demy-circle on the left hand and to do as you did at right hand and at the end of the line to drive in a stake and these two stakes will represent the South-East and the north-North-East Angles of the Ovall then you are to turne your selfe full West and to set out with your demy-circle and the fore-said line the South-West and North-West Angles driving two stakes at the end of the line Then you are to fasten a line of 160. yards * This is the extent of the demi diametricall line of the bredth of the Ovall to the Center stake and to straine the same full South upon a strait line and at the end of the line the man with stakes is to drive in a stake then wind the same line about and straine the same full North upon a strait line and at the end of the line drive in another stake and these two last stakes represent the South and North Angles of the Ovall then remove this line from the Center stake and fasten it to the East Center circle stake strain it full East upon a strait line and at the end of the line drive in a stake then remove the same line to the West Circle Center stake and straine the same full West upon a strait line and at the end of the line drive in a stake and between these eight circularie stakes consists the superficie of the Ovall Now because the six sides of it are circularie you are to remove the fore-said line of 160 yards to the Center-stake and to fasten your iron tracing-pin to one side of the line and the other side to the stake and to straine the same full South and to trace the ground as far as the line will give you leave on both sides of the South stake and then you are to do the like on the North side and that being done you are to fasten these lines one after another to the East and West circle Center-stakes and to trace the West and the East sides of the Ovall with the point of your iron pin as you did the South and North sides joyning the tracing of your pin on all sides and this being done you are to set many Pioniers to make the tracing deeper with spades or with the flat ends of their pick-axes And when this Superficie of the Ovall is sufficiently traced you are to divide the six circularie sides into six equall parts driving a stake in everie division then you are to fasten a line of 85 yards to everie Angle-stake one after another and to straine the same upon a strait Diagonall line from the foure Angle-stakes that represent the South-west and North-west and South-East and north-North-East Angles but upon a strait Diametricall line from the South and North Angle-stakes and at everie end of the line you are to drive in a stake and these six stakes will represent the six vtmost points of the six Bastions then you are to fasten a line of 240 yards to everie third stake of your six sides to set out by it the faces and the line of defence of the Bastions by straining and fastning this line to everie Angle stake twice to set out the twelve faces then you are to fasten a line of 45 yards to everie second stake of the six sides or bases and to straine this line not perpendicularie-wise as you have done formerly when you did set out the Bastions with Orillons but five yards more bevell toward the next Bastion then strait and where the Line cuts the other that sets out the faces of the Bastions and the Line of defence you are to drive a stake and after this manner set out all the rest till you have gone round Now let me informe you once for all that the safest and the most frugall way to set out your Bastions after your maine Superficie is set out is to set out one halfe Bastion at a time and to have it * A generall observation to be noted presently traced before you remove your Line for these two Lines one long to set out the faces and the Line of defence and a short one to set out the Flanks will serve turne and besides it will prevent all confusion and mistakes Now when all the Bastions are traced you are to set out the dike and when all is finished the Counterscarp as you have been directed Chap. 12 and 13. The Line of defence of this Ovall is of 240 yards the distance from the Center to the point of the Bastion of 85 yards The gates and dravv bridges of this Ovall fortification are to be placed in the middest of the East and VVest courtine that represents the length of the Ovall and not South and North as other Forts are and the length of the Courtine because of her circularie Line of 170 yards the brest of the Bastion 110 yards the Gorges of 83 yards and one third part and the faces of the Bastions of 100 yards and others of 90 because of the winding of the Ovall and her Flanks of 45 yards three yards longer then ordinarie because of the circularie line of the Courtine that it may the better defend the inward Angle of the other Flanks CHAP. XVI Of the Fortifications of the Sexagon by Bastions with Orillons demonstrated in Plate 12. THe Sexagon is regularie and a most compleat Superficie the Angle of her Center is of 60 degrees the Angle flanked of 80 degrees * See in Chap. 18. vvhy these sides have been set out fiftie yards longer then any other formerly have been This Sexagon is composed of six equilacerall Triangles equall on all sides containing everie one of them 39000 yards vvhich being multiâ—lied by six containe 234000 square yards and the Angle flanking of 135 degrees her sides are of 300 yards a peece her circumference of 1800 yards her whole continent of 235000 square yards out of which the one third part being deralked for the bredth of the Rampiers the extent of the Market-place and the streets there remaineth 156000 square yards for the houses of the Inhabitants to whom wee will allow in this greater continent 200 square yards that is a peece of ground some thing more then fourteen yards square on all sides And after this allowance the fore-said number of 156000 square yards being divided by two hundred square yards it will appeare that this continent will containe 780 houses and by consequence so many Inhabitants that are according to the rules of war to billet in everie third house a Horse-man and in all the rest two Foot-Souldiers a peece And after this accompt there will be 260 Horse-men and 1040 Foot-Souldiers a verie compleat Garrison to defend a place not much above an English mile in circumference so it be stored with Ordnance Armes Ammunition victuals and all other necessaries for such a Siege I have in this Superficie as being the last of this Method of Fortification set out the broad streets that go round
knock in a stake at his feet and this stake will represent the North East Angle of the Poligon then turne your face to the north-North-West and with the ray of your demy-circle on the left hand the man with the line following the same and when he is just against you and the ray of the demy-circle being at the end of the line the man with the stakes is to knocke in another stake at his feet and this stake will represent the North West Angle of the Pentagon And after this manner set out the South-East and South-West Angles of the Pentagon and having knockt in stakes these five utmost stakes will represent the five Angles of the Pentagon and by these observations the gate and the draw-bridge of this Fort will be full South and in the midst of the South Courtine to be defended by the flankes of two Bastions when this is done you are to take the line of 250. yards having a loop in the midst which line you are to strain from stake to stake to prove whether your stakes are at an equall distance driving at everie middle of all the sides a stake as you will be directed by the loop fastened to the middle of the line now if any of your stakes be amisse you may easily amend them by the demy-circle and the line and when they are right you are to fasten lines from stake to stake as neare the ground as may be and set many Pioniers to trace the superficie of this Pentagon before you set out the Bastions And this is also the way how you ought to set out the equilaterall Triangle * Hovv to set out an equilaterall Triangle by the demi-circle spoken of in Chap. 12. by the Demy-circle spoken of in the 12. Chapter by driving a stake full North to represent the North Angle of the Triangle and by turning your face South after you have set the sight of the demy-circle upon 60. degrees as being the Angle of the Center of the equilaterall Triangle turning the ray of your demy-circle on the right hand and then on the left hand and driving at the end of the line of 250. yards two stakes for by this meanes the gate and the draw-bridge of the Triangle Fort will be full South and just in the midst of the South Courtine and defended by the flanks of two Bastions The Superficie of this Pentagon being traced you are to divide the five sides of it into six equall parts driving in everie division a stake then you are to fasten to the former line of 240. yards another line of 83. yards and a third that is the just distance from the Center of the Bastion to the utmost point of it and when you have done so you are to fasten the same to the Center stake and to straine it diagonall-wise 83. yards and one third part beyond the five Angle-stakes making the line as you straine it to touch the said stake and at the end of the line to drive in five stakes that will represent the five utmost points of the five Bastions And for the setting out of the rest I referre you to avoid repetition to the two last Chapters where you had large directions to set out the flanks and faces of the Bastions with their Orillons Dikes and Conterscarpes and will onely acquaint you with the demensions of this Pentagon since I did omit the same in the square yet I will give a hint of them in this place the flankes of the square were but forty yards and the flankes of the Pentagon are forty one yards and two third parts their Courtines are alike of 166. yards and two third parts the distance from the Center to the point of the Bastion in the square was 86. yards and in this Pentagon of 83. yards the gorge of the Square and of the Pentagon alike of 83. yards and one third part And the line of defence in the square 230. yards and in the Pentagon three yards lesse The faces of the Bastions in the square of 105. yards and in this Pentagon 100. yards and the brest in the square of 95. yards and in the Pentagon 100. yards CHAP. XV. Of the Fortifications of the Ovall by Bastions without Orillons demonstrated in Plate 8. THe Ovall is as irregularie as the Triangle and one of the most difficult superficies to set out in the field because of the circulary form and the variety of the Angles foure of them being of sixty five degrees and two of thirty seven degrees and a halfe the Angle flanking of 130. degrees and the Angle flanked of 72. degrees and a halfe her circumference is of 1500. yards and her continent from out to out of 118800. yards out of which the one third part being defalked for the bredth of the Rampiers the market-place and the streets there remains for the houses of the Inhabitants 79200. square yards that is to be divided by 150. square yards for a piece of ground of 12. yards and halfe square of all sides that is allowed to everie one of the Inhabitants that are found to be by this calculation 528. that are to billit 176. horse-men and 704. foot-souldiers A sufficient Garrison to oppose an Army of eight thousand men for three months so it be provided with Cannons Ammunition Armes Victualls and all other necessaries for a Siege It is also a convenient superficie to fortifie a well-compacted market-towne that may be reduced to this forme of three fourth parts of a mile Circumference Now to set out the Superficie in the field Note once for all that you are to have a Sea-compasse vvhen you go about to set out any kind of Superficies in the field to place your angle South North East and VVest rightly you are to make choice of your Center and to drive in a stake and to fasten a line of 80 yards to that stake and to straine the same full East upon a strait line and to drive in a stake then you are to wind the line about and to straine it full West and to drive in a stake and these two last stakes divide the length of the Ovall into three equall parts of 160. yards a piece and represent the two Centers of the two circles out of which the Ovall is formed then you are to fasten a line to the Center stake of 220. yards that is the extent of the demy-diagonall line of the South-East and North-East Angles and of the South-West and North-West Angles that are of 57. degrees and a halfe upon theray of which Angle you are to set the sight of your demy-circle and standing at the Center stake to turne your face full East winding the ray of the circle on the right hand the man with the fore-said line straining the same till he come just against you and the ray of the circle then is the man that carrieth the stakes to drive a stake at his feet then you are to winde the ray of your
the great ditch Before you set out any of your Out-guards that are not to be undertaken before the brest-work and the slope of it belonging to the Contre esearpe be fully finished only you are to leave a gate of 12 soot broad against the places where you are to erect your out-gtards and these gates are to be made up by so many strong and sufficient Turn-Pikes well ironed with iron pikes and good hasps and locks for by these you are to releive your Out-guards or make your retreat if you be driven from the Out-guards all this being finished you are to set out the Out-guards after this manner The foure Out-guards against the foure Angles of the square are foure equilater all Triangies or Holfe-moones of one hundred yards on all sides two of the sides are to have a diâ—ch of nine foot broad and six foot deep and their brest-works of six foot high with a foot-step and the brest-work at cop is to be six foot thick and in the bottome nine foot with the foot-step And the other side towards the Angle of the square is to be open that the assailants may be discovered if they should possesse themselves of these Out-guards he Points of these Triangles that are towards the Angles of the square are to be 16 foot distant from the brim of the ditch The foure smaller Triangles have their Base 13 yards longer then their two sides that are to have ditches and brestworks that are to be of the very same dimensions of their former Triangles their base is of 83. and their fortified sides of 70 yards the first defend the Angles of the square and the flanks of the Avant Guards and the last defends the faces of the Avant Guards so that this fortification is compleat strong and of great defence the coming in is to be in the middle of the South Avant Guards for the gate and the draw-bridge are flanked and covered by one of the Halfe-moons CHAP. XXIII Of the Fortifications of the Pentagon fortified by Avant Guards and Out-Guards demonstrated in Plate 17. I Have formerly shown in Plate 11 how to set out the Pentagon in the field to omit repetitions I will onely give you some directions how to set out the Avant Guards and the Out-guards of this Pentagon because this Fortification differs from the other The Angle of the Pentagon is of 75 degrees his five sides are of 240 yards apiece ten yards lesse then the former the circumference of it is 1200 yards that is almost three quarters of an English mile a very convenient form for a Royall Fort for the continent of it it differs little from the other because the circumference of it is but 50 yards lesse and therefore I will referre you to Plate 11. only I will inform you that if the circumference of it were a quarter of a mile greater then it is that it might be defended being fortified after this method by a smaller number of men then the other could be that is fortified by bastions with orillons When the Superficie of the Pentagon is fully set out and traced you are to divide his five sides into three * Note by this that the brest of the Avant Guard is 80 yards broad equall parts that will be of 80 yards apiece and you are to knock in stakes in all their divisions then you are to divide the middle division in two parts that there may be a stake knockt in to represent the middle of every side Then you are to fasten a line of 80 yards * Note that the greatest slanks of the Av nt Guards advance 80 yards into the field to the South-East Angle stake and to strain the same full East upon a strait line agreeing with the side and at the end of the line knock in a stake then remove that line and fasten the same to the North and by East Angle stake and to strain it as before and to knock in a stake then remove that line and fasten the same to the North and by West Angle stake and strain it as before and knock in a stake then remove the line and doe the like to the West and by North Angle and as much to the West and by South stake straining the line as is said before and at every fide of the line knock in a stake and these five stakes will represent the five out-most Angles or Points of the five Avant Guards Then remove that line and fasten a shorter line of * The short slank is sorcy yards 40 yards to the second stake of the South side on the left hand South West and strain the same into the field perpendiculary wise and knock in a stake at the end of the line and this line will represent the short flank of the south-South-West Avant Guard and as you have set out this short frank set out the other foure and knock stakes at every end of the line and these five stakes will represent the five short flanks Then fasten the former line of 80 yards to every one of these last stakes one after another and first of all to the south-South-West short flank and strain the same Diagonal wise fastening the same to the stakes that represent the out-most Point of the Avant Guard and before the line be removed set Pioniers to trace the same and it will set out the face * The line of defence is taken from the midale of the side or Courtine that is in this figure of 240 yards of the South-West Avant Guard and as you have set out this face set out the other foure after the same manner You are to observe that if a line of foure hundred yards could be strained from the South-East Angle of the side of the Pentagon and fastned to the outmost Point stake of the South-West Avant Guard that this Diagona line that represents and sets out the face would be more perfect for it would cut the end of the short flank and terminate it selfe at the end or point of the long flank but this cannot be done conveniently only when you set out these faces stand with your Demi-circle at every Angle stake of the side opposite to the face you set out and by the Diagonal ray of your circle you may guide the line of the faces to be set out as perfectly as if a line of 400 yards had been strained Now when you have thus set out and traced the five Avant Guards with their faces long and short flanks you are to set out all your ditches after the dimensions described in chap. 17. Casting the earth of them inward to erect the brest-works and their five foot-steps of that height breadth and thicknesse there described And when all your inward works and the great ditch is finished you are to set out the Cunette or small ditch out of the great ditch and to erect with the earth that is taken out of it the Contre escarpe brest-work distant from the
the proportions of her Flankers thus observed it will produce a strong and a verie regularie Fortification fit to fortifie a faire Market-Towne of a mile and a quarter circumference that may be reduced to this forme CHAP. XXVII Of the Fortifications of the Paralograme fortified by small Flankers demonstrated in Plate 20. THis Paralograme fortified by 18. Flankers hath his broad sides of 1500. yards and his end sides of 750. yards for a long Paralograme is to be as long againe as broad and a Demi-Paralograme one third part longer then it is broad his Circumference is of 4500 yards that is of two English miles and one third part of a mile a large Circumference for so small a Continent for it containes from out to out but 1125000. square yards whereas if there had been 750. yards added to his bredth to reduce it to a Square it had contained 2250000. square yards that is just as much againe so much availeth in the Art of Fortification to make choice of compact Townes for a Garrison when a place of three miles and two fifth parts of a mile Circumference can be fortified for one quarter part more of charges then a Towne that is smaller by halfe and all because of her ill forme yet because there are many Townes in this Kingdome of this forme I have inserted two different kind of Fortifieations for them in this Abstract for his Angles if you take the Angle of the Center of the end side from the Center of one of the two Cirdes of which it is composed you shall find it of 90 degrees but if you take it from the Center of the Paralograme it self you will find it is but of 45. degrees and the Angle of his broad sides is of 135. degrees a very open and obtus Angle This Superficie is easie to be set out upon paper as you may see by this Figure but because it is more difficult to set out in the field when the broad sides of it are of so large an extent I will here add some observations to my former direction given in Plate 14. The best and the most speedy way to set out so large a Paralograme in the field is to make choice of your Center and to drive in a stake and to fasten a line to it of 375. * This line of 375 yards is the fourth part of the diametricall line of the long side of the Paralograme yards and to straine it full East and at the end of it to drive in a stake then you are to wind that line about and to straine it full West upon a strait line and at the end of the line drive in a stake these two last stakes will represent the two Centers of the two circles from which this Paralagrame is composed Then you are to set the sight of your demi-circle upon the ray of 90. degrees and to stand at the East circle stake turning your face full East winding your demi-circle on the right hand to set out the South-East Angle the man that carieth your lines following the ray of your demi-circle till he be five hundred and thirtie * The ray of this line of 530 yards is the diagonall line from the center of that circle to the angle of the Paralograme yards and just against you and upon the ray then your man that carrieth the stakes is to drive in a stake at his feet and with a line of 100. yards that they are to straine between them let them cast with it if there be just 530. yards from that stake to the Center stake you stand at if there be just so much then is that Angle perfectly set out but if the distance begreater or lesse they are to remove the stake and amend it you guiding them by the sight of your demi-circle then you are to wind your demi-circle on the left hand to set out as you did this the North-East Angle and that being set out and a stake driven in you are to remove your selfe from that East circle Center stake to go to the West circle stake and to set out with your demi-circle the South-West and North-West Angles after the very same manner as you did the former and two stakes being driven in them the foure Angles of the Paralograme will be perfected Then you are to stand with your demi-circle at the middle Center stake of the whole Paralograme and after you have set the sight of it upon the ray of 135. degrees you are to turne your selfe full South and to try whether your South-East and North-East Angle stakes are just of 135. degrees which being so that broad side is perfected then returne your selfe full North and try whether the North-East and the North-West Angle stakes are just upon 135. degrees which if they be then is the Paralograme perfect in all his foure Angles then you are to stand at every Angle stake one after another and to fasten a line to them of 250. * This Line of 250 yards is the distance that is to be betvveen the center of one flanker to the other center yards and the man with the lines is to straine the same from one Angle stake to another drive in at everie end of the line a stake till he hath gone round guiding his stakes with the sight of your demi-circle that all the stakes may be upon a perfect strait line then you are to fasten lines as neare the ground as may be to these stakes and to set many Pioniers to trace out the whole Superficie of this Paralograme and that being done you are to set out all the 18 Flankers one after another as you were directed in the last Chapter CHAP. XXVIII Of the Fortifications of the Square fortified by small Flankers demonstrated by a Demi-Square in Plate 21. THis Square fortified by twentie foure small Flanks if of 6000 yards circumference that is three English miles and two fifth parts of a mile It is verie convenient to fortifie a great Corporation Towne that may be redeced to that forme his continent is great because of the soliditie of his body for it contains 2250000 square yards The Angle of his Center is of 90 degrees and it is to be set out in the field after the verie same manner of the end-sides of the Paralograme described in the last Chapter and his Flankers are to be set out according to the directions given in Chapt. 26. and therefore to avoyd repetitions I will omit to speake of these things and will only set forth what number of Ordnance Foot-Souldiers and Horse-men will be required to defend a place thus fortified against an Army of twentie thousand men the circumference of it being so great as it is 1 It requires to be provided with fortie eight Peeces of Ordnance of all sorts for there cannot be lesse then two upon everie Flanker six Demi-Cannons to dismount the Assailants Cannons if they erect their batteries twelve Demi-Culverins to hinder
allow them to be of 150. square yards that is a piece of ground of twelve yards and halfe square of all sides by which scantling the 41666. yards being divided there will appeare to be in this continent 277. dwelling houses and as many Inhabitants that may billet foure hundred Foot and two Troopes of Horse and this number is sufficient to maintaine this Fort against an Army of five thousand men three months so it be provided with sixteen piece of Ordnance Balls Ammunition Armes Victualls and all other necessaries fit for a Siege Object Some will wonder why so small a Fort should have sixteen pieces of Ordnance when many of our Garrisons that are of two or three miles Circumference have not so many Ans I answer the more is the pity they are no better provided But if this Method of Fortification were not better stored to what end should Forrainers be at the charges to erect upper and lower flanks and because I have not as yet spoken of these upper and sower flanks I will upon this occasion describe how they are made and for what use they are erected In the Ancient Fortifications by Bastions Of the upper and lovver Flanks of a Bastion there was formerly low Casamates to scour the dikes even with the water for they were built so low that a Cannon being mounted in them and pointed shot upon a levell Line even with the water of the dike and these Casamates were all vaulted with arches of free-stone having two Port-holer and two Demy-Cannons in every one of them their vault being some sixteen foot square and they had a slanting descent from the gorge of the Bastion with a door to come down to them but because they had no other light then the Port-holes nor no other evacuation for the smoke then the doore when the Cannoniers fired their Pieces they were so incumbred with the smoke in the vault that they could not suddenly charge their pieces againe but were inforced to sâ—ay till the evacuation of the smoke were past Whereupon the moderne Enginiers to prevent these defects have invented the upper and lower slanks where they alwaies place two pieces of Ordnance in everie one of them so that according to the Forrain Method every Bastion is to have ten pieces of Ordnance at the least two Demy-Cannons in everie flanke and two long Culverins to defend the faces and the point that is in all ten pieces of Ordnance these Flanks are made after this manner The wall of the flanks is brought up from the bottome of the dike with free-stone of two yards thick to the levell of the water of the dike and within and without laid with Tarris that the water of the dike may not pierce the same and upon this wall and the firme ground after another foundation of stone hath been laid twenty four foot from the brim of the first wall some five foot deep a Brest-work is brought up of earth and turfe of twenty foure foot thicke in the bottome and of twenty foot broad at top and six foot high having three Port-holes and beyond this Brest-worke the ground is digged lower the whole length of the flank that is ordinarily from thirteen yards to sixteen yards in length and in breadth eight yards and in depth five foot and this being laid with tracin and planked is the Platforme of the lower flanke open over-hâ—â—d in which they place two Demy-Cannons and these scouâ—â—â—â—d free the dikes from the assay lants galleries and from the scaling of the Rampiers Now to erect the upper flank they go eight and forty foot wider into the gâ—rge of the Bastion and upon the in ward foundation of the lower flanke wall and the earth of the Bastion they erect another Brest-work of the same height bredth and thicknesse of the former with three Port-holes in it and then they planke another platforme and place two Demy-Cannons more upon the same and these are the manner of their upper and lower flanks that have a slope coming downe from the upper to the lower some ten foot broad which being covered by the Orillons make the Bastions very strong and when these double flanks are taken out on both sides the gorge is not above fiftie yards broad that is narrow enough for the last re-intrenchment Now these flanks being all open over head the smoke of the Ordnance is suddenly evacuated the use of the upper Flank is to scoure the face and the points of the Bastions in the time of a storme and to beat all along the Courtine And so much will suffice once for all concerning the erection and use of these lower and upper Flanks Now I come to shew how you are to set out this Square in the field If men could as soon and as easily set out a Superficie in the field as they may upon paper it were soone done but this last requires a greater labour and care You are then in the first place to make choyse of your Center and there to knock in a stake then you are to stand close to that stake and turne your face full South and then take your Demi-circle and set the sight of it upon the ray of 90 degrees that is the Angle of the Center of the Square then you are to have two men by you one with lines and the other with stakes and he with lines is to have a line of one hundred and * You are to observe that this line of 180 yards is the just demi-diagonall line and distance that is betvveen the Cent r-stake and the Angles of the Square fourescore yards the one end of which line he is to fasten to the Center-stake and when you have taken your Demi-circle and set the sight of it as afore-said you are to take with it having your face turned to the South the right hand ray of the Angle of 90 degrees and when you have it let the man straine the line fastened to the Center-stake along the said ray to the end of the line and when he is just against you and the ray of your Demi-circle let the other man knock in a stake at his feet then turne your selfe and set your Demi-circle to take the left hand ray of the angle of 90 degrees and when you have it let the man with the end of the line come to it and when hee is just against you and the ray of your Demi-circle let the other man with stakes knock in a stake at his feet at the end of the line and these two stakes represent the South-East and the south-South-West Angles of your Square then turne your selfe fall North standing close to the Center-stake and set out after the same manner the North-East and North-West Angles of your Square and let the man with stakes knock in two stakes as hee did in the South side and these foure utmost stakes will represent the foure Angles of the Square Now to avoyd errour you are to fasten the
about the Rampiers and from the Rampiers to the Market-place that are to be ten yards broad and the Market-place of an hundred yards in her Diametricall Line and of the same forme of the Fortification of the Sexagon for you are to observe in all new erected Forts * The Market place of a nevv erected Fort Citadell or Garrison is to be of the same forme of the out-Superficie of the vvorks Citadels or Garrisons to reduce the Market-place after the forme of the out-side works to be the more compleat viz. if it be an equilaterall Triangle or a Square or a Pentagon the Market-place is to be of the same forme of a Triangle or a Square or a Pentagon Moreover you are carefully to observe to line out in everie one of them broad streets of thirtie foot broad round about the Rampiers and from the Rampiers to the Market-place and these broad streets that run from the Rampiers to the Market-place are alwayes in this Method of Fortification to be upon a strait Diagonall or Diametricall Line from the Center of the Bastion to the Center of the Market-place as these are drawn in this Figure for these reasons 1 The streets round about the rampiers serve for all manner of carriages to be brought to the works and for the Horse-men to ride to the releef of any of the rampiers in the time of a siege or storm 2 The great streets that run from the * For vvhat use broad streets lined round about the Rampters and the Market-place are erected Market-place to the Bostions serve for a Troop of Horse of five of a brest or for a Company of Foot with five or six men on a brest to come to the releefe of any of the Bastions that are stormed 3 The Market-place is always to serve as the Randezvouz for Souldiers to gather themselves together to be sent by the Governour where occasion requires I have also set out the order that is to be observed in the erecting of the houses for the Inhabitants that are to be lined out with strait double ranges that gardens or back-sides may joyne one against another that houses may have the more aire and light and that all their doores may open to the streets that are to be fifteen foot broad for narrow lanes are dangerous in Garrison Towns The Store-houses or Magazines of Powder Bullet Fire-works Engins Ladders Pioniers tooles and provision of victuals as Corn Meale Oat-meale Oats Malt Hay Salt Powder Beefe Bacon Dry fish Butter Cheese Rice White Pease and all such necessaries are to be in those houses seated round about the Market-place as the most safest seat of the Towne All these observations are carefully to be regarded if in case the State should erect any new Forts Citadels or Garrison towns where there never was any habitation before for such a new erected Hold would ten times be more serviceable then any old erected Towne in this Kingdome provided all the dimensions of this Method be observed that shall clearly be described in the Ichnography of this Chapter because they are for the greater part of deformed shapes and of a vast extent and not compacted together nor their streets well lined nor ranged in order nor their houses well contrived some of them being verie high and some verie low but these of this new * Of the height of the nevv-erected Houses in a nevv Fort Cittadell or Garrison tovvn erection are to be all alike and not above two stories high that may not exceed with with their roofe thirtie foot high at the most that the ridge of the top of their houses may be lower then the top of the Rampier Brest-work by nine foot Now to set out this Sexagon in the field you are to make choice of the Center and to drive in a stake and to fasten to that stake a line of three hundred yards and a foot over which line the two men that are alwayes to be with you to carrie your instruments lines and stakes are to straine full East after you have taken with a good * An Enginier is never to be vvithout a demi-circle and a good Sea-Compasse sea-compasse the East and West points But if by the long extent of the line the line swags and cannot be drawne strait they are to straine it but one hundred yards verie strait and stiffe and to drive in the ground verie deep a strong stake and to wind the line about it then to strain the line againe another hundred yards and to drive in another stake as before and to * Observe to vvinde the line alvvaies of one and the verie same side of the state to avoid breaks observe to wind the line alwaies of one and the same side and to make it come to be strained againe on that very side you did first wind it upon the first stake to avoid all breakes then you are to straine the line again for the third time and to drive in a stake and this last stake will represent the East Angle of the Sexagon Then your men are to untwist the line from the stakes and to wind it about to the West point and to straine it and to drive in three stakes as they did before and the last stake will represent the West Angle of the Sexagon Then you are to stake your demi-circle and to set the sight of it upon the ray of 60. degrees and to stand at the Center-stake and to turne your face and demi-circle to the East stake winding the ray of the demi-circle East and by South then are your men to follow that ray with the line driving at every hundred yards a stake and when they are at the end of the line just against you and the ray of your demi-circle of 60. degrees let them drive in a third stake and it will represent the East and by South Angle of the Sexagon then turne your selfe and your demi-circle East and by North and set out after this verie manner the East and by North Angle and when that is done turne your felfe full West and set out after this manner the West and by North and West and by South Angles and when all the six angle stakes are driven in Note that a good line of three double vvhip-cord vvound together of 300 yards and a foot having loops fastened at everie fiftie yards and another coloured loope at everie hundred yards vvill suffice to set out all this great superficie then you are to remove your line from the Center stake and to straine the same from Angle-stake to Angle-stake to try whether your Angle-stakes and sides be equall and to amend them if any be amisse by the demy-circle and your line and when they are all equall then you are to fasten this three hundred yard line one after another from Angle-stake to Angle-stake as neare the ground as may be and to set Pioniers to trace that fide before you remove the line and
line of 250 yards with a loop fastened in the middest on the South-East stake and to straine it to the South-West stake if the stake be at the just distance of the line that side is rightly set out then you may knock in a stake where the loop is to represent the middle of that side where the gate and the draw-bridge of the Fort is to be placed and so prove all the other three sides with your Line of 250 yards knocking stakes in the middest on everie side for they will stand you in stead when you come to divide the sides into six parts Now if any of these sides be amisse and agree not with your Line then you are to amend them by your Demi-circle and your Line which is easily to be done and when the foure angles and sides are right you are to fasten lines to the eight stakes as neare the ground as may be and to set Pioniers to trace the Superficie of the Square with spades and pick-axes before you set out the Bastions That being done you are to divide the foure sides of the Square into six equall parts and to knock in a stake at evene division then you are to fasten a line of 90 yards to the former demi-Diagonall Line of 180 yards that will then be of 270 yards and to straine the same * The distance from the Center of the Bastion to the point is of 90 yards in this Square 90 yards beyond the foure Angle-stakes of the Square after it is fastened to the Center-stake making the said Line to touch the Angle-stake and at the end of the said line knock in a stake and these foure stakes will represent the foure utmost points of the foure Bastions and the foure former Angle-stakes will then represent the Center of the Bastions This being done fasten a line one after another to the third stake of everie side of * This Line of 230 yards is the just extent of the Line of defence of this Square 230 yards and straine the same to the foure stakes that represent the foure utmost points of the foure Bastions and this line will set out the eight faces of the Bastions and all the Lines of defence then you are to fasten a line one after another of 41 yards and two thirds to everie second stake of the foure sides * The Line of the Flanks in this Square is of 41 yards and tvvo third parts and to straine the same upon a strait perpendicularie line till it come to cut the former line that represents the line of defence and sets out the faces of the Bastions and where it cuts the other drive in a stake and these eight stakes will represent and set out the eight Flanks and the foure Courtines And that being done you are to set Pioniers at work to trace all these things before you go about to set out the Orillons Now to avoyd mistake you were better to set out one side at a time to have it traced as you set it out for it wil save charges because it will not require so many lines This being done you are to set out the Orillons and after the Orillons the dike and when all is finished you are to erect the Brest-work of the Counterscarp with the earth taken from the small dike called La Cunette adorning the same on the inside with Turffe and a foot-step as I have formerly given large directions in Chap. 12. and Plate 9. CHAP. XIV Of the Fortifications of the Pentagon by Bastions with Orillons demonstrated in Plate 11. THe Pentagon is also irregularie yet lesse then the Square for the Angle of his Center is of 75 degrees and the Angle flanked of the same extent and his Angle flanking of 142 degrees and a halfe his bases or sides are of 250 yards a peece his circumference of 1250 yards and his whole continent from out to out of 125000 square yards it is of a convenient forme for a Citadell or of a well-compact Towne whose circumference doth not exceed three quarters of an English mile Now to direct the Reader once for all * Hovv you may knovv the continent of any Poligon vvith varietie of Angles how he may speedily calculate the continent of all sorts of Angle Poligons I have in this Figure set out a demonstration of it viz. you are first to draw a strait perpendicularie from A to B then a strait parallel line from C to D and then to joyne D and A by a strait line as it is demonstrated in this Figure and it will produce a demy long square his broad sides containing according to the scale of this Figure 200 yards and his end-side 125 yards which being multiplyed one by the other it will produce 25000 yards as the just continent of one of the Triangles of this Pentagon which being multiplyed by five because it containes five Triangles the whole continent will amount to 125000 square yards Now the one third part of it being defalked for the bredth of the Rampier the Market-place and the streets there will remaine for the Inhabitants houses 83333 yards and a third part which being divided by one hundred and fiftie square yards that wee allow for everie Inhabitants dwelling house that is a peece of twelve yards and an halfe square of all sides it will according to this scantling containe 555 houses and as many Inhabitants that are according to the rules of war to billet in everie third house a Horse-man and in all the rest two Foot-Souldiers apeece so that it will containe 185 Horse-men 740 Foot-men and 555 Inhabitants a sufficient Garrison to defend this place against an Army of ten thousand men for three months so it be provided with Ordnance Armes Ammunition victuals and all other necessaries for a Siege Now to set out this Fort in the field you are to bring along with you two men one with lines and the other with stakes and when you have made choice of your Center the man is to knock in a stake and you are to stand close to this Center-stake and having set the sight of your Demy-circle upon the ray of 75. degrees that is the Angle of the Center of the Pentagon * Note that this line of 240 yards is the extent of the demi diagonall line of the Pentagon the man that carrieth the lines is to fasten a line of 240. yards to the Center-stake and to straine the same full North upon a strait perpendiculary line and at the end of it he is to knock in a stake and this stake represents the North Angle of the Pentagon that done take your demy-circle and wind the right hand ray to the right hand the man holding in his hand the line of 240. yards straining the same according to the ray of the demy-circle and when he is at the end of the line and just against you agreeing with the ray of your demy-circle let the man with the stakes