Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	east_n	lie_v	west_n	3,601	5	9.4636	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A48447	A true & exact history of the island of Barbados illustrated with a mapp of the island, as also the principall trees and plants there, set forth in their due proportions and shapes, drawne out by their severall and respective scales : together with the ingenio that makes the sugar, with the plots of the severall houses, roomes, and other places that are used in the whole processe of sugar-making ... / by Richard Ligon, Gent.	Ligon, Richard.	1657 (1657)	Wing L2075; ESTC R5114	151,046	156

and bruises and so subtle it is as being put into the palm of the hand and rub'd there it will work through the back Another gummy substance there is black and hard as pitch and is used as pitch 't is called Mountjack Having given you in my Bills of Fare a particular of such Viands as this Iland afforded for supportation of life and somewhat for delight too as far as concernes the Table yet what are you the better for all this when you must be scorch't up from morning till night with the torrid heat of the sunne So as in that twelve hours you hardly can finde two in which you can enjoy your selfe with contentment Or how can you expect to find heat or warmth in your stomack to digest that meat when the sunne hath exhausted your heat and spirits so to your outer parts as you are chill'd and numb'd within For which reason you are compell'd to take such remedies as are almost as ill as the disease liquors so strong as to take away the breath as it goes down and red pepper for spice which wants little of the heat of a fire-coale and all these will hardly draw in the heat which the sun draws out and part of this deficiency is occasioned by the improvidence or inconsideration of the Inhabitants who build their dwellings rather like stoves then houses for the most of them are made of timber low rooft keeping out the wind letting in the sun when they have means to have it otherwise for I will undertake to contrive a house so as no one shall have just cause to complaine of any excessive heat and that which gives this great remedy shall bring with it the greatest beauty that can be look't on The Palmetoes which being plac't as I will give you directions in my plot in convenient order shall interpose so between the sun and house as to keep it continually in the shade and to have that shade at such a distance as very little heat shall be felt in any time of the day For shades that are made by the highest tre●s are undoubtedly the coolest and freshest by reason it keeps the heat farthest off Besides this there are many advantages to be made in the contrivance of the house for I see the Planters there never consider which way they build their houses so they get them up which is the cause that many of them are so insufferably hot as neither themselves nor any other can remaine in them without sweltring First then we will consider what the errours are in their contrivances that we may be the better able to shew the best way to mend them A single house that is built long-wise and upon a North and South line has these disadvantages the sun shines upon the East side-walls from six a clock till eight so as the beams rest flat upon that side for two hours And the beames resting upon a flat or oblique line as that is gives a greater heate then upon a diagonall which glaunces the beams aside As a tennis ball strook against the side walls of the Court glauncing hi●s with lesse force then when it feels the full resistance of the end wall where t is met with a flat oblique line So the Sun beames the more directly they are oppos'd by any flat body the more violently they burne This side-wall being warm'd the sun gets higher and shines hotter and then the rafters become the oblique line which is thinner and lesse able to resist the beames and the covering being shingles receives the heat quicker and re●aines it longer than tiles would do so that for the whole forenoon that side of the roofe receives as much heat as the sun can give and so passes over to the other side giving it so much the more in the afternoon as is increast by warming the house and Aire all the morning before and so the Oven being heat on both sides what can you expect but that those within should be sufficiently bak● and so much the more for that the wind is kept out that should come to cool it by shutting up all passages that may let it in which they alwayes doe for feare the raine come with it and letting in the sun at the West end where and when it shines hottest Therefore this kind of building is most pernitious to those that love their health which is the comfort of their lives but you will say that a double house will lessen much of this heat by reason that the West side is not visited by the sun in the morning nor the East in the afternoon I doe confesse that to be some little remedy but not much for the double roofes being open to the sun in oblique lines a great part of the forenoon and being reflected from one side to another when it comes to the Meridian and before and after at least two hours with the scorching heat it gives to the gutter which is between them and is in the middle of the house from end to end will so warme the East side of the house as all the shade it has in the afternoon will not cool it nor make it habitable and then you may guesse in what a temper the West side is Whereas if you build your house upon an East and West line you have these advantages that in the morning the sun never shines in or neere an oblique line which is upon the East end of your house above two hours and that is from six to eight a clock and as much in the afternoon and not all that time neither and upon the roofe it can never shine in an oblique line but glancing on both sides cast off the heat very much I do confesse that I love a double house much better then a single but if it have a double cover that is two gable ends and a gutter between though it be built up an East and West line yet the sun which must lye upon it all the heat of the day will so multiply the heat by reflecting the beames from inside to inside and so violently upon the gutter from both which you know must be in the middle of the house from end to end as you shall feele that heat above too sensibly in the ground stories below though your sieling be a foot thick and your stories sixteen foot high Therefore if I build a double house I must order it so as to have the division between either room of a strong wall or of Dorique Pillers Archt from one to another and in each intercolumniation a square stud of stone for the better strengthening and supporting of the Arches above for I would have the roomes Archt over with stone and the innermost poynts of the Arches to test upon the Pillars and the whole house to be cover'd with Couples and Rafters and upon that shingles the Ridge Pole of the house running along over the Pillars so that the covering is to serve both Arches that

yielding condition Nor can this be called slothfulnesse or sluggishnesse in them as some will have it but a decay of their spirits by long and tedious hard labour sleight feeding and ill lodging which is able to wear out and quell the best spirit of the world # The Locust is a tree of such a growth both for length and bignesse as may serve for beams in a very large room I have seen many of them whose straight bodies are above fifty foot high the diameter of the stem or body three foot and halfe The timber of this tree is a hard close substance heavie but firme and not apt to bend somewhat hard for tooles to cut brittle but lasting Mastick not altogether so large as he but of a tougher substance and not accounted so brittle The Bully-tree wants something of the largnesse of these but in his other qualities goes beyond either for he is full out as lasting and as strong but not so heavie nor so hard for tooles to work The Redwood and prickled yellow wood good for posts or beams and are lighter then the Locust both are accounted very lasting and good for building The Cedar is without controul the best of all but by reason it works smoth and looks beautifull we use it most in Wainscot Tables and Stooles Other timber we have as the Iron-wood and another sort which are excellent good to endure wet and drie and of those we make Shingles which being such a kinde of wood as will not warpe nor rive are the best coverings for a house that can be full out as good as Tiles and lie lighter upon the Rafters # We have two sorts of Stone and either will serve indifferently well in building The one we finde on sides of small Hills and it lies as ours do in England in Quarries but they are very small rough and ill shaped some of them porous like Honey combes but being burnt they make excellent Lyme the whitest and firmest when 't is drie that I have seen and by the help of this we make the better shift with our ill shap't stone for this lime bindes it fast together and keeps it firm to endure the weather Other Stone we have which we find in great Rocks and massie pieces in the ground but so soft as with your finger you may bore a hole into it and this softness gives us the means of cutting it with two-handed sawes which being hard we could not so easily do and the easinesse causes the expedition for by that we the more speedily fit it for our walls taking a just bredth of the walls and cutting it accordingly so that we need very little hewing This stone as we cutt it in the quarry is no harder then ordinary morter but being set out in the weather by pieces as we cut it growes indifferently hard and is able to beare all the weight that lyes on it and the longer it lies the harder it growes Many essayes we made whilst I was there for the making and burning of bricks but never could attaine to the perfection of it and the reason was the over fatnesse of the clay which would alwaies crackle and break when it felt the great heat of the fire in the Clampe and by no meanes could we find the true temper of it though we made often trialls There was an ingenious Jew upon the Iland whose name was Solomon that undertook to teach the making of it yet for all that when it came to the touch his wisedome failed and we were deceived in our expectation I doubt not but there is a way of tempering to make it farre better then ours in England for the pots which we finde in the Iland wherein the Indians boyl'd their Porke were of the same kind of Clay and they were the best and finest temper'd ware of earth that ever I saw If we could find the true temper of it a great advantage might be made to the Iland for the ayre being moyst the stones often sweat and by their moysture rot the timbers they touch which to prevent we cover the ends of our beams and girders with boards pitcht on both sides but the walls being made of bricks or but lin'd with brick would be much the wholesomer and besides keep our wainescot from rotting Hangings we dare not use for being spoyld by Ants and eaten by the Cockroaches and Rats yet some of the planters that meant to handsome in their houses were minded to send for gilt● leather and hang their rooms with that which they were more then perswaded those vermine would not eate and in that resolution I left them Carpenters and Masons were newly come upon the Iland and some of these very great Masters in their Art and such as could draw a plot and pursue the designe they framed with great diligence and beautifie the tops of their dootes windowes and Chimney peeces very pretily but not many of those nor is it needfull that there should be many for though the Planters talke of building houses and wish them up yet when they weigh the want of those handes in their sugar worke that must be imployed in their building they fall backe and put on their considering caps I drew out at least twenty plots when I came first into the Ilands which they all lik't well inough and yet but two of them us'd one by Captaine Midleton and one by Captaine Standfast and those were the two best houses I left finisht in the Iland when I came away Cellars I would not make under ground unlesse the house be set on the side of a Hill for though the ayre be moyst above yet I found it by experience much moyster under ground so that no moyst thing can be set there but it will in a very short time grow mouldy and rotten and if for coolnesse you think to keep any raw flesh it will much sooner taint there then being hung up in a garret where the sun continually shines upon it Nay the pipe-staves hoops and heads of barrels and hogsheads will grow mouldy and rotten Pavements and foundations of bricks would much help this with glasse windowes to keep out the ayre If I were to build a house for my selfe in that place I would have a third part of my building to be of an East and West line and the other two thirds to crosse that at the West end in a North and South line and this latter to be a story higher than that of the East and West line so that at four a clocke in the afternoone the higher buildings will begin to shade the other and so afford more and more shade to my East and West building till night and not only to the house but to all the walks that I make on either side that building and then I would raise my foundation of that part of my house wherein my best roomes were three foot above ground leaving it hollow underneath for Ventiducts which I would