Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	east_n	point_n	west_n	1,970	5	9.4719	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A03380	The schoole of skil containing two bookes: the first, of the sphere, of heauen, of the starres, of their orbes, and of the earth, &c. The second, of the sphericall elements, of the celestiall circles, and of their vses, &c. Orderly set forth according to art, with apt figures and proportions in their proper places, by Tho. Hill.	Hill, Thomas, b. ca. 1528.; Jaggard, William, 1569-1623.	1599 (1599)	STC 13502; ESTC S104125	144,541	253

and f g. be the latitudes of the temperate zones in heauen and s t a c r q. of them on earth The twoe outwarde zones to these here drawne bee by themselues noted as well in heauen as on earth Now that wee haue declared with the fiue cyrcles the latitudes either of the celestiall or terestriall zones are defined it shall therefore be necessary to write here of the latitudes of the earthly zones in miles And that you may readily find the latitude in miles multiply the degrées by 15. in that so many Germaine miles answere to one degrée of the great cyrcle in heauen as the 43. degrées of the burnt zone being the suns greatest declination multiplied by the 15. miles doe produce 705. Germain miles which is the latitude of the burning zone The latitude of either temperate zones containeth 646. Germain miles almost And from either Tropicke vnto the pointes right vnder the poles doeth the space or distaunce containe 352. Germaine miles Where is the beginning and end of euerie Zone according to latitude and which places are in which Zones THe middle of the burning zone is vnder the Equinoctiall line where either pole is in the Horizon And both be his bounds where the eleuation of the pole aswell Southerly as Northerly is of 13. degrées and 28. minutes For either temperate zone doeth there begin and streacheth vnto the same place where the eleuation of the pole is of 66. degrées and 30. minutes which place is the beginning of the cold zones By these nowe may a man easily conceiue which places are in which zone for if the eleuation of the Pole Northerly be lesser then 23. degrées and 28. minutes this place then is in the burning zone as the inner Libia Aethiopia a part of Arabia Felix and India But if the eleuation containeth precisely so many degrées and minutes the place then is in the bounde of the burnt and temperate zone as is Siene a city of Aegypt Further if the eleuation of the Northerly Pole bee greater then 23. degrées and 28. minutes yet lesser then 66. degrées and 30. minutes this place thē is in the temperate zone as Greece Italy Spaine Germanie France England c. But if the latitude be precisely of 66 degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the bound of the temperate and cold zone as is almost Lagenla●us of Suetia Last if the eleuation of the pole excéedeth 66. degrées and 30. minutes the place is in the cold zone beyond which degrées hath Nicolaus Douis a Germaine added a table of Noreway Gothland Iseland Greenland Fineland and Lapeland c. How the Zones and Climats doe differ THe Zone is a space or roome of the earth frō the West into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West But the Clymate is a space of the earth whose beginning is constituted in the west and ende in the East A Zone also is the space of earth betwéene two cyrcles equidistant but a Climate is the only space or roome of the habitable earth contained betwéene two lines equidistant What the qualities of the Zones are TO the celestiall Zones are qualities attributed not formally but onely vertually that is the celestial zones are neither cold hot nor temperate but of this named colde burning and temperate through the sunne which one whiles comming into this and another whiles declining into that parte of the worlde do●th send downe his beames to the earth in sundry maner as one whiles plum downe right when the sun runneth vnder the equinoctiall and another whiles by a thwart maner as in the thwart sphere which beames besides how right angles they make on earth so much the greater heate they cause and how thwarter angles they make somuch the weaker heat they procure So that vnder the Equinoctiall the beames most rightly and downe right falling doe make right angles on the vpper face of the earth which through the same causeth a most great heat Also the beames faling toward either poles doe cause thwarter angles and they make the angles more vneuen or thwarter and therof the same heat is the lesser And in the temperate zone especially in the summer the beames doe make almost angles falling vnto a rightnes but in the winter vnto a thwartnes so that in the same Region is a cōmodious dwelling But in the colde zones the angles are caused vnlike or vneuen thwartest or slopest as in the burnt Zone they are rightest and most downward in somuch that the cold zones euen as the burnt are commodious to dwel vnder For the beames falling and reflexed how much néerer they fal and be togither somuch the stronger and mightier they moue and cause the heat as we dayly sée that the sun in the noonstéed being as in the summer to cast or streach downe almost perpendicular or down right beames which beames also are almost reflected into thēselues of which the greatest heat of the day then is caused And contrariwise the sun being in the East or west where y e beames streaching downward and reflexed are scatred and run abroade the effects be lesser and the heat much abated and féebled Euen so the beames in the burnt zone bee perpendicular or plum downright which reflexed into themselues do cause a most great heat In the temperate zone doe the beames bylitle and litle fall sloper and sloper of which they cause there a temperate heat But in the cold zones the beames furthest decline or fall slopest through which they procure no effect of the cōsequent cause there a very weake heat What the vtilities of the Zones be _1 THe auncient considerers of the stars haue thus instituted the distribution of the zones for two causes The one is that by this reason they might shewe to vs which places of the earth be reasonably habitable most commodious to dwell vnder 2 The other is as wee learne by experience that the wits of men and nature of places by them appeare and are knowne in that the ayre compassing vs is a certaine cause of the temperatnes For the maners and condicions of men as writeth Galen doe for the most parte ensue the temperamēts of the bodies yea the nature of trées plants hearbs and beasts do like ensue the temperament of ayre Of which that we might bee the surer and certainer of the natures of the foresaid matter it pleased the ancient to deuide them into fiue zones Of which it is wel known that the bodies of men or people dwelling vnder the burning zone as the Moores be shorter of stature thē those people dwelling vnder the temperate zones wilder and crueler Also they bee crafty and subtill of nature hauing besides wrinkled faces thick crisped heare on the head and blacke scorched bodies and crooked of stature Also all liuing and cresent things are found to agrée according to the quality of the ayre in that Region Further the people dwelling vnder the Northerly Parallels or Polare cyrcles

North and South So that the foresaid right sections doe part the Horizont and cyrcumference of the same into foure quarters The foure principall windes of the common sorte are thus called that which bloweth from the East the Leuant winde and that right against it the Ponent that from the North Transmontanus and that right against it the Mer●dional These foure of later yeares they haue deuided into 32. windes after the noted lines and pointes drawne in the Saylers carde and other Mappes euery where to be séene Also the Saylers compasse doth expresse so many windes directed by the adamant or lodestone which howe the same doeth direct and shewe the windes needeth not here be shewed séeing the same is sufficiētly known to euery sayler which by the guide of their compasse direct their course in clowdy weather either by day or night in marking diligently the points of the compasse how they coast To returne vnto the matter of the Meridiane the diuersitie of Meridianes is no otherwise caused then the swelling of the earth as in the first part I haue sufficiently written the cause of which is that one like parte of heauen cannot be the top or height of euery place Therefore one meridiane cannot serue all places but that in all places a proper Meridiane is caused ouer the head The meridiane also is that which when the sun commeth vnto the highest ouer vs foresheweth by his working and heat the midday This meridiane is a greater cyrcle passing by y ● poles of the world and Zenith or a direct pointe ouer the head abiding immoueable at the motion of the sphere This cyrcle is differing to euery Citty and people by reason of the East and West and is a proper meridiane caused ouer the heade For this is manifest that at the chaunging of the verticiall point there is caused an other Meridian through the swelling and roundnesse of the earth Also a man may of one meridian line describe many as writeth Iohannes a regio monte for in that instant of the Noonetide by letting downe right a plum line the shadowe of the line causeth a newe Meridiane line on the platforme Therefore these with the verticiall line in the the Center to the Horizont crossing one an other at right angles doe indicate the foure quarters of the worlde as the meridian line the North and South the verticial line the East and West The Horizont formeth the quarters of the east and west of which the one is called the East rising or easterly quarter or end the other called the West setting and quarter of the West The Meridiane defineth the boundes of the lowest and highest of heauen and the quarters or middle motions of the day and night time of which that consisting the vpper halfe Sphere is named the highest place and middle of heauen the other which containeth the lowest place right against it called the bothom or lowest of heauen The Meridiane is a greater cyrcle immoueable not one and the same euery where but to euery place peculiar and proper drawne by the top of the place and Poles of the worlde vnto which the sun carried by the motion of the first moouer doeth in the day time cause high Noone and in the night time drawne right against it causeth midnight If this cyrcle were moueable like others then at the motion of the sphere woulde it departe from our Zenith and so loose the name of the Meridiane neither woulde it deuide in proper place vnder it the artificial day into two equall parts séeing by that motion the Meridiane should approach néerer to one part of the Horizont then to the other part Nor should it stay the Horizont at right angles of which it is numbred and accompted amongest the outwarde cyrcles of the sphere The like affirmeth Proclus writing that the Meridiane is none of those cyrcles which is noted and decked with starres For the cyrcles of the sphere are distinguished by starres whereby those cyrcles may more easily be knowne in heauen The meridianes are changed by the continuall chaunging of place in the swelling or imbossing of the earth according to longitude For by going continually right forth toward the East and West it doeth purchase newe Meridianes as by going thrée miles forth then is an other pointe of heauen differing from the first ouer a mans heade and gone further by foure minutes of a degrée Proclus affirmeth that 300. furlongs cause no sensible alterations to happen of the Meridian and this is ment of those which are placed vnder diuers Meridianes and Parallelles For those which are placed vnder one Parallell and diuers Meridianes perceiue and sée no alteration at all Hee which goeth strait from the North into the South or they which directly iourney toward either of the Poles of the worlde doe continually trauaile vnder one Meridiane In that all Merdianes doe go from one Pole to another therefore no iourney causeth by this meanes an other meridiane There are as many meridians in number as there bée differences of verticiall points right ouer diuers parts of the earth in going toward the East and West The halfe of the equinoctiall hath 180. degrées whereof the Cosmographers doe assigne and distinguish so many meridians in such sorte that each Meridiane doeth passe by the twoe opposite degrées of that Equinoctiall and Poles of the world The longitude of a place is the arcke of the equinoctiall cyrcle or of any Parallell contained betwéene two Meridianes of which the one lyeth ouer the fortunate Iles and the other streacheth ouer the top of the proper place noted where the same distance of place is gathered from the fortunate Iles at the equinectiall or at the Parallell of the place The fortunate Iles are situated and lying in the sea called Oceanus Libicus beyond Mauritania betwéene the Equatoure and the tropicke of Cancer which in our time is called the Iles of Canarie and lie further into the North from the equatour then Ptholomie noted or acounted them But the latitude they accompted to bee a space of the earth lying betwéene either pole accompted in the Meridiane drawne by the poles of the worlde or a whole tract of the earth knowne and streached beyonde and on this side the equatoure toward either Pole of the worlde They stablished the beginning of the latitude in the equinoctiall as in the middle cyrcle exquisitely betweene either pole and common bound to both the Southerly and Northerly places So that the latitude of a place is the arke of the meridiane betwéene the equinoctiall and Parallell drawne by the top of the place or it is the distance of a place from the equinoctiall This alwaies is accounted in that meridian which hangeth directly ouer the top of the place and to one degrée of the same doe 500. surlongs or 15. Germaine miles answere The arks of the latitudes doe not differ from the eleuations of the pole but in the standing onely For the eleuation of the pole

night being alike the day encreaseth and hée ascending to vs ward doth after abate the cold on the earth and both slaketh and melteth the frostes and yce and the hidden vertues againe of the earth hee then beginneth to loose open chearish and stirre vp by his liuely heate and both looseth and sheadeth forth the dew moysture inclosed and draweth vppe and procureth young plants to spring through his comfortable warmth dayly shewed vpon the earth They deuided the whole Zodiacke according to length into twelue equall partes which they named signes through the moone as guide and ruler of the same which passing yearely by the Zodiack 13. times to the suns slower going twelue times conioyned with him in twelue places of heauen Those signes the ancient Gréeks name zòdia either by the figures of creatures which the fixed stars in their standing shewe and expresse or by some naturall agréement they so assigned names to them Or els they appointed the names of beasts to the signes through the congruent nature betwixt Starres and beastes Also through the effects which the sun hath in those places Besides these the auncient astronomers described the other starres without the Zodiacke by images that placed into images they might be the commodiouser taught and expressed in heauen to the vnderstanding of yong students and that their rising and setting might also bee the more readily demonstrated Ptholomie named those Dodekatemòria that is the twelue parts The Latines called them signes and constellations Also they named those partes signes for that in those twelue parts all the seasons of the yeare are noted Again they named the parts of the signes degrées of the dayly iourney of the sun in the Zodiack for that in iourneying by litle and litle he passeth through the whole Zodiacke They also deuided each signe into 30. parts or degrées through the suns dayly iourneys gained of the first mouer which in thirty dayes they declare by experience to haue measured and gone almost a twelfe part of the Zodiacke Or for that the space from one coniunction vnto an other is of 30. dayes which space of all writers is named a moneth Or else in that the sunne by the same number of daies hath measured almost this Arke or space of the Zodiacke Whereof they named the selfe same the thirty part of a signe through the suns motion euery 24. houres which the later Latines call degrées and the Gréeks Merè that the ancient call parts But the tenne partes or degrées of euery signe the Gréekes name Dekatas and the Latines Faces of which each signe doth conteyne thrée The names and characters of the signes of the Zodiacke are these ♈ Aries ♉ Taurus ♊ Gemini ♋ Cancer ♌ Leo ♍ Virgo These in that they make the halfe cyrcle of the Zodiacke declining into the North from the Equatoure therefore doe they name them the Boreall and Northerly signes The names and Characters of the other signes of the Zodiacke are these Libra ♎ Scorpio ♏ Sagitarius ♐ Capricornus ♑ Aquarius ♒ Pisces ♓ These in that they possesse the opposite place and the halfe cyrcle reaching into the South of the Zodiacke therefore do they name them the Meridionall and Southerly signes The sunne also iourneyeth by these signes as from the West into the East by a contrary order to the first moouer as this figure plainly demonstrateth beginning neuerthelesse at Aries and from Aries passing into Taurus and from Taurus into Gemini and so to the ende of the signes They deuided each signe into 30. degrées of length in that the whole Zodiacke like as the other greater or lesser cyrcle containeth 363. parts or degrées And as the Zodiacke hath in length 12. signes euen so it is requisite the same should be so many degrées broad as Capella writeth And as a degrée is in the signe the thirtieth parte or length the compasse of the whole Zodiacke should be the like in breadth Although Mars and Venus do sometimes digresse from those bonds yet that excesse is litle and very seldome and there can bee no other reason of the same then that such a latitude is permitted or assigned to the Zodiacke To this demaund why there are onely twelue signes and no more doeth Albumaser answere affirming that the first obseruers of the stars noted 48. images in the 8. heauen placed and decked with the stars that represent sundry formes and called by them for the form standing or nature of the stars of which they appointed 12. for the sunnes way and therefore so many are the signes of the Zodiacke But here may bée demanded where the Circumference of the Zodiacke is to which is thus answered that all the circumferences of the cyrcles imagined are in that hollow of the first heauen and likewise the signes are conceiued there to bee And where the signes with the images of the eight sphere are moueable and the starres in them seperated after a time Yet the number and names both of the signes and images remaine So that it is not materiall if that the starrie Aries seperate from the first Aries of the zodiacke and the other signes the like from one another by a most slowe course are caried and seperated The auncient men deuided the partes or degrées of the signes into lesser portions for the better attaining the precise point in the suns place So that they appointed to ech degrée 60. minutes to each minute 60. seconds to each second 60. thirdes c. For the infinite commodity of the numbers in calculating by reason of multiplication and diuision They also deuided the signes after two condicions as in the standing and qualities In the standing they distinguished them into principall fixed and common signes The principall and moueable signes are those which nighest succeede the foure principal points of the zodiacke of which two possesse the Equinoctiall points of the whole cyrcle as Aries and Libra The other twoe nighest to the Solstitiall points are named the Tropickes as Cancer and Capricornus The firme or fixed signes next to the principall are Taurus Leo Virgo and Aquarius The cōmon or meane or of two bodies being the other foure which placed as in the middle betwéen the principall and fixed signes doe so obtaine a common nature of both as Gemini Virgo Sagitarius and Pisces In the qualities they assigned them into foure Trients which the Latines name Tryangles and thrée cornered the common writers nameth Triangularites or Tripli ' cities The first trient containeth Aries Leo and Sagitarius which are by the space of foure signes inclusiuely distant or of 120. degrées that are hot and dry fiery cholericke and masculine The second Tyient comprehended Taurus Virgo and Capricornus which beeing distaunt by the like space are colde and drie earthly melancholicke and feminine The third Trient hath Libra Gemini and Aquarius which beeing distaunt by the space of foure signes are hot and moyst sanguine aereall and masculine The fourth Trigon or Trient doeth containe

subtracted the right ascention of y e west part from the right ascention of the mid heauen or noonestead and the remainer or rest as afore taught was distributed into thrée equall parts After that in the ende of the first portion from the noonstead towardes the West the auncients constituted or placed the bound of the ninth house with the circle comming from the poles of y e world and in the bound of the second portion was the beginning of the eight house formed These attained the degrées and partes of the degrées of the Zodiack answering to ech arkes of the Equatoure were sought in the Tables of the right sphere but the houses standing vnder were defined and made like to their opposites And séeing this maner of forming the houses is vnperfect therefore shal here no further be taught of the same In which a e. is the verticall circle crossing a d e c. at right angles f g b. the equatour d g c. the horison d. and c. be the points in which the distinguishers of the houses concurre and méet which also do make equall distinctiōs in the verticall circle and thereby be the houses noted and diuided But the later Astronomers moued by the authority of the incomparable Mathematician Regiomontanus inur̄ted and deuised another order of the houses more agréeing to reason than the former For they deuided the quarters of the equatour comprehended betweene the horison and noonstead into thrée equall spaces and by each section they imagined great circles ioyning in the sections of the Meridian and horison as the former Although all these are plainer and more euidently taught and known in the materiall Sphere yet we thought good to speak somwhat as our possibility serueth in plaine forme Wherefore grant that a f c. is the Meridian a. the Top n. the Northerly pole k. the Southerly pole b. and c. the points of the sections of the horison and Meridian where the distinguishers of the houses concurre and méet which also are imagined by the equall distinctions of the equatour e i l. as to the eie sufficiently appeareth that b i c. is the horison circle d. the easterly point or rising of the equatour from which the first house taketh his beginning The Circle of position AL these Circles being set down the Astronomers notwithstanding do write of another Circle whose vse and office serueth to great purpose for the Art of directing searching other more secret matters in Astronomy and is thereof called the circle of Position which passeth at al times by the former sections of the meridian and Horizone and by the Center of the star or of any other purposed point in heauen like to the soresaid cyrcles whether that star be aboue the earth or vnder the earth That this may clearly appeare marke and consider this figure here expressed where the letter c. representeth the top pointe d. the Northerly Pole e. the opposite pole a g b f. the cyrcle of the position passing by the sections of the horizon and meridian b c d e. the meridian a b. the Horizone g f. the Centers of the stars of which the one is in g. aboue the earth and the other vnder the earth in the point f. And many other cyrcles besides all these which hetherto haue bene described may bee inuented and imagined in the sphere for the necessity of the workings The difinitions names and offices of the foure lesser Circles THe Parallels are lesser cyrcles which from either of the greater circles drawn thwartly on the sphere doe equally difand bee distant from the Equatoure or Zodiacke toward their poles so y ● they doe not deuide the Sphere into equall halfe Spheres but into vnequall portions For séeing the sphere from the middle streacheth or draweth by litle and litle straighter and narower toward the furthest aud highest toppes euen so must the parallels which are distant from the middle and greatest and that by equall spaces on each side agréeing drawe of necessity narrower and so much the narower as they nearer approach vnto the poles As writeth Theodosius in the sixte proposition of his first Booke of the sphere And the same Author in the 14. proposition of his first Book of the sphere and in the sixt of his second Booke writeth that all the parallels haue the same poles agréeing with the greater cyrcles vnto which the parallels are And certaine of the Paralels are applied vnto the plain of the Equatoure others vnto the plaine of the eccliptick These doe as well the fixed starres as the planets placed without the ecclipticke and drawne about the Exe-trée stretched b● the poles of the ecclipticke and Center of the worlde discribe yet do all their centers consist in the Exe-trée of the Zodiack and the middle cyrcle of them and the greatest is the ecclipticke These also doe the same stars and the verticiall or toppe points of each places or any other applied vnto the plaine of the equatour drawne as it were by the first mouer about the Exetrée and poles of the world define And the Centers of these be in the Exe-trée of the worlde or equatoure but the middle and greatest of these is the equatour It is manifest by that afore taught that the sun in euery day doth gaine toward the East against the dayly motion one degrée of the Zodiack and of this hapneth that he in each day through the thwartnesse of the Zodiack describeth a certaine newe cyrcle in heauen and in the nexte day another and so forth by order as the like may be compared by a small corde winded close about a Nun or top beginning from the foote vpward euen so the sun beginning to turne againe at the first degrée of Capricorne doth euery day after change a new Parallel vntill hée become backe vnto the first degrée of Cancer and by and by after returned from Cancer he in the like order goeth vnto the Capricorne so that in the next day following the Sun riseth not with the same Parallel aboue the Horizone that hee did in the morning before nor shall not run the nexte morrow in that Parallel that he did in this day And each of these Parallelles euen as the greater cyrcles containe 360. degrées which bée so much lesser then the degrées of the greater cyrcles and occupy or comprehend somuch the lesser space in heauen as answereth to the vpper face of the earth as by how much the more frō the compasse and largenesse of the greatest cyrcle they lacke by reason of the distance And although they yéeld and be lesse in the quantity yet vnto the degrées of the greatest cyrcles be they agréeable and like as writeth Theodosius in the 14. proposition of his second booke of the sphere These lesser cyrcles do offer and teach sundry vtilities First the Parallels of which on this side and beyond the Equatour are 182 that the sun yearly by his dayly motion describeth and doe expresse the causes of the continuall equallity of