in the Heauens for it somewhat craueth the heat The seed thereof that is but a yeare old is nothing worth for looke how much elder the seed is by so much it is the better and endureth a long time vnsowne in such sort as that it will not be needfull to sow or plant it of fiue yeares although when it is sowne it groweth not vnder the space of threescore daies Notwithstanding to cause it to grow and put more speedily out of the earth it behoueth that the seed be steeped in vineger some certaine time and after sowne in a well toyled ground and filled or mixed with one halfe of the ashes of Beane stalkes and after it is sowne it must be oft watered and sleightly with a little Aqua vitae and by and by after the watering to lay aloft it a piece of Cloth that the heat thereof may not be spent and breath away and by this meanes it will grow vp within a few houres and then you must take off the Cloth couering it and water it oft and by this meanes it will haue both a high stalke and great leaues A Cataplasme made of the leaues of Parsley with the crummes of White bread doth heale a Tettar or Ringworme doth resolue the swellings of the Breasts and maketh Women that are brought in bed to loose their Milke The iuice of Parsley drawne â—ut with vineger and mixt with a little salt helpeth Women that are in trauell to be deliuered The often vse of Parsley taketh away the stinking of the breath especially from such as haue drunke much Wine or eaten Garlicke And therefore such as vse to keepe companie much and haue an ill breath must not goe vnprouided of good store of fresh Parsley to chew or hold in their mouthes The decoction of the roots or leaues of Parsley helpeth downe Womens termes 〈◊〉 Vrine casteth out Grauell contained in the Vrinarie vessels taketh away the paine of the Colicke and of the Reines applyed in manner of a fomentation vpon the pained parts It serueth also for the obstructions of the Liuer but better for such as are flegmaticke than for the cholericke or those that are of sanguine complexion The leaues of Parsley cast vpon the water of Fish-ponds doe recreate and reioyce the sicke and diseased Fish CHAP. XXVII Of Rocket and Tarragon ROcket being an hearbe verie vsuall in Salads and good to temper the coldnesse of Lettuces may be sowne as well in Winter as in Summeâ— for it feareth not cold nor other iniurie of the ayre neither doth it â—â—quire anie great labour it loueth notwithstanding to be 〈◊〉 and 〈◊〉 in a grauellie ground Rocket must not be eaten by it selfe by reason of the great heat that it maketh in them that eat it and for that cause it hath commonly for his companion in Salads the leaues of Lettuce seeing that the one of these doth notably temper the other It is good notwithstanding to prouoke vrine applyed in forme of a Cataplasme vpon the share bone And some say that three leaues
due time when as they be ripe The vse of Gourds is not so dangerous as those of Cucumbers so that their waterishnesâ—e be tempered with things meet and sit for the same as with saffron pepper and other such aromaticall powders and for the dish those which are long and white are better and to be preferred before either of the other two sorts Physitians are of opinion that there is nothing better to asswage the heat of hot burning agues to take away the thirst and to loosen the bellie then to vse oftentimes the strayned juice of Gourds stewed without liquor in a new earthen pot set in an ouen There is nothing better for the drinesse of the tongue for sharpe and burning humours and for leaâ—e agueish persons than the vse of the pulpe of Gourds or the Syrope made of their juice CHAP. XXXIX Of Melons and Pompions MElons and Pompions doe not so easily grow in this Countrey because they delight in a Countrey and Ayre that is hot but by force of labour and cunning skill they are drawne vnto it by ordering their beds and remouing of them where they may be shielded from the Cold and receâ—â—e the benefit of the South Sunne and reflexe of the heat of the same from some wall And againe it is a speciall furtherance and helping of them forward to fore-cast that they may grow in such seasons as are verie hot for now and then Summer falleth out 〈◊〉 variable and mixt with cold or drought or moisture as that thereupon they be 〈◊〉 ripe till Autumne and towards the time of Vintage Wherefore it standeth you vpon to hasten them and helpe them forward with dung and with the heat of their beds though this course in the meane time stand not so well with the health of the parties that shall eat them or with the goodnesse and pleasant smell of the Pempions and thereupon it commeth that there are moe grounds planted with Cresses than with Melons amongst vs. Wherefore it were better to reserue for such vse quarter of ground or thereabouts in some place of your Garden where the South Sunne lyeth and is beaten backe by some wall the same also keeping away the North wind hauing no shadow either of Trees or of anie other thing to keepâ— backe the Sunne from it but being withall a good fat and substantiall ground well weeded well tilled and the greene swarth well broken and withall made verie leâ—ell and euen And this your quarter would be againe diuided into foure small quarters and to set your Melon seeds which you intend to plant that yeare but in one of thâ— said little quarters letting the other three râ—st and so succâ—ssiuely in succeeding yeares to low the said little quarters one after another for then the Melons wiâ— grow in their naturall goodnesse and perfection it being their nature to craue a new rested and well manured ground And if it be requisite to helpe such ground wiâ—â— some sweetnesse you must burne vpon it in Winter some Straw or drie Dung 〈◊〉 some Elder tree amongst other wood and mixe the ashes with the earth to the end that during the time of Winter it may grow in season And if the said ground 〈◊〉 need of more helpe it must be dunged with Sheepes dung or else with Goats dung well rotted and this to be done a long time before you intend to sow your Meloâ— seed for as for Horse or Cow dung it must not be vsed except it be when no other thing can be gotten and when it is vsed it must be spread and mixt with the earth long before Seed-time as hath beene said whereby wee may iudge how vnfâ—â— the beds now adaâ—es vsed are for to yeeld good Melons and they that would haâ—e them grow vpon beds as lesle damnifying must make their beds in the said place of the Garden compassed about and hemmed in with a Mat and vpon the bed must be cast a layer of the best and fattest earth that you can find or of earth the thicknesse of three fingers and in this earth to set your seeds for the Melon will not be so much spotted with the dung when there is a mixture of the one and the other You must take the seed of the Melon which hath a thicke and hard huske and looking verie greene within which is of the first growne and of those which grow neerest vnto the root which you shall haue reserued in your Melon plot vntill the full â—ipenesse thereof that so you might haue others grow of it for the seed is better when it is now taken out of the Melon hauing beene all that while from the gathering time kept in the bodie and substance thereof And if you would haue it to grow verie quickly sleepe it in warme water sixe or seuen houres afterward aboâ—â— the tenth day of March make your pits vpon your beds some three or foure foot one from another and two foot in depth and widenesse and if you may make yoâ—â— choice of dung then fill them vp with Sheepe or Goats dung that is old well rotted and crumbly and with verie fine blacke earth together and herewith to fill them vp within two â—ingers Some put therein the dung of horses comming hot from the stable to make thâ—m put forth the sooner but the sauour and goodnesse of the Melon is greatly hindered thereby and thereupon pricke six or ten seeds of your pompions the sharpe end downeward although some put not in aboue foure or fiue and couer them againe gently without much beating or treading of the earth downe vpon them Afterward for to auoid daunger of frosts couer them with straw or mats borne vp with stickes prickt vp one way or if you haue the benefit of great boards or tables of boards borne vp with stones or rubbish by the way that so they may not presle vpon them and that so you may take them vp when the Sunne shineth hot and lay them downe againe when the cold wind bloweth and when frosts come And as soone as the Melons shall haue put forth leaues bigge ynough you must water them with a shred of cloth hanging continually in a pot of water without wetting of the Melon any whit at all and this watering must be continued in a verie drie ground though you haue remoued your Melons till the fruit become of the bignesse of Oranges and if you vse beds you shall remoue them after mid-May in this countrie out of the danger of frosts about fiue or sixe foot one from another vpon a border well tilled and manured And from that time forward you shall weed out diligenetly all the weeds from about them and shall lighten their earth at the trunk of the root without doing any hurt to it and when the flower shall peepe out you must cut off the ends of the armes of the heaâ— be to the end that the flower and the fruit may come forth in greater store aboundance And for
eyes the leaues 〈…〉 some say likewise that the leaâ—e of this hearbe carried in the shooâ—◠〈◊〉 vnto the bare sole of the feet doth heale the jaundiâ—e being applied vnto th◠〈◊〉 it taketh away the aboundance of Milke stamped together with the root in th◠〈◊〉 of Cammomile and being warmed or fried and applied vnto the nauell or 〈◊〉 it asswageth the frettings of the bellie and paines of the mother the whole 〈◊〉 being dâ—â—ed and made in powder doth heale wounds and vlcers the juice 〈◊〉 dropt into a rotten or hollow tooth mortifieth it and causeth it to fall out 〈…〉 also the 〈◊〉 called Porrum to fall away The small Celandine otherwise called Pilewort or the hearbe for the Kings 〈◊〉 because it healâ—â—h the same doth grow well in warrie moist and shadowie 〈…〉 groweth likewise in drie places but not so well though there it get a more 〈…〉 as wel in his leaues as in his root vertue to heale the Kings 〈…〉 to exulcâ—ration as also other virulent vlcers hemorrhoides cankers hard 〈…〉 whether 〈◊〉 or porracious and other cold tumors by a â—oollifying and 〈…〉 qualiâ—â—e that they haue Asarum bacchar craueth a leane ground and drie and where there is 〈…〉 to be set than sowne The root of Asarum being dried 〈…〉 good to be taken the weight of a French Crowne in white 〈…〉 and by this it câ—reth the quartane and â—ertian ague and this 〈…〉 daies the quantitie of a good goblet full of the decoction of this root made in wine with honey putting thereto some Cinnamon Mace and other such Spices by which they purge verie much as well vpward as downeward Likewise when they feele the fit comming they chafe the backe and soles of the feet with oyle wherein they haue caused to be infused this root in the hot Sunne-shine and after lying downe in bed the shiuerings and shakings of the Ague is taken away and a great sweat procured The decoction of Asarum is good against the Sciatica the infusion thereof in wine doth cure the Dropsie and Iaundise the iuice dropt into the corner of the eyes doth heale the Web in the eye and dazeling of the eyes Manie good women doe apply Asarun vnto the wrists of the hands to driue away the heat of an Ague You must obserue as it were diuers parts in this hearbe For the root is a prouoker of Vomit and the leaues thereof are Aromaticall and agree verie well with the stomacke Valerian groweth verie well in a moist and well manured ground and would be often watered that so it may put forth a tall stalke The good wiues are wont to apply to the wrists in burning Agues the leaues of Valerian but without reason for the Valerian doth rather encrease the Ague by his heat than diminish it It will be better to vse it in the paines of the sides and in the prouoking of vrine and womens termes If you wet lin in the iuice of Valerian and put it into anie wound made either with Arrow or Sword or otherwise and the drosse or grosâ—e part thereof layd vpon it you shall cause the yron to come forth if anie such be stayed behind and so also heale the wound Cats doe delight much to eat this hearbe The decoction is good against Venime and the Plague It is good also against shortnesse of breath if there be mixed therewith Licorice and Damaske Raisins Angelica would be sowne in a well tilled ground oftentimes wed and reasonably watered The root is soueraigne against the Plague and all sorts of Poyson Whosoeuer shall keepe a little piece of it in his mouth or which shall drinke onely in a Winter morning a little draught of Wine and Rosewater wherein it hath beene steept hee â—â—â—not be infected of anie euill ayre of all that day Englishmen vse the lâ—aues and roots of this hearbe in sawce with their meats because it correcteth grosse humours and a stinking breath and surthereth digestion verie much The leaues of Angelica stamped with other leaues of Rue and Honey and applyed in forme of a Caâ—â—plasme doe heale the bitings of mad Dogges and the stinging of Serpents Being layd vpon the head of one that hath an Ague it draweth vnto it all the burning heat of the Ague and it is good against Sorcerie and Inchanâ—ment The distilled water of Angelica it singular good against the fainting of the Heart the biâ—ings of mad Beasts the stingings of venimous creatures especially against the Plauge if with this â—â—stilled water there be drunke halfe a dramme of the root in powder and a drammâ— of Treacle and that afterward the patient giue himselfe to sweating for by this means manie haue beene saued The root put into a hollow tooth assuageth the paine being â—â—â—wed it maketh the breath sweet and conceaâ—eth and small of Garlick or anie other 〈◊〉 meat which causeth an ill breath Blessed thistle would be ordered and dressed with such manner of â—illage as Angelica It is true that it would be sowne in the encrease of the Moone and not abouâ— three fingers depth in the earth It loâ—eth the compaine of Wheat 〈…〉 It will not be prickly it before that you sow it you put the Seed in the roo◠〈…〉 the leaues broken off or it you breake the sharpe pointâ—d end of the Seed against a stone after the manner spoken of before in the Chapter of 〈◊〉 Blessed thistle hath no lesse vertue against the Plague or anie other sort of Poyson â—han hath Angelica whether you vse it inward or outward This vertue is it which driueth away Moules and other kinds of such Cattell being huâ—â—full vnto Gardeâ—â— from the place where it groweth Such 〈…〉 troubled with a Quartanâ— Ague or other Agues which haue their fits comming with a Cold are cured if 〈◊〉 take in the morning three ounces of Blessed thistles water or of the decoction 〈…〉 weight of a French crowne of the seed in powder The same remedie is good 〈◊〉 Pleurisies and for children that haue the Falling sicknesse If it be boyled in 〈◊〉 the decoction is good to assuage the paines of the reines and colicke to kill 〈◊〉 and to prouoke sweat Blessed thistle as well drie as greene taken inwardly 〈…〉 ourwardly doth heale maligne vlcers Physitions likewise commaund it 〈…〉 â—mingled in decoctions and drinkes for the Pocks Mother-wort groweth in vntilled and rough places and standeth not in 〈◊〉 of anie tilling notwithstanding it is singular against the beating and fainting of the heart for which reason it is called of some Cardiaca It prouoketh also Womens termes it taketh away obstructions and prouoketh vrine it raiseth 〈◊〉 deliuering the Lungs thereof by making it easie to be spet foorth It 〈…〉 Wormes dryed and made in powder and the quantitie of a spoonefull 〈◊〉 in Wine doth mightily helpe forward the deliuerie of Women labouring of Child-birth Golden-rod would be sowne in a fat ground which is not open vnto the heâ—â—
vpon the Citron or the Citron vpon the Orange tree They may be grafted likewise vpon themselues as the Citron-tree vpon the Citron tree and sometimes vpon the Pomegranate Peare Apple and Mâ—lberrie tree but seldome betwixt the barke and the wood but vpon the head of the trunke or bodie of the tree cut off neere vnto the root In the grafting of them you must make choice of the fairest grafts which may be found as â—o graft a good Citron tree vpon a better The Limon grafted vpon the Citron doth beare fairet fruit than the Citron grafted vpon the Limon because the Citron tree is a great deale more â—appie and full of iuice for to make nourishmenâ— of than the Limon tree Citrons and Liâ—â—ons grafted vpon an Orange tree doe beare more fruit than vpon their owne â—â—umpe and bodie and are not so subiect vnto the cold because they enioy and parâ—â—cipate so largely of the Orange tree his properties and qualities which consisting of a hard wood without sappe doth resist the cold a great deale the more 〈…〉 way to graft them is by cleauing the stocke and then it must be done in Aprill or in March or by way of crowning and that must be done in May or by cutting a â—ound hole in the barke of the tree and this must be done in Iuly When they be grafted into the barke of the tree you must cut away whatsoeuer is superfluous or more than needeth of buds or sprouts which are not grafted and withall take away all the shoots which grow thereupon afterward When they are planted you shall â—ot suffer anie weeds to grow there about them except it be the Gourd whereof they are refreshed if it grow neere vnto them as being much succoured by them and protected from the cold as also for that the ashes thereof sowne and cast about â—he roots of Citrons doe make them more faire and fruitfull And seâ—ing that the Citron tree is verie fruitfull and bearâ—th a heauie fruit after such time as it hath brought forth his fruit you must gather the greater part and leaue but a few remaining and so the remainder will proue verie faire ones and a great deale the better The Orange tree will neuer freese nor die with a cold wind nor yet with the frost if it be grafted vpon Holly being an approued thing but then indeed the fruit will not be so naturall as that of the others Citrons Oranges Limons and Syrian Citrons must be gathered in the night with their leaues in the change of the Moone not before they be ripe but when the Orange is of a golden colour all ouer if you purpose to keepe them long and you must not tarrie till they be become pale before you gather them You may keepe them fresh and vncorrupt all the yeare if you hide them in heapes of Barly or Millet or else if you annoint them ouer with plaister well tempâ—red or if you close them vp in vessels euerie one by it selfe You must not in anie case lay Citrons neere vnto hot bread for it would make them not To haue Oranges of a mixt nature and as it were halfe Oranges halfe Citrons you must about the beginning of March cut a sience or branch of the Citron tree whiles it is yet young of the thicknesse of three fingers and plant the same in a conuenient time giuing it all his orders and best helpes of husbanding at the end of two yeares or thereabout when it is well taken and betwixt March and Aprill you shall sow it of a finger within the earth and closing the cut fast you shall graft by way of cleft a graft of a young Orange tree thereupon as of some two yeares old proportionable and sutable vnto the Citron tree in thicknesses afterward you shall rub and annoint the said cut and chaâ—e or cleft for the receit of the graft with the root of the hearbe called Aron and you shall couer it well with a good cappe after the manner of other grafts putting therewithall vnto the foot thereof well rotted dung or the ashes of Gourds after that you shall lay it about with good earth a reasonable height and vnderprop it till such time as it shall grow great and strong but know that the graft must be taken of the side of the Orange tree which standeth towards the East and it must be done in the encrease of the Moone and day for so it will prosper more effectually The Citron will be red and sweet if it be grafted vpon a Mulberrie tree and will grow in such forme after such manner as a man will haue it if before it be growne to his bignesse any way it be closed vp in a frame or mould cut after the shape you would haue it 〈…〉 may grow 〈…〉 quantitie therein By the 〈…〉 it be put into a vessell of earth or glasse 〈◊〉 it be fully growne it will 〈…〉 fashion of the vessell and become as great as the vessell but in the 〈…〉 is haue ayre you must make some small holes in the vessell The fruits of these Trees are alike differing both in colour disposition 〈…〉 for Oranges haue a more yellow and golden rind a sowre or 〈…〉 sowre and sweet together being round as an Apple and fitter for the Kitchin 〈◊〉 for Medicine The Limon hath a longer shape a paler rind a sowre-tast and is good for the Kitchin and in Physicke to coole cut and penetrate The Citron is long 〈◊〉 the fashion of an egge the rind thicke yellow without sowre good for 〈◊〉 and preseruatiue medicines Syrian Citrons are twice so great as 〈…〉 fashioned like Cucumbers and the rind an 〈◊〉 thicke The leaues of the Citron tree doe cause a good smell amongst clothes and 〈◊〉 them from the freâ—ting of Moathes The rind iuice and seed of Citrons are all of them verie soueraigne against all manner of Poyson and danger of the Plagues 〈…〉 also that of the Limon And for this cause there may a whole Citron and 〈…〉 boyled in Rose water and Sugar vntill such time as all be consumed away to 〈◊〉 iuice and after to vse euerie morning to the quantitie of one or two 〈…〉 this decoction in the time of the Plague The rind and iuice of Citrons doe procure a sweet breath the rind preserued heatâ—th the stomacke and helpeth digâ—â—â—â— The iuice pressed from the rind of an Orange is quickly set on fire it 〈…〉 by his great subtlenesse through the glasse euen into the Wine that is 〈◊〉 therein The iuice of Limons killeth Sâ—abs Itch and Freâ—kles and taketh away the spots of Inke out of Cloth The same distilled through a Limbeck maketh 〈◊〉 countenances smooth and beautifull and taketh away all filthinesse from all the 〈◊〉 of the bodie being giuen to children to drinke it killeth the Wormes which are in their bodies If one bring the Limon neere vnto the fire the thinne iuice that will come forth doth
there is no need of any other labour but keeping of it cleane from hurtfull weeds vntill such time as the said Madder be readie to be gathered in September for to take the seed of it The choyce of the roots which you intend to set and plant must be out of the countrie of high Prouence being more Easterly and coole and as for the sight and tast of them they must be more yellow thicke and stringed comming neere vnto the colour of the true Prouence Orange-tree verie bitter in tast and in seething for the triall of it more red and full of juice that is to say not so drie and withered The time to plant is from March be ended vnto mid-May and as for the best and most profit to be expected from it it is not to be attained or come by till after the two first yeares after the first planting of it and withall you must make a sure defence about your ground against the comming in of cattell for there can no greater hurt happen vnto it In Italie they vse not to take vp the roots of Madder till after they haue continued ten yeares in the ground either set or sowne but they cut the boughes of it euerie yeare to haue the seed and after they couer the roots one after another laying two fingers depth of earth vpon euerie one the measure bâ—ing â—â—ken from his chiefe and principall to the end the frost may not hurt them and that so the roots may grow the thicker after the eight or tenth yeare they pull vp the roots drying them in the Sunne and afterward when they would grind or presse them they doe further drie them in a great Ouen made for the purpose and so presse them vnder a Mill-stone and this is called the fine Madder Thus they haue found by expâ—â—ence that looke how much the longer they delay the gathering of the root so much the more Madder haue they euerie yeare and that fine which is more than if they should take vp the roots euerie yeare You may both sow it and plant it in the samâ— place where you haue taken it vp or which is better sow that place for the nexâ— two or three yeares following with wheat because it will beare verie faire and great store thereof in as much as the field wherein Madder hath beene sowne is â—ade much fairer and better thereby as whereof it may be said this ground hath rested it selfe seeing the root hath done nothing but brought forth boughs for seed and that the leaues falling from them doe as much feed the ground as the ground doth the roots and boughes But Autumne being come and when you see that the hearbe beginneth to lookâ— yellow and to loose his naturall colour you shall draw it out or pull it vp with the spade or pickaxe and shall strip the roots from their leaues which you shall cast vpon small heapes to drie for the space of three or foure daies if the weather be such as it should or else sixe or eight daies in a rainie and moist weather then you shal cauâ—â— them to be taken vp dusted and scraped that so they may haue none of their haiâ—ie strings at them and when they are thus made cleane you shall keepe them whole or ground into powder either grosse and great or more fine and small either for your owne vse or for the sale Madder is in this one thing much to be maruelled at in that it colourâ—â—h his vrine that shall but hold it in his hands and which is more it maketh the bones and flesh of those cattell red which haue beene fed with it some certaine time some say that the powder of it is so penetratiue and so taketh vp the nosâ—hrills as that it inâ—â—nimeth and killeth many in a few yeares The decoction procureth vâ—ine and thâ— termes of women and coloureth egges red that shall be boyled with it The 〈◊〉 because they are rough and stiffe are good to scowre brasse vessell CHAP. LVI Of Woad AS concerning Woad it is tilled in a field and requireth much labour 〈◊〉 as the Nauets or Turneps though there be no part of it in request but the vppermost and that which is furthest off from flowers and stalkes it doth not feare frost raine or extraordinarie cold Indeed it doth not craue any long rested fat ground but a strong ground and such as may be said to be in good plight rather than an indifferent and light it groweth better also in groundâ— which haue layed fallow three or foure yeares before or which haue beene Medoâ—ground two yeares before than in grounds which haue beene well tilled which 〈◊〉 cleane contrarie vnto Madder which craueth as much helpe as the ground oppointed for wheat or vines yea and it craueth the rest of soyle and set from one yeare to one for otherwise the roots when they are set doe degenerate oftentimes and miâ—â—â—rie loosing their force and goodnesse And whereas Madder doth fat the groâ—â—d Woad doth make it leane and therefore it must not be sowne in a leane groâ—â—d where it euermore groweth but little and where it proueth almost nothing woâ—â—â— but rather in a ground that is well manured before it be sowne as also renewed wiâ—â— dung when it is to be sowne But the best approued ground of all other to sow woad in is that which hath laine long swarth and hath seldome beene broken vp 〈◊〉 wherein you are to obserue that in the ploughing vp of such grounds you must turne vp a great and a deepe furrow laying them broad and flat 〈…〉 that the seed may be throughly well couered and that the swatth rotting vnderneath and above the same may be as a warme and comfortable meanure to make it flourish and increase Being sowne of seed it must be diligently harrowed to the end it may be wel couered and incorporate with the earth and when the planes haue put forth their leaues the height of two fingers you must weed and digge it about mid-Aprill or somewhat later according as the time hath beene faire or rainie then shortly afterward you must gather the leaues and they being gathâ—red you must weed and diggâ— the feet of the said roots 〈◊〉 left voyd of their leaues and this must be continued â—uerie moneth that is to say Iune Iulie August and Sepâ—â—mber in such sort that 〈◊〉 as the leaues are gathered from foot to foot fiue times so they must be digged 〈◊〉 the earth cast as oft and that so soone as the gathering of the leaues is past and this labour of digging is ordinarily to be seuen â—â—mes gone ouer that is to say the fiâ—e times now spoken of and the two first which are before any gathering of the leaues doe fall The manner of gathering them is in this soâ—t When the leaues begin to be coloured about the edges and not in the middest you must take them from plant to plant in your hand and breake them off in such manner from the
colour pleasant smell pure neat and shining in euerie part sweet and verie pleasant to the tast and yet notwithstanding this hauing a certaine kind of acrimonie or sharpenesâ—e of an indifferent consistence betwixt thicke and thinne hanging together in it selfe in such sort as that being lifted vp with the fingers end it keepeth together in â—aner of a direct line without any breaking asunder for it should argue it selfe to be either too thick or too thinne if it should not hang together but breake or else to haue some other vnequall mixture It must not be long in boyling and yeelding but small store of scum when it doth boyle aboue all it may not exceedingly smell of Thyme though some as I my selfe doe know doe greatly esteeme of such And that which is gathered in the Spring or Summer is much better than that which is gathered in Winter White Honey is not of lesse goodnesse than that which is of a golden yellow so that there accompanie it the other marks of goodnes such as that is which the Spaniards and men about Narbona doâ— send vnto vs being verie white and 〈◊〉 firme and hard and therefore better without all comparison than anie other 〈◊〉 of Honey Honey the newer it is the better it is cleane contrarie to Wine which is more commended when it is old than when it is new This also is to be marked in Honey 〈◊〉 as Wine is best at the mid-Caske and Oyle in the â—op so Honey is best towards the bottome for by how much Honey is more firme and heauie so much it is the 〈◊〉 as being the sweeter The vse of Honey serueth for manie things it prolongeth life in old folkâ—s and in them which are of cold complexion that it is so we see that the Bee which is 〈◊〉 little creature â—eeble and weake liueth nine or tenne yeares by herâ—eeding vpon Honey The nature of Honey is to resist corruption and puâ—â—ifaction and this is the cause why Gargarismes to cleanse and mundifie the vlcers of the mouth are 〈◊〉 therewith Some make a distilled water of Honey which causeth the 〈◊〉 is fallen away to grow againe in what part of the bodie soeuer it be CHAP. LXX The manner of preparing diuers sorts and diuers compositions of Honey THere is such excellent vertue in Honey as that is preserueth and defendeth things from puâ—â—ifaction and corruption which is the cause that when anie are disposed to keepe Rootes Fruits Hearbes and especially Iuices it is ordinarily accustomed to conserue them is Honey whereupon it commeth that wee vse these names Honey of 〈◊〉 Roses Rosemarie-slowers Damaske-Raiâ—â—â—â— Myrtles Anacardâ—â— Buglosse and such like which are made with iuice and Honey of which onely we will 〈◊〉 in this place The Honey of Violets Roses Buglosse Mercurie and Rosemariâ—â—flowers 〈◊〉 all prepared after one sort Take of the iuice of new Roses a pound of pure 〈◊〉 Honey first boyled and 〈◊〉 tenne pounds boyle them all together in a Caldron vpon a cleere fire when these boyle adde vnto them of new Roses yet 〈◊〉 cut in sunder with Scizars of Sheares foure pound boyle them all vntill the iuice be wasted stirring them often with a sticke this being done straine them and put 〈◊〉 in an earthen vessell for to be kept for it is better and better after some time Otherwise and better and ofter vsed Stampe in a Mortar new Roses adde like 〈◊〉 of Honey and set them in the Sunne the space of three moneths afterward straine them and boyle the liquor strained out to the thicknesse of Honey Otherwise 〈◊〉 equall parts of Honey and of the manifold infusion of new Roses boyle them all 〈◊〉 the consistence of a Syrrup looke how manie times the more double the inâ—usion of the Roses is by so much the Honey of Roses will be the better and this same is 〈◊〉 most fit to be taken at the mouth as the first and second are for Clysters Or 〈◊〉 take new raw Honey before it euer boyle or hauing but lightly boyled and 〈◊〉 thereto some quantitiâ— of sweet water red Roses that are new and newly 〈◊〉 in the shadow their white taken away and a third part of Honey put them all together in a glasse-vessell or earthen one well glassed which being close stopped shall be set in the Sunne and stirred euerie third day and thus you may fitly prepare Honey of Roses and Rosemarie-flowers a great deale better than after anie of the 〈◊〉 waies Honey of Myrtles is made with a pound of the iuice of Myrtle-tree and 〈◊〉 pound of Honey all boyled together vpon a small fire The honie of damaskes raisons is thus made Take damaske raisons cleansed from their stones steepe them foure and twentie houres in warme water and after boyle them to perfection when they haue thus boyled straine them through a strainer verie strongly and after that boyle them againe to the thicknesse of 〈◊〉 Mel Anacardinum is thus made Stampe a certaine number of the fruit Anacardia and after let them lye to steepe for the space of seuen daies in vinegar but on the eight boile them to the consumption of the one halfe afterward straine them through a linnen cloth the juice that is strained out must be boyled with like quantitie of honie The manner of making honied water Take one part of honie and sixe parts of raine water put all together in a little barrell well pitcht and sâ—opt aboue that 〈◊〉 no 〈◊〉 at all may enter in at it afterward set it out in the hottest weather that is as in Iulie but out of all raine and leaue it so about 〈◊〉 daies but with such prouâ—â—o as that you turne the barrell euerie eight daies to the end that the Sunne may worke on all sides of it To make it more effectuall and of greater vertue it will be good in quincetime to mixe therewith the juice of quinces in such quantitie as that there may be for eâ—erie pound of honie a quarter of a pound of juice of quinces Some before they put the honie and water together into the barrell boyle them together vpon a cleare fire or vpon coales without smoake they scum the honâ—e and boyle it to perfection which they gather by casting an egge into it which if it swim aboue then the honie is sufficiently boyled but and if it sinke then it is not boyled ynough The Polonians Muscoâ—â—es and Englishmen doe make a drinke hauing the 〈◊〉 of a honied water which is farre more pleasant and more wholesome than many mightie wines and it is called Mede They take one part of honie and six parts of raine riuer or fountaine water they boyle them together and in boyling them take off the seum very diligently and continue the boyling till the halfe of the whole be consumed being cooled they put it vp in a wine vessell and after adde vnto it â—ix ounces of the barme of ale or beere to
to end that so your stocke cleaue not too farre which is a verie vsuall cause of the miscarrying of grafts in as much as hereby the cleft standeth so wide and open as that it cannot be shut and so not grow together againe but in the meane 〈◊〉 spendeth it selfe and breatheth out all his life in that place which is the cause that the stocke and the graft are likewise spilt and this falleth out most oft in Plum-trees and branches of trees You shall also be verie carefull to ioyne together the rindes of your grafts and the plants that so nothing may continue open to the end that the wind moisture of the clay or raine running vpon the grafted place may not 〈◊〉 in When the plane cleaueth verie streight there is not anie danger or hardnesse 〈◊〉 sloping downe the graft if you leaue it somewhat vneuen or rough in some places that so the sappes both of the one and other may the better grow and be 〈◊〉 together When your grafts are once well ioyned vnto your plants draw out your wedges verie softly least you displace them againe You may leaue there within the cleft some small end of a wedge of greene wood cutting it verie close with the head of the stocke or else so soone as your wedge is drawne out put some small chip of greenâ— wood vpon the cleft of the plant Some cast glue into the cleft as it were to 〈◊〉 and glue together the sappes of the two substances Othersome sprinkle into it Sugâ—â— or powder of Cinnamon or some other such spice or some sweet smelling liquor and withall dippe the ends of the grafts in honey or in some other sweet and 〈◊〉 quor hoping that by this meanes the fruits of the trees will retaine the tast thereof But howsoeuer it is couer the cleft of the grafting all about with grauell or sand 〈◊〉 on like a causey or else with gummed waxe which is better to couer withall 〈◊〉 the former or any other thing that can be learned and that the cleft may be very 〈◊〉 filled it must be laid on two fingers thicke or thereabout that so neither wind 〈◊〉 raine may enter or get in and you shall couer it ouer with Moste or Ryestra◠〈◊〉 Barke or the thinne rinde of the Elme prepared with a little earth and 〈◊〉 of old Woollen clothes or the barke of Willow and tie them on verie strait with small Oziers but in binding them take heed that the wreaths doe not shrinke to the one side or the other and if you haue not clay then arme and couer ouer as hath beene said the said clefts with gummed waxe and for want of both these mingle small hay and the earth of the place where you graft in manner of lome or mortar When thus you grafts shall be well wreathed â—asten some small boughes about them for to keepe and defend them Furthermore if the stocke of the plant whereupon you intend to graft be 〈◊〉 so thicke as your graft you shall graft it after the fashion of a Goats foot in 〈◊〉 manner Make a cleft in the stock of the plant not direct but byas and that 〈◊〉 and euen not rough then apply and make fast thereunto the graft with all 〈◊〉 barke on and answering vnto the barke of the plant this being done cover 〈◊〉 place with fat earth and mosse of the wood ried together with a strong band 〈◊〉 to the end that the tree may not be hurt either of the winds or other things 〈◊〉 downe neere vnto it some pole of wood for to strengthten and beare it 〈◊〉 They are greatly to be blamed for their fault committed who hauing faire wild uses or others the fruit thereof displeasing them doe cut them verte low hauing faire branches aboue and a bodie of the thicknesse of a mans legge and there graft them when as fiue or sixe years will scarce couer the wound that they haue made by such their kind of grafting whereas they might with as much eale haue grafted vpon the branches of the same and then they had not beene aboue a finger thicke and would haue growne better and brought more profit because that and if you haue foure branches you may make as manie grafts thereof and these will beare fruit the second yeare CHAP. XIII Of grafting in the ends of branches FOr to graft at the end of such branches as haue goodly new wood and great siences on high although the tree haue beene grafted before and that it be as yet not throughly growne take grafts of what sort of tree you will and cut some of the siences off from the high parts of the tree where you mind to graft and if the grafts should be thicker than the siences then graft them after the manner of the Goats foot as hath beene said alreadie of small Plants And if the siences be of the same bignesse with your grafts then cut them between the old and new wood or a little higher or lower and cleaue them a little and cut the graft of the like thicknesse to the sience which you haue cut off making but a short incision and reseruing the barke vpon both sides and looking that both the sides be of equall thicknesse then set your graft thus fitted into the cleft and that so as that the barkes of both sides the graft may stand euen with the barkes of the branch And for these grafts it is ynough if euerie one of them haue one good eyelet or two about the wreathing for to leaue them anie longer would not be good and you must wreath and wrap them in earth and mosse and couer it ouer againe with Woollen clothes and tye them vnto the same verie strongly as hath beene said Also by this meanes you may procure that one tree shall bring forth diuers fruits so that they be not such as the situation of the Countrey and qualitie of the Ayre doe refuse and reiect as I haue seene sometimes at Padua in the Garden of Messire Gabriel where one stalke of a tree hath borne fruits of diuers sorts And there is nothing that should hinder or let vs in this Countrey from doing the like if it be not perhaps that in some places the fauourable furtherance and mildnesse of the ayre is not so correspondent and answerable Moreouer if you will graft little Plants in this manner see that they be of the same thicknesse of the grafts and graft them neere vnto the earth as some three fingers off or thereabouts This manner of grafting at the ends of branches must be done in trees whose branches haue beene formetly cut off by reason either of some great want or else too great aboundance of sappe and that there be put forth of their stocke some new shoots which three or foure yeares after may be grafted after the manner wee haue spoken of Thus Columella teacheth vs to graft the Oliue-tree vpon the Figge-tree CHAP. XIIII To graft betwixt the wood and the barke IT
you shall furnish it euerie manner of vvay as others are deale withall And this kind of grafting is more profitable and sooner growne vp than that which is done in the forme of a Scutcheon CHAP. XVII Of other sorts of kinds of grafting vpon all sorts of Trees YOu may graft in the bud by taking vp the bud of a young shoot or plant and putting it with a little barke in the place of another which you shall haue pulled from the Tree vvhereupon you meane to graft binding it there aboue and below in manner as hath beene said of the Scutcheon-like graft and this may be done at the same time and vpon the same trees You may graft all manner of grafts vpon all manner of trees after this manner Make two pits foure foot euerie way and the one hard by the other in the one of these plant an Oliue-tree and in the other a Figge-tree or any other such like sort of Trees as shall best please you when the Oliue-tree hath taken root you shall bow downe such plants of the same as seemeth vpto you the fairest of the rest and bind them to the foot of the said Figge-tree this being done cut away all the other plants of the said Oliue-tree except they be such as you meane in like manner to graft then cut downe the Figge-tree and make smooth and euen the cut after this clause it in the middest with a wedge after which scape both the sides of the ends of the siences of the Oliue-tree such as the Tree beareth and put them in the cleft of the Fig-tree in such manner as that they may reach through afterward â—ome the said cleft of the Figge-tree on the one side and on the other with tough â—ome and tie fast within the stocke of the said Figge-tree the said plants in such sort as that a man cannot pull them away Thus three yeares after the Figge-tree and Oliue-tree will grow together and the fourth yeare when they are well growne you shall cut and vncoâ—ple the plants of the said Oliue-tree from it as is done in propagating so they shall seeme not to appertaine any longer vnto the Oliue-tree This manner of grafting is verie vsuall in the Countrie of Mans where I remember I haue rasted of a grape which had the cast of a nut because the vine that bare this grape had beene grafted into a nut-tree and after that manner that I haue now spoken of To graft in a Canon Flute or Cornet is thus perâ—ormed You must raise a long Gun or Canon hauing two or three eyelets from oft a new and reclaimed plant that is a finger thicke or thereabout and cleaue it casily the whole length of it after you must raise of the barke of some branch of a plant of the like thicknesse a Canon of the like length to the former and in place of this later you must make fast the foresaid Canon of the said barke of the new branch as forward and close as it can be set and the superfluous barke of that wherewith there is nothing intended to be done is bestowed vpon this thus grafted to defend it after this it is tied aboue and below the eyelets so carefully as that they may not be hutt then you must cut away the wood which is aboue the root and worke it ouer with gummed waxe all along the seames and at the end To graft in the bodie of a Tree is thus You must pierce the stocke of a Tree with a wimble euen vnto the pith and afterward cleansing the hole of the wimble 〈◊〉 well you must by force put a graft thereinto which hath two or three eyelets within and then after that close vp the hole verie sure with waxe To graft vpon a Willow or Colewort Make in the pole of a Willow or stocke of a Colewort two holes reaching to the marrow or pith either halfe a foot from the other set therein as it were by force euen in either of them a graft of such fruit as you your selfe will hauing their barkes seraped off and this in such foâ—t as that the holes be stope all of them therewith after this you must stop the same holes verie will with Waxe pricking downe the said pole within halfe a foot of some water after such a manner as that the grafts may be three fingers vnder the earth and at the end of the yeare when it hath taken root cut the plant in peeces and plant euerie graft where you your selfe will Thus you may graft in the Crowne You must cut oft the bodie of a great Tree rather than a little or thinne one vp on high but yet it may not be old though it may haue a hard barke rather than a soft and thinne afterward you must open it vp aboue on high in three or foure places in the cut of the barke of the said sâ—ocke which done you must with the helue of a penknife of bone being verie sharpâ— pointed put into euerie one of those opened places a graft gathered from the most Easterly part of his owne Tree then you must stop and couer well with toâ—gh 〈◊〉 or clay the wound that is aboue and lay a good cap vpon it so as that neither the raine may be able to wash and corrupt it neither yet the ayre to drie and chinker it after this you must tie the Tree with a coard or band neere vnto the place where the Tree was sawed ofâ— that so it cleaue not then you must thrust in your wedge betwixt the barke and the wood after which it remaineth that these grafts be 〈◊〉 to set round about the bodie of the Tree one distant from another no lesse than foure fingers then for the shutting vp of the matter taking away the coard or girth you must tie the barke with a companie of Oziers being of that length as that they may goe about the bodie of the Tree three or foure turnes and doubles that so by this meanes the grafts may be garded and stand fast against the winds and whatsoeuer other violence and against the bodie of the Tree you must set a stake or prop for to beat it vp and stay it taking away all the shoots that are about it because that by how much the number shall be the lesse by so much the more will the sap proout the strength and grouth of boughs Some doe graft in a Sience after this manner They make way into the Tree and that to the verie pith thereof with a penknife and after grafting a plant therein stop it vp close with Waxe Otherwise and the likelier some take a sience of one joyâ—â— and writh it afterward taking from it his joynts and bark and so graft it vpon a sheet as thicke as it selfe and it taketh quickly To graft in a morsell you must take in the moneth of March a peece of the thicknesse of ones thumbe and sufficient broad and long together with the eyelet
is a rule to stand generall in and for all Fruit-trees but as for particular kinds of Trees it is verie well knowne that euerie particular Tree craueth his seuerall 〈◊〉 particular soyle whence it may gather fit and agreeable nourishment for it 〈◊〉 as Theophrastus testifieth In like manner one desireth a diuers kind of placing and situation from the other Wherefore the trees which craue the refreshment of hauing their stockes taken vp doe commonly thriue better in valleyes than in high places as well for that their seat must not be altogether so drained of moisture as the higher places be as also for that the moisture which is in higher grounds conueyeth it selfe and distilleth into the lower and hollow whether it be raine or anie spring rising from thence In watrie places you must not make your pit verie deepe wherein you mean to plant your tree but in drie grounds you must set them somewhat more deepe neiâ—her yet must you heape too much earth in vpon those pits when you fill them vp againe that so the raine may the better stay about them and water them That which is commonly receiued as that in good ground there grow good fruits must be vnderstood with respect had to the naturall goodnesse that the fruit hath in 〈◊〉 selfe if both the industrie and skill of man to husband and keepe it neat and deliâ—â—er it when anie inconuenience presseth vpon it to drie and to season it so as that it may yeeld his fruit in due time be not wanting for these failing the fruit will likewise greatly faile of his goodnesse tast and durablenesse and so will falsifie the generall rule aboue named Set downe with your selfe to remoue your trees into so good a ground or rather better than that from whence you tooke them vp hauing respect to other especiall obseruations besides to be obserued according as will be required of the particular natures of euerie one And if it is be possible remoue them into the like situation for the receiuing of the Sunne-shine vnto they which they were first set and planted in and that you may not faile hereof marke their barke vpon such or such a quarter and set 〈◊〉 vpon the same againe in remouing of it But this obseruation as I must confesse is not alwaies kept for the reasons aboue named Also plant those of a forward Spring in a late soyle and a late soyle in a hot â—round The greatest part of trees doe delight in the South Sunne and to be seated vpon â—ome Sunnie banke from the Westerne wind as being verie contrarie vnto them â—specially to Almond-trees Abricot-trees Mulberrie-trees Figge-trees and Pomeâ—ranate-trees but principally from the North-east wind because it is sharpe swithâ—â—ing verie hurtfull for all sorts of plants euen to all fruits of what qualitie soeuer that â—hey be but chiefely when they are in blossome and that because it bloweth from off â—he Sea as also for that it is halfe North which is verie sharpe but not so dangerous 〈◊〉 the North-east and some say that this wind bloweth once a yeare as in the Spring â—nd that it spoyleth buds especially those of the Vine Vnde versus Vae tibi Galerna â—re quam fit clausa Taberna On the contrarie Chesnut-trees Cherrie-trees that beare 〈◊〉 sowre fruit Quince-trees and Plum-trees doe not much affect or sport and delight â—hemselues either with cold or much heat In watrie places trees commonly grow great and beare much fruit and leaues but â—hey are not of anie commendable rellish colour or durablenesse yea they beare â—ruit commonly the yeare they are set if they be accustomed to beare Trees must be â—et the thicker in a fruitfull soyle If you meane to plant trees in a cold place and that yet the tree should not be hurt of the cold you must plant them on the Sunnie side of the banke from the North â—ut towards the South CHAP. XXI Of the place and time wherein euerie Fruit-tree delighteth to be sowne planted and grafted in particular and first of the Almond-tree THe Almond-tree delighteth in hot places looking towards the South or East or where the ayre at the least is moderate as vpon the tops of hills or places neere vnto hills that are somewhat stonie and grauâ—lie stonie or marlie in which places it doth not onely flourish well being planted and blossome aboundantly but beareth therewithall great quantitie of drie Almonds as also hard and well-rellisht ones But contrariwise if it be planted in a moist and watrie ground and cold place it neither groweth well not beareth fruit well neither yet continueth long The fit time for the setting of it is about the Winter Solsâ—ice which is the eleuenth day of December euen vnto the end of the same moneth or somewhat after for the plant of this tree being forward and early in putting forth buds if it were planted in the Spring time it might let slip and loosen the time of the yeare which might be the fittest for the maintaining and comforting of his blossome If you would haue it to grow of the stone vnbroken and if I may so say of his seed you must let it be in Ianuarie and all Februarie in such places as are temperate or in October and all the moneth of Nouember in places that are hat And thus to cause it to grow of his fruit you must take new Almonds thicke ones hauing white shells verie porous and spongie and lay them in steepe for the space of twelue houres in honied water and after this digge them in the earth foure finger deepe the sharpe end downeward and after to water them three of foure times a moneth It groweth also of shoots and siences but the sience must be taken from the top of the tree full of pith sound of barke and cut vnder the knot And as concerning the grafting of it you must take the time of Autumne for as hath beene said this tree is a quick-spur and fore-rider but and if you stay till the Spring time you shall breake it off when the sience is fully put forth And for the chusing of grafâ—s that will take well you must take them vp on high and on the top of the tree and not from the middest much lesse from below and these grafts you may graft either in the bud or in the cleft and vpon a tree of his owne kind or vpon the peach or Plum-tree indeed the Almond-tree that is grafted is not of such growth or so â—â—â—â—full as that which is planted The good Farmer must plant and make grow great store of Almond-trees seeing they are not chargeable to maintaine neither yet their fruit to keepe but rather of greater profit and lesser losse than anie other seeing that euen vnder them Come will grow iolly and faire the Almond-tree hauing but a few leaues and those little ones The barren Almond-tree will become fruitfull and beare if you lay open the roots in Winter or else if you pierce
some part of the stocke close by the earth and put through the hole a wedge of Oake watering it about with mans vrine You shall make bitter Almonds sweet if you lay round about the roots of the Almond-tree Swines dung and Vrine casting much earth vpon it afterward and this yearely or if you bore a hole in the stocke of the tree and put therein a wedge dipe in honey or if as Plinie and Theophrastus say you bore the stocke through and through below and let the sappe runne out Of sweet Almonds you may make sowre ones if you let the beasts browse and crop off the first and tender branches The Almond-tree will be free from all annoyance of fogges if so be there be smâ—ll grauell laid vnto the rootes before it blossome and when it shall begin to blossome then to take it away You may haue written Almonds if you breake the shell of an Almond veriâ— finely without doing anie harme to the kernell whereupon hauing written what you thinke good wrap vp the shell and kernell in paper and so set it well couered with dyrt and Swines dung Almonds are gathered when their huskes gape through the force of the Sunne and hauing beat them downe if you shell them altogether and wash them in salt brine they will become white and will keepe a long time prouided that before you lay them vp to keepe you drie them in the Sunne Their huskes will be easily taken off from them if you spread them vpon straw The place to keepe them well must be drie whether it be Coffer Presses or Garner and if the number be great that you would keepe you must see that the place haue good store of ayre and be lying open to the North wind The bitter Almonds haue power to resist drunkennesse as Plutarch witnesseth of a certaine Physition which did vse to drinke out all commers and not be drunken himselfe and that by eating fiue or six bitter Almonds before he did drinke but they kill Hennes and Chickens if they eat them The bitter Almond bruised and rubbed or layed to the browes and temples doe appease the head-ach and procure sâ—eepe especially if you put vnto it water of Veruaine The vse of sweet Almonds is good for them which are troubled with clammie fleame in their throat or which haue weake lungs and are subiect to the grauell in the reines or difficultie of vrine as also to restore natures force and to make men apt to venerie The gumme of the Almond-tree doth quickly stay the spetting of bloud yea the daily vse sufficiently sheweth how profitable this fruit is for it serueth all the yeare long for the making of Almond milke Potage Pennets Marchpanes and other such daintie deuises CHAP. XXII Of the Peach-tree Abricot-tree Spanish Peach-tree Peach-Plum-tree bastard Peach-tree and the small Peach-tree PEach-trees are planted of their stone setting it two fingers within the ground and the small end thereof vpward it delighteth in sandie places in drie places and where the Sunne hath his full force but in cold moist and windie places it dieth presently if it be not defended from â—he said inconueniences You must set the stone with the sharpe end turned into the â—round and when it is in the earth digge it battle and stirre vp the earth about it at â—he foot at the least thrice a yeare you must allow it dung a fat soyle and a small â—ould and that a little before Winter come and especially Swines dung which maâ—eth it to grow more thicke than anie other sort of dung or batling by this meanes â—ou shall haue good Peaches thicke ones and fleshie You must likewise weed them â—ft after when it is two yeares old you must remoue it and lay it along in his pit â—uen after the manner that they vse Vines letting one onely bough stand out of the â—arth which may grow to serue for the stocke and bodie and thus it will continue â—ong by reason of the great number of roots which it will haue both to stay it as a â—oundation and to feed it but you must cut off the longest branch and that which 〈◊〉 the straightest of all the other which is the thing that would be diligently practised â—pon all fruit trees because that it is the thing which keepeth them from bearing â—ore and aboundance of fruit It is not to be grafted out of it selfe if you will haue it â—xcellent howbeit to make it last the longer in as much as it soone waxeth old it is â—ood to graft it vpon a bitter Almond-tree damaske Prune-tree or Quince-tree but 〈◊〉 otherwise than scutcheon or fluâ—e-like It must be watered at euenings in hot weather with coole water and sometimes with water mingled with the lees of wine especially when it withereth and beginneth to fall away as also to remedie it when it is in danger of fainting and drying you must lop it and cut away all the boughes as is wont to be done with Willowes when they are headed for by that means they become lustie and frolike and to haue as manie boughes as they had before It must also be sâ—ayed vpon some Pole or Willow because his roots be verie tender small and not creeping farre into the earth likewise we see that the Peach-tree doth grow old and fall away incontinently It beareth a diuers fruit as well in colour and tast as in substance and this diuersitie commeth for the most part of the ground but principally of the husbanding of them And that it is thus the Peach-trees that are planted or grafted vpon Vines bring forth Peaches of a better tast and more solide substance the Peach-tree grafted vpon a Mulberrie-tree bringeth forth Peaches that haue red flesh the Peach-tree grafted vpon a Nut-tree doth beare Peaches with huskes like Nuts whose tree is but small and hath leaues like vnto the Almond-tree and a reddish flower It is true that such a tree may become such a one of it selfe as we see infinitely in France The Peach-tree grafted vpon an Almond-tree beareth Peaches which haue a kernell like vnto the Almond but the rind and the flesh like vnto the Peach There may as much be said of Abricots called of the Latines Praeocia or Armeniaca of Spanish Peaches Medlar-tree bastard Peach-tree and small Peaches which are kinds of trees agreeing much with the Peach all which are verie tender in frost especially the grafted Abricot-tree and it continueth not past halfe the time of the Peach-tree all of them are subiect to be spoyled of the cold snowes frosts and fogges which happen after that they are blossomed but to keepe them from these dangers it will be good to graft them vpon the Quince-tree or Almond-tree all of them will beare great fruit if when they blossome they be watered with Goats milke Concerning the particular vertues of the Peach-tree see more aboue in the nineteenâ—â— Chapter of this Booke The flowers of the Peach-tree are
abounding in grasse and fertile The Ozier then which old Writers call Sea-willow or Wicker-tree that is to say apt to bend desireth not to come verie neere to the water but loueth rather to stand vpon the descending side of the valley and the Ozier-plot would end at the sides of the Willow-plot the Ozier-plot must be prickt with a line and prettie small ditches drawne out in it betwixt two lines and euerie slip must be set one from another about fiue foore and a halfe to giue them their spreading It vvill not abide the shadow of any tree but loueth much to haue the fruition of the South-Sunne The tame red Ozier requireth great husbanding and is afraid of frosts and the showres of raine that fall in March and verie cold vvater the vvhite and the greene Ozier vvhich neither bend nor yet defend themselues so well are of a harder nature and grow higher It vvill be good to pricke downe moe of the tame ones than of the other and alwaies to set them out of the shadow and there must be but a little water at their foot the most part of the time vvherefore you must make furrowes by the vvay to keepe and reserue water It must be dressed twice in a yeare to make it grow vvell that is to say about mid-May and towards the end of Nouember presently after that it is gathered being also the time of planting of it It is verie delightsome vnto it to haue the earth raised vvith the spade and stirred and to cast in again the clods vnto the foot some fifteen daies after S. Michael which is the time of gathering them and making of them vp into bottles You must keepe your bottles made of the thicknesse of a fadome fresh coole in some cellar or 〈◊〉 and if the season be drie to vvater them throughout now and then some slip off the leaues in gathering of them thereof to make good ashes others let the leaues fall of themselues and after gather them for the houshold and in Winter-nights by the fire side make the slaues spend their time in cleauing them for to make baskets of some doe not cut the oziers all from the head but such slips as are about the edges of it and leaue the maister-twig to stand vvhole for fiue or sixe yeares when it must be renewed and pricked downe againe for this is the terme of the plant for in all the time following the plant doth nothing but drie and the twig harden CHAP. VIII Of the Willow-plot SOme say that the Willow-plot craueth the like husbandrie that the Oier-plot because the Willow differeth onely from the Ozier in vse bignesse and barke for the Willow-tree is for poles the Ozier as hath beene said for bindings about the vine and caske the Willow is thicke and growing taller the Ozier is smaller and lower the Willow-tree hath a barke of a darke purple colour the Ozier of a yellow straw colour But vvhatsoeuer it is the Willow loueth vvaterie places and is planted of the tops cut off or else of poles the poles are taken from aboue of a good thicknesse but notwithstanding not thicker than the arme and they must be planted and pricked downe in the earth so deepe as they should stand before they touch the firme ground the cut of the top may be of the length of a foot and a halfe and be set in the earth being couered a little That which you shall plant must be cut from the tree verie drie because it will not thriue if it be vvet when it is cut therefore you must shun rainie daâ—es in the cutting of your Willowes The best time of planting the Willow is in Februarie in the beginning or in the end of Ianuarie vvhen as the heart of the great cold is broken vvhich oftentimes hurteth this plant when it is newlie planted It is true that it may be planted at any time after the beginning of Nouember yea it may be then both planted and gathered The plants shall euerie one stand from another sixe foot square and they must be carefully husbanded for the first three yeres as if they were yong vines You shall find a larger discourse of the Willow-tree in the sixth Booke The distilled vvater of Willowes is good to be drunke for the staying of all sorts of fluxes of bloud the decoction of the leaues or the lee made of the ashes of the vvood beeing drunke doth kill bloud-suckers vvhich hang in the throat CHAP. IX Of the Elme MEn of old time did much esteeme the Elme for the vine sake because they married the vine vnto the Elme as also it is yet practised of some vnto this day in Italie but now the Elme is applied to another manner of vse by the husbandman and for that cause vve haue giuen in charge to euery housholder to plant a plot of elmes at the end of his orchard as vvell to make fagots of as to make vvheeles and axle-trees of for his carts and ploughes as also for fire-wood and other easements besides the pleasure that the Elme-tree affordeth all the Sommer long For the planting then of your Elme-plot make choyce of a fat peece of ground and vvithall somewhat moist although this Tree be easie to grow in any kind of ground vvhich you shall digge and cast breaking the clods afterward verie small in so much as that you shall make all the earth as it were dust and in the Spring you shall harrow it and lay it euen afterward you shall sow it verie thicke vvith the seed of elmes vvhich shall by this time become little red hauing beene a long time in the Sunne and yet notwithstanding retayning his naturall substance and moisture and you shall sow it so thicke as that all the earth shall be couered vvith it then cast of fine mould vpon it good two fingers thicke and vvater it a little and couer the earth vvith straw or broken boughes and braunches to the end that vvhat shall come out of the earth may not be deuoured of birds And vvhen the siences shall begin to shew take away the straw and boughes and pull vp the bad vveeds verie carefully vvith your hands in such sort as that the small rootes of the elmes vvhich as yet are tender be not pluckt vp therewithall The waies and squares must be so discreetly cast as that he which is to weed them may easily reach to the middest of them euerie vvay Fâ—r if they vvere too broad then he should be constrained in pulling vp the vveeds to tread the earth vvith his feet by which meanes the shoots might be hurt After vvhen the branches are put vp some three foot high to take them vp from their nurserie and to plant them in another ground and after that to transplant them againe The Elme-tree also may be planted of small branches taken from great etmes and that a great deale better in Autumne than in the Spring time after three yeares passed they must be transplanted
earth because that vnder the crust of the frost it inwardly gathereth its sâ—rength together afresh that afterward it may shew forth iâ—s whole force and power in the Spring Wherefore in cold places it will bee better to plant your vine before the Spring as on the contrarie in hot drie and vnwatered places in Autumne to the end that the raine which shall fall all Winter may supplie the defect of other water and that the roots may the sooner take in the earth and then and at that time principally when nature ministreth most nourishment vnto the rootes My counsell is that in planting vines there be not any holes made but rather little pits of a fadome and a halfe in widenesse and as much in depth and this is to be done in October if you mind to plant your vines in Februarie or else in August if you meane to plant your branches before Winter The principall tooles of a vine-dresser are the mattocke to digge and turne ouer the ground withall the forked picke axe to make pits withall thâ— spade the weede forke to cast vp weedes withal the rake a little saw a great hedging bill a little hedging bill to crop and cut off the wood and to make young branches and an aâ—gar to graâ—t the Vine withall CHAP. VIII Of the plant of the Blacke Vine COncerning the naturall plant of the black Vine it groweth euery where the wilde doth yeeld a sharp and rough wine such as that which groweth of ground newly broken vp but the Vine that is intended to be for Claret wine is planted halfe of blacke and halfe of white Wine and thereupon standeth in neede of another manner of dressing and seat than the common Vine doth in like sort it is harder to order well as requiring a verie great care to be taken about it because the wine which commeth thereof is most pleasant to the eye and of excellent taste albeit that it doe not nourish so much The yong plants of the blacke Vine are the Morillion the Samoyreaâ— the Negrier and the Neraut Besides which for to make Claret Wine it is accustomed to adde the yong white wine plant And for the mingling of them afterward to make a Claret it will in a manner suffice if among three or foure plants or branches of the blacke there be one of the white The best of the blacke plants is the Morillion the wood whereof being cut sendeth forth a redder liquor than any of the other and the best of this sort is the short one being iointed within the bredth of euerie three fingers at the most and growing more or lesse thicke according as the countrie is bearing and nourishing it it beareth a well packt fruit and hath a rounder leafe than any other of that sort The other Morillion hath a long wood iointed with ioints at the end of euerie foure fingers at the least it is thicker and fuller of pith within and in cutting also it is pithie and so more loose the barke except that on the outside is verie redde and the leafe three forked after the manner of a goose foote and like vnto the leafe of the â—igge-tree This second Morillion is otherwise called wilde Pinot it beareth but few cleere grapes and those also small but the wine proueth strong yea better than that of the â—irst Morillion The third Morillion called Beccane hath a blackewood and the fruit is like vnto it in the blossome it maketh a great shew of Wine but when it commeth to ripenes halfe the fruit and sometimes more falleth away The branch is longest iointed of all the rest and groweth more in length and height of wood than any of the other This third kind of Morillion is called Le frane Merillon lampereau it ripeneth before the other Vine plants and yeeldeth good wine and as much as both the other The Samoyreau is likewise found to be of three sorts the best of which branches is short iointed and of a verie hard wood the other draweth verie neere vnto it The third sort is called indented Samoyreau otherwise white Prunelat and that because that his wood is whiter than the other the wine it yeeldeth is of an vnpleasant taste and it beareth but some yeares It hath furthermore this fault that when the fruit should come to be gathered it is for the most part found fallen down and shed vpon the earth The Negrier called redde Prunelat hath a redde bark the wood is long iointed of a thicke and grosse pitch a leafe verie much cut and the grape great cleere verie redde and last ripe Wherefore there needeth to plant but a few of these red plants for the colouring of the other blacke and fastning of them it keepeth and defendeth itselfe from the frost because it hath a high stocke The Neraut called the blacke Bourguignon hath the same nature with the white Bourguignon a hard and a verie blacke vvood a fast and small pith ioints one vpon another an indifferent leafe and altogether round the foot thereof being verie redde the fruit very thicke and close standing one by another as though it were a piled or packed thing it saueth it selfe better from the frost than any other there needeth not so much to be planted of it for it maketh a deep colour in such sort as that they which haue great store of it planted make wine for woollen-diers and â—ell it very deere The small Rochell and Bourdelais of the same nature are scarce to bee found because they are not any great bearers neither yet good for any thing but making of arbours the wood is red as shal be said afterward in inâ—reating of the white vine except because it is â—ound a little redder of a very vermillion colour where it is cut off CHAP. IX Of the plants of the white vine THe best young plant of the white vine is the Frumenteau whose wood draweth towards a yellow colour next vnto it is the Muscadet which beareth a red wood next vnto the Muscadet is the â—ine Pinet of Anjou which hath a wood drawing neere vnto a greene and the fruit yellow as wax There is no young plant that is more apt to beare and indure the frost than the Gouest which beareth a tawnie coloured wood and is very thicke in his stocke hauing a round leafe and yeelding much fruit There is another kind of Gouest which is called sage Gouest so called because of the tast that it maketh in the mouth it is smally in request notwithstanding that it yeeld great store of wine and be no more subiect to the frost than the other Gouest of the same â—ort The fruitfullest of all the white vine plants is that which is called the white Bourguignon or Mourlon or else the Clozier whose ioints are distant some two fingers and a halfe and the fruit hauing a short taile is thicker and closer grown than the Rochelle the leafe is very
largely where we haue spoken of all the sorts and properties of grafting The vine then may bee grafted either vpon it selfe or on other trees The vine grafted vpon a vine is after two maner of waies the onâ— in the stocke the other in the branch To graft a vine in the stocke you must make choice of a grosse firm one and such as is ful of moisture not being too old cutting it close by the ground or which is better a foot within ground The grafts that you meane to graft must be round firme full of little eies and set one neere vnto another and cut in the decreease of the Moone and taken from the stocke and foot of the vine The manner of grafting of them is to insert and set the graft into the bodie of the vine about two fingers deepe And you shall do the like if you would graft the vine vpon the branches of the vine At Auxerrois and especially at Chablies they haue another manner of grafting besides the former and they vse it much it is in this sort They cut off all the greene buds and sprigs from the stocke except onely the shoot or branch which was put forth the yeare before which they leaue of the length of some two â—oot This branch they cleaue the breadth of two or three fingers they hollow and also make fit the cleft within on euery side to the end that the graft of the branch being made cornered may fit the said cleft the better and in this cleft they put the graft consisting both of old and new wood made sharpe at the end which shall go into the cleft with his pith shaped in manner of a wedge ouer which they cause the said clouen branch so to close and come together in such proportion as that the rindes of euery part of the cleft may ioine after which they binde it gently without straiting of it much with a clouen ozier hauing the woodie part taken away in such sort as that there remaine almost nothing but the very pilling that so it may be the softer to tie them and the sooner rotten This done they lay the said graft in the earth about halfe a foot and couer it with soft earth Neither do they forget to pick off the buds or sprigs that may grow on the same stock that yere to the end there may be no attraction or rising of the sap for the putting forth and feeding of any thing else but the yong graft which for the first yere groweth for the most part about two or three foot Then at the end of two yeares they propagate the stocke and the graft which by such meanes will put forth many new shootes The like may be practised in one of the twigs putting vp at the foot of the stocke The vine is grafted after the same manner vpon trees as cherry-trees plum-trees and others such like and thereof Columella inâ—reateth very largely in his Elme groue whereunto I will refer you seeing in this our countrie of France there is account or estimation made of the grafting of vines CHAP. XII Of certaine pettie practises and experiments touching and concerning the vines YOu shall haue your vines to beare aboundantly and withall a very good and durable wine if your vine-dresser weare a garland of iuie at such time as he croppeth and cutteth your vines if we may beleeue Palladius but indeed the surest way is if there be cast into the pit with it when it is planted the acorns of okes brayed and ground-fetches You shall perceiue before the vintage that there will bee a great aboundance of wines if whiles you plucke very lightly with your fingers one grape off from the bunch there follow and issue forth some liqour after it In like maner a plentifull haruest of wheat doth prognosticate a plentifull vintage of wine Raines in the Spring time do foreshew that the wines comming after will be strong and mightie Men of old and auncient times past haue highly esteemed of the treacle vine in respect of the great vertue which his winâ— hath against the bitings of serpents and other venimous beasts and not only the wine but also his leaues stamped and applied in forme of a cataplasme vnto the greeued part as also the ashes of the branches The maner of preparing of it is to cleaue three or foure fingers of the neather end of the branch which you meane to plant and after that you haue taken out the pith you must put in steede of the pith some quantitie of triacle afterward you must couer it and wrap it in paper and set the clouen end into the ground somâ— othâ—râ— not contented with this course doe poure treacle vpon the roots of the Vine A Vine may after the same manner be made laxatiue as if in the clouen branch you put some soluble purge or if the rootes thereof bee watered with some laxatiuâ— things Note notwithstanding that the branch taken from the treacle or laxatiue Vine to be planted will not hold the properties of the said Vine whereof it was gathered because the treacle and laxatiue drugs doe loose their force and power in the Vine in processe of time Your Vine will beare a Wine apt to procure sleepe if after the manner vsed in your treacle wine you put Opium of the juice of Mandrakes in the cleft which you shall haue made in the bodie of the Vine To make grapes to grow without kernels take the pith out of the branch that you meane to plant and yet not from the one end to the other but onely so much as is to stand within the ground afterward wrap it in wet paper or graft it in an Onion for the Onion helpeth the branch verie well to grow and so plant it There are some that doe aduise to water it oft with water wherein hath laine to steepe some Beniouin and that so long as till it hath put forth some buds To haue grapes in the spring you must graft the branch of a blacke Vine vpon a Cherrie tree To cause a Vine to budde betimes you must rubbe the eies of the branch newly cut with water wherein hath beene steeped Sal nitrum and within eight dayes after it will budde To make your clusters to consist partly of white and partly of black grapes you must take two diuers branches differing the one from the other and cleaue them in the midst hauing regard that the cleft run not through any of their eies as also that there be not any part of their pith lost then afterward you must ioine them together and that in such sort as that their eies may be neere one vnto another and that in such sort as that they may touch and of two there may become but one onely afterward the branches must be well tied together with paper and couer them with clammie earth or with the leaues of the heads of Onions and to plant them
farre better in the spring time than it would haue done vpon the first lees as also that when vvine standeth long vpon the first lees which are thicke and sowre it easily looseth its naturall verdure and getteth a sharpe and vnpleasant â—aste and a thicke substance They did furthermore obserue the time and course of the heauens for they neuer drew vvine out of one vessell into another but vvhen the Northren vvinde did blow vvhen the the Moone vvas either new or vnder the earth and vvhen as Roses had put forth their first flowers and the Vine his buddes And Hesiodus following this custome doth counsell men that in changing vvine out of one vessell into another they should separate the Wine vvhich is the vppermost in the vessell from that vvhich draweth somewhat neere vnto the lees and both of them from that vvhich is in the middest of the vessell because that the wine which is next vnto the bunghole is euaporated much as being next vnto the aire and that which is in the bottome corrupteth very easily as being neere vnto the leese but contrarily that which is in the midst is most durable and conuenient for nourishment Such custome vsed by those of auncient time is not obserued now adaies especially in the countries of France and therefore we will not say any thing of this changing of wine out of one vessell into another CHAP. XV. Of the time of pearsing the vessells and tasting the wine and how to draw it without causing it to take winde MEn of auncient time did attribute so much vnto the influence of the starâ— as that they did pearse their vessells either for tasting or drinking of their wine at the rising of the Sunne or the Moone hauing this opinion that at such times the wine doth moue and therefore ought not in any case to bee touched or dealt withall Wee doe not so curiously prie into the matter but wee pearse our vessells at all times and as oft as either necessitie or commoditie will persuade and doth require Notwithstanding in pearcing of them you must haue this wisdome as to beware that they take as little winde as possibly may bee and when there is but a verie little drawne of it you must presently fill vp the vessell againe for feare of spending of it selfe As concerning the tasting of wine whether it bee to sell or drinke or if it be to finde out whether there bee any that is in daunger to bee turned some doe giue counsell that it is good to make the assay at such time as the North-East winde bloweth because at such times it is more pure and neate than at others others thinke it best when the South-wind bloweth because this vvind stirreth and moueth the wine verie much and sheweth it in deede to bee the same that it is but howsoeuer it is it is not good to taste the wine fasting for before meate vvine hath but a dull and dead tast neither yet after that you haue drunke of other vvine nor after you haue got a full bellie Furthermore the asâ—aier of wines must not haue eaten any soure thing salt bitter or any other thing which may alter his tast but must only haue eaten something without hauing digested it When our house-holder is disposed to pearce his vvine and that hee meaneth to draw it by a little and a little for his owne drinking and leasurably without giuing vnto it any vent at all hee must pearce it in the vpper part of the vessell with a pearcer which is for the same purpose and put into the hole the quill of a feather which must be open on both sides and it must bee as long as three fingers are broad and that vpon the top of that end of the quill which shall be vpward hee put some cotten couering the said cotten afterward with halfe a Walnut-shell and vpon it againe some ashes or vvet lime laid and when he hath done all this let him set the tap in the vessell and by this meanes he shall draw his vvine easily and vnto the lees without giuing of it any vent CHAP. XVI Certaine small things to be obserued concerning Wine WHen the case so standeth as that the Vintage proueth small and that the Lord of the farme in respect of sparing desireth to make a small Wine wherewith he would passe ouer the requisite prouision of his house in stead of a better and stronger wine hee shall make it in this sort after the manner of a rappe Vine In the time of Vintage he shall cause to bee taken a good quantitie of the knots of the grapes called Pinots and Sarminians when they are verie ripe and haue a hard skin and of these knots alone and whole wiâ—hout bursting of them he shall cause a vessell to be silled neere full which hee shall cause to be set downe vpon one of the ends and afterward cause it to be taken downe againe and set vpon a cantling and so shall cause to be turned into it two pints of good wine that is olde and mightie This being done he shall cause there to be water boiled wherof when it is hote he shall goe forward and proceed to the filling vp of the vessell and so shall leaue it vntill his small wine haue done boiling and be become throughly cold which is sometimes sooner sometimes later according as the yeare prooueth hote or cold whereunto he may then put a â—ap to draw out of the same and to begin to drinke thereof And as oft as he draweth out thereof he shall fill vp his vessell againe with so much cold water as he drew forth of his wine and so by that meanes keep his vessell alwaies full And by this meanes his said small wine will passe ouer the greatest part of the yeare in one state of goodnes And when this small wine shall begin to grow too weake he shall draw out thereof a quart and put in place thereof as much good old wine And in drinking of it he shall holde on if so it seeme good vnto him his putting in of water as before except that it be found too weake to put in any more wine and then he shall make his worke-folkes to drinke of it filling it vp still daily with vvater as before The colour of this small Wine is verie pleasant and faire The way to keepe new wine that it shedde not in the time of the boiling in the vessell is to put about the hole at which the new vvine commeth forth a wreathe of Pennie-royall Calamint or Organie or else you shall annoint the edges of the said hole within with Milke or Cheese made of Cowes milke or else you shall cast into the vessell of Wine a morsell of Cheese for it will keepe in the great heat of the new Wine To cause new Wine to be quickly purged you must put into fifteene quarts of new Wine halfe a pint of Vineger and within three
not needfull to plant them so neere euerie manner of way for the earth would not bee able to beare so much fruit as would growe and so it must either be transplanted or else it would proue out of course like a misborne thing Wherefore you may leaue betwixt euery two furrows and plants foure fiue or sixe foot distance sidewaies and againe if all prosper not the worst and most ill fauouredly growne may be pulled vp And euen as small and great wood is to be dressed and husbanded so also must their seed be ordered but not after the like sort for the mattocke would pull vp the seed and therefore they must be vnderdigd very deftly and the weeds weeded out all along the furrowes where the seedes are set to the end that the weeds do not smother them and that they doe not blinde them taking away their aire Sunne and substance of the earth whereof euerie young seede and plant standeth greatly in neede as to bee holpen thereby to gather root and life which is as yet in them very young and tender By which meanes you see that paines and labour taken about acornes and other seedes of trees causeth them to grow and prosper so as that they get the better of other plants which in continuance might ouergrow them bâ—t if they remaine as forsaken things without husbanding they vvill bee choaked vp vvith vveedes and the greatest part of them die and those vvhich shall escape vvill bee but of low growth and appeare like an vntimely birth lacking helpe and dressing except through long continuance of time they preuaile and then they which planted or sowed shall not reape any pleasure by them but their heires onely And in all such sorts of planting and sowing of vvild seeds it is necessarie to fence a place sowed or planted so vvel and sufficiantly with ditches hedges or vvals as that no beast horse or other may enter or get in as also that thereby the vvood may bee kept from being handled or cut downe by passengers for if the sprig bee brused or broken the tree remaineth all parched and readie to drie According to this manner of planting of acornes or chesnuts they may very vvell and conueniently bee set and planted amongst the plants of trees and rootes that are planted farre enough off one from another for so they may haue roome betwixt two plants being distant the quantitie of nine or ten foot or thereabout seeing it is meet and conuenient to nourish trees and to destroie vveedes By this meanes the acornes and chesnuts or any other thing planted vvith the dibble or sowne in furrowes is dressed amongst the rest and made to enioy sufficient scope betwixt two plants there to take their full growth vntill they become like high or very neere with the trees planted or cut neither do they cost extraordinarily for their dressing because the whole ground is to be dressed because of the other plants that are in it And in as much as it is oftentimes found in countries that there are neither vnderwoods woods bushes nor hedges whereout any may get a plant growing from roots I haue thought good to intreat a little of the meanes of making it grow of seed Like as is woont to bee done with fruit trees and those which are taken from their nurceries to bee transplanted into gardens so may you doe with wilde trees which after that they are growne to a sufficient thickenesse and come to beare seede may be otherwhere either grafted or planted as you shall wish or desire For which cause heere shall be put downe a treatise and chapter thereof seeing the former intreateth of the intermingling of seed with plants for to helpe out the storing of woods which are alwaies to continue CHAP. XII Of the way to make wild trees grow of seede to be remoued afterward into some other place CErtaine it is as hath beene said before that euery tree groweth either of a plant or of some great fruit or of a writhen branch and for that there are many places where one cannot come by plants easily it is to be attempted to make the said plant to grow of seed as is practised in the nurceries of tame aâ—d garden trees by dressing and dunging some halfe acre of good ground and then to sow it with such good seed as that the trees beare whereof you would haue plants That is to say with acornes if you would store your selfe with oakes or with chesnuts if you desue chesnut trees or with the graine and seed which groweth in elme trees if you would haue elme plants The said grains and seeds must be sowne in a fat fertile well dunged and somewhat moist ground and that reasonably thick therein couering the said seeds two fingers thicke and causing them to be well watered afterwards and couered with bright straw to the end that this fruit of young trees sprouting out of the seed bee not eaten and broken by birds but when they begin to grow the straw must be taken away and the weeds growing amongst them weeded out with the hand For which cause the quarters wherein the said seeds are to be sowne must be made long and narrow that so the weeds may easily be puld vp out of euery place without treading vpon the quarters and that the said weeds may be gathered gently to auoid the doing of hurt vnto the roots of the young trees and oftentimes they must be watered at night after Sunne set and in the morning before Sunne rise And after they be growne three foot high you must remoue them into some other ground before they take any stronger root and set them good two foot distant one from another till they haue got a competent thicknesse such as is before described and dresse and clense them from all weeds and water them in the time of drought Thus you shall reare plants of all sorts and of all manner of wild trees to remoue afterward into such places as you will and such trees will grow very well being transplanted as are of like age and sort for so the one of them cannot hurt or iniurie another This is to be practised in places where no plants of trees can be found in sufficient store for otherwise in countries furnished with vnderwoods and woods there arâ— inough to be found without taking this plant and tedious protract of time wherefore this article will be of vse where there is neither vnderwood wood nor plant to become by in hedges or bushes and not in this countrie where there are many to be gotten and those very good CHAP. XIII Of the pleasure that commeth of the planting of wilde woods as also of the profit comming of the same AMongst the things required for the making of a place of perfect beautie Cato in his booke of Husbandrie saith That it is needfull to haue nine principall things The first is a Vine yeelding great quantitie of vvine the second a Garden full of little riuers