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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	east_n	land_n	west_n	1,956	5	9.2663	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A51184	Remarkable addresses by way of embassy from the East-India Company of the United Provinces, to the Emperor of Japan Containing a description of their several territories, cities, temples, and fortresses; their religions, laws, and customs; their prodigious vvealth, and gorgeous habits; the nature of their soil, plants, beasts, hills, rivers, and fountains: with the character of the ancient and modern Japanners. Collected out of their several writings and journals by Arnoldus Montanus. English'd, and adorn'd with a hundred several sculptures, by John Ogilby Esq; His Majesties cosmographer, geographick printer, and master of the revels in the Kingdom of Ireland.; Gedenkwaerdige gesantschappen der Oost-Indische maatschappy in 't Vereenigde Nederland, aan de Kaiseren van Japan. English.	Montanus, Arnoldus, 1625?-1683.; Ogilby, John, 1600-1676.; Nederlandsche Oost-Indische Compagnie.; United Provinces of the Netherlands.	1671 (1671)	Wing M2486A; ESTC R218646	565,250	480

Substitute Kings to prosecute and punish them according to the Laws so that in the Kingdom of Bungo they were burnt and in the Province Chicuin hang'd up by the Legs And here Orbedono sat in the City Facata representing the King at the entrance of one of their Temples with four Judges holding a great Book indors'd thus A Catalogue of the Names of those that deny'd Christ In which every one were to subscribe that return'd again to their former Faith and those that would not were sure to suffer intolerable punishments and death Amongst great numbers were onely Thomas and Joachim that did not apostatize from their Christianity therefore they were immediately Hang'd on a Tree by the Feet on two Boughs that the uppermost his Head touch'd the lowermost his Feet thus they hung half a Day and a whole Night the Japanners deriding them as they pass'd by looking upon them as Fools that would suffer so cruel a Death for a strange Religion but they not regarding their Discourse were soon after beheaded Cruelties us'd against them in Xiqui and Arima In the Island Xiqui the Christians were carry'd about naked Nail'd on Crosses beheaded and with many other exquisite tortures put to death But above all the Apostate King of Arima exceeded them in their tortures having amongst other things two sharp Pieces of Wood between which their Legs were put and after beat close together which occasion'd such a grievous Pain that most forsook the Roman Faith Hazart Church Hist The Reasons which stirr'd up Daifusama to this cruelty and chiefly since the Year 1613. the Jesuit Hazart saith are chiefly four The first Reason why the Japan Emperor persecuted the Christians The first was Daifusama's suspecting the Spanish Forces which spread daily more and more over India insomuch that great Islands and vast Provinces did already bow to them In the West they had subdu'd a whole new World call'd America and still not being satisfi'd with so great a Conquest was come through the unknown South-Sea and had there made himself Master of several Territories in the East the Molucca Islands the Castle Malacca and the far-spreading Philippines being all under his subjection from whence he might when he pleas'd send over his Forces to Japan not that they are so near that the Philippines may be seen from Japan as Hazart without reason sets down their nearest Promontories being at least two hundred Dutch Miles distant from each other but that Japan being already full of Foreigners which were up in Arms and also well stor'd with Christians who knew but that together in a short time they might deliver it up to a Christian Prince The second Reason The second Reason Hazart tells us was this A Ship lying at Anchor in a Japan Haven one Yamondono a Gentleman of that Countrey desirous to see the same went Aboard where he found the Master looking over the Map of the World Yamondono entreated him to instruct and inform him concerning the Territories Mountains Rivers Cities and Havens therein Nothing more amaz'd him than to see the Spaniards have Command over so great a part of Europe America and Asia and that they still held their Possession But the Master being examin'd farther told him That his Countreymen drove a Trade with all the World and that no People suffer'd any damage by them but what wrong any did them they righted by Arms with which they had subdu'd many Kingdoms Yamondano desir'd to know if they did not send their Ministers beforehand to gain the hearts of the Inhabitants by Preaching the Doctrine of Christ and to stir them up against their Heathen Governors to the end that when any Insurrection should happen they might by a conjunction with the male-content Natives enable themselves to a more easie Conquest The Master acknowledg'd that was the Design of their Priests which Yamondono laying up in his mind soon after sent word thereof to the Emperor who slept not upon so weighty a Matter but resolv'd suddenly to free himself of the Popish Clergy as his Predecessor Taicosama did Anno 1587. commanding them all in twenty days to depart from Japan Fathom the Japan Harbors This News of Yamondono was back'd by another casual Information given to Daifusama That a Spanish Pilot had fathom'd and with a Plummet sounded the depth of several Japan Harbors which was suspected to be done for no other end but that they intended to Land in some of those Places and to subdue Japan as they had done many Provinces both in the East and West The third Reason of the Persecution Hazart lays upon the English and Hollanders The third Reason of the Persecution Hazart lays the blame thereof upon the English and Hollanders who reported that the Spaniards had aim'd along time to make themselves not onely Masters of Europe but the West part of the World and to that end not many years since they had made great slaughter in Peru Mexico France Netherlands and other Places that no Age ever heard of so many and so cruel That they sent their Priests beforehand to prepare the ways and under a cloak of Religion to draw the People to their humors extorting great Riches from them and making them believe that the Pope hath an absolute and unlimited Power to dispose of all Kingdoms and Provinces according to his will and pleasure and that Subjects therefore are not ty'd to be always obedient to their Heathen Governors but might release themselves when they saw a convenient opportunity That the Jesuits crept in every where and by subtile Plots and Contrivances sought to dethrone Princes causing many Murders and Uprores where-ever they came for which cause several Christian Princes oftentimes banish'd them from their Courts and Countreys In France stood a long time an Iron Plate whereon was Engraven all the Villanies for which they were banish'd out of that Countrey The Sorbonne in France presented some years past a Writing to the Court wherein they shew'd that the World never bred more traiterous and bloody Villains than the Jesuits The Cities Antwerp Padua Bruges Tholouse Bourdeaux Prague and other Wall'd Places oftentimes for their horrid and abominable actions have thrust them forth And had not the wisdom of the Venetian Governors been deluded along time by their dissimulation of Zeal they had not so long been pester'd with them But quickly the English Scots and several other Kingdoms had rid their hands of them by banishment This Hazart being himself a Jesuit sets down as the most prevailing Reason and Motive that stirr'd up Daifusama against the Roman Christians and chiefly the Priests The fourth Reason But the last Fast Fault he lays upon the Japan Prince Portasius who being King of Arima pretended to be highly in Favor with the Emperor because his Son had married Daifusama's Niece and therefore sought no small share of the Province Figen which by Inheritance he laid claim to For the obtaining this

upper end of the City close by the River Toncaw appears an exceeding large Watch-Tower being Four-hundred fifty eight Foot and a half high Guarded with twelve hundred Souldiers On the East side of this the Emperors Magazine a large Structure in the West rang'd in order stand several Temples of their Idol Fotoques one consecrated to Camis and another to their Evil Natur'd god which we call the Devil In the middle of the City rises a most delightful Banqueting-House in which the Emperor Chiongon Toxogunsama us'd to Recreate himself The Emperors Garden Moreover those that view the West part of Jedo will first see the Palace of the King of Bungo to which is joyn'd his Imperial Majesties Garden which is so exceeding pleasant and delightful that those famous Orchards of Semiramis being reckon'd amongst the Seven Wonders of the World are much inferior to it Nature and Art striving to out-vye one another Next to this stands the Palaces of the Lords of Chiecow and Firando His Imperial Majesties Councellors Bungono Nognicono Vonemo Ingando Cambano Rimo Cuno and Texinucano The Camies also Resides in a very sumptuous Building Somewhat farther is another fair House in which Utrandono the Emperors Groom-Porter dwells Southward from thence is the Temple of Xaca close by which stands the Custom-house near this are several large Buildings for the Emperors Generalissimo somewhat farther a Wall'd Plain where two thousand Horse may be drawn up and Mustred The Temple of Xantay to what end and by whom built Amongst other Temples is also very Beautiful that which is consecrated to the Idol Xantay having three Roofs one above another The Emperor Nobunanga after he had brought thirty Kingdoms under his Subjection and by that Victory obtain'd the Imperial Crown spar'd no Cost in the building thereof that by that means his Name might be ever after kept in memory He would also have been honor'd as a God and with more Zeal than any other of the Japan Deities but being murther'd by the Prince Aqueche Anno 1582. with his Death the Ceremony of his Service a Divine Worship was utterly ceas'd and his Temple consecrated to Xantay Temples full of Images Not far from thence you pass by the Court of the Chief Governor of the South part of the City Jedo which being built long in Front hath in the middle a Portall with a square Tower Farther into the City are two Temples of the Ickoisen almost touching one another both full of little Images Next to these are two more that belong to the Priests which they call Bulgru within these are no manner of Statues found except one representing the shape of a horrible Monster This City hath also several other fair Buildings in that part which is beyond the Mountain Tocajamma for there is a strong Garrison wherein are Quarter'd Three thousand five hundred Souldiers On one side of which is the Palace of the Mayor or Chief Governor of that part of the City to whom all the Inferior Officers are to render an account weekly of what hath happen'd in that time in their several Wards The Watch-Tower which is seen at a great distance both by Sea and Land and the Garrison with the Chief Governors Court make most ways a Triangular Prospect somewhat farther stands a Temple Dedicated to all sorts of Beasts with a very high double Roof On the North side of which appears a large Court in which four of the prime Bonzies live together having also three Temples built in a Row The Temple of Camis and Fotoques ¶ AT last appears the Temple Consecrated to the Idol Camis and Fotoques which Names are not peculiar for one or two but general for the Japanners call all their gods to whom they Pray for future Bliss in the world to come Fotoques and those from whom they expect Transitory Happiness as Health Wealth and a fair Race of Children that should enjoy what they are possess'd withal after their Deaths they call Camis The Emperors Seraglio In the List of Superior Deities many of their Princes and Emperors for their great Atchievements when living have been Registred by their Subjects and after departure Worshipp'd as their gods as the Antient Greeks and Romans heretofore But on the other side of the Imperial Garden stands the Seraglio for his Women being in thirty large Divisions which the Japanners call the Chandran nearer the Sea are more Palaces belonging to the Kings Quicougeu and Date and beyond those the King of Saxuma hath his Court much resembling Quicougeu his Palace onely the last hath a large Porch built Arch-wise high like a Steeple TEMPEL met Duysend BEELDEN ¶ BUt that which Crowns the City and appears above all the rest is the Empresses Magnificent Palace which they call Miday rising aloft with three Galleries or Stories according to their manner one surmounting the other The King of Figens Court makes also a stately show But on one side of the Empresses Palace are Houses being large built all of Stone wherein lies the Inexhaustable Emperial Treasures and heap'd-up Mountains of Gold and Silver not to be valued within the compass of Arithmetick the Riches of St. Mark and the Golden Mines of Potosi with the whole Revenues of all the European Kings cast up together would scarce Ballance the unimaginable Audits and vast Accompts thereof Phaiglerodano Cammangon the Empresses Brother being the King of Jamaystero dwells here also in a sumptuous Palace near which are three Courts belonging to his Unckles the first being the King 's of One way the second of Mito the third of Cinocuni all three Brothers to the Emperor Xogunsama surnam'd Conbosama These three Palaces stand very near one another the largest and fairest is that in which Cinocuni Resides having two Roofs one above another Xogunsama Son to the Emperor Daifusama succeeded his Father in his Throne Anno 1616. Other Palaces in Jedo Near this place also stands a fair Building belonging to two Brothers of the King Amanguci Somewhat farther is the Court of the King of Tacata and next that the Residences of the Kings of Zanuaquq Fanga and Omura About the middle of the City are five Palaces more in which reside the Princes Amacusa Beyond these the King of Arima hath a large Court The Temples of the two Emperors are also very beautiful on the North end is a Light-house of Five hundred ninety four Foot high A Light-house for ships to steer into the Harbor Some distance from hence is a fair Cloyster for Widows And near this the Palace in which the Chief Governor of the East part of the City resides Six Streets farther a Temple Dedicated to the Idol with four Heads But that which exceeds all the Buildings at this end of the City is a stately Cloyster whose height largeness and magnificence deserves no small wonder in this Colledge the second and third Son of the Emperor have their Education bred up to several Arts and Eastern

Bonzi the Minister that performs the Funeral-Rites in a great Coach which shines being all Silk and Gold Thirty Bonzies more run about the Coach they wear broad-brimm'd Hats over a fine Linnen Surplice a Black Cloke cover'd with a gray upper Garment each carrying a long Torch lighted made of Pine-Branches which they say lights the Defunct that he may not mistake or miss the Way These thirty are follow'd by two hundred more who call aloud upon that God or Idol which he most Worshipp'd when alive They also beat on great Copper Basons and carry two large Baskets full of Artificial Paper-Roses of divers Colours which they tie at the end of a long Stick shaking them as they go in such a manner that the Roses fly out of the Baskets that being a sign as they say That the Soul of the Deceas'd is already gone to the Place of Everlasting Happiness After these follow eight Youths young Bonzies in two Rows who trail after them long Canes with Flags each Inscrib'd with the Name of his Idol They also carry eight Lanthorns with lighted Candles which in stead of Horn are cover'd with fine Cotton Near these Lanthorn-carriers walk two Youths in gray Clothes which carry also Pine-Torches which they light when they come out of the City and with these kindle the Fire that must consume the dead Body The remaining Ceremony Next before the Corps walk a great number of People all in gray Clothes their Heads cover'd with little three-corner'd Caps of black shining Leather on which they pin small Papers written with the Name of his Idol And that it may be more conspicuous a Man follows which carries in a Frame in large Characters the Name of that God he had so much ador'd The Corps it self Then follows the Corps it self which is carried by four Men on a Bier cover'd with a Bed very richly adorn'd on which sits the dead Body with his Head bent forward and his Hands folded together being cloth'd all in white over which hangs a Paper Coat being a Book concerning the Mysterious Devotions belonging to his Deity and full of Prayers That he would be pleas'd in mercy to save him After the Corps follow the Sons of the Deceas'd in comely Habits the youngest Son carrying also a Torch of Pine to kindle the Funeral-Pyre Last of all comes a second Rabble of Common People suited with black Caps as the former How the dead are burnt in Japan When coming near the Pyle they stand in a Ring and soon after make a hideous Noise the Bonzies striking with great force on their Copper Basons and Kettles and all the People calling aloud on the Name of his Idol which continues a whole Hour during which they prepare the Pit being square and Rail'd about and hung with Mats Towards the four Points of Heaven are four Entrances being the East West North and South The Pit is cover'd over with Canvas and on each side of it stands a Table with all manner of Fruits near the Table Pots smoking with Perfumes and Frankincense no sooner they approach near the Inclosed place but they throw a long Rope over the Corps on which every one lays their hands and call on the name of their Idol several times together then they walk three times about the inclosed place At last they set the Bier with the Bed and Corps on the Funeral-pyre to which the Bonzi who Conducted the whole Train steps forth and Mutters several Words which none of those that are present can understand and takes a burning Torch which he Waves three times over the Head of the Dead Body signifying by those Circles that the Soul of the Deceased had never beginning nor shall ever have an end when done he throws away the Torch which two of the nearest Relations to the Deceased whereof one stands at the East end of the Bier and the other at the West as a Ceremony reaching it over the Corps to one another thrice together then they throw it on the Pyle whilest others pour on Sweet Oil then setting Fire which kindles so suddenly and grows to that height that the Body is consum'd in a moment Strange Custom when the body is burnt In the Interim his Sons and kindred walk towards the two Tables where setting Fire to the Pots with Perfumes they fall on their Knees and Worship the Deceased then as they believe to be in Heaven This finish'd their Bonzies are rewarded according to their several Services and the Chief Orderer of the Funeral receives at least twenty Duckets and the other Officers lesser Sums After the departure of the Friends and Bonzies to their several Houses then the Common People and those which were Habited in Grey make merry about the Fire with such Food as stands on the Tables On the next day the Children and Friends of the Deceased repair again to the Funeral Fire where they gather the Ashes Teeth and Bones in a Gilded Pot or Urn which they carry home and covering it over with a Cloth set it in one of the chief Rooms of the House Make repetition Sermon after what manner Thither all the Bonzies come to make a Repetition of the Funeral Sermon On the seventh day they begin their Visit and set the Urn with the Relicks on the Ground others set down a square Stone on which is Engraven the Name of the Idol After this the Sons go daily to their Father's Grave on which they strow Roses and place hot Liquor and set several Dishes of Meat about it so that their Father's Soul may be refresh'd Bon a dead Fast But besides these Funerals which commonly cost those that are able at least three thousand Duckets and the ordinary Citizens generally two or three hundred They keep on one day yearly a general Feast through the whole City which they call Bon dedicated to all the souls of their deceas'd friends on which day each hangs a Lanthorn and Candle at his Door and all visit the Graves of their several Relations great multitudes carrying out of the City Chargers full of Variety of Cates with which they Treat as they believe their departed Spirits then inviting them home to their Houses of which we have already spoke at large The corps of poor people misused The Funerals of the Poor People are no way to be compar'd to those of the Rich for not one Bonzi follows their Dead they having no Money for to satisfie them for their Labor without which they will not budge one Foot so that they onely take care for to provide Food for the Departed Souls and the more because most of them either publick or private are against the Immortality of the Soul therefore the Dead Bodies of the Poor of which there are very great numbers in Japan they throw in the night time in some private place or other or else upon the nearest Dunghil Departure of the Netherland Ambassadors from Jedo ¶ BUt to return

Island Branco well known at a great distance by its steep and chalky Cliffs after that we descry'd the Flat Coast of Loemon known by its two Promontories on the north-North-East and South-West end Then we Steer'd our Coast North-East where happen'd several great Calms and terrible Thunder and Lightning A considerable time we kept in sight of China about five or six Leagues from the Shore after that we had Sail'd close by the Islands of The two Sisters Formosa and also by The three Kings there appear'd as commonly doth in those parts before a Storm the dreadful signs of an ensuing Tempest Signs of bad weather About the Cape of Good Hope appears commonly a small black Cloud before a Tempest which was here a Rain-Bowe onely of two colours hoop'd in with two more the outmost the largest the Master being thus warn'd furl'd his Sails lower'd his Yards and dropt all his Anchors and so in a manner moor'd his Vessel by which time it blew so hard from the North-East bringing along a high and rough Sea which oftentimes rak'd over us from Prow to Stern that all our Ground-Tackle though very good seem'd not strong enough to keep her from Driving Thus we lay plying the Pump Shipping often so much Water as was ready to beat down the Decks so that we every Minute expected death and that which was worse the Wind shifting eight Points towards the North-West furrow'd fresh Billows athwart which beat over our Broad-side Thus having suffer'd four and twenty hours the utmost of the Perils when utterly despairing not able to hold out any longer it pleas'd God that the Weather broke up and the Storm ceasing after a short refreshment we joyfully weigh'd Anchor and proceeded on in our Voyage And now being got about an hundred Leagues from the Island of Meaxuma we saw with admiration a great number of py'd Fowls black and white by the Portuguese call'd Allcatrasses which prey'd there on Fish Before this Island lieth an obscure Cliff and the Isle presenting it self in four Cantels or Divisions being cut thorow in the manner of a Cross On the South-West end of it are two round Hills the other Islands are known by several Rocks resembling Organ-Pipes Here Sayling two Leagues along this Coast to the height of one and thirty degrees from thence Steering our Course to Cabexuma which is surrounded by many Rocks we discover'd the Mountain of Amacusa and the utmost Point of the Island Cavallos known by the tall Pines that Crown the High-Land At some distance off from the shore lies a Ridge of Rocks which as a Bar breaking the violence of the Waves agitated with Wind make within a smooth and safe Harbor Then we found the Bay of Nangesaque by joyning our Land-Marks together being a Tree and the Roof of the great Church where we Anchoring Hoysed out our long Boat and so Landed in Japan This is our second Discoverer of any note giving the most exact account of the nearest and best way to Japan But two years before the return of Pais from his foremention'd Voyage John Hugh Luschot setting Sail from the Haven of Maccaw intending his Voyage for Japan He relates thus Linschot's Voyage to Japan The 19 of June we Weigh'd Anchor from before the Island des Outcas lying on the West side of the Entrance towards Maccaw leaving the great Isle of Thieves to Lee-ward which hath another longer Island full of Woods to the Northward of it and the like shape presents the Isle Tonquiau being naturally fortifi'd with ten Cliffs like Bulwarks but on the North-East side opens a convenient and safe Harbor We wav'd Lamon standing off to Sea at a great distance because many Pirats lay lurking up and down shelter'd under those Coasts their design especially to seize Portuguese Vessels therefore we Steer'd directly towards the Chabaquon-Head a High-Land appearing a far off from the Coast of China afterwards we Sail'd the length of the Red Stone Varella a Rock so call'd and well known by its colour which appears above Water and may be seen beyond Port Chinogoa Soon after we Stemm'd the Isle Lequeo Puqueno whose steep Coasts are about sixteen Leagues in length under twenty five degrees North-Latitude where we Sail'd against a Current of troubled white Shells but after 15 Leagues we found ease Then rose the Seven Sisters Isles so call'd from their so much resembling one another the first appears with a sharp Spire or rising Point in the middle and at the foot on the West Angle a Rock opens like a Column or Pillar on the North-East mark'd with a black Cliff The Seven Sisters out of sight we rais'd the long Isle Ycoo full of black or sable Trees from whence we lay North-East Sailing betwixt that and Tanaxuma through a Channel clear from all danger of Rocks and Shelves At the Mouth of which appears a Mountain like Vesuvius or that of Aetna which vomits upwards hideous Smoke and dreadful Flames mixt with Stones the Ruptur'd Bowels of the Mountain which ejected with no little Fragor sometimes fills the adjacent Shores Sea and Land with terrible Affrights and wonderful Consternations But Tenaxuma an Isle eight Leagues long hath on the West a good Harbor fortifi'd naturally with Rocks the Low-Land full of rising Hillocks cover'd here and there with black Pines Eight Leagues Northerly beyond this appears the Coast of the mighty Empire of Japan but in the mid-way Steering to Jebuxy we lay a good while becalm'd yet nevertheless the eleventh day after we set Sail from Macow we arriv'd in Japan But besides all these Voyagers and the many Discoveries and Plantations of the Portuguese and Spaniards in either Indies at last the Hollanders being thrust into an exegency of dangerous consequence and forc'd by an overcoming necessity also became Navigators and undertook to save themselves from utter ruine that Work by a business which happen'd thus At first and in the infancy of their Trade They onely contented themselves with making short Flights and trafficking to their neighboring Confines as France England Denmark Norway and other Places in the Northern Ocean with which naturally delighted and tasting the sweetness of Profit they ventur'd farther to Spain and Portugal then growing more bold enter'd the Straights seeking through the Midland Sea at Legorn Genoua and Messina what by their several Trades might be more beneficial Here whilst the Portuguese and Spaniards made such wonderful Discoveries they fixed and well satisfi'd sat down and went no farther The first reasons why the Hollanders undertook the Voyage to the East-Indies and afterwards to Japan But after the War was proclaim'd by Spain against the United Provinces King Philip issuing out strict Commands that all Goods that heretofore were Exported from his Harbors or Imported from the Hollanders whether the Growth of either Countrey or otherwise should not onely be confiscated and made seizure of but great Mulcts and other Punishments inflicted upon all them that durst or were so

Degree of Lords Their Lowest Degree of Lords of which some fill their Treasuries with the Revenues of the small Circumjacent Iles are Sangoro Saffioye and Fory Minnasacka each of them having Twenty thousand Pound Sterling yearly Qua Jamma Sammon Fossacauwa Gemba Fackina Deysen Matsendeyra Deysen Gottawais Lord of the Island Goto near Firando Cattayngiry Iwamy Cassima Jetsingo Coubery Tomoty Tackandy Mondo and Miake Jetsingo have each One Tun and a half of Gold per Annum But Odaura Bisen Tojamma Giwo Fira Oucka Giuemon Oseki Jemon Fayssien Gouwas Kibon Outano Tango Fieno Ouribe Auby Ceynocamy Otana Mousoys Majuda Jammatta Taytsibanna Sackon Cackebe Sayngoro Mynangauwa Chinamovani Jaydsio Dewanocamy Coungay Inaba Oictana Caweyts Niwas Kibon Fory Arbays Fosio Mimasacka Sayngo Wacksacka Touda Inaba Miangy Sinsen Sannanda Nyki Iton Tangou Ikenday Jetseses and Touda Nayki Emperors Officers Pay As for the Emperors Chief Officers their Revenues are as followeth His Councellor of State Dayno Idonno Fifteen Tun of Gold a Year Sackay Ontadonno Nangay Sinadonne Ten Tuns of Gold Sackay Sinadonno the like Sum. Sackay Sannickodonno One Tun of Gold less Audo Ouckiondono Six Tun of Gold Inote Cawatsdo Five Inabe Tangedonne Four Sackan Auwado and Sackay Jammassirodonno each have Thirty thousand pound Sterling Nayta Ingado Sintsia Winbondonno Misson Ockiedonno Matsendeyro Jemondonno Jamanguyts Tayssimodonno and Matsendeyro Juedonno receive from the Emperors Treasury Two Tun of Gold a piece Yearly But Ale Boungodonne Auwe Jamma Ouckerodonne Ciongok Sinsendonno Itacoura Nysiendo Narsy Jucdonno and Akimonta Maysimaddonno have each of them Fifteen thousand pound Sterling Yearly Lastly Forita Cangadonne Miura Simaddonne Maynda Gonoskedonno Mesiono Jamatta Fory Itsuocamy Miury Oemenoskedonno and Fondo Sanjadanno have every one One Tun of Gold per annum The Emperors expences in house-keeping and guard ¶ THe Emperors House-keeping consisting of several Boards for all his Officers and his Seraglio of Ladies amounts to 1400000 lib Sterling Annual Pension His Life-Guard also cost him ten Tun of Gold more So that the Pensions for his Lords and several Officers and the whole maintenance of his Court and Militia reckons up 28000345 Tun of Gold yearly Apparel of the Souldiers As for the Souldiers which the Emperor keeps in Service most of them are Noble-men and wear small Helmets but exceeding great Breeches sometimes they are Arm'd with short at other times with long Fire-Locks or Muskets not unlike ours onely the Cock strikes not from them but towards them Instead of Powder-Horns or Cartrage Boxes they use small square Baskets made very artificially of Flags or Rushes In their Girdles they stick one short and one long Scimiter The Netherland Ambassadors go by water from Nangesaque to Osacca ¶ BUt to return again to our Embassadors Andreus Frisius and Anthonius Brookhorst which Sail'd from Nangesaque the 25 of Septemb. 1649. with three great Barks Laden with rich Presents for the Japan Emperor twenty Netherlander three Bongies as guides to direct them in their Journey from Osacca to Jedo three Interpreters and thirty four Japanners besides the beforemention'd Ambassadors In short time they got beyond Foveunda Zotta and Nanatjamma and Sail'd Northwardly between Firando Omodackey and Oysinocuby Towns scituate on Bungo then they reach'd the Islands Auwo Fimissima and Ginkai and left Nangago on the left side of the Coast of Bungo Then they brought the Island Aymissima under their Lee and descry'd the City Assia The City Asia twelve Miles North-East from Aymissima This City stands on a white Sandy shore and is seen a great distance off at Sea by reason of its high Mountains which seem to touch the Clouds After this they discover'd the famous Town Icaminangano-misacco and the City Cocero lying in an Inlet of the Sea The City Cocero Cocero at its first view is very delightful to behold having two Suburbs one above the City and another below towards the Sea Here they directed their Course Easterly into the Straits which in the North washes Japan and on the South Chiekok and Tousa On the left side of Japan stands the City Simonisicci The City Simonysicci within which is a small Fort and opposite to that a strong Castle built on a high Hill near which is the Haven Isacka to which belongs two Villages containing forty houses a piece ¶ VVIthin the foremention'd Straits they met with many Islands Islands several of their names unknown yet at the hither end lies Mettogamma and next Mocko The City Camenosacci Mianosimi and Camero betwixt which the City Cammenosacci stands on the more of Japan In a long Tract from East to West they saw near the Coast of Japan the Islands Icowe Szuwa Caroto Cominagari and Jocosmi all improv'd with Villages Opposite to Caroto are seen in the middle of this Channel between Japan and Tonsa several high Mountains whose tops are crown'd with various Trees here they stood due East and had on their Larboard in the Japan Coast the Towns Tantonomis Mewarri Bignatum and Binga On their Starboard the Inhabited Isle Syrais So Sailing on between Simeia and Samnic Ousimate and Wota Icsima and Muro they met with so strong a Current that their Rowers had great labor to bring them thorow The City Muro ¶ MUro a Town scituate on Japan hath a very fine Haven five Miles beyond which rises Firmensi The City Firmensi a stately City Fortifi'd with a strong Castle near which the Sea is often times very rough which they left on their Larboard and also Ahos Takasima and Swoja and came to Fiongo But when they met with Calms and wanted Wind their Men with a Line hall'd their Barks along the shore Netherland Ambassadors come to Ojacc● Sailing from hence they kept along the Coast of Amanasacci and came on the thirteenth of January after nineteen days travel to Osacca and getting up the River they came to Anchor before Anissima the Suburb of Osacca Soon after three Pleasure-Boats came thither for to carry the Ambassadors with their Goods and Retinue Fayfena a Japan Pleasure-Boat ¶ THe Japanners build a kind of Pleasure-Boats or Barges by them call'd Fayfena which commonly have forty Oars built before like an Elephants Head and in the Starn a fine Looking-Glass Cabbin and Helm after the Portuguese manner Some of these Fayfena's have above thirty Rowers in them which Row with such speed and make so fresh way that it is to be admir'd for commonly they make a Voyage from Osacca to Nangesaque in twelve days time lying two hundred and twenty Leagues distant from one another Art exact description of the situation of the Cities between Nangesaque and Osacca ¶ FRom Nangesaque to Fouconda is two Leagues from Fouconda to Zitta eight thence to Nanatzjamma three from thence to Omodakey two then to Oysinocubi five so to Firando eight from Firando to Auwo six then to Jobeco seven thence to Fimissima seven from Fimissima to Ginha

Learning Towards the East end of Jedo appear two fair Temples both Dedicated to their god Amida The Temples of Amida But distinguish'd by calling the one onely Amida and the other The Golden Amida At the farthest end of the City opposite to the Village Tonquerba is the Court of the Emperors Chief Custom and Collector in the East part of Jedo The Empress worships Amida ¶ FAther Lodowick Frojus relates in his Letter from Canga an Island in Japan dated Anno 1565. That the Emperor Cuba his Royal Consort had built a Chappel in her own Palace Dedicating it to Amida in which she daily attended with a great Train of Ladies there paying her Devotions to his Statue representing a comely Youth Crown'd with Gold that Reflected Rayes like Sun-Beams for when the Emperor Cubus was slain by the Rebels Diandono and Mioxindono and the Empress making her escape took Sanctuary in a Monastery near Miaco where being discover'd the Priviledge of the place not protecting they sent an Executioner to take away her life she preparing to obey the hard Sentence call'd for Pen Ink and Paper and Wrighting to her two Daughters which were also Imprison'd in the next House Informing them That she was to be unjustly Murder'd but she rejoyc'd and would be glad to Imbrace Death because she doubted not but that Amida had found this means to bring her to a better Habitation and the sooner to enjoy that Paradise where her Dear Husband so lately Murder'd remains expecting by her company the full accomplishment of both their Happiness Then Sealing the Letter she thank'd the Bonzi for his kind entertaining of her in their Colledge and drawing near to Amida's Altar where kneeling she lifted up her Hands and call'd twice on the god for to forgive her her Sins Then the Bonzi laid his Hand upon her Head as a Token that she had Absolution from all her Offences then going from thence into a private Room she lifted up her hands again to Heaven and cry'd Amida Amida which said Was beheaded she was Beheaded Images of Amida are divers Furthermore it is to be observed that there are several Images Representing this god for whereas he sometimes is made as we said before with a Dogs Head riding on a Seven-Headed Horse another resembling a Naked Youth with Holes in his Ears sitting on a large Rose Carv'd of Wood and in a strange Shape with a Fantastick Cap on his Head slit before with two large Buttons on the top with a comely and youthful Countenance in his Ears hang two Rings one within another about his Neck a Scarf his Breast cover'd with an Oval Plate curiously Engraven over his Shoulders and Back hangs a Coat of Feathers neatly Wrought and joyn'd together in his Hands a String of Beads his Breast and Belly exceeding large sitting on a great Cushion before him stands several Japan Letters Engraven on a square Stone They also place oftentimes near their god Amida another Idol with thre● Heads which are cover'd with one flat Cap or Bonnet joyn'd close together their Chins Hairy about the Neck a Pastboard Band on each side four Arms and Hands the Breast and Waste girded with five Strings of Pearl the Belly appears like the Body of the Sun darting Rays with several Characters in the middle the Walls are all hung with rich and costly Japan Habits and before them many burning Lamps A very stately Temple with a thousand Images near Meaco But besides these two Temples of Amida in Jedo there is a most famous Chappel about a League from Meaco being of more antiquity erected by some of their antient Emperors and since by the Modern enlarg'd and beautifi'd being four hundred and twenty Foot long having two great Porches with Portcullises in the middle where entring you may first see a large Seat on which sits an Image bigger than the Life resembling a Giant with Holes in his Ears Bald-headed and shaven after the manner of the Indian Brachmans over this huge Figure hang several Cups on both sides divers shapes of Armed Soldiers Morisco Dancers Exotick Wizards and other dreadful Figures with antick Gestures Their Wind and Thunder also are personated in terrible Figures Then they enter the Chappel ascending on seven Steps having five hundred Idols on each side fix'd to the Wall all representing Canon the Son of Amida with amiable Looks each having thirty Arms two of which are of ordinary size but all the other very small and in every Hand two Arrows on their Breasts are engraven seven little Faces on their Heads Golden Crowns with Strings of Diamonds Moreover not onely the Chains Bells and other things belonging to these Images but also the Statues themselves are all Massie Gold wrought by the Goldsmith insomuch that the beholders Eyes dazle at the glory and splendor of Canon's Chappel To which most People from all Parts of Japan repair to perform their Devotions and the rather because there are many more Temples near it to which they also resort upon the same account Description of an University in Japan ¶ ABout two Miles from the aforemention'd Chappel is a famous University built at the Foot of a Hill and divided into several Halls Colledges Cloisters surrounded by a pleasant Stream near which are many Chappels in some of which they worship a horrible Image representing as we suppose the Devil On the top of the Hill appears three great Temples built of Wood on exceeding large and thick Pillars the Ground Pav'd with polish'd Marble Of the Idol Xaca In one of these stands a very large Image of their god Xaca having many lesser Statues plac'd on both sides of him at his back hangs a Piece of Parchment to which are joyn'd two thousand broad Seals near which stands forty Representations of two-year-old Children on each side of the Temple are two foul and horrible Monsters Arm'd with great Clubs All these Images and Seals are richly Gilt. In the second Temple or rather a Theatre for there they keep all their Commencements promoting of Students according to their several Merits to Places and Dignities which they perform thus The Proficient and the Master of this Ceremony are placed in the middle of the Stage with Penons and Flags hanging over their Heads where the Graduate in a formal manner beseeches a Prime Doctor to put him in Orders and prefer him according to his Deserts which done he takes Place as he is advanced The Temple for the Porcupine This Edifice is dedicated to the Porcupine amongst them the Embleme of Learning but they erect no Altar nor Image for him as for other gods but onely hang the dead Animal up in the Roof of the Hall that when the Students implore this Deity to fill them with Arts and Sciences they may lift with their Eyes their Hearts also to Heaven The third exceeds the other two in heighth and beauty Palaces for Scholars Here are other several Halls adorn'd with

Goodness that a Scorpion and most of all other Poysonous Creatures being kill'd and their Flesh laid raw on the Wound which they made cures it in a short time Fasting-spittle hath also a great Operation to dispel this Poyson The ancient Father St. Ambrose relates concerning this Creature Hoxaem lib. 6. cap. 6. That he kills a Lion and is himself destroy'd by Pismires But to return to our Story Strange Battel between the Pismires and Scorpions in the Voyage to Nangesaque ¶ IN the Voyage between Osacca and Nangesaque it is often seen with great admiration that a Scorpion being surrounded with an innumerable Army of Pismires who storm him on all sides biting his Feet so extremely that not being able to bear it nor seeing any way to escape at last kills himself with his own Sting running the same into his Head of which he immediately dies whereupon they joyn all their Forces to carry him away In which Work it is pleasant to behold how they help one another some shoving the Prey forward with their Feet while others haul it along with their Mouths and the remaining part creep under to bear it on their Backs always having fresh Supplies to release those that grow weary God represents in this small Animal the exact Image of Vertue wherefore the Holy Scripture admonishes the Slothful to take Example by them And indeed their Care is exceeding great for they make their Nest with so many crooked Entrances that it is secure from all hurtful Creatures The Earth which they scrape out they stop before their Holes to keep out Rain These Holes are divided into three Partitions in one the Males and Females live together in another the Females breed up their Young and the third serves them for their Storehouse wherein they lay their Provision Majolus relates That near Barleta a City in Terra di Barria he found a strange Nest of Pismires under a great piece of Timber which being easily taken away there appear'd a City with four Corners City of Pismires almost four Foot long and one and a half broad lying so direct as if it had been made straight with a Line a Street going through the same long-ways was a Finger broad and one deep made in a Clayie Ground three lesser Streets also which came into the foremention'd middle-way of the same bredth and depth at one end thereof a Market-place and at the other end a Stile made of Egg-shells On the other side of this Pismires City appear'd several deep Pits so full of Corn that it lay scatter'd on the Ground about them Along the Ways the Pismires pass'd to and fro like the Inhabitants of a Populous Town Towards the south-South-West exactly in the middle of the longest Wall was the Gate through which some came in loaded with Corn others went out empty to fetch their Burdens the eldest of them creeping before who also climb the Blades biting off the Corn whilst the young ones stand below and pick every Grain out of the Ear that which is too heavy for them to carry they shove before them those that are empty make way for those that are loaden and that the Corn should not sprout they bite that end that uses to shoot and if accidentally it happens to be wet they bring it forth laying it to dry in the Sun which is a certain sign of Fair weather Moreover they labor continually resting neither Night nor Day Hist Anim. lib. 6. ca. 50. A conceited Passage of the Pismires Aelian relates That Cleanthes once observ'd some Pismires which carried away a dead one to the Hole from whence it was us'd to come forth when living and coming before it stood all still they belonging to another Hole upon which some Pismires that were in the same came immediately to the Strangers and went several times in and out as about Business of great concern at last bringing out a rotten Pear as a Ransom for the dead Prisoner and a Reward for their Labor they took the Deceas'd with them to bury him as it is very common amongst them By this Spectacle Cleanthes concluded That Beasts could speak and especially the Pismires about which Opinion Pythagoras Cicero Celsus and other Learned Heathens have often held great Disputations Farther Voyage of the Ambassadors ¶ BUt to return again to our Ambassadors Frisius and Brookhurst who proceeding forward in their Journey and Sailing by the Islands Fibi Simeia Samnik Syrais Caroto Szuwa Jowe Camro Mianofimi Moeko and Mettagamma left on their Starboard upon the main Coast of Japan Binga Bignatum Mewarri Tantonomi Jocosimi Caminagari Cammenosacci Simonisicci and Ximontchequi In this Voyage they met in several Places and chiefly about the Islands divers Japan Fisher-men who have generally their Wives with them The Men commonly have the Crown of their Heads shaven Japan Fisher-men how cloth'd onely a Ring of Hair just about their Heads not unlike the Roman Priests Their Coats they fold over their Breasts being girt with a broad Girdle in which they stick a great Cutting-knife On their Shoulders they carry a Yoke at which hangs on each side a long and square Vessel wherein they carry their Water and also keep their Fish alive when they bring it to sell The Women wear a Scarf wound about their Heads with a Tuft hanging down on their Foreheads their Breasts cover'd with a square Cloth interwoven with several Flowers of Silk about their Necks a long Cotton Cloth that hangs down their Backs their Coats both full and long hanging down to their Ankles their Shoes or rather Soles onely are made fast behind with a kind of Strap and betwixt the two great Toes with a Knob Frisius and Brookhurst arrive at Nangesaque ¶ THeir Excellencies Frisius and Brookhurst at last Sail'd through the Straights where on the one side upon the main Coast of Japan lies the City Simonisicci and on the opposite Shore the great Island Bungo So Weathering the Point they got into the Bay Kokero thence getting into the Corean Sea they run between the Island Simissima and the Bongian Village Assia by Jobeco Auroo Firando Nanatzjamma Zetta and Foucunda into the Haven of Nangesaque on the twenty second of May Anno 1650. where they found their Countrey-men all in good health and were inform'd of the strict Customs and Laws of the Japanners After what manner the Netherland Ships sail to Nangesaque about the Netherland Ships who when they come between the Priest-Mountain and the low Cliffs call'd the Hen and Chickens passing by the Emperor's three great Block-houses must discharge their Guns three times at which the Japan Barques full of Soldiers come aboard taking an account of the Ships Crew setting them down by their Names and also their Age and Conditions which they are again demanded at their going away therefore every one must well observe how he hath describ'd himself for being found in a Lie is as much as

Obligations Seal'd with a Cup of Wine may not be broke The cutting of their Bellies is perform'd in the following manner He that is to perform the Office invites his nearest Relations into a Temple the middle thereof cover'd with Mats where they have a Noble Treat at which are some of the prime Bonzies after having Eat and Drunk their fill he cuts his Belly athwart so that his Bowels and all his Entrails come gushing out upon the Floor Some that are a little wiser besides ripping open their Bowels cut their own Throats and the more they Massacre themselves the greater Honor they gain This kind of Dying with their Lords is very ancient for it was a Custom in Gallia before the Birth of our Savior Julius Caesar relates That the Soldurii bound themselves to their Lords in like manner as the Japanners Japan servants suffer themselves to be bury'd alive under a Wall Moreover they maintain a second Custom of Self-Murder When a Prince by the Emperors Command or for his own safety is to build a Castle or strong Wall his Servants intreat him to let them have the honor to lie under the Foundation imagining that such Walls built on living Men are invincible And why so that there is scarce any great Building to be found but the Foundation thereof is laid upon one Man or more Strange manner of execution in Japan Each Lord is Judge over his own Servants there is scarce any Crime but they suffer death for it as for Stealing the value of a Farthing or Playing for Money for which Offences he onely that hath committed them dies otherwise for greater Faults his nearest Relations also die with him Those Crimes which they account great are to break the Emperors Command viz. unjust Dealings of Judges plac'd by the Emperor falsifying his Coyn setting Houses a Fire running away with Marry'd Women for all which Offences a whole Family is destroy'd yet the Women making their innocency known often escape with Life The Goods of the Condemn'd are deliver'd to Officers which preserve the same to repair Temples Bridges and mend the High-ways Their Punishments are several according to the greatness of the Crime ripping open their Bowels being onely granted to Persons of Quality and for small Offences for at other times they Burn them Roast them alive Boil them in Oil or Water or else pull them asunder by four Bulls with their Heads hanging down But when the Emperor dies all Criminals are set at liberty through all Japan in one day and hour and the Poof and Needy receive Money that they may take something in hand whereby to live Very remarkable Voyage of Henry Schaep ¶ THe Japanners very False and Treacherous which their Qualities may partly appear by what happen'd to Henry Cornelizoon Schaep a Merchant and a Factor William Bylevelt sent in the Bresken's Ketch with the Fly Boat Castrecom by the East-India Council at Batavia to discover by the East of Japan the Northern Coasts of Tartary The River Polisange the West-most part of America and the rich Gold and Silver Islands On the third of February Anno 1643. the two Vessels set Sail. The Ketch Breskens happen'd about the latter end of July to get into an Inlet on the East Coast of Japan Falls on Japan lying in forty Degrees North Latitude before a Village inhabited by Fishers The Sea-men obtain'd liberty to Barter some Netherland Commodities for Rice and other Provisions Are kindly entertain'd there A Japan Noble happening to come Aboard invited the Captain and other Officers to his House to a Dinner where according to promise he kindly entertain'd them furnishing them with all manner of Herbs and other Provisions and free liberty to come ashore and go when they plea'd Against the Evening the Noble-man return'd again Aboard with the Governor of the Village bringing a Bale of Japan Rice with him for which receiving thanks was entertain'd by the Captain in his Cabinet with Arak Spanish Wines and Tent and as a return for his Rice gave him a pair of new Shooes and Silk Stockins with which he seem'd to be highly satisfi'd After having eat and drank sufficiently the Captain Henry Cornelizoon Schaep William Bylevelt Sieward Johnson the Purser Peter Gerritszoon the Cooper Henry Elsfoort Gunner Jurian Sholton Abraham Spelt Hans Slee and two Youths Jacob de Paw and Aert Bastiaenszoon accompany'd with the Japan Gentlemen went ashore The Captain taking with him some Linnen and a few ordinary Clothes to Barter for Provisions for the sick Sea-men The Noble-man carry'd them all again to his House which stood close by the Shore entertaining them with Japan Wine after which refreshment Schaep desir'd to see the Village and to buy some necessaries which the Noble-man not onely granted but went himself with them in Person bringing the Netherlanders to the Governor of the Town who likewise drank to each of them three Cups of Japan Wine A Japan Nobleman betrays the Netherlanders From thence he carry'd them by a way on one side wash'd with the Sea and on the other side border'd with Fields full of little Cucumers and Radishes and having walk'd half an hour they came near a Hill from whence they had a most delightful Prospect of Vallies Rice Fields and Pasture-Ground in which some Cows and Oxen were Grazing about a stones cast from them was a Rusticks House towards which they walk'd altogether and went in to rest and shelter themselves from the Sun where sitting down they desir'd something to drink on which the Noble-man made signs to them that he had given order for it already and that it would immediately be brought them but staying an hour and nothing coming the Netherlanders would have taken their leaves and been gone aboard A cunning Plot of his Whereupon he again signifi'd to them to stay a little longer for he saw some Horses coming thither on which they might ride back to the Village which the Sea-men refused saying Their Legs were able to carry them But he continu'd earnest in his Request whilst the Horses approach'd the Houses so that he forc'd them to get upon them every one being Mounted were on each side held by three Japanners under a pretence of Civility to hold them fast on their Horses In this manner they rode down the Hill through the Vallies into the Countrey by which they suspected not without great reasons that it was some treacherous design which fear was augmented because one of the Japanners desirous to see Captain Schaep's Hanger which he giving him would not return it but kept it under a pretence to wear it for his sake Japanners use the Prisoners after a strange manner The Japanners understanding these their signs carry'd them to a Brook where they wash'd off the Dirt from their Faces which no sooner done but they saw the Governor of the Town whom they had Treated aboard coming toward them with a great Train of Servants Colours and

to those that could open a Passage for Ships to sail to Japan by the North at which Amsterdam seem'd much concern'd though nothing had been effected in it Whereupon they set out two Ships the biggest of which was Commanded by Hemskerk His second Expedition and William Barrenson Chief Pylot and the other by Cornelison Riip Both of them Sail'd through vast Seas of Ice to eighty Degrees where they discover'd a Grassy Countrey full of Cartel whereas Nova Zemla which lieth seven Degrees more Southerly hath neither Grass nor any Cattel unless Foxes and Bears They found in a Bay of this Green Countrey two Islands and on them divers Egs of Sea-Fowl Till the eight and twentieth of June they Sail'd backwards and forwards along this Coast to see if they could find any Way that led through but the Ice increas'd at last so upon them that they were forc'd to return Hemskerk and Riip also could not agree to go any further At last they concluded That each of them should Sail where he pleas'd Riip endeavor'd in eighty Degrees to find a way into the Tartarian Sea but being forc'd to leave his Design return'd to Holland with no other Success Hemskerk on the contrary inspected all the Coasts of Nova Zembla so getting to the Island Orange lying before Nova Zemla at the utmost Northern Point where he was hemm'd in by the Ice which according to their Plummet was twenty Fathom thick under the Water and twelve above The Ship driving against these Mountains of Ice receiv'd a great Leak in her Prow September began by this time to come on apace at which time the Sun begins to hide it self there for three Months The Place desolate and unhabitable the Cold insupportable Firing scarce no Houses nor Provisions to be found any where so that they had all expected Death had not some of the Seamen travell'd up two Leagues Southerly into the Countrey where they found a sweet River full of Trees and Planks driving in it Is very remarkable which serv'd them for a Hut which they built not without great danger of Bears and exceeding trouble by reason of the extraordinary Cold not having finish'd it before the latter end of October After that they were miserably tormented within by the Smoke and without by Bears north-North-East Winds and Mountains of Snow betwixt which they were forc'd to pass to carry their Firing into the Hut Thus they spent their time till May which drawing near an end and also their Provisions growing scant they prepar'd their Boats and though grown weak by their Wants and Sufferings yet they stood out to the Offin In these Boats they pass'd through the wide Ocean and when the Waves went too high they hawl'd them on the Ice where they were assaulted by the Bears In this their Voyage home William Barrenson died and several others twelve Men only escaping with Life through a thousand dangers coming at last to Kilduin from whence they Sail'd to Amsterdam The Straights of Anian not mention'd in the Japan Map So that all the Voyages which have been made to Sail to the East-Indies by a Westerly Course through the Northern America or Easterly along the Coast of the Samoyedes and Tartary through the Straights of Anian have been of no effect And if the Map shewn by the Apostate Japan Priest Syovan be right then all Voyages to the East-Indies if Sail'd Northerly would be in vain because no passage is found therein between Catay and America from the Northern Ocean which the Samoyedes call Marmare to the South Sea In the same Map Jesso was made to border on America and Tartary lay to the In-land and separated from those Coasts Wherefore Syovan ask'd the Dutch Prisoners How they could have saild to Tartary since it lay so far Southward from the Sea And on the North though it be wash'd by the Sea yet they could not put in there because there is no Channel runs between Tartary and the South-Sea Hugo Grotius his mistake concerning the Inhabitants of America By this plainly appears the Mistake of the Learned Hugo Grotius who saith That America was Peopled out of Norway over Yseland Friezland Greenland and Estotiland through vast and Icy Seas For if there be no Water-passage betwixt America and Cataya then the Peopling of America may more probably be from Cataya than from Norway Without all doubt one People or Nation have driven another from their Countreys the Weaker still giving place to the Stronger The Passages of Ancient Times manifest this sufficiently It cannot be denied that the spreading of Mankind over the Earth after the Flood must be sought for on the Armenian Mountain Ararat which the Turks call Agri Dagh and the Armenians Messis Saur on which Noah's Ark landed Armenia it self borders on the North with Colchis Iberia and Albania on the West with Cappadocia on the South with Mesopotamia and the East is wash'd by the Caspian Sea The Generations of Mankind increasing and multiplying sought in all places for newer and greater Habitations Those which sprang up in the North-East took Tartary and Catay into possession from whence they spread themselves further over America And that this hapned many Ages ago may appear by those Europeans that discover'd America for they found this Countrey and all the Islands which lie scatter'd up and down in great numbers so exceeding Populous that they might well stand in competition for the Number of Inhabitants with Europe or any other part of the World but are so different in their Language and Customs that the one hath not the least resemblance with the other whereby it may partly appear that as they remov'd their Stations presently after the Confusion of Tongues that hapned in the Valleys of Shinar the Passage from Catay to America about the North is very easie whereas that from Norway thither is much farther and more troublesom between Flakes of Ice and under a Cold Heaven For no where America borders on Asia but near the Straights of Anian if such a Channel were found but more probably on the Territory of Catay However the first Plantations of People belong originally to Asia Forbisher found the Northern Americans to be broad Fac'd with long and black Hair Camosie Noses woolly Beards and of a swarthy Complexion Their Religion worshipping the Sun which they call'd Hyout By all which they seem to be rather of a Tartarian Extract than from Norway Syovan's Arguments to the Hollanders concerning their Voyage to Tartary These Reasons perswaded Syovan that it was impossible for the Hollander to Trade by Shipping into Tartary because the most Southerly part of that Countrey lay a great distance from the South-Sea and the North was not to be Sail'd to out of the South-Sea because the Straights of Anian was not mention'd in the Japan Map Whereupon Captain Schaep replied That Tartary Schaep's Answer concerning the Tartarian Trade so call'd from the mighty River Tartar is wash'd on the North

Ships that are by a Storm either out of the East or South-east driven from the Coast of Japan thither are easily lost This Island affords store of Provisions is full of People Horses and Cattel in the middle a high Mountain crown'd with Trees seems to touch the Clouds the lesser Hills have barren tops yet the Valleys abound in Rice Wheat and Barley Their remarkable Journey there ¶ AFter five days time the Wind changing the Hollanders as before were again Shipp'd aboard of four Jonks and getting to Corea at Sun-set were carry'd ashore at the Sun-rising where being furnish'd with Horses they all met together in the City Heinan whither they came in four several Companies for the four Jonks Landed them all in several Places Whilst they Lodg'd in Heinan the Governor Paul Johnson Kool died having never enjoy'd his health since he suffer'd Shipwrack The Commander of their Guard gave order to bury the Corps after which the Hollanders travell'd through the Cities Sansiang and Tiongop and also by the great Castle Jypansangians built upon a Rock then they past the Town Tunge and the great City Sendy where some years ago the King of Corea kept his Court but was now onely the Residence of a Vice-Roy Going from hence they Lodg'd in Jesorn the last City in the Territory Thielado Lastly after they had travell'd seventy Leagues and besides the foremention'd Villages pass'd through Lynjin Jesaen and Consio they came into the Royal City Sioor where not long after they were Examin'd at Court by the Interpreter Weltevree whereupon the Prisoners declaring their whole Adventure at last begg'd that they might have leave to go for Japan that they might once more see their Wives and Children which their Request was deny'd receiving this Answer That the King never suffer'd any Stranger to go out of his Countrey therefore they must not think of any thing but to die in Corea Soon after every Hollander receiv'd a small Board with the King's Arms burnt on it and every ones Name Extract and Office which he was to perform Carv'd on the same in Corean Letters Weltevree bore the Command as Sergeant over them all An expert Soldier taught them to handle the Corean Arms and whilst they were busie in learning this Martial Discipline the Tartars according to their custom came to fetch in his Revenues from Corea whereupon the King sent the Hollanders to the strong Castle Nanna Sansiang built on a Rock seven Leagues beyond Sioor to which in time of need the King takes his flight A strange undertaking of two Sea-men When the Tartars went the second time out of Sioor the chief Pilot Henry Johnson an Amsterdammer and the Gunner Henry vander Boss also went out with them under a pretence to cut some Wood for Fewel but their Design was to intermeddle themselves with the Tartarian Horse that if so they might find a Way home through Tartary they stay'd therefore till the said Horsemen with the Corean Money were half pass'd by then running amongst them but were known by some Coreans that follow'd after and re-taken put close Prisoners where not long after they dy'd Their Companions could never be certainly inform'd if they dy'd a natural death or whether they were Executed During this time news was brought to the King's Court that another Ship was lost on Quelpaerds Island wherefore three Hollanders that best understood the Corean Tongue were sent thither because Weltevree being over-grown with Age was not able to Travel Lastly The King grown weary of the Hollanders resolv'd to make them away by Murder but the King's Brother begging their Lives as Weltevree inform'd them they were sent to the strong Castle Thiellapeing where they found the three Hollanders sent to Quelpaerds Island here being a House provided in which the thirty three Hollanders were Lodg'd The Governor seem'd to have some small inclination for the Hollanders but his Successor a hatred forcing them to fetch Fuel three Leagues off over the Hills and kept those Clothes from them which they were promis'd at the Corean Court so that they endur'd extream cold and were also very much plagued with Lice which almost kill'd them yet it happen'd at last that half of the Prisoners had leave by turns to go a begging whilst the other half staid at home for the Coreans seldom deny any requir'd Alms and chiefly the Priests which being there in great abundance are very charitable These kind of People entertain'd them very courteously the more because they began to speak the Corean Tongue and related to them the Affairs of Europe and India in which they took great pleasure ¶ ANno 1660. A new Governor succeeded the old one of Thiellapeing he being of a quiet and mild disposition Protested oftentimes that if it were in his Power he would release the Hollanders instantly Famine in Corea In the second Year arose a great Famine in Corea the over-dry Seasons having so scorch'd the Ground that thousands of People dy'd of Hunger some eating Wild Herbs others Barks of Trees and had not the Valleys afforded them some Corn most of the People had been Starv'd The Hollanders bore no small share in this general Calamity Their allowance which was given them by the King's Order being exceedingly pinch'd In the interim Order came from Court that the two and twenty Hollanders for the rest dy'd of hardship were to be divided into three Towns twelve should go and live in Saysing five at Sutsen and as many more at Wammon and whilst they suffer'd either more or less inconveniencies according to the Dispositions of the Governors which chang'd every three year who either us'd them kind or cruelly there appear'd two Blazing Stars or Comets Blazing Stars about the latter end of 1664. The first appear'd in the South-East the second in the south-South-West These Signs struck the Coreans into a great Consternation because the same were seen just before the Tartars Invaded them and also when the Japanners sent over their Forces thither The Coreans therefore enquir'd of the Hollanders What those Planets Prognosticated What the Europeans thought of them They answer'd That experience had sufficiently taught that those Stars were always very Prodigious Signs generally threatning War Famine or Sickness The King exceedingly amaz'd Fortifi'd all his Towns Castles and Bulwarks with double Watches and forbad strictly that none living near the Sea-side should burn Lights at Night Remarkable passage of eight Holland Prisoners ¶ BUt the Hollanders at last found a way to make their escape they having a long time before gather'd some Moneys together for which they intended to buy an old Fishermans Barque it being subtilly contriv'd to make their Landlord believe that they would now and then go to the small Islands before Corea to fetch Cotton from thence of which he should have his share This Proposal was very well approv'd of by the Coreans so buying a small Vessel he gave it to the Hollanders who what e're they