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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	east_n	island_n	west_n	2,412	5	9.4652	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16220	A briefe description of vniuersal mappes and cardes, and of their vse and also the vse of Ptholemey his tables. Necessarie for those that delight in reading of histories: and also for traueilers by land or sea. Newly set foorth by Thomas Blundeville, of Newton Flotman in the countie of Norffolke. Gent.	Blundeville, Thomas, fl. 1561.	1589 (1589)	STC 3145; ESTC S104621	24,638	45

monethes that is to saye from one moneth to six monethes whereof wee haue spoken before in our sphere The numbers of the aforesayd Clymes Paralels and howers you shall finde set foorth in Vopellius Mappe alongest the first Meridian on the left hand But hee setteth downe the numbers of the longest daies encreasing by monethes in the vttermost border of hys Mappe on the right hand betwixt the North Pole and the circle Artique And in that border hee setteth downe the number of leagues and miles answerable to euery Paralell whereas also hee sheweth the three differences of Inhabitants according to their shadows that is to say the Periscij Heteroscij and Amphiscij Periscij are those that dwell in anie of the two colde zones whose shadowe goeth round about them Heteroscij be those that dwell in anie of the two temperate zones whose shadowe tendeth at noone-tide but one waie that is either North or South Amphiscij bee those that inhabite the whotte zone whose shadowe tendeth both waies that is sometime North and sometime South as is before declared at large in our sphere But in the Mappe of Gemma Frizius you shall find all these thinges set foorth on the left hand of his Mappe amongest the vttermost circles whereas vpon the circle Artique hee setteth downe the twelue signes hauing certaine compassed lines running downe to the Equinoctiall meeting and concurring all in one point at the end whereof vpon the Equinoctiall you shall finde the number of howers at which the sunne riseth in euery degree of latitude Also at the nether ende of hys Mappe on the left hand he placeth a halfe quadrant which hee calleth Directorium nauticum whereof wee shall speake heereafter And because he would haue hys Mappe to serue both sea and land he setteth downe a certaine number of mariners compasses deuided with 32 lines signifiyng y e 32. windes which doe shew howe euery place beareth one from the other and by what winde a Shippe is to bee directed from one part to another which thing is also obserued in Mercators Mappe and others that haue written more lately and yet nothing seruiceable for the Sea because as M Borowgh Controller of her Maiesties Nauy a man most skilful in the Art of sailing saith no consideration is had in the said Maps or Cards touching y e variation of the Compasse without the which they can neuer set downe any true or iust direction Now as touching the diuision and order of the partes of the Earth most commonlie described in vniuersall Mappes you shall vnderstand that the ancient Cosmographers not knowing then the West Indies nor manie other places scituated both Northward and Southward which haue bene since discouered deuided the whole Earth onely into thrée partes that is Europe Aphrike and Asia in the description whereof their Mappes neuer extended in latitude Northwards further then to 63 degrées as I haue said before in my Sphere and Southward no further then to 20 degrées of the Northerne latitude or there about but in longitude from West to East beginning the same at the Ilandes called Insulae Canariae or Fortunatae which are scituated at the West end of Aphrike in the Sea called Mare Atlanticum their descriptions doe extend to 180 degrées But because a whole worlde almost hath bene founde out since those times our moderne Cosmographers doe deuide the whole Earth into 4 partes that is Europe Aphrike Asia and America which we nowe call the West Indies And because men of diuers Nations haue sayled round about the world East and West their late descriptions doe extend in longitude the whole content of the Equinoctiall which is 360 degrées and in latitude Northwards the same descriptions doe extende to 80 degrées and Southwards to 66 ½ as you may sée in the vniuersall Mappes lately set foorth by Mercator and by Barnardus Puteanus and others But the ancient and moderne doe greatly differ in the diuision of the partes of latitude as well Northerne as Southerne and also in longitude for whereas the ancient Cosmographers doe deuide each latitude into 90. degrées by certaine Paralels making 9. equall spaces euery space containing 10. equall degrees in the latter Mappes last mencioned you shall finde those spaces and the degrées thereof altogether vnequall the first 3 spaces next the Equinoctiall onely excepted for those differ not aboue one halfe degree at the most but from thence Northward euery space is greater then other and euery degree in euery such space is greater then other insomuch as the fourth space containeth 11 degrées and a halfe of those degrees which are set downe in the first space and the fift space conteineth of such degrees 13 degrées ¾ the 6 space containeth of the said degrées 16 degrées ¼ y e 7 containeth of the same degrées 20 degrees ½ so as the space is is twise so broade as the first space and one halfe degree more the eight space conteineth of the said first degrees 36 further then which 8 spaces containing 80 degrees of latitude their Mappes extend not Northward and they obserue the like proportion in the Southerne latitude sauing that they extende no farther Southward then to 66 degrees and a halfe Againe they differ in longitude thus for the moderne Cosmographers doe make the first Meridian to passe through the Isles called Azores which doe stande 5 degrees more Westward then the Fortunate Islands do through which Fortunate Islandes Ptolomey and his followers doe appoint the first Meridian to passe The cause of which transposing the saide first Meridian is because that the mariners Compasse doth neuer shewe the right North and South in any other place but onely vnder that Meridian Yea M. Borowgh thinketh that it would shewe it more truely if the saide Meridian were placed somewhat more Westward But in those Cardes and mappes that are made according to the rules of Ptolomey the spaces of Paralels containing the 90. degrées of latitude both Northwarde and Southward are equall and all the degrées of euery such space are also equall And yet the spaces of Paralels that shew the longest day in any place are towards the Pole euery one more narrowe then other for as I haue sayd before in my sphere there are 3 kinds of paralels that is Paralels of the Sunne Paralels of the latitude Paralels of the longest day The causes why in these latter Maps the degrées of latitude are made greater and greater towards the Poles are set downe by Barnardus in his vniuersall Mappe who sayth there that in making the said Mappe he had 3. speciall cares First that the places might be so scituated as they may haue both true direction and distance and also due longitude and latitude and as nigh as may bee the same very shape which they haue in the sphere or globe to which end hee hath inuented a new proportion or habitude of the Meridians to the paralels affirming that the Maps before made are not fit for Nauigation by reason of the crookednes

and bowing of the meridians which by theyr oblique ouerthwart falling into the Paralels doe so much disfigure in the vttermost parts the true shape of the Regions as they can skant be knowen And as for the mariners Cardes because their Paralels of latitude are also of equall distance from the Equinoctiall to the very Pole he sayth that they must needes misfashion the Regions and make the directions distances longitudes and latitudes to be vntrue and thereby cause great errors Which to auoyd hee maketh the spaces of his Paralels and degrees of latitude to encrease by little and little towardes the Pole affirming that thereby all places shall haue theyr true shape and also their true directions distaunces longitudes and latitudes His second care was that the Regions and places might haue their true quantitie and greatnes and also true distance one from another wherin he hath taken as he saith greatest paines whilest he did confer the Tables of the Castilians and Portugales aswell amongest themselues as with diuers other Nauigations both printed and written His third care was to shew what partes of the world were knowen to the auncient men that the limits and bounds of theyr Geographie might not bee vnknowen to the intent they might haue their due honour and praise And hauing shewed what places they did in their time describe both East West North and South in the end of hys speach he affirmeth that auncient Cosmographers haue set down in the East Indians more places then euer the Portugales haue as yet discouered or attained vnto This Barnardus Puteanus borne in Bruges is by hys owne confession a Cutter or Grauer in brasse and also a Cosmographer whose Mappe set foorth in the yeare of our Lord 1579. doth not differ in any one point that I can finde from the last vniuersall Mappe of Mercator that famous Cosmographer who as I vnderstand was himselfe also sometime a Cutter Grauer of such Maps and Globes as Gemma Frizius did cause to bee printed in his time from whom Mercator learned great part of hys most excellent skill in Cosmographie But of one thing I am sure y e Ptolomey was first Maister to them all who hath set down so good and perfect rules of describing the Earth be it whole or part as in the opinion of most learned men no better can be inuented Truely when I did first beholde these latter Maps and sawe that the Paralels towardes the Pole were as long as the verie Equinoctiall it selfe it seemed to mee somewhat straunge for then I said that a Shippe in sayling about the world vnder the Paralell of 60 degrees should by this meanes make as long a voyage as that which saileth about the world right vnder the Equinoctiall which voyage is twice as long For this containeth in longitude 21600 miles which is the whole compasse of the Earth and the other containeth in longitude 10800 miles which is iust halfe so much and no more But after that I had taken better aduisement thereof I found by measuring with my compasse that one degrée of the Meridian next to the 60 degree of latitude did comprehend two of such degrees as are set downe in the Equinoctiall and that one degree of the Meridian crossing the the Paralel that hath 70 degrees of latitude did comprehend 3 degrees of the Equinoctiall line and so I found the degrées towards the Pole to waxe greater and greater by which degrees I perceiued their meaning was to haue the longitude of their paralels to be measured not by the degrées of the Equinoctiall And by y e meanes their paralels should haue ech one as nigh as might be his due longitude proporcionally euen as they haue in the globe Moreouer the shape quantities and distances of such Countries as haue beene found out of late daies must néeds bee more perfectly set forth in these Mappes then in those y t haue bene made hertofore because the true longitudes latitudes of those places were not so wel known then as they are now Albeit I feare mee that of many places in the Indies there are as yet but fewe true longitudes known For it is not so easie a thing to get the true longitude of euery place as the true latitude thereof And had not the late makers of Maps bene greatly holpen by the Maps and Cards of such learned Pilots as haue traueiled those Countries I doubt not but that they should haue committed as great errours as those that wrote before them And of one thing I doe assure my selfe that in these latter Mappes more places are described then euer were knowen or discouered as for example the North-parts of Groyneland Crockland America all which they make Islands and yet neuer sayled about them and specially on the North side as it may wel be gathered by the vaine attempting of diuers Nations to finde out newe waies in the North seas to the Molucas both by East and West For being a little entred into those seas they are quickly driuen backe either by extreame colde by great Yses or by the raging floods bred of snowe and falling from the mountaines of the next continent and making in some places such Whirlepooles in the Sea as if any Shippe chance to come nigh them it is soone swallowed vpppe Neither doe I thinke that King Arthur in hys time euer sent as it is reported any of his people to inhabite those Islands beeing places in mine opinion more méete for Whales and monstruous fishes to dwel in then for men and specially for English men which are not able to suffer the cold winter at Wardhouse to which place some of our Mariners do saile in Sommer season euerie yeare And yet Wardhouse hath skant in latitude 71 degrées much lesse then are they able to winter in those places that haue 77 degrees of latitude as the North side of Groynland and Crockland hath Moreouer the North side of the promontorye Tabin hath 76 degrées of latitude which place whatsoeuer Plinie saith therof in his fourth booke of Histories yet I beleeue that no Roman came euer there to describe y e Promontory Neither doe I beléeue that the Fryer of Oxford by vertue of his Art Magicke euer came so nigh the Pole to measure with his Astrolabe those colde parts togither with the foure floods which Mercator Barnardus do describe both in the front and also in the nether end of their Maps vnlesse hee had some colde deuil out of the middle Region of the aire to be his guide And therfore I take them in mine opiniō to be méer fables Truly if any men should discouer those parts me thinketh that the people of Finmarke of Wardhouse or such like people bordering vpon the North seas should best doo it hauing bodies vsed to extreame colde But then being bred in so grosse an aire their wits perhaps are too grosse for such a purpose I remember that William Boorne in his booke called the Regiment of the