to Winchester so is there another that passes westward thro' Pamber a thick and woody forest then by some places that are now uninhabited it runs near Litchfield that is the field of carcasses and so to the forest of Chute pleasant for its shady trees and the diversions of hunting where the huntsmen and foresters admire it 's pav'd rising ridge which is plainly visible tho' now and then broken off Now northward in the very limits almost of this County I saw Kings-cleare Kingscleare formerly a seat of the Saxon Kings now a well-frequented market town 11 By it Fremantle in a Park where King John much hunted Sidmanton Sidmanton the seat of the family of Kingsmils Knights and Burgh-cleare Bu gh-cleare that lies under a high hill on the top of which there is a military camp such as our ancestors call'd Burgh surrounded with a large trench and there being a commanding prospect from hence all the country round a Beacon is here fix'd which by fire gives notice to all neighbouring parts of the advance of an enemy These kind of watch-towers we call in our language Beacons from the old word Beacnian i.e. to becken they have been in use here in England for several ages sometimes made of a high pile of wood and sometimes of little barrels fill'd with pitch set on the top of a large pole in places that are most expos'd to view where some always keep watch in the night and formerly also the horsemen call'd Hobelers by our Ancestors were settled in several places to signifie the approach of the enemy by day s This County as well as all the rest we have thus far describ'd belong'd to the West-Saxon Kings and as Marianus tells us when Sigebert was depos'd for his tyrannical oppression of the subject he had this County assign'd him that he might not seem intirely depriv'd of his government But for his repeated crimes they afterward expell'd him out of those parts too and the miserable condition of this depos'd Prince was so far from moving any one's pity that he was forc'd to conceal himself in the wood Anderida and was there killed by a Swine-herd This County has had very few Earls besides those of Winchester which I have before spoken of At the coming in of the Normans one Bogo or Beavose a Saxon had this title who in the battel at Cardiff in Wales fought against the Normans He was a man of great military courage and conduct and while the Monks endeavour'd to extol him by false and legendary tales they have drown'd his valiant exploits in a sort of deep mist From this time we read of no other Earl of this County till the reign of Henry 8. who advanc'd William Fitz-Williams descended from the daughter of the Marquess of Montacute in his elder years to the honours of Earl of Southampton and Lord High Admiral of England But he soon after dying without issue King Edward 6. in the first year of his reign conferr'd that honour upon Thomas Wriotheosley Lord Chancellour of England and his grandson Henry by Henry his son now enjoys that title who in his younger years has arm'd the nobility of his birth with the ornaments of learning and military arts that in his riper age he may employ them in the service of his King and Country There are in this County 253 Parishes and 18 Market Towns ISLE of WIGHT TO this County of Southamton belongs an Island which lies southward in length opposite to it by the Romans formerly call'd Vecta Vectis and Victesis by Ptolemy 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 by the Britains Guith by the Saxons Wuitland and Wicþ-ea for they call'd an Island Ea we now call it the Isle of Wight and Whight 'T is separated from the Continent of Britain by so small a rapid channel which they formerly call'd Solent that it seems to have been joyn'd to it whence as Ninnius observes the Britains call'd it Guith which signifies a Separation t For the same reason the learned Julius Scaliger is of opinion that Sicily had it's name from the Latin word Seco because it was broken off and as it were dissected from Italy Whence with submission always to the Criticks I would read that passage in the sixth of Seneca's Natural Quaest. Ab Italia Sicilia resecta and not rejecta as 't is commonly read From the nearness of it's situation and the likeness of it's name we may guess this Vecta to be that Icta which as Diodorus Siculus has it at every tide seem'd to be an Island but at the time of the ebb the ground between this Island and the Continent was so dry that the old Britains us'd to carry their tinn over thither in Carts in order to transport it into France But I cannot think this to be Pliny's Mictis tho' Vecta come very near the name for in that Island there was white lead whereas in this there is not any one vein of metal that I know of This Island from east to west is like a Lentil or of an oval form in length 20 miles and in the middle where 't is broadest 12 miles over the sides lying north and south To say nothing of the abundance of fish in this sea the soil is very fruitful and answers the husbandman's expectation even so far as to yield him corn to export There is every where plenty of rabbets hares partridge and pheasants and it has besides a forest and two parks which are well stock'd with deer for the pleasures of hunting Through the middle of the Island runs a long ridge of hills where is plenty of pasture for sheep whose wool next to that of Lemster and Cotteswold is reckon'd the best and is in so much request with the Clothiers that the inhabitants make a great advantage of it In the northern part there is very good pasturage meadow-ground and wood the southern part is in a manner all a corn country enclos'd with ditches and hedges At each end the sea does so insinuate and thrust in it self from the north that it makes almost two Islands which indeed are call'd so by the inhabitants that on the west side Fresh-water Isle the other on the east Binbridge Isle Bede reckon'd in it in his time 1200 families now it has 36 towns villages and castles and as to its Ecclesiastical Government is under the jurisdiction of the Bishop of Winchester but as to it 's Civil under the County of South-hamton The inhabitants facetiously boast how much happier they are than other people since they never had either p 'T is strange why they should add Monks since S. Mary's in Caresbrooke particularly was a Cell of Black Monks belonging first to Lyra in Normandy afterwards to the Abbey of Montgrace in Yorkshire and then to the Cistercians of Sheen Besides this there were in the Island three Priories * Cu 〈…〉 tos 〈◊〉 câ—â—os Newpoâ—â— Monks Lawyers or Foxes The places of greatest note are these Newport
the Counties of Wilts and Somerset Provinces of the West-Saxon Kingdom u Mr. Camden having left the west-side of this County in a manner untouch'd it will be necessary to give a more particular view thereof The river Teme Teme in Latin Temedus waters the north-west part of this Shire taking its course into the Severn through rich meadows and the soil on both sides produceth excellent Syder and Hops in great abundance On the edge of Shropshire the river gives its name to Temebury a small but well-frequented market-town This town with most of the Lands between Teme and Herefordshire were held by Robert Fitz Richard Lord of Ricards Castle whose son Hugh marrying Eustachia de Say a great heiress the issue of that match took the sirname of Say These Lands by Margery an heir-female came to Robert Mortimer about K. John's time and the issue-male of the family of Mortimers failing the patrimony was divided between two daughters the elder of which being marry'd to Geoffry Cornwall part of it continues in the hands of their posterity but the rest hath often chang'd its Lords About 7 miles below Temebury the river passeth under Woodbery-hill Woodbery-hill remarkable for an old entrenchment on the top vulgarly call'd Owen Glendowr's Camp which notwithstanding is probably of greater antiquity Hence runs a continu'd ridge of hills from Teme almost to Severn and seems to have been the boundary of the Wiccian Province At the foot of Woodbery-hill stands Great-Witley Gâ—eâ—t â—â—â—ley where is a fair new-built house the chief seat of the Foleys who bought it of the Russels to whom it came about King Henry the 7th's time by marriage with one of the coheirs of Cassy who had marry'd the heir-general of the Coke-sayes it s more ancient Lords Under the west-side of Woodbery-hill lies Shelsley Beauchamp and over against it Shelsley Walsh Sheâ—â—ey Waâ—sh where dwelt Sir Richard Walsh the famous Sheriff of this County at the time of the Powder-plot who pursu'd the traytors into Staffordshire and took them there A little lower stood Hammme-castle and now in the place of it a fair seat which the ancient family of the Jeffreys have enjoy'd about 200 years Hence by Martley Teme passeth under Coderidge Coderiâ—â—â— a manour of the Berkleys formerly the Actons and in more ancient times belonging to the Mortimers and Says On the opposite bank stands Leigh Leâ—gh a manour of the Viscount of Hereford whence the river hasting to Powick falls into the Severn Continuation of the EARLS Henry son of Edward succeeding his father was created Marquiss of Worcester by K. Charles 1. which honour was after him enjoy'd by Edward his son and Henry his grandson who being created Duke of Beaufort by King Charles 2. the title of Marquiss of Worcester is now given to Charles Somerset his eldest son a Gentleman of great parts and worth who merits no less a character than that Mr. Camden gives his noble Ancestor with whom he concludes his description of Worcestershire More rare Plants growing wild in Worcestershire Colchicum vulgare seu Anglicum purpureum album Ger. Park Common meadow-Saffron I observed it growing most plentifully in the meadows of this County Cynoglossum folio virenti J. B. Cynoglossum minus folio virente Ger. semper virens C. B. Park The lesser green-leaved Hounds-tongue It hath been observed in some shady lanes near Worcester by Mr. Pitts an Apothecary and Alderman of that City Sorbus pyriformis D. Pitts which I suspect to be no other than the Sorbus sativa C. B. legitima Park That is the true or manured Service or Sorb-tree Found by the said Mr. Pits in a forest of this County Triticum majus glumâ foliaceâ seu Triticum Polonicum D. Bobert An Trit speciosum grano oblongo J. B Polonian Wheat It is found in the fields in this County and as Dr. Plot tells us in Staffordshire also STAFFORDSHIRE THE third part of that Country inhabited by the Cornavii now Staffordshire in Saxon Stafford-scyre the people whereof as living in the heart of England are call'd in Bede Angli Mediterranei Angli Mediterranei bounded on the east by Warwickshire and Derbyshire on the south by the County of Worcester and on the west by Shropshire lies from south to north almost in the form of a Rhombus being broad in the middle but narrow and contracted towards the ends of it The north part is mountainous and less fertile but the middle which is water'd by the Trent is fruitful woody and pleasant by an equal mixture of arable and meadow grounds so is also the south which has much pit-coal and mines of iron Iron but whether more to their loss or advantage the natives themselves are best Judges and so I refer it to them STAFFORD SHIRE by Robt. Morden After this we find memorable in this tract Chellington Chellington a very fine seat and the manour of that ancient and famous family the Giffards The Gâ—ffards given to Peter Giffard in the reign of Hen. 2. by Peter Corbuchin to whom also Richard Strongbow who conquer'd Ireland gave Tachmelin and other lands in that Country Vulfrunes-hampton so call'd from Vulfruna a very pious woman who built a Monastery in the town which before had the name of Hampton and hence for Vulfrunes-hampton it is corruptly call'd Wolverhampton Wâ—lverhampton which is chiefly remarkable for the College there annex'd to the Dean and Prebendaries of Windsor b Theoten-hall 〈…〉 that is to say a house of Pagans now Tetnall where many of the Danes were cut off in the year 911. by Edward the elder c Weadesburg now Weddsborrow Weddsborâ—ow heretofore fortified by Aethelfleda Governess of the Mercians and Walsall none of the meanest market-towns Near this lies the course of the river Tame Tame which rising not far off runs for some miles on the east-side of this County toward the Trent passing at some small distance by Draiton Basset â—â—set the seat of the Bassets who are descended from one Turstin Lord of this place in the reign of Hen. 1. and grown up into a numerous and famous family For this is the stock from which the Bassets of Welleden Wiccomb Sapcott Chedle and others of them are propagated But of these Bassets of Draiton Ralph was the last a very eminent Baron who marry'd the sister of John Montfort Duke of Bretagne and died without issue in the reign of Rich. 2. From hence the Tame passing thro' the bridge at Falkesley over which an ancient Roman-way lay runs by the lower part of Tamworth â—â—mworth in Saxon Tamapeord in Marianus Tamawordina so situated between the borders of the two Shires that the one part of it which formerly belong'd to the Marmions is counted in Warwickshire the other which belong'd to the Hastings is reckon'd in this County It takes its name from the river Tame which runs by it and the Saxon word Weorth which signifies
the West of Kirkwal at the bottom of a large Bay lyes a little Isle called Damsey with a Holm beside it as big as it self To the North-north-west lyes Rousa a large Isle about six miles long full of heatherly hills well stored with Plover and Moor-fowl it is but thinly inhabited Betwixt it and the main land lyes Inhallo and toward Kirkwal lyes Wyre and Gairsa small but profitable Isles North from Kirkwal at eight miles distance stands Eglesha something more than two miles long but pleasant and fertile having a convenient road for ships betwixt it and Wyre there is in it a little handsome some Church where it is said that St. Magnus the Patron of this Country lyes buryed To the North of Eglisha is Westra seven miles long pleasant fertile and well inhabited it hath a convenient harbour for ships at Piriwa at the East end of it lyes Faira called for distinction Faira be North and to the North-and-by-east is Papa-Westra a pleasant Isle three miles in length famous for Saint Tredwel's Chapel and Loch of which many things are reported by the vulgar All these Isles are indifferently fruitful well stored with fields of Corn and herds of Cattle and abound with Rabbets but destitute of Wheat Rye and Pease The chief products of this country and which are exported yearly by the Merchant are Beer Malt Meal Fish Tallow Hides Stockings Butter Selch-skins Otter-skins Rabbet-skins Lamb-skins white Salt Stuffs Writing-Pens Downs Feathers Hams Wooll c. Thus much of the particular Islands They have good store of field and garden-plants and make great quantities of butter Their Ews are so fertile that most of them have two at a birth and some three nay Mr. Wallace affirms that he has seen four at a birth all living and following the Dam. Their horses are but little yet strong and lively they have great herds of Swine and Warrens almost in every Isle well stored with rabbets That they can want either fish or fowl considering the situation of the Country we cannot well imagine The Eagles and Kites are there in great plenty and are very troublesome seizing sometimes upon young Children and carrying them a good way off So that if any one kills an Eagle he may by law claim a hen out of every house in the parish where it is killed Hawks and Falcons have their nests in several parts of the Islands and the King's Falconer comes every year and takes the young who has twenty pound sterling in salary and a hen or a dog out of every house in the Country except some houses that are privileged They have several Mines of Silver Tin Lead and perhaps of other Metals but none are improved They find abundance of Marle which turns to good account to the Husbandman Free-stone quarries with grey and red slate are in many places and in some Marble and Alabaster When the winds are violent the sea casts in pieces of trees and sometimes hogsheads of wine and brandy Ambergreese exotick Fowls c. Forest or Wood they have none nor any Trees except in the Bishop's garden at Kirkwall where there are some Ashes Thorn and Plum-trees Here and there in a Gentleman's garden there are Apple and Cherry-trees but the fruit seldom comes to any maturity Yet it should seem there have been Woods formerly for they find Trees in the Mosses of twenty or thirty foot in length with their branches entire Where the Country is divided into so many small Islands it cannot be expected there should be any large rivers yet bourns and torrents they have well replenished with Trouts There are many Lochs but they serve to no further use than affording water to their Mills or Cattle The many excellent roads bays and ports make it exceeding commodious for navigation Thus much of the Country in general Particular places are no ways considerable except it be Kirkwall an account whereof take from my Author together with the ancient state of the Church of Orkney the Cathedral and Bishop's Palace being both in this Town Mr. Wallacâ—'s account of Kâ—râ—wall The only remarkable town in this Country is Kirkwall an ancient borough long possessed by the Danes by whom it was called Cracoviaca built upon a pleasant Oyse or inlet of the sea near the middle of the main land near a mile in length with narrow streets having a very safe harbor and road for ships Here is the seat of justice the Stewart Sheriff Commissary all of them keeping their several Courts in this place Almost all the houses in it are slated but the most remarkable edifices in it are St. Magnus's Church and the Bishop's Palace As for the King's Castle it is now demolished but by the ruines it appears to have been a strong and stately fort and probably built by some of the Bishops of Orkney as appears from a remarkable stone set in the midst of the wall that looks towards the Streat which has a Bishop's Miter and Arms engraven on it There is in it a publick School for the teaching of Grammar endowed with a competent salary and at the north end of the town is a place built by the English ditch'd about and on which in time of war they plant Cannons for the defence of the harbor against the ships of the enemy as it fell out anno 1666 when there was war between our King and the Hollanders a Dutch man of war coming to the road who shot many guns at the Town with a design to take away some of the ships that were in the harbor was by some Cannon from the Mount so bruised that he was forced to flee with the loss of many of his men This Town had been erected into a royal borough in the time of the Danes and Anno 1480 King James the third gave them a Charter confirming their old erection and privileges specifying their antiquity and giving them power to hold Borough-Courts to incarcerate and arrest to make laws and ordinances and to elect their own Magistrates yearly for the right government of the town to have a weekly Market on Tuesday and Friday and three Fairs in the year one about Palm-Sunday another at Lammas and the third at Martinmas each to continue three days He moreover disposed to them some lands about the town with the customs and shore-dues and the power of a Pitt and Gallows and all other privileges granted to any Royal Borough within the Kingdom exempting them from sending any Commissioners to Parliament unless their own necessities requir'd it This Charter is dated at Edinburgh the last of March 1486. And in the year 1536 February the 8th King James the fifth ratified the former charter by a new Charter of confirmation And in the year 1661 King Charles after his restoration ratified the former Charters by a signiture under his royal hand dated at Whitehall May the 25th whereupon the Parliament at Edinburgh the 22d of August 1670 confirmed all by their Act yet with this special provision
Ambri famous for the Monastery of 300 Monks founded here by Ambrosius on purpose that they should pray for the souls of those that were slain by the treachery of Hengist as also for being the burial-place of Quinever wife to the victorious King Arthur whose tomb was found here within this last Century and this Inscription on the wall in massy-gold letters R. G. A. C. 600. the antiquity of which is very suspicious not only because by this computation she must have liv'd almost 50 years after K. Arthur but also because several Historians of good credit affirm that she was bury'd at Glassenbury Here was a Synod held in King Edgar's reign and A. D. 995. Elfrick was elected Archbishop of Canterbury at this place It enjoy'd great Privileges at the time of the Conquest for in Domesday-book we find Amblesbury nunquam geldavit nec hidata fuit In the year 1177. the Abbess and 30 Nuns were for their incontinence and loose lives expell'd and dispers'd into other Religious Houses to be kept under stricter discipline whereupon King Henry gave this Monastery to the Abbey of Fontevralt and so a Convent of those Nuns were sent over the same year and admitted into full possession of this Abbey After it came to be in great repute and not only Q. Eleanor was Nun here but also Mary daughter of K. Edw. 1. and 13 Noblemen's daughters were veil'd here on Assumption-day A. D. 1285. ff Next is Everley Everley or Eburlegh the country-seat of King Ina above which in the way to Lurgeshall on the highest hill in Wiltshire call'd Suthbury-hill is a vast fortification encompass'd with two deep ditches and of an oval figure All along the declivity of the hill there runs a deep trench ditch'd on both sides made probably to secure their communication with some watering place in the neighbouring Bourn It certainly appears to have been a Danish Camp whereby they seem to have commanded all this part of the Country and 6 or 7 barrows in the plain beneath may be thought to preserve the memory of a battle here Near this place is Escourt Escourt where not far from a great Causey suppos'd to be a Roman Vicinal way there was dug up last summer a large earthen vessel with two lesser pots in it one of which was full of ashes or bones The largest of these might probably be an * Rigaltii observat in Auctores Agrarios Obruendarium of the Romans wherein they inclos'd their Vascula Cineraria c. About four miles north of this place is Great-Bedwyn which in the Saxon times †Monast Angl. T. 1. p. 97. Hist Abend was a Metropolis of the bounds of Cissa a Viceroy of Wiltshire and Berkshire under the King of the West-Saxons This Cissa built a Castle in the south part of that city and call'd it Cisse the ditches of which are yet to be seen Here it was that Wulfere and Escwin fought a bloody battle An. 675. and the place has been lately honour'd by giving to the world the most famous Physician of his time Dr. Thomas Willis Not far from hence eastward is Tokenham Tokenham the best seat of his Grace the Duke of Somerset Being now return'd to the banks of the Avon we meet with Uphaven Uphaven for which Peter de Manly procur'd a weekly market of Henry 3. by presenting to him a Palfrey About a mile to the west is a large irregular Camp call'd Casterley Casterley it has but a single trench and the name seems to point out to us something of Roman About 2 miles north-west is Merdon Meâ—don which might probably enough be the Meretune or Meredune of the Saxon Annals famous for the battle between King Etheldred and the Danes For here remain to this day the marks of entrenchments and the largest barrow in these parts except Silbury together with a tradition of a sight and of some great man's being bury'd under the barrow gg But Silbury Silbury is the largest and most uniform barrow in this County and perhaps in all England Upon what account it was rais'd we have no light from antiquity the tradition is that King Sill or King Silber was here bury'd which if compar'd with History comes nearest to Ceol King of the West-Saxons who might possibly be slain hereabouts as his Uncle and Predecessor Ceaulin was slain at Wodensdike unless one should say that it comes from sel great and beorg a hill or barrow And since our Author from this hint makes a digression about Barrows Several sorts of Barrows we may also take notice that there are several sorts of them upon these Downs 1. Small circular trenches with very little elevation in the middle 2. Ordinary barrows 3. Barrows with ditches round them 4. Large oblong barrows some with trenches round them others without 5. Oblong barrows with stones set up all round them There are grounds to believe that few or none of these are land-marks as Mr. Camden would have them About half a mile from Silbury is Aubury Aubury * Aubr Monument Britan. MS. a monument more considerable in it self than known to the world For a village of the same name being built within the circumference of it and by the by out of it's stones too what by gardens orchards inclosures and such like the prospect is so interrupted that 't is very hard to discover the form of it It is environ'd with an extraordinary Vallum or Rampart as great and as high as that at Winchester and within it is a graff of a depth and breadth proportionable from which Mr. Aubrey inferrs that it could not be design'd for a fortification because then the Graff would have been on the outside From the north to the south port are 60 paces and as many from the west port to the east The breadth of the Rampart is 4 perches and that of the graff the same The graff has been surrounded all along the edge of it with large stones pitch'd on end most of which are now taken away but some marks remaining give one the liberty to guess they stood quite round From this place to West-Kennet †Aubr ibid. West-Kennet is a walk that has been enclos'd on each side with large stones only one side at present wants a great many but the other is almost if not quite entire above which place on the brow of the hill is another Monument encompass'd with a circular trench and a double circle of stones four or five foot high tho' most of them are now fallen down the diameter of the outer circle 40 yards and of the inner 15. Between West-Kennet and this place is a walk much like that from Aubury thither at least a quarter of a mile in length About 80 yards from this monument in an exact plain round it there were some years ago great quantities of humane bones and skeletons dug up which probably were the bones of the Saxons and Danes slain at
monastery in the infancy of the English Church which was for some time the burying-place of that most Religious King Henry 6. â—enry 6. whom the York-family after they had dethron'd him cut off to make themselves more secure of the Crown and bury'd him here without the least mark of honour But King Henry 7. removing him to Windsor bury'd him in a New Tomb with the solemnity becoming a King and was such an admirer of his Religion and Virtues for he was an exact pattern of Christian piety and patience that he apply'd himself to Pope Julius to have him put in the kalendar of the Saints â—tory of â—anterbury And this had certainly been done if the Pope's avarice had not stood in the way who demanded too large a summ for the King's Apotheosis or Canonization which would have made it look as if that honour had not been pay'd so much to the sanctity of the Prince as to gold Below this place the little river Wey empties it self into the Thames a which running out of Hamshire at it's first coming into Surrey visits Feornham commonly Farnham Farnham so nam'd as being a bed of ferns given by Aethelbald King of the West-Saxons to the Bishop and Congregation of the Church of Winchester In this place it was that about the year 893. King Alfred worsted the plundering Danes with a handful of men and afterwards when K. Stephen had granted licence to all those who sided with him to build Castles Henry of Blois brother to Stephen and Bishop of Winchester built a castle upon the hill that hangs over the town which because it was a harbour for sedition K. Henry 3. demolish'd but after a long time the Bishops of Winchester to whom it belongs to this day rebuilt it Not far from hence at Waverley Waverley William Gifford Bishop of Winchester built a little monastery for Cistercian Monks 1 Commonly called White-Monks which Abbey being a Grandchild as they term'd it from Cisterce in Burgundy was so fruitful here in England that it was nother to the Abbies of Gerondon Ford Tame Cumb and Grandmother to Bordesley Bidlesdon Bruer Bindon and Dunkeswell For so Religious Orders were wont to keep in Pedigree-manner the propagation of their Orders as a deduction of Colonies out of them From thence the Wey running by Godelminge which King Alfred gave by Will to Aethelwald his brother's son and not far from Catteshull-mannour Catteshull which Hamo de Catton held to be Marshal of the whores when the King should come into those parts and at a little distance from Loseley where within a park I saw a delicate seat of the family of the Mores by these I say it comes to Guilford Guilford in Saxon Gulde-ford and in some Copies Gegldford It is now a market-town of great resort and well stor'd with good Inns but was formerly a Village of the English-Saxon Kings and given by Will to Athelwald by his foresaid Uncle There is now a house of the King 's tho' gone much to decay and not far from the river the ruinous walls of an old castle which has been pretty large In the middle of the town is a Church the east end whereof being arch'd with stone seems to be very ancient Here as we learn by Domesday book the King had 75 Hagae i.e. houses Haga wherein 175 men dwelt But 't is famous for nothing so much as the treachery and inhumanity of Godwin Earl of Kent who in the year of our Lord 1036. when Alfred King Ethelred's son and heir to the Crown of England came out of Normandy to demand his right receiv'd him with an assurance of safety but treated him contrary to his promise For surprizing at a dead time of night the six hundred men which were the retinue of the Royal youth he punish'd them as our Writers word it by a Decimation Military Decimation Which was not according to the ancient Rules of War by drawing out every tenth man by lot and then killing him but dispatching nine dismissed every tenth and afterwards with the most extream cruelty * redecimavit retith'd those tenths he had sav'd And as to Aelfred himself he deliver'd him to Harold the Dane who first put out his eyes then clapt him in chains and kept him in prison to his dying day b From hence the Wey is carry'd towards the north for a long way together and meets with nothing worth mentioning except Sutton the seat of the Westons Knights 2 Better'd by an heir of T. Camel Woking a royal seat 3 Where K. Hen. 7. repair'd and enlarg'd the Maneur-house being the inheritance of the Lady Margaret Countess of Richmond his mother who liv'd there in her later time Newark sometime a small Priory environ'd with divided streams and Pyriford where in our memory Edward Earl of Lincoln and Baron Clinton 4 And Admiral of England built him a house and in the neighbourhood Ockham William Ockham where William de Ockham that great Philosopher and Founder of the Nominals was born and had his name from the place 5 As of the next village Ripley G. de Ripley a Ring-leader of our Alchimists and a mystical Impostor So Holland This Sir George after 20 years study in Italy c. after the Philosopher's stone is said to have found it An. 1470. and well he might if he gave as a Record in the Isle of Malta declares an hundred thousand pound yearly to the Knights of Rhodes for carrying on the war againct the Turks See Full. Wor. p. 204. Com. Ebor. But where it comes to empty it self out at a double mouth into the Thames we see Otelandes c a pretty handsome seat of the King 's built within a park near which Caesar pass'd the Thames Where Caesar pass'd the Thames and enter'd the territories of Cassivelan For this was the only place in the Thames formerly fordable and that too not without great difficulty which the Britains in a manner pointed out to him For on the other side of the river a strong body of the British had planted themselves and the bank it self was senc'd with sharp stakes and some of the same sort fasten'd under water The footsteps whereof says Bede are seen at this day and it appears upon the view that each of them is as thick as a man's thigh and that soder'd with lead they stick in the bottom of the river immoveable But the Romans enter'd the river with so much vigour and resolution that tho' they had only their heads above water the Britains were not able to bear up against them but were forc'd to quit the bank and fly for it 'T is impossible I should be mistaken in the place because here the river is scarce six foot deep and the place at this day from those stakes is call'd Coway-stakes Câ—waystakes to which add that Caesar makes the bounds of Cassivelan where he settles this passage of
a Furnace and Forge others a Forge only and others only a Furnace Near Hastings also are two powder-mills where is made as good Gun-powder as any in England And in that end of the County where the Iron-works are namely the East Char-coal is made in great abundance c To go along now with Mr. Camden St. Râ—â—â—-hill North of Chichester which has given the title of Earl to Francis Leigh Lord Dunsmore and after him to Charles Fitz-Roy natural son to K. Charles 2. is a place call'd St. Rook's hill †Aâ—â—â—â— Mâ—◠〈◊〉 MS. and upon it is still to be seen an old camp the diameter whereof is two furlongs and better The form of it is circular from which thus much may be undoubtedly gather'd that it is not Roman but probably Danish Those who have an opportunity of searching into the Records of the place would do well to consider whether the true name of it is not S. Roch's hill for he was patron of the pilgrims and here was formerly a Chapel which might possibly enough be dedicated to him A mile and a half from this place to the west is a Camp call'd Gonshill Gonâ—hâ—â—â— Ibid. which being of a different form must be made by some other people The figure of it is an oblong square which comes nearest to the Roman way of encamping The Bâ—ile Hard by Chichester towards the west ‖ there has been also another large Roman Camp call'd the Brile of an oblong form 4 furlongs and 2 perches in length and 2 furlongs in breadth It lies in a flat low ground with a great rampire and single graff and in such a place as renders it probable enough to have been that of Vespasian's after his landing d Eastward from hence is Arundel â—rundel which our Author observes to be of more fame than real note tho' it is now a market-town and a borough sending 2 Burgesses to Parliament The famous high-way Stanesstreet-causeway which is in some places 10 yards broad but in most 7 comes to this town out of Surrey by Belinghurst It is a yard and a half deep in stones which they discover by cutting passages to let in water and runs in a streight line It is made of flints and pebbles tho' no flints are found within 7 miles of it As the story of Bevis's horse call'd Arundel ought not to be altogether rejected so neither ought our Author's name of the river Arun and derivation of the town from thence be too securely clos'd with For that Bevis was founder of the Castle is a current opinion handed down by tradition and there is a tower in it still known by the name of Bevis's tower which they say was his own apartment Besides 't is natural enough to imagine that the name of a horse might be Arundel from his swiftness since that word in French signifies a Swallow and the present Arms of the town which is corporate by Prescription are a Swallow Now why might not Bevis's Arundel as well have the honour of naming a town wherein his master had a particular interest as Alexander's Bucephalus had of a city But whatever approbation this conjecture may meet with 't is certain that Mr. Camden's fetching it from Arun will not hold For that river is call'd High-stream to distinguish it from the other small rivulets or streams and seems to have bore the same name as to the sense at least all along The Norman English call'd it Hault-rey and answerably the middle-aged Latin writers Alta ripa so Mr. Camden tells us that Rhie in this County is call'd in Latin Ripa and several branches breaking out of the High-stream are at this day call'd Ripes or Rifes There was also an ancient family of Knights owners of much land in these parts even in the bosom of this great river in the parish of Hardham otherwise Feringham call'd from it de Hault Rey and their posterity remains in these parts to this day under the name of D'Awtrey in Latin De alta Ripa But our Author's interpretation Aruntina vallis will not by any means suit either the name of the place or the circumstances of it For tho' it be writ several ways yet no one makes it end in dale nor is a low tract of ground ever express'd by that word in this County as it is in other parts of England but by a Level as Pevensey-Level Lewes-Level Bramber-Level Arundel-Level with many others And the Commissioners of Sewers call the Imposition laid upon Land for repair of publick banks and sluces a Level-tax 〈◊〉 Eâ—rls â—â—iâ—â—ed Thomas Howard being restor'd in blood 1 Jac. 1. and dying An. 1646. was succeeded in his honours by his son Henry who in the life-time of his father was summon'd to Parliament by the titles of Lord Moubray and Maltravers By whose death An. 1652. this title came to Thomas his eldest son restor'd also 13 Car. 2. to the title of Duke of Norfolk which had been forfeited by the Attainder of Thomas the last Duke By which means the title of Duke of Norfolk came to Henry his brother along with the Earldoms of Arundel and Surrey who now among other honours enjoys them e Towards the north-east lies Findon â—â—â—don within a mile of which is an ancient Camp at about 2 miles distance from the sea 'T is call'd Caesar's-hill because the people imagine it was Caesar's Camp and they pretend to shew the place where Caesar's tent was Notwithstanding which the form of it shews that opinion to be an error for being roundish it seems rather to have been a British work f And farther eastward near Lewes Lewes there is another Camp From whence going forwards we meet with Pemsey Pemsey which * Forts and Ports in Kent Mr. Somner disallowing Camden's Lambard's and Selden's conjecture of Newenden thought to be the ancient Anderida where was the band of the Abulae grounding partly upon Gildas's words expressing the situation of these garrisons In littore Oceani ad meridiem on the sea-shore to the south and the design of them to ken and spy out the invading enemy and partly upon the antiquity of the place which Archbishop Usher makes the old Caer Pensavelcoit of the Britains by the coit i.e. wood the former condition of this County being hinted to But tho' he seems most inclin'd to this place yet he is not altogether so positive but either Hastings or even Newenden may lay claim to this piece of Antiquity g Not far from hence is Ashburnham Ashburnham of which place and family John Ashburnham Esquire Grandfather to the present Lord Ashburnham built there a handsome Church with 3 Chancels There is also a noble house of the present Lord Ashburnham's which for stately buildings and convenient garden-room is one of the best in this County North-east from hence lies Breede Breede the Court whereof is a branch of that at Battle and hath the same privilege and process The Lands
here a Castle now more than ruinous they were Founders of the adjacent Abby of Kingswood of the Cistercian order w 15 Derived from Tintern whom Maud the Empress greatly enriched The males of this House failed in the time of King Richard 2. and the Heir General was married to Cantelow Within one mile of this where the river Cam lately spoken of springeth is Uleigh a seat also of the Barkleys descended from the Barons Barkley styled of Uleigh and Stoke-Giffard who were found Coheirs to J. Baron Boutetort descended from the Baron Zouch of Richard Castles aliàs Mortimer and the Somerys Lords of Dueley And not far eastward we behold Beverstone-castle Beverston formerly belonging to the Gournys and Ab-Adams Ab-Adams who flourish'd under Edward 1. but afterwards to the Knightly family of the Berkleys x Hitherto I have made cursory remarks upon those places in this County which are situate beyond or upon Severn now I will pass forward to the easterly parts which I observ'd were hilly to wit Cotswold Cotswold which takes it's name from the hills and sheepcotes for mountains and hills 16 Without woods the Englishmen in old times termed Woulds Would what in English upon which account the ancient Glossary interprets the Alps of Italy the Woulds of Italy Upon these hills are fed large flocks of sheep with the whitest wool having long necks and square Bodies by reason as is supposed of their hilly and short pasture whose fine wool is much valued in foreign nations Under the side of these hills as it were in a neighbourhood together lye these following places most remarkable for their Antiquity y 17 Beginning at the north-north-east end of them Campden Campden commonly called Camden a noted market town where as John Castor averrs all the Kings of the Saxon Race had a congress in the year 689 and had a common consult how to carry on the war joyntly against the Britains which town 16 Weston and Biselay were in the possession of Hugh Earl of Chester in William the Conqueror's time Inq. 2. Ed. 2. was in the possession of Hugh Earl of Chester and from his posterity descended 17 By Nicolao de Albeniaco an Inheritrice to the ancient Earls of Arundel unto Roger de Somery by Nicholas de Albeniaco to Roger de Somery z h This place is in Warwickshire Adjoyning unto it is Weston of no great antiquity but now remarkable for the stately house there built by Ralph Sheldon for him and his posterity which at a great distance makes a fine prospect Hales Hales a most flourishing Abbey built by Richard Earl of Cornwal and King of the Romans 18 Who was there buried with his wife Sanchia daughter to the Earl of Provence famous for its scholar Alexander de Hales a great master of that knotty and subtile sort of school divinity aa 19 As he carried away the sirname of Doctor Irrefragabilis that is the Doctor ungainsaid as he that could not be gainsaid Sudley Sudley formerly Sudleagh i The neat Church here was ruin'd in the Civil wars and the best part of the Castle is since pull'd down a beautiful castle lately the seat 20 Of Sir Tho. Seimor Baron Seimor of Sudley and Admiral of England attainted in the time of K. Edw. 6 and afterward of Sir John Bruges whom Q. Mary c. of Giles Bruges Baron of Chandos Barons of Chandos whose grandfather John was honoured by Queen Mary with that title because he derived his pedigree from the ancient family of Chandos out of which there flourish'd in the reign of K. Edw. 3. 21 Sir John a famous Banneret L. of Caumont and Kerkitou in France John Chandos Viscount St. Saviours in France eminent for his services and great success in war The former Lords hence called Barons of Sudley Barons of Sudley that lived here were of an ancient English Race deducing their original from Goda the daughter of K. Aethelred whose son Ralph Medantinus Earl of Hereford was the father of Harold Lord of Sudley whose progeny long continued here until for want of issue male the heiress married with 22 Sir William William Butler of the family of Wem and brought him a son named Thomas He was father of Ralph Lord high Treasurer of England whom Hen. 6. created Baron of Sudley 23 With a fee of 200 marks yearly and who new built this castle His sisters were married into the families of Northbury and Belknape by which their possessions were in a short time divided into different families Hard by this is Toddington Toddington where the Tracies Tracies of a worshipful and ancient family have long flourished and formerly received many favours from the Barons of Sudley But how in the first reformation of religion William Tracy Lord of this place was censured after his death his body being dug up and burn'd publickly for some slight words in his last Will which those times call'd heretical or how in preceding times another William Tracy imbrued his hands in the blood of Thomas Archbishop of Canterbury Ecclesiastical writers having told us at large is now no part of my business to relate Winchelcomb Winchelcomb is here seated which is a populous town where Kenulph the Mercian King erected a Monastery and upon the day of it's consecration freely dismissed Edbricth King of Kent then his prisoner without any ransome paid 'T is scarce credible in what great repute this monastery was for the sake of the reliques of K. Kenesm a child of 7 years old whom his sister privately bereaved of his life to gain the inheritance and who was by that age added to the number of martyrs The neighbourhood of this place was formerly reckoned as a County or Sheriffdom by it self for we find in an ancient manuscript belonging to the Church of Worcester these words Edric sirnamed Streona that is the * Adquisitor Acquirer who under Ethelred and afterwards under Cnute or Canute presided and reigned as a Viceroy over all England adjoyned the Sheriffdom of Winchelcombe which was then an entire thing in it self to the County of Glocester bb 24 Thence I found nothing memorable but near the fountain of Churn river Coberley a seat of a stem of Barkeleis so often named even from the Conquest which matched with an heir of Chandos and so came hereditarily to the Bruges progenitors to the Lords Chandos Then by Bird-lip-hill whereby we ascended to this high Coteswold Lower in the County lyeth Brimesfield Brimesfield where the Giffords were formerly Lords Giffords Barons to whom by marriage with the Cliffords came a plentiful Estate but soon after having only daughters it fell to the Lords Le Strange of Blackmer the Audleys and others cc These places are situate amongst the hills but under the hills upon the East-confines of the County I saw that famous Roman highway call'd the Fosse
Monument there is a place call'd Kevn Varehen which may seem to be denominated either from this Barcun or some other of the same name The third and fourth Inscription was copied by my above-mention'd friend Mr. Erasmus Saunders from a polish'd Free-stone at the West-end of the Church of Lhan Vihangel Gerwerth The fourth which seems less intelligible than the rest was also communicated by the same hand The stone whence he copied it is neatly carv'd about 6 foot high and 2 foot broad and has a cavity on the top which makes me suspect it to have been no other than the Pedestal of a Cross It may be seen at a place denominated from it Kae'r Maen not far from Aber Sannan but for the meaning of the Inscription if it be any other than the Stone-cutter's name tho' I confess I know no name like it I must leave it to the Reader 's conjecture In the Parish of Lhan Vair y Bryn we find manifest signs of a place possess'd by the Romans For not far from the East-end of the Church Labourers frequently dig up bricks and meet with some other marks of Roman Antiquitiy and there is a very notable Roman way of Gravel and small Pebles continued from that Church to Lhan Brân the seat of the worshipful Sackvil Gwyn Esq which as I am told may be also trac'd betwixt this Lhan Vair and Lhan Deilaw vawr and is visible in several other places This Country abounds with ancient Forts Camps and Tumuli or Barrows which we have not room here to take notice of I shall therefore mention only one Barrow call'd Krîg y Dyrn in the Parish of Tre'lech which seems particularly remarkable The circumference of it at bottom may be about 60 paces the height about 6 yards It rises with an easie ascent and is hollow on the top gently inclining from the circumference to the center This Barrow is not a mount of Earth as others generally are but seems to have been such a heap of stones as are call'd in Wales Karnedheu whereof the Reader may see some account in Radnorshire cover'd with Turf At the center of the cavity on the top we find a vast rude Lhech or flat stone somewhat of an oval form about three yards in length five foot over where broadest and about ten or twelve inches thick A * Mâ—â—â— an 〈◊〉 of Lâ—â—â—â— Dâ—â—â— Gentleman to satisfie my curiosity having employ'd some Labourers to search under it found it after removing much stone to be the covering of such a barbarous Monument as we call Kist-vaen or Stone-chest which was about four foot and a half in length and about three foot broad but somewhat narrower at the East than west-West-end 'T is made up of 7 stones viz. the covering-stone already mention'd two side-stones one at each end and one behind each of these for the better securing or bolstering of them all equally rude and about the same thickness the two last excepted which are considerably thicker They found as well within the Chest as without some rude pieces of brick or stones burnt like them and free-stone some of which were wrought They observ'd also some pieces of bones but such as they supposed only brought in by Foxes but not sinking to the bottom of the Chest we know not what else it may afford Krîg y Dyrn the name of this Tumulus is now scarce intelligible but if a conjecture may be allow'd I should be apt to interpret it King's Barrow I am sensible that even such as are well acquainted with the Welsh Tongue maâ— at first view think this a groundless opinion and wonder what I aim at but when they consider that the common word Teyrnas which signifies a Kingdom is only a derivative from the old word Teyrn which was originally the same with Tyrannus and signified a King or Prince they will perhaps acknowledge it not altogether improbable And considering the rudeness of the Monument describ'd and yet the labour and force required in erecting it I am apt to suspect it the Barrow of some British Prince who might live probably before the Roman Conquest For seeing it is much too barbarous to be supposed Roman and that we do not find in History that the Saxons were ever concern'd here or the Danes any farther than in plundering the Sea-coasts it seems necessary to conclude it British That it was a Royal Sepulchre I am apt to infer partly from the signification of the name which being not understood in these ages could not therefore be any novel invention of the vulgar and partly for that as I hinted already more labour and force was required here than we can suppose to be allow'd to persons of inferiour quality That 't is older than Christianity there 's no room to doubt but that it was before the Roman Conquest is only my conjecture supposing that after the Britains were reduced by the Romans they had none whom they could call Teyrn or King whose corps or ashes might be reposited here Gwâly Vilast or Bwrdh Arthur in Lhan Boudy parish is a monument in some respect like that we have described at this Barrow viz. a rude stone about ten yards in circumference and above three foot thick supported by four pillars which are about two foot and a half in length But Buarth Arthur or Meineu Gŵyr on a Mountain near Kîl y maen lhŵyd is one of that kind of circular Stone-monuments our English Historians ascribe to the Danes The Diameter of the Circle is about twenty yards The stones are as rude as may be and pitch'd on end at uncertain distances from each other some at three or four foot but others about two yards and are also of several heights some being about three or four foot high and others five or six There are now standing here fifteen of them but there seem to be seven or eight carried off The entry into it for about the space of three yards is guarded on each side with stones much lower and less than those of the circle pitch'd so close as to be contiguous And over against this avenue at the distance of about 200 paces there stand on end three other large rude stones which I therefore note particularly because there are also four or five stones erected at such a distance from that circular Monument they call King's-stones near Little Rolrich in Oxfordshire As for the name of Bruarth Arthur 't is only a nick name of the vulgar whose humour it is though not so much as some have imagin'd out of ignorance and credulity as a kind of Rustick diversion to dedicate many unaccountable Monuments to the memory of that Hero calling some stones of several tun weight his Coits others his Tables Chairs c. But Meineu gŵyr is so old a name that it seems scarce intelligible Meineu is indeed our common word for large stones but gŵyr in the present British signifies only crooked which is scarce applicable to these stones unless we
so that having climb'd up one Rock we come to a Valley and most commonly to a Lake and passing by that we ascend another and sometimes a third and a fourth before we arrive at the highest Peaks These Mountains as well as Kader Idris and some others in Meirionydhshire differ from those by Brecknock and elsewhere in South-Wales in that they abound much more with naked and inaccessible Rocks and that their lower skirts and valleys are always either cover'd or scatter'd over with fragments of Rocks of all magnitudes most of which I presume to have fall'n from the impendent Cliffs But of this something more particular may be seen in Mr. Ray's Physico-Theological Discourses pag. 285. wherefore I shall mention here only two places which seem'd to me more especially remarkable The first is the summit or utmost top of the Glyder a Mountain above-mention'd as one of the highest in these parts where I observ'd prodigious heaps of stones many of them of the largeness of those of Stone-honge * See Wiltshire but of all the irregular shapes imaginable and all lying in such confusion as the ruins of any building can be supposed to do Now I must confess I cannot well imagine how this hath happen'd for that ever they should be indeed the ruins of some Edifice I can by no means allow in regard that most of them are wholly as irregular as those that have fall'n to the Valleys We must then suppose them to be the Skeleton of the hill exposed to open view by rains snow c. but how then came they to lye across each other in this confusion some of them being of an oblong flat form having their two ends ex gr East and West others laid athwart these some flat but many inclining being supported by other stones at the one end whereas we find by Rocks and Quarries the natural position of stones is much more uniform Had they been in a valley I had concluded they had fall'n from the neighbouring Rocks because we find frequent examples of such heaps of stones augmented by accession of others tumbling on them but being on the highest part of the hill they seem'd to me much more remarkable The other place I thought no less observable tho' for contrary reasons that being as regular and uniform as this is disorder'd and confus'd On the West-side of the same hill there is amongst many others one naked Precipice †Thâ— Kâ—grâ— neaâ— sâ—vyâ—â—â— is peâ—â—â— one iâ— there 〈◊〉 dâ—tâ—â—â— by â—â— partiâ—â— name as steep as any I have seen but so adorn'd with numerous equidistant Pillars and these again slightly cross'd at certain joynts that such as would favour the Hypothesis of the ingenious Author of the Sacred Theory might suppose it one small pattern of the Antediluvian Earth But this seem'd to me much more accountable than the former for 't was evident that the gullets or interstices between the pillars were occasion'd by a continual dropping of water down this Cliff which proceeds from the frequent Clouds Rains and Snow that this high Rock expos'd to a westerly Sea-wind is subject to But that the effects of such storms are more remarkably regular on this Cliff than others proceeds partly from its situation and partly from the texture or constitution of the stone it consists of However we must allow a natural regularity in the frame of the Rock which the storms only render more conspicuous That these Mountains are throughout the year cover'd either with Snow or a harden'd crust of Snow of several years continuance c. was a wrong Information our Author probably receiv'd from some persons who had never been at them For generally speaking there 's no Snow here from the end of April to the midst of September Some heaps excepted which often remain near the tops of Moel y Wydhva and Karnedh Lhewelyn till the midst of June e're they are totally wasted It often snows on the tops of these Mountains in May and June but that Snow or rather Sleet melts as fast as it falls and the same shower that falls then in Snow on the high Mountains is but Rain in the Valleys As for an incrustation of Snow or Ice of several years continuance we know not in Wales what it means Tho' Wagnerus ‖ Jâ—â— Waâ—â—â— Haâ—t 〈◊〉 Heâ—â—â— Coâ—â—â— Seâ—â—â— tells us they are common in the Alps of Switzerland Tempore aestivo quoque suprema Alpium culmina aeternâ ac invictâ glacie rigent perpetuisque nivibus sunt obtecta And adds there are Mountains crown'd with hillocks or vast heaps of such Ice call'd by them Firn or Gletscher which may be presumed to have continued for two or three thousand years insomuch that for hardness it may seem to be rather Crystal than Ice c. The number of Lakes in this mountainous tract may be about fifty or threescore I took a Catalogue of fifteen visible from the top of Moel y Wydhva These are generally denominated either from the rivers they pour forth or from the colour of their water amongst which I observ'd one under the highest Peak of Snowdon call'd Fynon lâs that signifies the Green Fountain which I therefore thought remarkable because Mr. Ray * Obsertions Tâ— graph c. observes that the waters of some of the Alpine Lakes are also inclin'd to that colour Others receive their names from some Village or Parish-Church adjoyning or from a remarkable Mountain or Rock under which they are situated and some there are tho' very few distinguish'd by names scarce intelligible to the best Criticks in the British as Lhyn Teirn Lhyn Eigiau Lhyn Lhydaw â—â—me â—ight â—nâ—erpret the 〈◊〉 former Tâ—ngâ—-near â—nd Sâ—â—â—ieâ—â—â—r the â—â—ed Ieirn â—gâ—â—â—ing a â—â—a â—â—â—r and 〈◊〉 of Th. Lhyâ—â—s is the 〈◊〉 â—â—ereby â—e call Arâ—â—â—a but â—â—rifies â—â—thing â—e we â—â—w of c. Giraldus Cambrensis as our Author observes informs us of two Lakes on the highest tops of these Mountains one of which was remarkable for a wandring Island and the other no less strange for that all the fish in it tho' it abounded with Eels Trouts and Perch were monocular wanting the left eye To this we must beg leave to answer that amongst all the Lakes in this mountainous Country there is not one seated on the highest part of a hill all of them being spread in valleys either higher or lower and fed by the Springs and Rivulets of the Rocks and Cliffs that are above them The Lake wherein he tells us there 's a wandring Island is a small pond call'd Lhyn Å· Dywà rchen i.e. Lacus cespitis from a little green patch neaâ— the brink of it which is all the occasion of the fable of the wandring Island but whence that other of monocular Fish which he says were found also at two places in Scotland took beginning I cannot conjecture Most of these Lakes are well stor'd with fish but generally they afford no other kinds than Trout and Eel The Torgochiaid
Rhodes when the great Mahomet was worsted It is now in the hands of Mr. Ralph Thoresby of Leeds East from Knaresbrough stands Ribston-hall â—â—â—ston-â—all the pleasant Seat of the Right Honourable Sir Henry Goodrick Baronet Ambassadour from King Charles the second to the King of Spain now Privy-Councellor and Lieutenant of the Ordnance of the Tower of London hh Another river call'd Ure must be our next direction carrying us to Rippon â—â—ppon where in the Minster-yard is this modest Inscription for a two thousand pound Benefactor Hic jacet Zacharias Jepson cujus aetas fuit 49. perpaucos tantum annos vixit ii It brings us next to Burrowbridge â—â—rrwâ—dge where the Pyramids call'd by the common people the Devil's Arrows are most remarkable That they are artificial we have the opinion of Mr. Camden and the Devil's Coits in Oxofrdshire confirm it which Dr. 〈◊〉 of â—f â—â—th 〈◊〉 Plot affirms to be made of a small kind of stones cemented together whereof there are great numbers in the fields thereabout But whether our Author's conjecture of their being set up as Trophies by the Romans may be allow'd is not so certain A â—ct Sâ—aff 〈◊〉 later Antiquary seems inclin'd to conclude them to be a British work supposing that they might be erected in memory of some battel fought there but is rather of opinion that they were British Deities agreeing with the Learned Dr. Stillingfleet and grounding upon the custom of the Phoenicians and Greeks Nations undoubtedly acquainted with Britain before the arrival of the Romans who set up unpolish'd stones instead of images to the honour of their Gods kk Hard by this is Aldburrow confirm'd to be the Is-urium Is urium of the Ancients from several Roman Coyns and chequer'd Pavements digg'd up there some of which are now in the Musaeum of the ingenious Mr. Thoresby But to be a little more particular upon the remains of Antiquity they meet with take the following account which is the substance of a Letter from Mr. Morris Minister of the place Here are some fragments of Aquiducts cut in great stones and cover'd with Roman tyle In the late Civil wars as they were digging a Cellar they met with a sort of Vault leading as 't is said to the river if of Roman work for it has not yet met with any one curious enough to search it it might probably be a Repository for the Dead The Coyns generally of brass but some few of silver are mostly of Constantine and Carausius tho' there are two of Maximian Dioclesian Valerian Severus Pertinax Aurelius and of other Emperours as also of Faustina and Julia. They meet with little Roman heads of brass and have formerly also found coyn'd pieces of gold with chains of the same metal but none of late About two years ago were found four signet polisht stones three whereof were Cornelians The first had a horse upon it and a stamp of Laurel shooting out five branches the second a Roman sitting with a sacrificing dish in one hand and resting his other on a spear the third a Roman if not Pallas with a spear in one hand wearing a helmet with a shield on the back or on the other arm and under that something like a quiver hanging to the knee the fourth of a purple colour has a Roman head like Severus or Antonine Several Pavements have been found about a foot under-ground and compass'd about with stones of about an inch square but within are little stones of a quarter that bigness wrought into knots and flowers after the Mosaick-fashion No Altars are met with but pieces of Urns and old Glass are common In the Vestry-wall of the Church is plac'd a figure of Pan or Silvanus in one rough stone nyched ll From hence the Ure or Ouse runs to York York in the Antiquities whereof our Author has been so particular that we have little to add This ancient and noble City might have had an agreeable light if Sir Thomas Widdrington a person accomplisht in all Arts as well as his own profession of the Laws after he had wrote an entire History of it had not upon some disgust prohibited the publication The original Manuscript is now in the possession of Thomas Fairfax of Menston Esq Near the Castle stands the shell of Clifford's Tower which was blown up the 24th of April 1684. In the year 1638. in a house near Bishop-hill was found this Altar which is now at the Duke of Buckingham's house in York I. O. M. DIS DEABVSQVE HOSPITALIBVS PE NATIBVSQ OB. CON SERVATAM SALVTEM SVAM SVORVMQ P. AEL MARCIAN VS PRAEF COH ARAM. SAC f. NCD mm Dr. Tobias Matthews was Archbishop of this place * Inscript of the Church of York whose wife Frances a prudent Matron daughter of Bishop Barlow a Confessor in Queen Mary's time was a great Benefactress to the Church bestowing upon it the Library of her husband which consisted of above 3000 Books She is memorable likewise for having a Bishop to her father an Archbishop Matthew Parker of Canterbury to her father-in-law four Bishops to her brethren and an Archbishop to her husband nn The Cathedral Church after it had been burnt down in K. Stephen's time by little and little reviv'd The Thoresby mention'd by our Author was a great benefactor to it and the 29th of July 1631. laid the first stone of the new Quire to which at 16 payments he gave so many hundred pounds besides many other less sums for particular uses towards câ—â—â—ing on that work As he was Archbishop of 〈◊〉 so also was he Lord Chancellour of England and Cardinal Spelm. Gâ— in Cancellarius which I the rather take notice of here because he is omitted by Onuphrius as the Inscription of his seal testifies S. Johis Sci P. ad vincula presbyteri Cardinalis The dimensions of this Cathedral were exactly taken by an ingenious Architect and are as follows  Feet Length beside the buttresses 524 ½ breadth of the east-east-end 105 breadth of the west-west-end 109 breadth of the Cross from north to south 222 breadth of the Chapter-house 058 ½ heâ—â—ht of the Chapter-house to the Canopy 086 ½ height of the body of the Minster 099 height of the Lanthorn to the Vault 188 height to the top-leads 213 oo Southward from York is Nun-Apleton Nun-Apleton so call'd from a Nunnery founded there by the Ancestors of the Earls of Northumberland afterwards the seat of Thomas Lord Fairfax General of the Parliament-army who merits a memorial here upon account of the peculiar respect he had for Antiquities As an instance whereof he allow'd a considerable pension to that industrious Antiquary Mr. Dodsworth to collect those of this County which else had irrecoverably perish'd in the late wars For he had but just finish'd the transcript of the Charters and other Manuscripts then lying in St. Mary's tower in York before the same was blown up and all those sacred remains
and Aldermen having sometimes been deceiv'd in their choice admit none into their Alms-houses but such as will give Bond to leave their effects to the poor when they dye a good example to other places The principal trade of the town is making Malt Oat-meal and Tann'd-leather but the poor people mostly support themselves by working of Bone-lace which of late has met with particular encouragement the children being maintain'd at school to learn to read and to work this sort of lace The Cloath-trade was formerly follow'd in this town but †â—in MS Leland tells us that even in his time it was very much decay'd They have several Fairs but one more especially remarkable beginning about nine days before Ascension-day and kept in a street leading to the Minster-garth call'd Londoner-street For then the Londoners bring down their Wares and furnish the Country-Tradesmen by whole-sale About a mile from Beverley to the east in a pasture belonging to the town is a kind of Spaw tho' they say it cannot be judg'd by the taste whether or no it comes from any Mineral Yet taken inwardly it is a great dryer and wash d in dries scoâ—butick scurf and all sorts of scabs and also very much helps the King 's Evil. h At the mouth of the river Hull is Kingston Kingâ—â—â— upon Hâ—â—â— call'd in all writings of Concernment Kingston super Hull The walls and town-ditch were made by leave from King Edward 2. but Richard 2. gave them the present haven which now it 's fear'd will shortly be warp'd up at the mouth if speedy care be not taken about it 'T is a town very considerable for merchandise being the scale of trade to York Leeds Nottingham Gainsborough and several other places as also for importing goods from beyond sea And for the better convenience of managing their trade they have an Exchange for Merchants built in 1621. and much beautify'd in 1673. Above that is the Custom-house and near these the Wool-house made use of formerly without all doubt for the selling and weighing of wool as well as lead but now only for the latter when 't is to be sold or ship'd here On the east-side of the river is built a strong Citadel begun in the year 1681. and including the Castle and south-blockhouse It hath convenient apartments for lodging a good many souldiers with distinct houses for the Officers has also an engine for making salt-water fresh and is well-furnish'd with Ordnance But yet the strength of the town does not consist so much in it's walls or fortifications as it 's situation for all the Country being a perfect level by cutting the sea-banks they can let in the â—â—ood and lay it for five miles round under water Which the Governour of the place at the late Revolution had designed to do if the then Prince of Orange had landed there as was once thought For he had caus'd several Flood-gates to be made and pitch'd upon certain places about the town and on the bank of Humber for cutting The town hath two Churches one call'd the High-Church a very spacious and beautiful building on the south-side of the Quire whereof is a place now alter'd into a neat Library consisting mostly of modern books The other is the Low-Church the steeple whereof Henry 8. is said to have order'd to be pull'd down to the ground because it spoil'd the prospect of his house over against it wherein he had his residence for some months An. 1538. Near the High Church is the Free-school first founded by John Aâ—â—â—ck Bishop of Worcester and then of Ely and in the year 1583. built by Mr. William Gee with the Merchants Hall over it North-west of the said Church is the Trinity-house begun at first by a joint contribution of well-disposed persons for the relief of distressed Sea-men and their wives But afterward they got a Patent from the Crown with several privileges by the advantage of which they maintain mâ—ny distressed Sea-men with their widows both aâ— Hull and other places members of the Port of Hull The Government is by twelve elder brethren with six Assistants out of the twelve by the major vote of them and of the 6 Assistants and the younger brethren are annually chose two Wardens and two Stewards out of the younger brethren These Governours have a power to determine matters in sea-affairs not contrary to Law chiefly between Masters and Sea-men and also in Tryals at law in sea-affairs their judgments are much regarded But here take the accurate description of this place as I had it from the curious and ingenious Mr. Ray who actually view'd it The Trinity-house belongs to a Society of Merchants and is endow'd with good revenues There are maintained 30 poor Women called Sisters each of whom hath a little chamber or cell to live in The building consists of a chapel two rows of chambers beneath stairs for the sisters and two rooms above stairs one in which the brethren of the Society have their meetings and another large one wherein they make sails with which the town drives a good trade In the midst of this room hangs the effigies of a native of Groenland with a loose skin-coat upon him sitting in a small boat or Canoe cover'd with skins and having his lower part under deck For the boat is deck'd or cover'd above with the same whereof it is made having only a round hole fitted to his body through which he puts down his legs and lower parts into the boat He had in his right-hand as I then thought a pair of wooden oars whereby he rowed and managed his boat and in his left a dart with which he strikes fishes But it appearing by the Supplement to the north-North-East Voyages lately publish'd that they have but one oar about six foot long with a paddle six inches broad at either end I am inclin'd to think that the boat hanging so high I might be mistaken The same book has given us an account of their make to which I refer you This on his forehead had a bonnet like a trencher to fence his eyes from sun or water Behind him lay a bladder or bag of skins in which I supposed he bestowed the fish he caught Some told us it was a bladder full of oyl wherewith he allured the fish to him This is the same individual Canoe that was taken in the year 1613. by Andrew Barkar with all its furniture and boat man The Groenlander that was taken refused to eat and died within three days after I have since seen several of these boats in publick Town-houses and Cabinets of the Virtuosi Here I cannot but reflect upon and admire the hardiness and audaciousness of these petty water-men who dare venture out to sea single in such pitiful vessels as are not sufficient to support much more than the weight of one man in the water and which if they happen to be over-turned the rower must needs be lost And a wonder it is to me that
and all the North over M. Lilium convallium Ger. Lilly convally or May-lilly On Ingleborough and other hills Lunaria minor Ger. Park botrytis J. B. racemosa minor vel vulgaris C. B. Moonwort Though this grows somewhere or other in most Counties of England yet have I not found it any where in that plenty and so rank and large as on the tops of some mountains near Settle Lysimachia Chamaenerion dicta latifolia C. B. Chamaenerion Ger. Chamaenerion flore Delphinii Park minùs recté Rose-bay Willow-herb In the meadows near Sheffield and in divers other places Lysimachia lutea flore globoso Ger. Park bifolia flore globoso luteo C. B. altera lutea Lobelii flore quasi spicato J. B. Yellow loose strife with a globular spike or tuft of flowers Found by Mr. Dodsworth in the East-Riding of this County M. Muscus clavatus sive Lycopodium Ger. Park Club-moss or Wolfs-claw Muscus clavatus foliis Cupressi C. B. Ger. emac. clavatus cupressiformis Park terrestris ramosus pulcher J. B. Sabina sylvestris Trag. Selaginis Plinianae prima species Thal. Cypress moss or Heath-cypress Muscus terrestris repens clavis singularibus foliosis erectis Smaller creeping Club-moss with erect heads Muscus erectus Abietiformis nobis terrestris rectus J. B. Selago 3. Thalii Upright fir-moss Muscus terrestris rectus minor polyspermos Seeding mountain mosse All these sorts are found upon Ingleborough hill The last about springs and watery places The first and third are common to most of the moores and fells in the north of England Ornithogalum luteum C. B. Park luteum seu Cepe agraria Ger. Bulbus sylvestris Fuchsii flore luteo seu Ornithogalum luteum J. B. Yellow Star of Bethlehem In the woods in the northern part of Yorkshire by the Tees side near Greta bridge and Brignall Pentaphylloides fructicosa Shrub-Cinquefoil On the south bank of the river Tees below a village called Thorp as also below Eggleston Abbey At Mickle Force in Teesdale there are thousands of these plants Pentaphyllum parvum hirsutum J. B. Small rough Cinquefoil In the pastures about Kippax a village three miles distant from Pontefraict Pyrola Ger. J. B. nostras vulgaris Park Common Winter-green We found it near Halifax by the way leading to Kighley but most plentifully on the moors south of Heptenstall in the way to Burnley for near a mile's riding Pyrola folio mucronato serrato C. B. serrato J. B. tenerior Park Secunda tenerior Clusii Ger. Sharp-pointed Winter-green with serrate leaves In Haselwood-woods near Sir Walter Vavasor's park Polygonatum floribus ex singularibus pediculis J. B. latifolium flore majore odoro C. B. majus flore majore Park latifolium 2. Clusii Ger. Sweet smelling Solomon's seal with flowers on single foot-stalks On the ledges of the scars or cliffs near Settle and Wharf Primula veris flore rubro Ger. Clus Paralysis minor flore rubro Park-parad Verbasculum umbellatum Alpinum minus C. B Birds-eyn In the mountainous meadows about Ingleborough and elsewhere in moist and watery places Pyrola Alsines flore Europaea C. B. Park Herba trientalis J. B. Winter green with Chickweed flowers At the east end of Rumbles-mear near Helwick Pyrola Alsines flore Brasiliana C. B. prod Winter green Chickweed of Brasil Found near Gisburgh in Cleveland as was attested to me by Mr. Lawson Ranunculus globosus Ger. Park parad flore globoso quibusdam Trollius flos J. B. montanus Aconiti folio flore globoso C. B. Indeed it ought rather to be entitled an Aconite or Wolfsbane with a Crowfoot flower The Globe-flower or Locker gowlons In the mountainous meadows and by the sides of the mountains and near water-courses plentifully Ribes vulgaris fructu rubro Ger. vulgaris acidus ruber J. B. fructu rubro Park Grossularia sylvestris rubra C. B. Red Currans In the woods in the northern part of this County about Greta-bridge c. Ribes Alpinus dulcis J. B. Sweet Mountain-Currans Found in this County by Mr. Dodsworth Rhodia radix omnium Autorum Telephium roseum rectius Rosewort On the rocks on the north-side of Ingleborough hill plentifully Rosa sylvestris pomifera major nostras Rosa pomifera major Park parad The greater English Apple-Rose In the mountainous parts of this County it is very frequent Rosmarinum sylvestre minus nostras Park Ledum palustre potiùs dicendum Wild Rosemary or Marsh Holy Rose On Mosses and moorish grounds Rubus saxatilis Ger. Alpinus saxatilis Park Alpinus humilis J. B. Chamaerubus saxatilis C. B. The stone-Bramble or Raspis On the sides of Ingleborough hill and other hills in the West-Riding Salix folio laureo seu lato glabro odorato Bay-leav'd sweet Willow In the mountainous parts of the West-Riding by the rivers and rivulets Salix pumila montana folio rotundo J. B. Round-leaved mountainous dwarf Willow On the rocks upon the top of Ingleborough hill on the north-side and on an hill called Whernside over against Ingleborough on the other side of the subterraneous river Sedum Alpinum ericoides caeruleum C. B. J. B. Mountain Sengreen with Heath-like leaves and large purple flowers On the uppermost rocks on the north-side of Ingleborough Sedum minus Alpinum luteum nostras Small yellow mountain-Sengreen On the sides of Ingleborough-hill about the rivers and springing waters on the north-side of the hill plentifully Sedum Alpinum trifido folio C. B. Alpinum laciniatis Ajugae foliis Park Sedis affinis trisulca Alpina flore albo J. B. Small mountain-Sengreen with jagged leaves On Ingleborough and many other hills in the north part of this County Sedum purpureum pratense J. B. minus palustre Ger arvense seu palustre flore rubente Park palustre subhirsutum purpureum C. B. Small Marsh-Sengreen On the moist Rocks about Ingleborough-hill as you go from the hill to Horton in Ribbles-dale in a ground where Peat is got in great plenty Sideritis arvensis latifolia hirsuta flore luteo Broad-leav'd rough Field-Ironwort with a large flower In the West-riding of Yorkshire about Sheffield Darfield Wakefield c. among the Corn plentifully Trachelium majus Belgarum Giant Throatwort Every where among the Mountains Thalictrum minus Ger. Park C. B. The lesser Meadow-rue Nothing more common on the Rocks about Malham and Wharfe Thlaspi foliis Globulariae J. B. montanum Glasti folio minus Park C. B. opp In the mountainous pastures going from Settle to Malham plentifully Thlaspi vel potiùs Leucoium sive Lunaria vasculo sublongo intorto Lunar Violet with an oblong wreathen cod On the sides of the Mountains Ingleborough and Hinckel-haugh in moist places and where waters spring Vaccinia Nubis Ger. Chamaemorus Clus Anglica Park item Cambro-britannica ejusdem Rubo Idaeo minori affinis Chamaemorus J. B. Chamaemorus folio Ribes Anglica C. B. Cloud-berries Knot-berries or Knout-berries This I found plentifully growing and bearing fruit on Hinckel-haugh near Settle I have found it also in Ingleborough and Pendle hills but not in
agger runs this way to Brovonacum by Aballaba mention'd in the Notitia the name whereof is to this day kept so entire that it plainly shews it to be the same and leaves no grounds for dispute k For instead of Aballaba Aballaba we call it at this day by a little contraction Apelby Apelby Nothing is memorable about it besides it's antiquity and situation for under the Romans it was the Station of the Mauri Aureliani and 't is seated in a pretty pleasant field and almost encompass'd with the river Eden d 'T is one of the best Corn-markets in these Northern parts But it is of so little resort and the buildings so mean that if Antiquity did not make it the chief town of the County and the Assizes e The Assizes are kept in the Town-hall and the Thieves in the Gaol at the bridge-bridge-end were not kept in the Castle which is the publick Gaol for Malefactors it would be but very little above a village l For all its beauty consists in one broad street which runs from north to south up an easie ascent at the head whereof the Castle rises up f It is not near surrounded but where the river comes not there are bulwarks and trenches standing with water almost entirely surrounded with the river At the lower end is the Church and a School built by Robert Langton and Miles Spencer Doctors of Law m the present worthy Master whereof is Reginald Bainbrigg a very learned Gentleman who courteously transcrib'd for me several ancient Inscriptions and has remov'd some into his own garden It was not without good reason that William of Newburrow call'd this place and Burgh spoken of before * Regias munitiones Royal Forts where he tells us that William King of Scots took them by surprise a little before he himself was taken at Alnewick Afterwards they were recover'd by King John who gave them to John de Veteri ponte or Vipont as a reward for his good services From hence the river posts forward to the northwest by Buley Castle belonging to the Bishop of Carlisle n and by Kirkby-Thore below which there appear the vast ruins of an old town where also Roman Coins are now and then dug up and not long ago this Inscription DEO BELATVCADRO LIB VOTV M. FECIT IOLVS Age has quite worn out the old name and g Dr. Gâ—â— in his Notes upon Nennius p. 133. thinks this conjecture well illustrated in an old MS. fragment in Sir John Cotton's Library which seems to intimate something of a quarrel betwixt Ambrosius and Geitolinus and his son Marchantus at Catguoloph This he fancies is the same that is now call'd Whâ—llâ—p or Whâ—llop-Castle in Westmorland and he believes the neighbouring ruins of Marchantoniby carrying such evident remains of Maâ—chantus a great support to his opinion But what if there should be no such place as Marchantoniby 'T is certain there 's no such thing appears at this day as the hanging-walls mention'd by Mr. Camden and 't is possible he might be abus'd in the story Besides I see no reason but Caâ—gâ—â—â—pâ— in one of the learned Doctor 's Appendices may be the same with either Catgabail Catgubail Catgualat or Catgublaum in the other and thâ—â—e are manifestly the names of men and not of places they call it at this day Wheallep-Castle Whellep-castle o If it might be done without offence to the Criticks in Antiquity I should say this was the Gallagum mention'd by Ptolemy and call'd by Antoninus Gallatum Gallatum Which conjecture as it agrees with the distances in the Itinerary so is it partly favour'd by the present name For such names as the Britains begun with Gall the English turn'd into Wall Thus Galena was call'd Wailing-ford Gall-Sever Wall of Sever c. This was without doubt a place of considerable note seeing an old causey commonly call'd Maiden-way Maiden-way runs almost directly from this place to Caer-Vorran near the Picts Wall along moorish hills and mountains for some 20 miles Upon this I am enclin'd to believe the old Stations and Mansions mention'd by Antoninus in his ninth Iter to have been setled tho' no one has pointed out the particular places p For indeed how should they when Time which consumes and destroys every thing has been as it were seeding upon them for so many ages Hard by at Crawdundale-waith there appear ditches rampires and great mounts of earth cast up among which was found this Roman Inscription transcrib'd for me by the abovemention'd Reginald Bainbrig School-master of Appleby It was cut in a rough sort of rock but the fore-part of it was worn away with age 5 Or thrust out by the root of a tree there growing VARRONIVS ECTVS LEG XX. V. V. AEL LVCANVS P. LEG II. AVG. C. i.e. as I read it Varronius Praefectus legionis vicesimae Valentis victricis Aelius Lucanus Praefectus legionis secundae Augustae castrametati sunt or some such thing q For the Legio Vicesima Valens Victrix which quarter'd at Deva or West-Chester as also the Legio secunda Augusta which quarter'd at Isca or Caer-Leon in Wales being both detach'd against the enemy in these parts seem to have fix'd here and to have pitch'd their camps for some time and 't is probable that the Officers in memory of it might engrave this in the rock r When this was done is hard to determine tho' to mark out the time these words were engraven in large characters and are still to be seen in a rock near it CN OCT. COT. COSS. But in the Consular Fasti I do not find that any two of that name were Consuls together s This observation however I have made that from the age of Severus to that of Gordian and after the Letter A in the Inscriptions found in this Island wants the cross-stroke and is engrav'd thus Λ. Λ 〈◊〉 Next Eden runs along not far from Howgil a castle of the Sandfords but the Roman military way runs directly west through Whinfeild a large park thick set with trees to Brovoniacum Wh 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the Nâ—â— is the 〈◊〉 as a Fâ—â— Bâ—ovonâ—cum 20 Italian miles but 17 English from Verterae as Antoninus has fix'd it He calls it also Brocovum as the Notitia Broconiacum from which we understand that the * 〈…〉 Company of the Defensores had their abode here Tho' Age has consum'd both it's buildings and splendour yet the name is preserv'd almost entire in Brougham Broughham as we call it at present Here the river Eimot which runs out of a large Lake and is for some space the border between this County and Cumberland receives the river Loder near the head whereof at Shap formerly Hepe a small Monastery built by Thomas Fitz Gospatrick son of Orm there is a Well which like Euripus ebbs and flows several times in a day t as also large stones in the form of Pyramids some of them 9 foot high and
the Bound-rod from Northumberland by the river Tweed running between them for about eight miles This river is one of the 3 that rise out of the same tract of hills Clide runs west towards Dumbarton Anand south towards Solway-sands and this east towards Berwick It is of a swift couâ—se environ'd with hills running through Tweedale-forest and Teviotdale before it go into the Ocean It 's current is above 50 miles in all which compass it hath only two bridges one at Peebles of 5 arches and another at Berwick of 15. It had one at Melross the pillars whereof are yet standing and another is intended at Kelso The length of this County is 20 miles from Lamberton to Ridpeth on the south-side and from Cockburns-path to Seeinghill-kirk on the north-side But take the length anglewise 't is from Lamberton to Lauclugh direct east and west 24 miles It 's breadth is about 14 miles whether you take it on the west-west-end south-end or middle of the Shire It is divided into three parts Mers â—â—â—s Lammermoor and Lauderdale The Mers is a pleasant low ground lying open to the influence of the sun and guarded from storms by Lammermoor So that the soil is fertil and affords great plenty of oats barley wheat pease c. with abundance of hay Lammermoor â—â—mmerâ—â—â—r is a great tract of hills on the north-side of the Shire above 16 miles in length and 6 at least in breadth abounding with moss and moor The west end of them for four miles together belongs to Lauderdale the rest of it eastward is almost equally parted between East-Lothian and Mers The peculiar use of this tract is pasturage in the summer time and the game it affords by the abundance of Partridge Moor-fowl Plover c. But the product of these parts is not reckoned so good as of others being generally sold at a lower rate Lauderdale â—â—uderâ—â—le is a tract of ground lying on each side of the water of Leider abounding with pleasant haughs green hills and some woods well stor'd also with corn and pasturage The Judicatories â—â—dicatoâ—â—â—â— in this Shire are 1. The Sherif-Court which sits at the town of Duns 2. The Commissariot which sits at Lawder 3. The Regality of Thirlstan belonging to the Earl of Lauderdale 4. The Regality of Preston and Forest of Dye belonging to the Marquiss of Douglas 5. The Lordship of Coldingham and Stewartry of March belonging to the Earl of Hume who is Sheriff and has his residence at Hirsell The more remarkable places besides those mentioned by our Author are Duns â—â—ns a burgh of Barony standing upon a rising ground in the midst of the Shire Every Wednesday it has a great market of Sheep Horses and Cows and is famous for being reputed the birth-place of Joannes Duns Scotus A Gentleman a Laird of that name is still there Eymouth â—â—mouth the only port in the Shire for shipping which was fortified by the French in Queen Mary's minority Ersilton â—â—silton or Earlstown famous for the birth of Thomas Lermouth called Thomas the Rymer Hume for the Castle now demolish'd Caldstream â—â—â—dâ—â—â—â—am a market town lying close upon Tweed Greenlaw â—â—â—enlaw a burgh of Barony with a weekly market Fouldon a large town Rosse â—â—â—se famous for it's harbour and plenty of fish Aton situate upon the water of Ey White-coat White-coat where is a harbour for herring-fishing About Bastenrig on the east-hand and the Moristons and Mellerstoun downs on the west they frequently take the Dotterel Dotterel a rare Fowl towards the latter end of April and beginning of May. d Next the Mers along the south of the Firth or Forth lies the country call'd LOTHIAN having Mers to the east part of Lammermoor and part of Lauderdale with the Forest and Tweedale to the south part of Clidsdale and Stirlingshire to the west and to the north the Firth or Forth It is in length from Cockburns-path in the east to the Shire of Clidsdale about 57 miles and where 't is broadest between 16 and 17 miles over To what our Author has said in commendation of it may be added it's number of Towns with seats of the Nobility and Gentry wherein it goes much beyond the rest of Scotland 'T is divided into 3 distinct Tracts call'd East-Lothian Mid-Lothian and West-Lothian East-Lothian East-Lothian or the Constabulary or Shire of Hadington so called from Hadington one of the three burghs-Royal and seat of the Courts is in length about 22 and in breadth about 12 miles bounded by the Firth on the north and east by a tract of hills called Lammermoor on the south and by Mid-Lothian on the West It abounds with corn of all sorts has good store of grass with some considerable woods as Prestmennan Colston Humbie and Ormestan and abundance of Coal and Lime-stone It has good store of Sheep especially towards the hills of Lammermoor and by west Lammerlaw and from the west part to the sea all along to the east it abounds with Conies It hath many Salt-pans wherein much white Salt is made and at New-Milns there is a considerable manufactory of broad-cloath The sea-coast is accommodated with many convenient harbours and has the advantage of several Fish-towns particularly at Dumbar and on the coast thereabout every year after Lammas there is a Herring-fishing where they take great numbers not only to serve the Inhabitants but also for exportation The first considerable place we meet with in this tract is Dunglas Dunglas a pleasant seat on the sea-coast which formerly belonged to the Earl of Hume but has now another owner In the time of the late Wars a garison was kept there by the Earl of Hadington for the Army who with 30 Knights and Gentlemen of the name of Hamilton besides several other considerable persons perished in the ruines of this house For it was designedly blown up in the year 1640 by Nathaniel Paris an Englishman one of his own servants while the Earl was reading a Letter in the Court which he had then received from the Army with all the Gentlemen about him Only four of the whole Company escaped who by the force of the powder were thrown to a great distance from the house 'T is now repaired and adorned by Sir John Hall the present possessor with curious Gardens spacious Courts and a large and pleasant Avenue They have here a Collegiate Church a goodly large building and vaulted but 't is now ruinous Along the Coast to Dunbar is a pleasant Country the most fruitful in the Kingdom especially in Wheat and Barley South-east of Dumbar a Burgh-royal in this Shire is Dunhill Dunhill memorable for the victory obtained Sept. 30. 1650. over the Scotch-Army under Lesly by a handful of men and those too but sickly under the command of Cromwell Which miscarriage if some ingenuous persons who were in the Action may be believed was rather owing to the treachery of some
High-street to serve the town with water There is here also a College of Justice which hath its Dean of faculty They try their Intrants or Candidates and have a Bibliotheque well furnished with Books of Law and History King Charles the second did likewise erect at Edinburg a College of Physicians giving them by a Patent under the Great Seal an ample Jurisdiction within this City and the Liberties thereof appointing the Judicatures to concur to the execution of their Decreets by a latter Grant they have the faculty of professing Physick They have their conferences once a month for the improvement of Medicine and have begun to erect a Library Near to this City is Leith a convenient harbour for Ships As this Country has at present several considerable Houses whereof Hawthornden is famous for its caves hewen out of the rock and Roslin for the * Vide Theatrâ—â— Scotiae stately Chapel so can it produce some remains of Antiquity For near the Town of Cramond at which Salmon and several other Fish are taken many stones have been dug up with Roman Inscriptions Also in the grounds of Inglistown belonging to Hugh Wallace were found not long ago two stones parts of a Pillar upon one of which is a Lawrel-Crown upon the other the longest of the two there is on each side the Roman Securis The name of the Emperor is broken off but by the progress of the Roman Arms described by Tacitus it appears to have been set up in the time of Julius Agricola's government And since only the Emperor's name is struck off and it appears that by order of the Senate the Statues and Inscriptions of Domitian were defaced one may probably conclude that 't was erected in honour of that Emperor What remains of it is this AVG. COS. IV. GERMANICVS PONTIFEX MAX. These Stones are to be seen in the Garden at Edinburgh belonging to Sir Robert Sibbalds Doctor of Physick Next the Antiquities * Scotia Ilustrat Cap. 10. p 24. that noted spring two miles south of Edinburgh deserves our notice The name of it is St. Catharine's-Well though 't is commonly call'd The Oily Well because it sends up along with the water an Oil or Balsom which swims upon it 'T is found by experience to be exceeding good not only for the cure of Scabs but likewise of any pains proceeding from cold as also for strengthening and putting life into any decaying part It has two Presbyteries Edinburg and Dalkeith f The Shire of LINLITHGOW call'd West-Lothian West-Lotâ—ian takes it's name from Linlithgow the head burgh and has on the north the Forth is divided from Mid-Lothian toawrds the south and east by the waters of Almond and Breichwater to the north-west it meeteth with part of Stirlingshire and to the west with part of Clidisdale 'T is in length 14 miles and in breadth about nine It affords great plenty of Coal Lime-stone and of White Salt and in the reign of King James 6. a Silver Mine was found in it out of which they got a great deal of Silver The Town of Linlithgow â—â—nlithâ—â—w mentioned by our Author * â—heatr â—â—â—â—ae is a Royal-burgh well built and is accommodated with Fountains that furnish water to the Inhabitants with a stately Town-house for the meeting of the Gentry and Citizens and with a harbour at Blackness But it 's greatest ornament is the King's house which stands upon a rising ground that runs almost into the middle of the Loch and looks like an Amphitheater having Terras-walks as it were and a descent from them but upon the top where the Castle stands it is a plain The Court has apartments like towers upon the four corners and in the midst of it a stately fountain adorned with several curious statues the water whereof rises to a good height The Levingstons Earls of this place are hereditary Keepers of it as they are also hereditary Bailifs of the King's Bailifry and hereditary Constables of the King's Castle of Blackness Near the Palace upon a level with it stands the Church a curious work of fine stone Nor ought we to omit Borrostoness â—â—â—â—â—stoâ—â—â—â— north from hence upon the sea-coast erected into a burgh of Regality by his Grace the Duke of Hamilton who hath in the neighbourhood his castle of Kineil of late adorned with large Parks and stately Avenues Torphichen â—â—â—phiâ—â—â—n to the south of Linlithgow deserves also our notice as being a burgh of Regality and once the residence of the Knights of Malta but now giveth the title of Lord to the chief of the name of Sandilands And Bathgate Bathgate the parish whereof is erected into a Sherifdom by it self And as the Towns so also some Houses of note require our mention Nidry-Castle Nidry southwest from Linlithgow upon a river the Manor of Sir Charles Hope who by these lands is hereditary Bailif of the Regality of Kirkliston and by the Barony of Abercorn is hereditary Sheriff of the Shire And north from thence Dundass Dundass formerly a fortification now adorned with parks and fine gardens wherein are many curious Plants by the care of that worthy Gentleman Mr. Patrick Murray the owner thereof who whilst he lived was the ornament of his Countrey From whence to the west between this and Linlithgow is the Bins Bins the residence of General Dolzâ—ll adorned by his Excellence with Avenues large Parks and fine Gardens After he had procured himself a lasting name in the Wars here it was that he fix'd his old Age and pleased himself with the culture of curious Flowers and Plants And upon the same coast Medop Medop the residence of the Earl of Linlithgow famous likewise for its fine Gardens which the father of the present Earl enclosed with high walls furnish'd with Orange-trees and such like curious Exoticks But from the present places to descend to those of Antiquity at the east end of the enclosure of the Kipps Kipps south from Linlithgow there is an ancient Altar of great stones unpolish'd so placed as each of them does support another and no one could stand without leaning upon another Hard by it there are several great stones set in a Circle and in the two adjacent hills the remains of old Camps with great heaps of stones and ancient Graves Some miles also to the west of Queens-Ferry upon the sea-coast is Abercorn-Castle Abercorn Castle near which place Bede tells us the Roman wall began One may trace it along towards Cariddin where a figured stone is to be seen and a gold Medal was found In a line parallel about a mile to the south of this there is a Village which still keeps the remains of the old wall being called Walltoun From the name and the artificial Mount cast up there one would believe it to be the very place which Bede calls Penvalltoun The track of the wall appears in several places between this and Kinweill and from thence to
Ocean to the North the country of Assint to the West Rosse to the South and the German sea to the East and South-east From West to East it is in length about 55 miles and in breadth from South to North 22 miles but taking in Strathnaver 33. The inhabitants of these parts are much given to hunting and will endure a great deal of labour and toil The shire affords white marble in some hills in the parish of Creigh plenty of iron-ore and some pearls They have coal free-stone lime-stone and good solate in abundance 't is said also that they find some silver and it is supposed that there is gold in Durinesse In several parts of the country they have much Salmon-fishing and are also well provided with other fishes Dornoch Dornâ—â—â— the chief Burgh of the shire is a Burgh-Royal standing between the rivers of Portnecouter and Unes Besides the Castle belonging to the Earl of Sutherland it has a Cathedral-Church being the seat of the Bishop of Cathnesse A little East of this town there is a monument like a Cross called the Thane or Earl's Cross Earâ—'s-cross and another beside Eubo called the King's Cross where one of the Kings or chief Commanders of the Danes is said to have been slain and buried Dunrobin Dunr mentioned by our Author the special residence of the Earl of Sutherland is seated upon a mote hard by the sea and is remarkable for its fine gardens In this country the days are very long in summer and during that season they have little or no dark night â—â—riv 'T is said that the river of Shin never freezes â—â—hnesse p CATHNESSE called also the shire of Wike to the South and South-west is divided from Sutherland by the Ord and a continued ridge of hills as far as the hill of Knook-finn Then along the course of the river of Hollowdail from the rise to the mouth of it and the mountains Drumna Hollowdale The same river is the bound between it and Strathnaver To the East it is washt with the Ocean to the North it hath Pen-Iland-Frith which divideth it from Orknay It s length from South to North is 35 miles its breadth about 20. The woods here are but few and small being rather Copices of birch In the forest of Moravins and Berridale there is great plenty of Red-deer and Roe-bucks They have good store of cows sheep goats and wild-fowl At Dennet there is lead at Old-wike copper and iron-ore in several places â—ron-â—â—â— The whole coast except the bays is high rocks so that they have a great number of promontories Sandsidehead at the west-West-end of Cathnesse pointing North to the opening of Pentland-Firth Holborn-head and Dinnet-head both pointing North to the Firth Duncans-bay-head which is the North-east point of Cathnesse where the Firth is but 12 miles over Near which is the ordinary ferry to Orknay called Duncan's-bay Noshead pointing North-east Clytheness pointing East Though Wick be a Royal Burgh Wick Thurso and the head Courts kept there yet Thurso only a Burgh of Barony is more populous where also the Judges reside It is a secure place for ships of any burthen to ride at being defended by Holburn-head In these parts there are many foundations of antient houses now ruinous supposed to have formerly belonged to the Picts Many obelisks also are erected here and there and in some places several of them together The Roman Wall in SCOTLAND THe first occasion of building the Roman Wall which now goes by the name of Graham's dike was given by Julius Agricola of whom Tacitus has left us this character Non alium Ducem opportunitates locorum sapientius elegisse That never a General used more discretion in the choice of places And here particularly he made good his claim to that piece of conduct for that Isthmus or neck of land upon which it was built is not above 16 miles over betwixt the rivers of Forth and Clyde So that having fortified that slip of ground with garisons the Enemies were as Tacitus has observed summoti velut in aliam Insulam But here we must not imagine that Agricola built a wall along this tract since neither Historians nor Inscriptions give us any reason to suspect it Tacitus only observes that this Angustum terrarum spatium Praesidiis firmabatur and we may be sure if there had been any thing of a wall in the case he would not have omitted the mention of it So that 't is probable he contented himself with placing garisons at such convenient distances as that the forces might easily draw together upon the first apprehension of danger Whether or no some of the Forts that are plac'd upon the wall were built by him at that time or by others afterwards is not certain however it seems probable that he built these following garisons 1. That which our Author calls from the Water of Caron which runs near it Coria Damniorum The neighbours thereabouts at this day call it Camelon not that 't is to be imagin'd this is the Camulodunum mentioned by Tacitus which is some hundreds of miles distant from hence but rather the Camunlodunum which Ptolemy makes a town of the Brigantes whom he placeth sub Iâ—lgovis Ottadinis ad utraque maria and sets the town in the 57th Degree of Latitude And indeed the Gadeni which we placed here were a tribe of the Brigantes that possess'd the country betwixt the Irish Sea and the Firth of Forth Camalodunum likewise is thought to import the Palace of the Prince and it may be gathered from History that this was the Palace of the Picts But by whomsoever it was built the remains of the fortification and the vestigia of the streets are yet to be seen and there is a Roman military way begins here and runs South In antient times it was wash'd by the sea which is confirm'd by an anchor discover'd near it within this hundred years As a farther confirmation of its antiquity they discover old Vaults and meet with several Roman Coins about it one particularly of brass about the bigness of a Half-crown with a Shield on one side and above it a Lion but the Impression on the other side is not legible Here it is that Ptolemy places the Legio Sexta Victrix and it seems to have been their head-quarters The Duni Pacis mention'd by our Author are very near it and just over against it on the North side of Carron-water is the Aedes Termini the figure whereof with a distinct description may be expected in Sir Robert Sibbalds's Scotia Antiqua 2. The second seems to have been some six miles distant to the North-west where the town of Sterling is now For besides that the narrowness of the river of Forth which hath now a bridge over it in this place required a garison there is upon a rock this Inscription IN EXCV AGIT LE. LEG Which sheweth that a Legion kept garison here 'T is most
be found out as in the isle of Sanda it flows two hours sooner on the west side than it does on the east side and in North Faira which lies betwixt Eda and Westra the sea ebbs nine hours and flows but three And at Hammoness in Sanda both ebb and flood runs one way except at the beginning of a quick stream when for two or three hours the flood runs south The sea here is very turbulent in a storm and as pleasant in a calm The tides are very swift and violent by reason of the multitude of the isles and narrowness of the passage for when all the rest of the sea is smooth these tides carry their waves and billows high The tides run with such violence that they cause a contrary motion in the sea adjoining to the land which they call Easter-birth or Wester-birth according to its course Yet notwithstanding all this rapidity of these tides and births the inhabitants daily almost travel from isle to isle about their several business in their little cockboats Whatever the ancients have written of the number of the isles of Orkney it 's certain there are but 26 at present inhabited viz. South Ronaldsha Swinnà Hoy Burra Lambholm Flotta Faira Cava Gramsey Mainland Copinsha Shapinsha Damsey Inhallo Stronsa Papa-Stronsa Sanda North Ronaldsha Eda Rousa-Wyre Gairsa Eglesha North-Faira Westra Papa Westra The rest of the isles are called Holms and are only used for pasturage all of them being separated from one another by some narrow streights where you may remark that the most of these names end in A or Ey which in the Teutonick Tongue signifieth water to shew that these isles are pieces of land surrounded with water They are of different natures some sandy some marish some abounding in moss and some that have none some mountainous and some plain Of these some are called the south isles and others the north-isles and that as they stand to the south or north of the greatest isle called the Mainland South Ronalsha is the Southermost of these Isles five miles long fertile in Corn and abounding with People To the South-east lye the Pightland-Skerries dangerous to Seamen but to the North is St. Margarets Hope a very safe Harbour for ships which has no difficulty in coming to it save a Rock in the midst of the Sound betwixt this Isle and Burra called Lippa From Burwick in this Isle is the usual ferry to Duncans-bay in Caithness A little separated from this to the South-west lyes Swinna a little Isle and only considerable for a part of Pightland Firth lying a little to the West of it called the Wells of Swinna which are two whirlpools in the sea occasioned as it is thought through some hiatus that is in the earth below that turn about with such a violence that if any boat or ship come within their reach they will whirl it about till it be swallowed up and drowned They are only dangerous in a dead Calm for if there be any wind and the boat under sail there is no danger to go over them If a boat happen to come near them in a Calm through the force of the tide the Boats-men take this way for their preservation they throw a barrel or oar or any thing that comes next to hand into the Wells and when it is swallowed up the sea remains smooth for a time for any boat to pass over Beyond this and to the West of South-Ronaldsha lyes Waes and Hoy thought to be the Dumna of Pliny which are but one Isle about 12 miles long full of high mountains and but thinly inhabited unless in Waes where the ground is more pleasant and fertile From Snel-setter there is the other ferry out of this country to Ham in Caithness Here are several good harbours Kirk-hope North-hope Ore-hope and others but not much frequented To the North of South Ronaldsha about a mile lyes Burra a pleasant little Isle fruitful of Corn and abounding with Rabbets Betwixt it and the Main-land is Lambholm and to the West toward Hoy-mouth lyes Flotta Faira Cava and Graâ—nsey all of them fruitful and pleasant Isles though they be not large Next to these is the Main-land called by the antients Pomona or Pomonia about 24 miles long and well inhabited About the middle of this Isle looking to the North stands Kirkwall the only town in all this country There are in it especially four excellent harbours for ships one at Kirkwall both large and safe without any danger of shoals or blind rocks as they come to it unless they come from the West by Inhallo and Gairsa another is at Deirsound which is a great bay and a very safe road for ships having good anchoring ground and capable to give shelter to the greatest Navies The third is at Grahamshall toward the East side of this Isle where is a convenient road but the ship that sails to it from the East would do well to keep betwixt Lambholm and the Main-land for the other way betwixt Lambholm and Burra which appears to them to be the only open is very shallow and dangerous even for small ships The fourth is at Kairston a small village at the West end of the Main-land where is a very safe and commodious harbour well fenced against all winds and weathers by two small Holms that stand at the entry To the East of the Main-land lyes Copinsha a little Isle but very conspicuous to sea-men in which and in several other places of this countrey are to be found in great plenty excellent stones for the game called Curling To the North-east of this Isle is a Holm called The horse of Copinsha To the North of the Main-land lye the North Isles the first of which is Shapinsha betwixt five and six miles long and hath a safe harbour for ships at Elwick Of an equal bigness to that toward the South-east lyes Stronsa which hath two convenient harbours one at Lingasound fenced with Linga-holm the other at Strynie fenced with a little pleasant Isle to the North of it called Papa-stronsa Beyond these toward the North at a pretty distance lyes Sanda of about 11 or 12 miles in length but very narrow well stored with Corn and Rabbets It hath two roads for ships one at Kitle-toft guarded by a little Holm called The Holm of Elness the other at Otterswick guarded by the most Northern Isle in all this country called North-Ronalsha which is a little fruitful Isle but both it and Sanda are destitute of moss-ground and are forced to bring their peits or turfs a great way off from the adjacent Isle Eda This Eda lyeth to the South east of Sanda thought to be the Ocetis of Ptolemy near five miles in length full of moss and hills and but thinly inhabited unless it be about the skirts of it it hath a safe road to the North called Calf-sound guarded by a large Holm called The Calf of Eda in which there is a good Salt Pan. Three miles to
Cassiterides because there are more than ten of them let him also reckon the Haebudes and the Orcades and if at the foot of his account he finds the number of the Haebudes neither more nor less than five and likewise of the Orcades than thirty as Ptolemy reckons them let him inquire somewhere else than where they are already supposed to be and I believe he 'll hardly find them by going this way to work For the truth on 't is the Ancient writers knew nothing certain of these remote parts and Islands no more than we of the Islands in the Streights of Magellan and the whole tract of New Guiney It is not to be thought strange that Herodotus knew nothing of them for he freely confesses that he had no certain knowledge of the remoter parts of Europe Yet Lead was first transported from this Island into Greece Lead says Pliny l. 8. Cap. de rerum Inventoribus was first brought hither from the Isle Cassiteris by Midacritus But for this matter let us hear Strabo towards the end of the third book of his Geography The Cassiterides are ten in number close to one another situated in the main sea north off from the port of the Artabri One of them is desert and unpeopled the rest are inhabited the people wear black cloaths and inner coats reaching down to their ankles girt about the breast and a staff in their hand like the furies in Tragedies They live by their cattle straggling up and down without any fixt or certain place to dwell in They have mines both of tinn and lead which commodities as also skins and furs they exchange to the merchants for earthen vessels salt and brasen works At first the Phaeâ—icianâ— only traded hither from Gades concealing these voyages from others The Romans to find out the place where they drove this trade made a certain master of a ship watch one of them but he run his ship into a shallow out of envy to prevent them and after he had brought them into the same danger escaped himself and received the worth of his cargo out of the common treasury in recompence However the Romans by many attempts at last found out this voyage Afterwards Publius Crassus having sail'd thither and seen them work these mines which were not very deep and that the people loved peace and navigation also at their leisure gave directions to all that would come hither though the sea they had to cross was wider than that between it and Britain But now for Silly About a hundred and forty five Islands go by this name all clad with grass and cover'd with greenish moss besides many hideous rocks and great stones above water plac'd in a kind of a circle about eight leagues from the utmost promontory in Cornwal Some of them afford pretty good corn but all are stock'd with rabbits cranes swans herons and sea-fowl The largest of them is that which takes its name from S. Mary 7 Having a town so named and is about eight miles in compass offereth a good harbour to Sailors in a sandy Bay wherein they may anchor at six seven and eight fathom but in the entry lye some rocks on either fine It hath had anciently a castle which hath yielded to the force of time But for the same Queen Elizabeth in the year 1593. when the Spaniards called in by the Leaguers of France began to nestle in Littâ—e Britain built a new castle with fair and strong ravelins and named the same Stella Maria in respect both of the ravelins which resemble the rays of a star and thâ— name of the Isle for defence whereof she there placed a garison under the command of Sir Francis Godâ—phâ—n where there is a castle and a garison These are those Islands which as Solinus says are sever'd from the coast of the Danmonii by a rough sea of two or three hours sail the Inhabitants whereof live according to the old custom They have no markets and money does not pass among them they give and take one thing for another and provide necessaries rather by commutation than by price or money They worship the Gods All both men and women pretend to the art of divination Eustathius out of Strabo calls the people herein Melanchlani because they wear long black coats as low as their ankle Sardus was perswaded that they lived as long as life could be desireable For in hopes of a better life they threw themselves from a rock into the sea which was certainly the opinion of the British Druides Hither the Roman Emperors us'd to send such as were condemn'd to the mines For Maximus the Emperor having pass'd sentence of death upon Priscillan for heresie Sulpâ—tâ—â—s Seâ—â—â—s commanded Instantius a Bishop of Spain and Tiberianus to be transported into the Silly-Islands and their goods to be confiscated so Marcus the Emperor banish'd one for pretending to prophesie at the time of the insurrection of Cassius and foretel things to come as if he were inspir'd into this Island as some imagine who would read it Sylia Insula for Syria Insula since Geographers know no such Island as Syria This Religation oâ—â—â—ansportation to foreign Islands was one kind of banishment in those days and the Governors of Provinces could banish in this manner Ulp. lib. 7. de Mathematâ—â—is in case their Province had any Islands appertaining to it if not they wrote to the Emperor to assign some Island for the Relegation Religation of the condemned party Neither was it lawful to transfer the body of the party thus exil'd to any other place for burying without the Emperor's permission We meet with nothing of these Islands no not so much as the name of them in any writers of the middle age but only that King Athelstan conquer'd them and after his return built the Church of S. Beriana or Buriena v. Cornwall p. 5. in the utmost promontory of Britain westward as soon as he landed Over against these on the coast of France just before the Osissimi or Britannia Armorica lies that which Pliny calls Axantos Axantos and retains the same name being now called Ushant Ushant Antoninus terms it Uxantissena which is a compound of the two names Uxantis and Sena For this is an Island somewhat lower which is now called Sayn directly over against Brest term'd in some copies Siambis Sâ—ambis and corruptly called Sounos by Pliny which from east to west for seven miles together is encompassed with rocks rather than Islands very close one to another As for this Sayn The Mariners call it the Seam take what Pomponius Mela has said of it Sena situated in the British sea over against the coast of the Osissimi is famous for the oracle of a French God whose priests are nine in number all under a vow of perpetual virginity The French men call them Zenae or Lenae for so I rather read it with Turnebus than Gallicenae and they think them