Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	east_n	north_n	west_n	5,069	5	9.1516	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A04327	Magneticall aduertisements: or Diuers pertinent obseruations, and approued experiments, concerning the natures and properties of the load-stone Very pleasant for knowledge, and most needfull for practise, of trauelling, or framing of instruments fit for trauellers both by sea and land. Whereunto is anexed a breife discouerie of the idle animaduersions of Mark Ridley Dr. in Physicke, vpon a treatise entituled Magneticall aduertisements.	Barlow, William, d. 1625.; Barlow, William, d. 1625. Breife discovery of the idle animadversions of Marke Ridley. aut; Gilbert, William, 1540-1603. De magnete.	1618 (1618)	STC 1444; ESTC S100862	50,744	107

two points contrarie the one drawing to the other repelling and putting from and so being thus confounded by a contrarie working doth much more harme then good with his magneticall quality As for the astringent and drying properties of the Loadstone I leaue them to the diligent obseruation and iudgment of the skilfull in phisicke But to returne to our purpose and to alledge this also besides the former manifest proofe if the earth were not by nature a magneticall body the afore mentioned peice of earth could not receiue from a Loadstone any magneticall power But most certaine it is and by many vndoubted experiments confirmed that it will euidently receiue magneticall power from a Loadstone therefore it is manifest that the earth is by nature a magneticall body Furthermore as among all the mettals iron doth incomparably more resemble the earth in substance then any other doth it likewise doth more participate with the earth in quality and principally in the magneticall peculiar property hereof as notorious experience declareth yea euery peice of iron Oare being naturally as D. Gilbert sheweth a magnet although of feeble force and all magnets being a kinde of iron Oare is the very cause that onely iron or steele and no other mettall is capable of that vertue namely to haue that reuiued and multiplied by the vicinity of a magnet which at the first in some measure was originall in it selfe as it is aforesaid It is also well knowne that the magnet is a Stone most commonly of inuincible hardnesse nothing inferiour to any iron or steele of the excellentest sort notwithstanding sometimes wee see of them that are nothing but a dry lumpe of earth and yet of those also some stronger in vertue then diuers of the hard stony ones are Which earthly magnets if a man assay to bring it into a fashion by grinding on a grinding stone according to the common vse they will consume into very mudde in the water Now to drawe towards an end of this matter albeit the magneticall vertue be most eminent in the magnet as in the precise and perfect subiect thereof yet is the selfe same quality in a meaner degree euidently to be discerned in euery peice of earth prepared and ordered as is aforesaid yea although it be not cooled with his ends North and South that it may take his magneticall force from the vertue of the earth for if you coole it with his ends but East and West and set two Loadstones in the cooling the one at one end and the other at the other end it will receiue a sensible and apparant magneticall vertue according to those points of the Loadstone that were applied vnto it namely that end which was next the South point of the Loadstone will haue a North properly and that end that was next the North point will haue a South property yea if you set the North part of two loadstones vnto each end both ends of this new made magnet will haue a South property And contrariwise if you apply the South ends of two magnets both his ends will haue a North property And those properties before mentioned will shew themselues to be magneticall because whether end of this new magnet draweth any one end of a magneticall needle the same will chase away the other which is proper only vnto magnets and magnetical bodies After the like sort only by application of two strong loadstones by the space of 24. houres you may alter the points of any base loadstone which you would and make them both North or South as you please so that the loadstone which you would alter be but base in qualitie and not great in substance and that the other be of a reasonable bignes and good strength And this vertue by such application of two loadstones I haue often found effectuall in new bricke lately taken from the kill without any farther putting into the fire at all And although it be against the nature of a loadstone to haue both his ends naturally of one vertue that is to say both of them of a North property or both of them of a South property yet here it is to be vnderstood that it is the forcible violence of the strong ones being applied iointly vnto each end of the weake that doe chase the contrarie property of the weake one into the middle thereof And therefore if you diuide this weak one in the middle then both those ends which being ioyned together were the middle where no loadstone can shew any vertue being now disioyned and become ends will presently shew a contrary property according vnto magneticall nature vnto the other two ends CHAP. II. The ambiguity of the North and South ends of Magnets and Magneticall bodies explained and Doctor Gilbert therein defended THere is not any one errour that breedeth a greater confusion in magneticall knowledge then the mistaking of the right vnderstanding of the true North and South ends aswell in magnets themselues as also in magneticall bodies who soeuer therefore that will take a little paines in the beginning for to vnderstand this well shall free himselfe from many intricate difficulties in this argument which otherwise must needes befall him wherein some hauing limed themselues haue fallen into many errors euery one still begetting another worse then himselfe All those which did write before Doctor Gilbert did name that end of a magnet which being placed in a wooden dish and set to swimme in water would turne and settle it selfe towards the North the North end of the magnet and the other the South end And euen so did they of all Dial-needles Compasses and magneticall bodies But Doctour Gilbert not for any new-fangled innouation or selfe-conceit but vpon good reason and firme demonstration auoucheth and prooueth the contrarie and clearely sheweth that the former vulgar assertion seriously defended tendeth vnto the ouerthrow of all magneticall Philosophie by vndermining as it were the whole frame thereof and yet in common speech the old rule may hold Loquendum cum vulgo sentiendum cum sapientibus For it would seeme a strange speech vnto a Marriner to tell him that his Flower de luce were become the South point of his compasse and yet this assertion is most true and certaine that it is the North end of euery magnet and magneticall body that being placed in a thinne wodden dish in water or any magneticall needle vpon his pinne which setteth it selfe and pointeth vnto the South and it is the South end which pointeth vnto the North. For proofe hereof take these wordes of North and South in whether of the two former significations you please and make triall thereof in any two magnets or any two magneticall bodies so placed that they may freely turne according vnto their natures and you shall alwaies see a naturall inclination of the contrary ends of the one vnto the contrary ends of the other as of the North end of the one vnto the South end of the other and reciprocated

whether it be your North or South end the effect will soone declare The fourth way Hauing an ordinarie Diall with a magneticall needle or a sayling compasse or any magneticall needle standing on a sharpe pinne hold neere thereunto the stone turning it in your hand then will the north end of the needle I meane the end that pointeth to the North respect the true North point of the stone The fift way Also if you touch a common sowing needle the longer the better and put ti through a little peice of corke not bigger then may well beare it vp so that by the meanes thereof it may swimme in a bason of water the same if you offer the stone vnto it will shew the like effect And here it is to be remembred that none other way whatsoeuer will more readily or truely define the magneticall Meridian then this of the needle with corcke in the water And therefore as it is very requisite for many purposes that euery Traueller either by land or especially by sea should alwaies haue if he may an aequinoctiall Diall with him so would I not wish that any of them should be without some sowing needles touched with a good stone which wil both serue the proper vses of sowing without impairing their touch for it is open aire and rust that are the greatest enemies thereof And at any time with a peice of corcke or a drie sticke in the water will shew the magneticall meridian a matter though meane and triuiall in shew yet betweene whiles of so great importance that it may serue to saue very many mens liues A sixth way Also if you prepare a little round Loadstone of a quarter of an inch diameter or there about but it must be a very good one hauing his two poles marked and fitted in such manner that it easily turne about in a little frame according vnto this picture The like also in his sort will come to passe if you hang a small declinatorie Needle in a frame in this manner Then by mouing it in his frame all ouer the stone the North pole of this will finde the South of the other And likewise will the South the North of the great one For it is not in outward shew between one magnet and another as it is betweene a magnet and a magneticall needle the contrarie ends of the magnet will couet in their motion to meete together but the end of the needle which turneth North will come vnto the North of the stone For in very truth it is the South point of the needle euen as the magnet it selfe being placed in a woodden dish in water will turne with his North end vnto the South and with his South end dish and all towards the North as it is largely declared in the second Chapter of this booke The like effect will also follow if you hang as aforesaid a small magnet in the middle by a small silke thread that it may freely turne without impediment according vnto his owne nature But this property it will shew quicker or slower according vnto the goodnesse of the substance and fitnesse of the forme The best forme for this purpose is the extended ovall hauing his poles precisely in his ends If his poles be some pretty distance the one end towards the East of the stone and the other asmuch towards the West this stone in his length will not point vnto the magneticall North and South as otherwise he would but vnto some other point of the Horizon yea following this experiment in this sort you may make him stand vnto any point of the Compasse onely you ought to abridge the stone in his length that he may come somewhat neerer vnto a circuler forme that so his diameter of North and South being through the magnetisme of the earth the cause of this motion may be so much the longer in comparison of the Masse of the stone and consequently more effectuall After the like manner you may so touch the wiers of a Compasse that the Flower de luce of the flie shall stand vnto what point of the Horizon you please although the Diameter of the wiers doe still remaine fixed vnder the Flower de luce and the South point of the Carde Finally to conclude this point with a magneticall delight if you touch two sowing needles in a contrary sort that is the point of the one northerly and of the other Southerly and set them with their corckes the one at the one side of a bason of water and the other at the other you shall see them as quickned with vitall spirit euen so to moue the one end towards the other at the first faire and softly but when they draw neere they will rush together as it were with a kinde of violence the point of the one striking precisely at the point of the other you must place the needle whose point is touched for the North on the South side of of the bason and the other on the other side Otherwise the heads and not the points will runne together a thing farre more worthy of admiration then all the selfe moouers of any Daedalus or Architas Tarentinus and more strange to behold then the connexion of Iron rings combined by vertue magneticall whereat S. Augustine so much and that iustly did wonder CHAP. V. The manner of capping both with single and double cappes and the nature of them THe stone being brought vnto his perfect forme you must haue a mould made of Iron of the very same proportion in euery respect and equall in all his dimensions then setting the stone aside let your workeman frame fashion his cappes and fit them vpon this mould as if it were the stone thus shall you be sure to preserue your magnet from many dangers very incident vnto rude handling And hauing so done you may set them on the stone it selfe amending any small faults without endangering the stone either with bruisings or knocks For the thicknesse and largenesse of the cappes there can bee no generall rule prescribed but it must be left vnto the triall and ingenious dexterity of the workeman as also for the handsome fastening either by soadering or riuetting of them with lattin plates to the Caps to keepe them in their places firme and steddy according as you see in this picture of a stone armed with single Cappes Now therefore in this position both ends of the Magnet being applied vnto the two ends of the iron these two contrary forces striue in this peece of iron the North to repell the South and the South the North so that each force is driuen neerer his owne end and becommeth there so much the stronger then otherwise it would be For proofe whereof take a little narrow square peece of iron of the length of the capped stone and ioyned in the middest with Copper after this sort A. is supposed to be a long square or a square-like peece of iron in length fitting the two double caps

yet as truely as that That end which cooled toward the South will draw the true North end of the needle and that end which cooled toward the North will draw the true South end of the needle If so be as yet you will haue another infallible argument doe thus Marke what end draweth the North end of the needle afterward put the new made Magnet into the fire againe and when it hath been glowing for the space of halfe a quarter of an houre take it out and coole it being placed with that marked end toward the North most assuredly that end now will draw the South end of the needle the North end of the needle will shun it which before approached vnto it The reason here of is because the fire hauing abolished all the former Magneticall qualitie of that masse wherewith it was in a contrary position affected in the former cooling now leaueth it apt and fit to receiue any other new impression which presently it taketh againe either regularly if in the cooling it be placed with the ends to the North and South or if it be placed otherwise confusedly by the Magneticall force and vertue of the whole body of the earth by regular and confused this is the meaning Take any lump of earth or any brick-bat ordered in this sort certaine it is that this lumpe of earth or bricke-bat hath some magneticall vertue therein yet so feeble and weake that our sence cannot discerne it because of the vnfitnesse of the forme and the confused dispersion of that weake force through the whole body thereof Then suppose you will bring either of these into an extended ovall forme which is most apt as before I said for any body magneticall to shew his force yet this will helpe it nothing at all of it selfe as you may easily make experience in euery Loadstone For if you take a loadstone of a confused forme it is not inough to bring it into a conuenient ovall except with diligence you reserue the points of the North and South in the two ends thereof for if you leaue the points in the sides you marre it with this ovall forme For the stone will not lightly be of one quarter of the force it was ofbefore For the ovall forme giueth it no vertue but is the fittest for it to shew the vttermost of that strength which of it selfe it had before if you obserue the due points and not otherwise But in this earth and bricke it is not possible to finde the due points in such sort as you may in a Loadstone because of the weaknesse of the magneticall force therein contained And therefore you cannot bring that into a regular ovall forme to haue the due points in the very ends But if you first make it into an ovall forme and by the fire take away the confused magneticall force and all other peruerse qualities thereof that being by nature a magneticall body in his cooling before specified receiueth presently by that vnresistable power of the earth his magneticall vertue according vnto that forme and will regularly haue his due points precisely in the ends without any confusion Iohannes Baptista-Porta Neapolitanus writeth that hee did make triall of the way that Paracelsus hath set downe for to increase the vertue of a magnet namely to heate him red hot in the fire and to quench him in the oyle of Crocus Martis And Baptista Porta saith that hee found it a detestable falshood For saith hee he is so farre from increasing his vertue as that being once red hot he looseth all his own past all recouery But for all this that hee saith I doubt whether Paracelsus be iustly reprooued or not for by mine owne experience I know that the heating of a Loadstone vntill he be red hotte doth weaken a loadstone but taketh not away all his force and in my triall here of I found a very manifest proofe of the magnetisme of the earth which I thought necessary for to insert in this place I haue made this triall of Fragments of magnets of diuers kindes and also of diuers kindes of Iron Mines which are next in degree vnto magnets namely after this sort Heate him in the fire by little and little for feare of breaking vntill he be red hotte then take him out and let him coole then marke with chalke or what you please those parts that respect the North and South and you shall finde those marked places the North and South Poles of the Magnet put him into the fire againe vntill he be red hotte and coole him contrarily and you shall haue the contrary effect Therefore if Baptista Porta did make his triall with a Loadstone very long in forme and chaunced for Master D. Gilberts mistery of the Earths magnetisme was not then reuealed for to coole him in his oyle of Crocus Martis with his ends East and West the axis of the stone being then ouerth wart in the middle it were no maruell if he found no force in the ends And I do not thinke it improbable but that Paracelsus way may doe some good rightly vsed Doctour Gilbert writech that some Iron mine will affect a magneticall needle as it is of it selfe being vnprepared by fire but as yet I neuer could finde any such but this I haue often tried that it being of no manner of magneticall vertue of it selfe no more then a flintstone vnprepared by fire being made red hott and cooled is presently impregnated with very apparant magneticall vertue according to the scituation that hee is cooled in and although you heate and coole him often and diuers waies he will still keepe his vertue according to the scituations of his cooling And some Iron Mines I haue found which being but in this sort prepared haue had as strong force as some naturall magnets haue had It is the goodnesse of the Loadstone ioyned with a fit forme that will shew great force For as a very good forme with base substance can doe but very litle so the substance of the Loadstone bee it neuer so excellent except it haue some conuenient forme is not auaileable For example an excellent loadstone of a pound waight and of a good fashion being vsed artificially may take vp foure pounds of Iron beate it into small pouder and it shall bee of no force to take vp one ounce of Iron yea I am very well assured that halfe an ounce of a Loadstone of good fashion and of like vertue will take vp more then that pound will doe being beaten into powder Whence to adde this by the way it appeareth manifestly that it is a great error of those Phisitions and Surgeons which to remedy ruptures doe prescribe vnto their Patients to take the pouder of a Loadstone inwardly and the small filing of iron mingled in some plaister outwardly supposing that herein the magneticall drawing should doe great wonders Whereas they consider not that the stone being dissolued into powder euery little particle of the dust hath