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Measure the Cubit in building the greatest Pyramid and in determining the outward Measures of the Tomb contained in it Wherefore remembring that Mr. Greaves had given us exactly in our English Foot-Measure the sides of the Base of the greatest Pyramid and the length of the Tombstone contained in it both which fall into odd Numbers and Fractions of our Measure by which they were not designed I resolved to try the Reduction of this Foot-measure which he had taken into Cairo-Cubits and I found them both to fall into round very convenient Numbers of Cairo-Cubits making very reasonable allowance for such small error as may justly or rather necessarily be supposed to have fallen out either in the first measuring of the Pyramid's Base or in the late measuring which Mr. Greaves performed and I least suspect Particularly First the sides of the square Base of the greatest Pyramid are delivered p. 68 of his Pyramidographia to be 693 English Feet For reduction these must be divided by 1.824 which is his length of the Cairo-Cubit in our foot-measure the quote is 379.934 which is so very little short of 380 Cairo-Cubits that I think it reasonable to believe that the old Architects designed just this even number of Egyptian Cubits For if we suppose Mr. Greaves to have missed but .12 of a Foot which is not one Inch and an half in taking this long Measure of near 700 Feet then the side must be put 693.12 this Number divided by 1.824 will give precisely 380. Or rather if we suppose the old Architects Cubit to have been but one thousanth part of a Foot shorter than the present Standard and such error is scarce perceptible by Mens Eyes and there is greater difference in allowed Measures try'd by the Standard and ordinarily used its demonstrable that such a Cubit being repeated 380 times would make the side of the Base shorter than now it is found for 380 multiplied into 1.823 produceth but 692.74 which is shorter than Mr. Greaves hath found it Wherefore since such small difference from Mathematical Exactness of Computation must necessarily fall out in designing such vast Foundations either from imperceptible difference in the Measure applied or from inequality of Ground or oversight of Workmen I conclude that the Measure at first intended was just 380 Egyptian Cubits And I incline to it the rather because the Square of this Number which is the Area of the Pyramid's Base is as remarkable a Square as can be pitch'd upon in the whole Table of Powers of Number viz. 144400 and might therefore more easily please the mind of the Designer 2. In like manner I remembred that Greaves p. 96 97 gives the length of the Exteriour Surface of the Tomb contained in the midst of the greatest Pyramid to be in our Foot-measure 7.296 This reduced into Cairo-Cubits by dividing by 1.824 gives just four such Cubits and if there be found a difference in the Millesimal Parts of the Foot-measure which I cannot now correct having not the Book by me but my own Notes taken out of it I am sure it is less than a Barly-corns breadth Wherefore that Tomb or Stone-Coffins length may reasonably be judged to have been designed just four of their ancient Cubits And this designment could not agree so exactly with the same number of their present Cubits unless the old Measure had been continued unto this day Thus this Tomb will preserve to us the old Egyptian Cubit four times repeated as the Monument of Cossutius at Rome preserves the old Roman Foot but with more significancy concerning the usual proportion observed of old in humane Bodies that in most comely shaped Bodies the length from the Elbow to the Fingers end called a Cubit being four times repeated gives the Stature or Tallness of a Man And the differnce between the length of the hollow part of this Coffin fitted to his Body that should lie therein and the length of its exteriour Surface might instruct the beholders how much shorter he was than those elder and taller Men from whose Arms it 's credible that the Egyptian Cubit was taken at the first this difference was very near an English Foot Upon review of both these Instances I cannot believe that the old Egyptian Builders of this Pyramid and Tomb could make them by chance to agree with such well-chosen even Numbers of the Cairo-Cubit if the same Measure had not then been in use and had not guided them in their Work it being scarce possible that they should design and work by some other Measure and pitch upon other fitting Numbers of such Measure and yet that the Work remaining should so justly agree with both other well-chosen Numbers and Measures and with these also For proof of the second Proposition viz. That the Jews Cubit was of the length or measure with the old or new Egyptian I offer some general Evidence from Historical Observation of these and older Times useful to this and other Measures 2 dly Particular Evidence 1. The Mosaical History assures us that the Jews Progenitors went into Egypt a then flourishing Kingdom in the condition of a Family of about 70 Men and were there Subjects at the best who must use in all Commerce the legal Measures of the Kingdom in which they dwell and not long after were made Bondmen who cannot be supposed to be allowed to make Laws to keep distinct Measures and Weights from the Nation which they serve This little and low Estate they were in about 200 Years before their deliverance and therefore must needs know the Egyptians Measures but cannot be presumed and proof there is none to have any distinct peculiar to themselves Wherefore Moses often mentioning in his Laws Weights and Measures must needs mean and by the Israelites be understood to speak of such as they know before in Egypt for he never constitutes in his Law a new Cbit or Epha and therefore presumes them to know what Measures those words signify by former use of them Now it 's evident that they and their Fore-fathers for above 200 Years must needs use the Measures of that Kingdom in which they were Subjects and in whose Markets they must buy and sell for so long a time And certainly it was neither unlawful nor dishonourable in any comparison with Slavery to use the publick Measures of a Kingdom famous for greatest skill in the Art thereof on the contrary Moses is celebrated for being skilful in all Egyptian Learning of which Geometry and Arithmetick both used in measuring are the best parts Nor were the Jews so shy of imitating Egyptians but that they did many of them receive a strong tincture of their Idolatry their greatest degeneracy and therefore would more easily comply with them in so lawful a practice as the use of their Measures was Besides to take away all stumbling at this I consider that it 's highly probable that the Egyptians received their Measures from their first King 's Mizraim Authority and he received
longer than if they were set out by so many shorter Cubits suppose Cubits of 18 inches in such proportion as the Squares of these different Cubits bear to each other by the 19 20 Prop. of Euclid's 6 th Book But the Squares of these different Cubits are in foot-measure which is here more convenient as 3.82 to 2.25 the bigger of which is near half as much more as the less Therefore the Areas of the Temple and of the Priests Suburbs are according to my Measure near half as big again as they would be if determined by that shorter Cubit Such greatness of the Temple Solomon intimates to the King of Tyre to be requisite as best suiting with the Greatness of God 2 Chron. 2.5 This Reason alledged by Solomon to a Heathen must be of moral or natural and therefore perpetual Force continuing to Evangelical Times and therefore intimating to us that even now magnificent and stately Buildings are usefull meanes to signify what great and honourable Thoughts we have of God and design to promote in those that come to the Places of his Publick Worship And from God's liberal provision of Land in the Levites Suburbs besides other Advantages we are taught by St. Paul that even so those that preach the Gospel should live of the Gospel 1 Cor. 9.14 4. The Fitness Safety and Honour of keeping constantly to the use of such indifferent Things as have been determined by Law or Custom is clearly proved by the constancy of Israel's using those Measures altho others might be assigned as the Greek or Roman Measures to serve the same Ends from the Time of Moses and probably before to the Captivity and after And this notwithstanding they were used by the Egyptians and Canaanites which altered not their Nature in the least And this Instance proves undeniably that such indifferent practices as the use of these Measures may be highly useful to the greatest Moral Duties the Publick Honour of God and the Preservation of Justice among men These Corollaries hold useful excepting the Third which bears upon the largeness which I have assigned notwithstanding there may be supposed some mistake in my Determination of the Bigness of these Measures But I hope my Reasons will justify that also Besides these Uses it seems to me considerable that the knowledg of Weights Measures and Coins together with that of Numbers of all their Parts and Proportions to each other is the prime and most obvious Instance of something peculiar to Mankind above all other living Creatures enabling Men more than them to civil Society mutual Commerce and Aid to each other thereby above all that is found in the low Correspondencies of Brutes And agreeably to this peculiar Skill of Mankind in Numbers and Measures we may remark that the best Sciences which we have viz. Arithmetick and Geometry and our most perfect Arts I mean the Geometrical Doctrines of Mechanicks and Staticks are all employ'd in this Matter founded in the Principles of Numeration and Mensuration and built up by a close order and coherence of Demonstrations such as no where else are to be found This was I confess the first Motive that made me take so much pains to retrieve these Scripture-Numbers Measures and Weights which are the most ancient of all whereof we have any Memoires Lastly The Harmony of these Measures and Weights so stated will evince the Wisdom of the Ancients probably Noah or the Antediluvian Men in the first constitution of them confirms the Truth of our investigation of them and will ease all our Memories in retaining them and shews that some degree of Mathematical Learning was requisite or highly commendable in the Mosaical Priests who were to be Overseers of their Measures and Weights A Table of the Principal Measures c. herein contained I. Of Length 1. The Jews Cubit in English Inches Inch Decim 21.888 Hence are deduced 1. Its Parts or less Measures Zereth the Span ½ a Cubit 10.944 A Palm Hands-breadth ⅙ 3.648 A Digit Fingers-breadth 1 24 .912 The East used also a Span of a Cubit 7.296 2. Aggregate Numbers of Cubits Eng. Feet Dec. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 a Fathom 4 Cubits 7.296 Ezekiel's Reed 6 Cubits 10.944 The Arabian Canna or Pole 8 Cubits 14.592 Schaenus the ancient Measuring Line or Chain 80 C. 145.92 Sabbath days Journ 2000 Cub 3648  Feet Mil. Engl. The Eastern Mile 4000 Cubits 7296 1.3816 The Parasang 12000 Cubits 21888 4.1454 The 30 th part thereof is a Stadium as Herod and Hesychius witness 400 Cubits the 11 th part of an Eastern Mile ,13816  The 30 th part thereof is a Stadium as Herod and Hesychius witness 400 Cubits the 11 th part of an Eastern Mile 729.6 feet Eng.  Their days Journey not always equal but set by Abulfeda at a middle rate eight Parasangs or 96000 Cubits 33.1632  II. Table of Measures of Capacity  Sol. Inches Wine Gal. P. Sol. Inch. Epha or Bath 1747.7 7 4 15.2 Corus or Chomer viz. 10 Epha's 17477 75 5 7 Seah the third of Epha 582.5 2 4 3 Hin the sixth 291.25 1 2 1.5 Homer the tenth 174.77 0 6 0.5 Cab the eighteenth 97.03 0 3 10 Log the seventy-second 24.25 0 0 24.2 Add the Syrian 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Congio Romano in solid Inches 207.06 7 Pints English Wine-measure and about half a quarter of a Pint. III. A Table of Weights and Coins The Shekel of Silver just half a Roman Ounce to half our Averdupoise Ounce in Troy Grains 219 in value of our Mony pence 28.28 that is 2 Shillings 4 Pence Farthing with three Centesimals of a Peny above it which are near ⅛ th part of a Farthing Hence the half and quarter of Shekel are known Half a Shekel is called Bekah Its twentieth part called Gerah and Agurah well translated by Obolus Atticus and Keshitah Hence a Talent of Silver 3000 Shekels is in our Silver Coin l. 353.59375 or 353 l. 11 s. 10 d. ob Talent of Gold 5076 l. 3 s. 10 d. Hence Maneh in meer Weight 100 Shekels in Coin 60. The Golden Darics or Persian Darchemons 12 Gerahs value 1 l. 0.4 d. The Roman Silver Denarii 7 d. 3 far Gold Coins double in Weight Their Brazen or Copper Asses ½ ounce Weight in value 3 Farthings and 1 tenth of a Farthing Half this was Assarium 1 Farthing and 55 Centesimals of a Farthing Hence Quadrans is little above 3 quarters of our Farthing in value And half this called 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 translated a Mite is about 1 third of our Farthing in value POSTSCRIPT BEcause my exactest determination of the Epha is founded in the proportion of ⅙ which it bore to the Egyptian Ardub the Cube of their Cubit I entreated my Learned Friend Dr. John Moore to enquire of Dr. Pocock the great Oracle in Eastern Learning whether or no he had met with any other Authority besides what I have before mentioned whereby that proportion may be proved In