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Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	draw_v	line_n	require_v	1,461	5	9.1279	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A67083	Systema agriculturæ, the mystery of husbandry discovered treating of the several new and most advantagious ways of tilling, planting, sowing, manuring, ordering, improving of all sorts of gardens, orchards, meadows, pastures, corn-lands, woods & coppices, as also of fruits, corn, grain, pulse, new-hays, cattle, fowl, beasts, bees, silk-worms, &c. : with an account of the several instruments and engines used in this profession : to which is added Kalendarium rusticum, or, The husbandmans monthly directions, also the prognosticks of dearth, scarcity, plenty, sickness, heat, cold, frost, snow, winds, rain, hail, thunder, &c. and Dictionarium rusticum, or, The interpretation of rustick terms, the whole work being of great use and advantage to all that delight in that most noble practice.	Worlidge, John, fl. 1660-1698.	1675 (1675)	Wing W3599; ESTC R225414	330,040	361

the ground when you aim at your Game A short Digression concerning Decoy-Ponds Falling into this discourse concerning Water-fowl I cannot omit to give you some incouragement to prosecute this most ingrossing way of taking them by Decoys that which unless seen or known may seem incredible how a few subtil Fowl should be able to draw decoy or trapan such multitudes of their own Kinde into a known Snare and there leave them to their unfortunate ends such unnaturalness being not to be parallelled in any other Creature whatsoever They are a peculiar Species of that kinde of Fowl and are from the Egg trained up to come to hand The manner of doing it and the making of the Pond and the several apartments belonging unto it requires a skilful Artist and not Book-directions That they are of considerable advantage is not to be doubted there being many of them erected in the Maritime parts of this Kingdom the gain whereof is from the vast numbers of them taken in the Winter-time which are supplied from the more Northern Regions whence the Frost Ice and Snow banish them into the more Southern The Decoys flying abroad light into their company and soon become acquainted with them and allure them being strangers and they willing to follow them in hopes of good quarters are by these Decoys brought into the very place where they become sufficient reward to the owner of the Decoy and great supply to the adjacent Markets I may also subjoyn that in those Countries where the Wilde-Duck To finde Duck-Eggs breedeth you may go into the Fens Marshes or places with a Spaniel or other Beating-dog and where the Dog puts up any Duck or you otherwise finde a Nest with many Eggs in it in the Moneth of March before Sitting-time you may take them away out of the Nest with an Iron Ladle lest you handle or breathe on the Eggs and the Duck by your scent forsake her Nest leaving two or three in it to incourage her to lay again there which she will do it being their nature to lay till the Nest be full So once a week you may fetch them away taking the oldest away as near as you can Let the handle of your Ladle be of wood about two or three foot long that you may not go too near These Eggs may you set under your Hens or Ducks at home the encrease whereof are much to be preferred to the Eggs of tame Ducks only observe that if they have opportunity they will take their leave of you unless you have places secure for them to feed in for the Bird it is of the nature of the Egg and will be wilde when old enough to take wing or hath the opportunity of a Stream to carry it away But if you have conveniency to make you a Duck-house and Duck-ponds with convenient Receptacles for them to lay their Eggs in and secure their Brood they will never forsake you but make that place where they were bred their place of refuge and constant abode by day although they prey abroad in the night They will also much after the manner of the Decoys bring many to them in the Winter-time SECT VII Of taking Land-Fowl Those that are usually termed Land-Fowl are such that live and make their haunts generally in the Woods Fields Heaths c. as the Pheasant Partridge Poults Quails Rails Wood-pigeons Black-birds Throstles or Thrushes Field-fares Larks Wheat-ears c. all which are diversly taken and insnared The most part of them by the cunning and skill of the Fowler are shot with a Fowling-piece either perched by a Dog or otherwise or flying wherein many have a very excellent Faculty more rarely missing that way than perched which by practise may be easier attained unto than by any Rules or Precepts Any Fowl that gather together many in a flight may be taken Of taking Fowl by Day-Nets in Nets by day as Pigeons Larks Sparrows Crows Rooks c. and that either by baiting some place for them in their usual haunts or by laying the Net in such haunts and wheedling them in by a Stale or some other inticing way The manner of setting and placing such Draw-net you have before described only you must have the Mashes and the length and depth of your Net proportionable to the Game you designe to take If you place these Nets for Larks the season is from August Of taking Larks by Day-Nets to November the earlier you set them in the morning the better and the brighter the Sun and the milder the Air the better will your sport be The open plain and Champion-lands are the places for this sport especially on the Barley-edishes The only way to intice the Lark into your snare is to place in the middle of the Verge of your Net an Instrument made to move nimbly by plucking it with a small line or packthread to and fro on which should be fixed some pieces of Looking-glass that by the continual whirring motion of it the glittering of the Looking-glass by the reflection of the Sun in the eye of the Lark allureth her down to the Net especially if there be a Stale When one or two are in the compass of your Net let them alone until they attract more company to them Preserve some of them alive that you take for Stales But if you cannot conveniently get a live Stale shoot a Lark A dry Stale and draw out his Intrails and dry him in an Oven in his Feathers with a stick thrust through him to preserve him in a posture convenient This Stale may serve near as well as a living one Thus may you make Stales of any sorts of Birds and keep them by you without any daily charge or trouble as living Stales put you to There is another way of taking the timerous Lark by a Day-net Another way to take Larks by a Day-Net called Daring of Larks made in form of a Scoop-net that they usually take up Fish withal out of Stews which Net you must make of the finest thread or you may make a small Trammel-net to draw over them having either of these Nets ready then with a Hobby either dead or living or any other Hawk will serve indifferently well go into the Fields where Larks usually are about Harvest and beat them up with a Spaniel and observe where they pitch Then hold up your Hawk as high as you can the sight whereof will cause the Lark to crouch very close that you may cover her with either Net for she is so fearful of the Hobby that about this season preys on that Bird that she will suffer you almost to take her with your hand rather than adventure her self in the Air. This sport lasts till about Michaelmas at which time the Hobby leaves this Country or that Exercise and then the Lark is more confident If you cannot through want of time or skill accomplish To take Birds with the Low-Bell your ends in this Pleasure or

or expanded or more dense or contracted We shall not take any further notice of the nature of the Air in this place than it serves to our present intention which is only to demonstrate unto you that the Air is an absolute Body fluid and transparent and in several particulars like unto the water both being penetrable alike by their several Inhabitants the Fish with an equal facility piercing the waters as Fowls do the Air they are both Nutriments to their several Animals residing in them they both obstruct the Visual Faculty alike as they are more or less dense they are both subject to Expansion or Contraction but the Air more they are both subject to Undulation as they are fluid The Air is also capable to support great burdens as the vast quantities of water that flow over our heads in stormy or rainy weather which according to the rarity and density of the Air do gradatim diffuse themselves upon the Earth as is most evident in the more hot and Southerly Countries where the Air is more hot and thin there Rain falls with that violence as though it were water poured forth when in the more Northerly where the Air is more dense or gross it distils in minute drops as it were cribrated through the thick Air. We also may discern a manifest difference for in the warmer seasons of the year the Air being then most thin the Rain falls in greatest drops and in the colder seasons when the Air is more dense the Rain distils in smaller So that when the waters are above us or that Clouds or Floods of water are in being in the Air we have only to judge whether they incline towards us or that they are for some other place This rarity or density of the Air cannot be judged by the sight for it is usual when the Air it self is most rare then is it most repleat with vapours c. as water the more it is heated the less transparent it becomes Neither can it be judged by its weight as many do imagine and affirm from Fallacious Experiments for the Air is not ponderous in its own proper place no otherwise than water is in the Sea in its proper place although it be asserted by High-flown Philosophers and Learned Pens with whom it is besides our Primary intentions to contend in this place it being enough here to discover to our Country-Reader these mysterious Intricacies of Nature as they would have them esteemed by familiar Examples and Demonstrations For the true discovery of the nature and temper of the Air Of Thermometry or the Weather-glass as to its density or rarity we have not met with a more certain or compleat Invention than the Weather-glass the various and intricate Descriptions whereof we will not insist upon but take our Observations from the most plain and ordinary single Perpendicular-Glass being only as follows Procure at the Glass-house or elsewhere a Globular-glass with a Tube or Pipe thereto proportionable whereof there are many sizes but be sure let not the Head be too big nor the Pipe too long lest there be not rise enough in the Winter or fall enough in the Summer You must also have a small Glass or Vessel at the bottom that may contain water enough to fill the Tube or more Then having fixed them in some Frame made for that purpose heat the Globe of the Glass with a warm Cloth to rarifie the Air within it and then put the end of the Tube into the lower Vessel and it will attract the water more or less as you warmed the Head You may also add numbers on the Glass to shew you the degrees The water you may make blew with Roman-Vitriol boiled or red with Rose-leaves dry and imbibed in fair water wherein a little Oyl of Vitriol or Spirit of Salt is dropt With this water fill the under-Vessel which being rightly placed on the North-side of your house where the Sun rarely or never shineth against it and in a Room where you seldom make fire lest the sudden access of heat or accidental alteration of the Air might impede your Observations The Air included within the Globe or Ball of this Glass doth admit of Dilatation and Contraction equally with the Ambient Air that whensoever the Ambient Air is dilated or expanded either through the heat of the season or before the fall of Rain c. the Air in the Glass is the same and as by its Expansion it requires more room so doth it let the water in the Tube descend gradually and as it is more dense or contracted either through the coldness of the season or the serenity or inclinability to drought of the Ambient Air so also doth the Air within the Glass contract it self into a less compass and sucketh up the water in the Tube gradually as it condenseth or contracteth whence you may at any time exactly know the very degree of Rarity or Density of the Air Ambient by that which is included in the Glass and thereby inform your self what weather is most likely to succeed at any time Be sure to Quadrate or Contemporize your Observations or Numbers of Degrees with the season of the year for that Degree of Rarity that signifies Rain in the Winter may be such a Degree of Density that may signifie fair weather in the Summer The differences betwixt the highest rise and lowest fall in one day in the Summer is much more than in the Winter for you shall have a cold night and very serene Air which contracteth the Air in the Glass into a little Room after which usually succeeds a very hot day which dilateth it very much when in the Winter no such great difference happens in one day Yet in the Winter in several days will the difference be as great as in several Summer-days Although the Air appear serene and cold to your Senses yet trust not to that if the Glass signifie otherwise We shall not give you any sure Rule by which you may judge of the weather but leave it to your own observations that is draw on a paper a certain number of lines as many as you think fit as Musitians draw lines to prick their Tunes on at the end whereof as they place their Key so number your lines according to those numbers that are next unto the top of the water in the Tube of the Glass whether seven eight nine ten eleven twelve c. Over this Scale mark the day of the Month and point of the winde in the Scale make a dot or prick at what line or number the water in the Glass is at and by it the hour of the day and under it the inclination of the weather At night draw a line downright like the Musitians full time or note the next day mark as before until you know and understand the nature of your Glass and the place it stands in and the season of the year so that then you shall be able

it up in bundles in Bonds of a yard compass the Statute-measure you must stack it up or house it till you thrash out the Seed An Acre of Hemp may be worth unwrought from five to eight pound Value of Hemp. if wrought up to ten or twelve pound or more and is a very great succour to the poor the Hempen Harvest coming after other Harvests And then in the bad wet and Winter-seasons it affords continual employment to such also that are not capable of better But for the Method and right way of Watering Pilling Breaking Tewtawing c. I shall leave you to such that are experienced therein finding no certain Rules left us by our Rustick Authors This is also a very excellent Commodity and the Tilling and Flax. Ordering thereof a very good piece of Husbandry it will thrive in any good sound Land be it in what Country soever but that is best that hath layen long unploughed the best Land yields the best Flax and raises the greatest Improvement The Land must be well ploughed and laid flat and even and the Seed sown in a warm season about the middle or end of March or at farthest in the beginning of April If it should come a wet season it would require weeding The best Seed is that which comes from the East Countrey although Best Seed it cost dear yet it will easily repay the Charge and will last indifferent well two or three Crops then it 's best to renew it again Of the best Seed two Bushels may serve on an Acre but more of our English Seed because it groweth smaller You must be sure to sowe it on good Land because it robs the ground much and burneth it as anciently it was observed by Virgil Vrit enim lini Campum Seges but it liberally repayeth it You must be careful that it grow not till it be over-ripe nor to gather it before it be ripe the ripeness is best known by the Seed at the time let the Pluckers be nimble and tie it up in handfulls and set them up until they be perfectly dry and then house it An Acre of good Flax on the Ground may be worth if it be of Value of Flax the best Seed from seven to twelve pound yea far more but if it be wrought up fit to sell in the Market it may come to fifteen or twenty pound As for the Watering Drying Breaking and Tewtawing as we said before of Hemp we must refer to those that are better experienced therein SECT V. Of Woad c. This is a very rich Commodity and worthy to be taken notice of by the Husbandman it requires a very rich Land sound and warm saith Mr. Blith But I have seen it usually planted upon an ordinary Ground but warm and light and in good heart having long rested and but new broken up it robs Land much being long continued upon it yet moderately used it prepares Land for Corn abating the overmuch Fertility thereof and draws a different Juyce for what the Corn requires the Land must be finely ploughed and harrowed for this Seed whereof about four Bushels will sowe an Acre it must be finely harrowed and all Clots Stones Turfs c. picked away and laid on heaps as is usual in Woad-Lands then it is to be continually weeded till the Leaves cover the Ground and when the Leaves are grown fair and large then set to cutting and so throughout the Summer that you may have five or six Crops and sometimes but three in one year of Woad what grows in Winter Sheep will eat The time for sowing of Woad is in the middle and end of March. When it is cut it must be immediately carried to the Mill. The manner whereof with the right ordering of Woad and of all other necessary circumstances relating thereto is best learned of an experienced Workman which is easily obtained To take it in the very season is a fundamental Piece which is To know when it is full ripe when the Leaf is come to its full growth and retains its perfect colour and lively greenness then speedily cut it that it fade not nor wax pale before you have cut your Crop The two first Crops are the best which are usually mixed together in the seasoning the later Crops are much worse which if either are mixed with the former they mar the whole It is a Staple Commodity for the Dyers Trade and is very advantageous Profit of Woad to the Husbandman it more than doubleth the Rent of his Land sometimes it quadruples it it hath been sold from 6 l. to 30 l. the Tun. The planting and propagating whereof is esteemed another excellent Rape and Cole-Seed piece of Husbandry and Improvement for Land and more especially on Marsh-Land Fen-Land or newly recovered Sea-lands or any Land rank and fat whether Arable or Pasture The Cole-Seed is esteemed the best the biggest and fairest also that you can get let it be dry and of a clear colour like the best Onyon-Seed it is usually brought from Holland It is to be sown at or about Mid-summer you must have your Land ploughed very well and laid even and fine and then sowe it about a Gallon will sowe an Acre the Seed must be mixed with some other matter as before we directed about Clover-Grass Seed for the more even dispersing thereof When the one half of the Seed begins to look brown it 's time to reap it which must be done as you usually do Wheat and lay it two or three handfuls together till it be dry and that through-dry too which will be near a fortnight ere it be dry enough it must not be turned nor touched if it be possible lest you shed the Seed it must be gathered on Sheets or large Sayl-clothes and so carried into the Barn or Floor very large to be immediately thrashed out The main Benefit is in the Seed If it be good it will bear five Profit thereof quarters on an Acre and is worth usually four shillings the Bushel sometimes more and sometimes less the greater your parcel is the better price you will have It is used to make Oyl thereof it thrives best on moist Land it cannot be too rank it fits the Land for Corn c. Thus far hath Mr. Blith delivered little else is written of this Seed therefore we leave it to the more experienced persons Although this be a Plant usually nourisht in Gardens and be Turneps properly a Garden-Plant yet it is to the very great Advantage of the Husbandman sown in his Fields in several forein places and also in some parts of England not only for Culinary uses as about London and other great Towns and Cities but also for Food for Cattle as Cows Swine c. They delight in a warm mellow and light Land rather sandy than otherwise not coveting a rich Mould The Ground must be finely ploughed and harrowed and then the Seed sown and raked in with

Shoulder or Whip-graffing somewhat later than the other and seems to be of later invention because it is not so generally taught and used as the former is Shoulder or Whip-graffing and may be done two ways First by cutting off the head of the Stock and smooth First way it as in Cleft-graffing then cut the Graff from a Knot or Bud on one side sloping about an inch and a half long with a shouldring but not deep that it may rest on the top of the Stock The Graff must be cut from the shouldring smooth and even sloping by degrees that the lower end be thin place the shoulder on the head of the Stock and mark the length of the cut part of the Graff and with your knife cut away so much of the Stock as the Graff did cover but not any of the wood of the Stock place both together that the cut parts of both may joyn and the Saps unite the one in the other and binde them close together and defend them from the Rain with tempered Clay or Wax as before The other way of this Whip-graffing is where the Graffs and The second way Stocks are of an equal size the Stock must be cut sloping upwards from the one side to the other and the Graff after the same manner from the shoulder downwards that the Graff may exactly joyn with the Stock in every part and so binde and clay or wax them as before These especially the first way of Whip-graffing are accounted the best 1. Because you need not wait the growing of your Stocks for Cleft-graffing requires greater Stocks than those ways 2. This way injureth less the Stock and Graff than the other 3. The wound is sooner healed and thereby better defended from the injury of the Weather which the Cleft-stock is incident unto 4. This way is more facile both to be learned and performed The fourth way of Graffing is by Approach or Ablactation Graffing by Approach and this is performed later than the former ways to wit about the Moneth of April according to the state of the Spring It is to be done where the Stock you intend to Graff on and the Tree from which you take your Graff stand so near together that they may be conjoyned then take the Sprig or Branch you intend to Graff and pare away about three inches in length of the Rinde and Wood near unto the very Pith cut also the Stock or Branch on which you intend to Graff the same after the same manner that they may evenly joyn each to other and that the Saps may meet and so bind them and cover them with Clay or Wax as before As soon as you perceive the Graff and Stock to unite and be incorporated together cut off the head of the Stocks hitherto left on four inches above the binding and in March following the remaining stub also and the Cion or Graff underneath and close to the grafted place that it may subsist by the Stock only Some use to cut off the head of the Stock at first and then joyn the Cion thereunto after the manner of Shoulder-grafting differing only in not severing the Cion from its own Stock Both ways are good but the first more successful This manner of Grafting is principally used in such Plants that are not apt to take any other way as Oranges Lemons Pomgranats Vines Gessamins Althea-frutex and such like By this way also may attempts be made to Graff Trees of different kinds one on the other as Fruit-bearing Trees on those that bear not and Flower-trees on Fruit-trees and such like I have also by this inverted the top of a Cion downwards into the Stock which hath taken and afterwards cut off the Graff three or four buds above the Stock which grew although but slowly by means of the Sap being forced against its usual Current These are the most usual ways of Grafting some other there are but they differ so little from the former and where they differ it s rather for the worse and therefore not worthy the mentioning Those Graffs that are bound you must observe to unbinde them towards Mid-summer lest the Band injures them Where their heads are so great that they are subject to the violence of the Winds it 's good to preserve them by tying a stick to the Stock which may extend to the top of the Graff to which you may binde the Graff The first year the best thriving Graffs are most in danger afterwards they rarely suffer by the Winds Graffs are also subject to be injured by Birds which may be prevented by binding some small Bushes about the tops of the Stocks There is another way of Graffing lately invented which is by A new way of Graffing taking a Graft or Sprig of the Tree you designe to propagate and a small piece of the Root of another Tree of the same kinde or very near it and Whip-graft them together and binde them well and plant this Tree where you intend it shall stand or in a Nursery which piece of root will draw sap and feed the Graft as doth the Stock after the other ways You must observe to unite the two butt-Butt-ends of the Graff and Root and that the rinde of the Root joyn to the rinde of the Graft By this means the Roots of one Crab-stock or Apple-stock will serve you for 20 or 30 Apple-grafts And in like manner of a Cherry or Merry-stock for as many Cherry-grafts and so of Pears Plums c. Thus may you also raise a Nursery of Fruit-trees instead of Stocks by planting them there when they are too small to be planted abroad where they are subject to prejudice This way more than any other is best for the raising of tender Trees that will hardly endure the Grafting in the Stock for here they are not exposed to the injuries of Sun Wind or Rain It is also probable that Fruits may be meliorated by Grafting them on Roots of a different kinde because they are more apt to take this way than any other The Trees thus Grafted will bear sooner and be more easily Dwarfed than any other because part of the very Graft is within the ground which being taken off from a bearing sprig or branch will blossom and bear suddenly in case the Root be able to maintain it The only Objection against this way is this that the young Tree grows slowly at the first which is occasioned by the smalness of the Root that feeds the Graff for in all Trees the Head must attend the encrease of the Root from whence it hath its nourishment Nevertheless this work is easily performed Roots being more plentiful than Stocks and may be done in great quantities in a little time within doors and then planted very easily with a slender Dibble in your Nursery and will in time infinitely recompence your pains SECT VI. Of the Time and Manner of Inoculation Next unto Graffing Inoculation takes place by some preferred before any

facility from Layers Slips or Suckers than from Graffing Inoculation or from the Seed and such are Codlings Gennet-Moyls Quinces Filberds Vines Figs Mulberries Goosberries Currans and Barberries The Kentish Codling is very easily propagated by slips or Codlings suckers and is of so good a nature as to thrive being set very near that they make a very ornamental hedge which will bear plentifully and make a most pleasant prospect the fruit whereof besides the ordinary way of stewing baking c. being very early makes a delicate Cider for the first drinking These Trees ought not to be topt or plashed as is usual they growing tall and handsom which if topt decay and grow stubby and unpleasant neither do they bear so well The Gennet-Moyl-Tree will be propagated by Slips or Cions Gennet-Moyls as is the Codling but is not so apt to grow in a hedge as the other Both of them bear sooner if grafted as other Apples are The manner of raising the Quince we have already discoursed Quinces where we treated of raising Stocks to Graff on Filberds are generally drawn as Suckers from the old Trees Filberds and will prosper very well and sooner come to be Trees than from the Nut. Any shoot of the last year more especially if a short piece of The Vine the former years growth be cut with it will grow being laid about a foot or eighteen inches within the ground long-ways and not above two or three Buds at most out of the ground about the moneth of February and watred well in the drought of Summer The Fig-tree yieldeth Suckers which is the usual way to multiply Figs. them The Mulberry is a very difficult Tree to raise and is best done Mulberries thus Cut a Bough off as big as a mans Arm and cut it in pieces a yard long or less lay all these in the ground a foot deep only one end out of the ground about a hands breadth let it be in fat and moist ground or usually watred and after a year or two divers young Springs may be drawn with Roots and planted at a distance and the old Roots will yet send out more These three kinds of Fruits yield such plenty of Suckers that Gooseberries Currans and Barberries To lay the Branches of Trees you never need doubt of a supply But if you desire Plants from the same or any other sorts of precious Fruits or Plants and where you cannot obtain Suckers from the Roots and where the branches will not easily take root being separated from the Tree you may obtain your desire by bending down some branch of the Tree to the ground and with a hooked stick thrust into the ground stay the same in its place and cover the same branch with good Earth as thick as you shall think fit and keep the same well watred or if you cannot bring the branch to the Earth you may have some Earthen pot Basket or such like with a hole in the bottom and fasten the same to the wall if against a wall or on some Post or Stake Put the Sprig or Branch you intend to plant through at the hole and fill the same with good Earth and water it often as before Some prick the Rinde that is in the Earth full of holes that it may the better issue thereout small Roots others advise to cut away the Bark This may be done in the Spring from March to May and the Plant will be fit to cut off below the Earth the Winter following By this means you may obtain the Plants of Vines Mulberries or any manner of choice Fruits or Plants SECT IX Of the Transplanting of Trees The best and most successful time for the transplanting or removing 1 The time to transplant of Trees such that shed their leaves in the Winter whether they are the young Stocks or new Graffed Trees or of longer standing is in the Autumnal Quarter when the Trees have done growing about the end of September you may begin the prime time is about the middle of October You may continue till the Tree begins to bud if the weather be open Be careful in taking up the Plants that requiring great care of 2 The manner of transplanting the Remover See the Roots be left on as much as may especially the spreading Roots and let the Roots be larger than the head the more ways they spread the better but you may take away such Roots as run downwards Also take off the leaves if any lest they weaken the Branches by extracting the Sap. The younger and lesser the Tree is the more likely he is to thrive and prosper because he suffers less injury by the removal than an older or greater Tree And an Orchard of young Trees will soon overtake another planted with larger Trees at the same time Plant not too deep for the Over-turf is always richer than the next Mould And in such places where the Land is Clayish over-moist or Spewy plant as near the Surface as you can or above it and raise the Earth about the Tree rather than set the Tree in the wet or Clay The same Rule observe in Gravelly or Chalky Land for the Roots will seek their way downwards but rarely upwards That I have known Trees planted too deep pine away and come to nothing This Rule observed many places may be made fruitful Orchards that now are judged impossible or not worth ones while In the transplanting of your young Trees you may Prune as well the branches as the roots taking away the tops of the branches of Apples and Pears but not of Plums Cherries nor of Wall-nuts The Coast also is necessary to be observed especially if the Tree be of any considerable bigness that the same side may stand South that was South before the Tree will thrive the better Although in small Trees it be not much observed yet it might prove none of the least helps to its growth and thriving The most facile way to preserve the memory of its scituation is to mark the South or North side of the Plant with Oker Chalk or such like before you remove it It is not a small check to a Plant to be removed out of a warm Nursery into the open Field where the Northern and Eastern Winds predominate or its shelter to be removed as by the cutting down of Hedges and other Trees that formerly defended them It is also very necessary to be observed that the ground into which you plant your Tree be of a higher and richer Mould than from whence you removed it if you expect your Tree to thrive the change of Soyls or Pastures from the worser to the better being of very high concernment for the improvement and advance of all Vegetables and Animals These and several other the like Observations if they can be observed will much advantage the growth of your Tree for the first year or two but if place and time and other accidents

of your Hops and poling them the directing and binding them to the Poles the watering and making up the hills throughout the Summer seems to be a tedious task requiring daily attendance But without these Labours little is to be gotten which makes this Plantation so little made use of in some places yet he that is diligent and understands his business is so highly requited for his care cost and industry that an Acre or two of ground so managed by one or two persons shall redound one year with another to more advantage than fifty Acres of Arable-Land where there is much more time cost and expence bestowed on it Towards the end of July hops blow and about the beginning When Hops blow bell and ripen of August they bell and are sometimes ripe in forward years at the end of August but commonly at the beginning of September At such time as the hop begins to change his colour and look a When to gather Hops and the ●anner how little brownish or that they are easily pulled to pieces or that the Seeds begin to change their colour towards a brown and they smell fragrantly you may conclude them to be ripe and procure what help is necessary for a quick dispatch to gather them before they shatter one windy day or night may otherwise do you much injury The manner usually prescribed for the gathering of hops is to take down four hills standing together in the midst of your Garden cut the roots even with the ground lay it level and throw water on it tread it and sweep it so shall it be a fair Floor whereon the hops must lie to be picked On the outside of this Floor are the Pickers to sit and pick them into Baskets the hops being stript off the Poles and brought into the Floor Some there are that sit dispersedly and pick them into Baskets after they are stript off the Poles Remember always to clear your Floor twice or thrice every day and sweep it clean every such time before you go to work again In these ways of picking it is necessary that the Poles be streight without forks scrags or knobs But the best and most expeditious way is to make a Frame with four short Poles or Sticks laid on four Forks driven into the ground of that breadth to contain either the hair of your Oost or Kiln or a Blanket tacked round the same about the edges on which Frame you may lay your Poles with the hops on them either supported with Forks or with the edges of the Frame the Pickers may stand on each side and pick into it When the Blanket or hair is full untack it carry it away and place another or the same emptied in the same Frame again every day you may remove your Frame with little trouble to some new place of your Garden near your work This way is found to be most convenient expeditious and advantagious for it saves the labour of stripping the Hops off the Poles Also any forked or scraggy Poles which are best for the Hop prove no impediment to this way of Picking It preserves the hops from briting or shedding which by stripping off the Poles and wrapping them up in bundles to carry up and down they are apt to do Also this way they may pick them clean off the Poles as they hang without tumbling and tearing which causes much filth to mix with the Hops besides the spoiling and loss of many Hops and being thus picked over your Frame if the Hops be never so ripe and subject to shatter all is preserved The Pickers may this way also make more expedition than the other the Hops hanging in view as they grew on the Poles Before you draw your Poles with a sharp hook fixed at the end of a long stale or pole divide the Hops above where they grow together with other Poles then ought you to cut the Hops not as is usually prescribed and practised close at the hills but about two or three foot above the hills else will the Hop bleed much of his strength away This hath been found to be a great strengthner of weak Hops the other a weakner to all Then draw your Poles which in case they are so far or fast in the ground that you cannot raise them without breaking of them you must get a pair of Tongs made like unto a Blacksmiths Tongs only stronger and toothed at the end with which Tongs you may beclip the Pole at the bottom and resting the joynt thereof on a block of wood you may weigh up the Pole without trouble or danger of breaking the Pole or for cheapness sake you may have a wooden Leaver forked at the end in which Fork fix two sides of sharp and toothed iron which put to the Pole and on a block of wood as before you may heave up the Pole by the strength of your right hand whilest you pull the pole to you with your left Cut no more stalks nor draw no more than you can conveniently dispatch in an hour or two in case the weather be very hot or it be likely to rain If your Hop-garden be large it were worth your cost and pains to raise in the midst thereof a Shed or suchlike house on four or six main forks or posts and Thatched over under which shelter you may pick your Hops which will both defend your pickers from the Sun and your Hops from the Sun and storms Herein also may you lay a parcel of Hops unpicked over-night that your pickers may to work in the next morning before the Dew be off the other that are abroad or in case a storm comes you may lay in here enough to serve till the other are dry again Under this shelter also may your Poles lie dry all the Winter Let not your hops be wet when you gather them but if the Dew be on them or a Showre hath taken them shake the Pole and they will be dry the sooner If your hops be over-ripe they will be apt to shed their seed wherein consisteth the chiefest strength of the hop Also they will not look so green but somewhat brown which much diminisheth the value of them yet some let them stand as long as they can because they waste less in the drying four pounds of undried Hops through ripe will make one of dry and five pounds of Hops scarcely ripe yet in their prime makes but one So they judge they get more in the through-ripe Hop by the weight than they loose in the colour There are also two sorts of Hops the green and the brown the one yielding a better colour by much when they are dry the other bears larger and a greater quantity of Hops which is rather to be preferred In the picking keep them as clean as you can from leaves and stalks which will damage you more in the sale than they will advantage you in the weight As fast as you pick them dry them for their lying

being useful at his Cart and Plough the Cow yielding great store of Provision both for the Family and the Market and both a very great advantage to the support of the Trade of the Kingdom Concerning their form nature and choice I need say little every Countryman almost understanding how to deal for them The best sort is the large Dutch Cow that brings two Calves at one Birth and gives ordinarily two Gallons of Milk at one Meal As for their breeding rearing breaking curing of their Diseases and other ordering of them and of Milk Butter and Cheese c. I refer you to such Authors that do more largely handle that Subject than this place will admit of Next unto these the Sheep deserves the chiefest place and is Of Sheep by some preferred before any other for the great profit and advantage they bring to Mankinde both for Food and Apparel Whereof there are divers sorts some bearing much finer Wooll than others as the Herefordshire-Sheep about Leicester bear the fairest Fleeces of any in England Also they are of several kinds as to their proportion some are very small others larger But the Dutch-sheep are the largest of all being much bigger than any I have seen in England and Yearly bear two or three Lambs at a time It is also reported that they sometimes bear Lambs twice in the Year It may doubtless be of very good advantage to obtain of those kindes and also of Spanish-sheep that bear such fine Fleeces As for their breeding curing and ordering I refer you as before to such Authors that have largely treated of them This Beast is also of a very considerable advantage to the Of Swine Husbandman the Flesh being a principal support to his Family yielding more dainty Dishes and variety of Meat than any other Beast whatsoever considering them as Pig Pork Bacon Brawn with the different sorts of Offal belonging to them Also they are of the coursest Feed of any Creature whatsoever being content with any thing that 's Edible so they have their fill for they are impatient of hunger It is a great neglect that they are no more bred and kept than they are their Food being obtained at so easie a rate Besides the Offal of Corn Whey and other Culinary Provision it cannot but prove a very considerable advantage to sow or plant Land on purpose with Coleworts Kidney-beans and several other gross thriving Pulses Plants and Roots whereby you may not only raise a considerable stock of them to your great gain and profit if old Tusser said true And yet by the Yeat have I proved e'te now As good to the Purse is a Sow as a Cow but also by their Treading and Batling in case they be kept in a Court made several for that purpose they will convert all such Vegetables they eat not into excellent Soil If they are suffered to run abroad they waste their flesh much therefore it is esteemed the most frugal and beneficial-way to keep them always penned into some Court both for their flesh and soil These are kept in some places for advantage being a very Of Goats course Feeder The Kids are esteemed good Meat their Hair also is of use to make Ropes and other things it never rots in the water The best sort of them breeds twice in the Year they are usually kept in Stables where many Horses are to preserve them from several Epidemical Diseases The Milk of Goats is esteemed the greatest Nourisher of all liquid things whereon we feed except Womans Milk and the most comfortable to the stomack from whence the Poets feign that their God Jupiter himself was nourished with Goats-milk They crop and are injurious to young Trees therefore are to be kept with much caution Although they are not esteemed amongst the number of profitable Of Dogs Cattle yet are they very necessary servants and the most observant and affectionate of all Beasts whatever to Mankinde Their love even to the loss of their lives in defence of their Master his Cattle Goods c. their officiousness in Hunting and seeking after all sorts of Prey or Game are so commonly known and so frequently made use of that it 's needless to tell you so Only that they are of different sorts and natures some as a Guard to defend your House and Goods others as Shepherds to defend your Sheep and Cattle others as Jaccals or Watchmen always wakeful to rouze up the heavy Mastiffs whereof some are for the Bear others for the Bull. Some Dogs also are for the Game as for the Stag Buck Fox Hare Coney Pollcat Otter Weesel Mole c. Also for the Duck Pheasant Partridge Quayl Moor-hens and several other sorts of Land and Water-fowl Others also are kept for their Beauty Shape and Proportion and for their docible Nature being apt to Dance and perform several other Acts of Activity c. Besides the wilde which are very profitable in Warrens tame Coneys Coneys may be kept to a very great advantage either in Hutches or in Pits which is much to be preferred These Pits are sunk about six or seven foot deep in a good light Mould or in Chalk or Sand they delight most These are to be made round or square and walled with Stone or Brick to preserve the Earth from foundring in leaving places on the sides for the Coneys to draw and make their Stops or Buries At the one end or side make a hollow place for the Buck to rest in chaining him to a small stump that he may have liberty to go to the Rack to feed and to his Den to rest On the other side or end let the places be left for the Does to make their stops in About the middle of the Pit may you place the Rack to feed them in the Buck on the one side and the Does on the other In a Pit of about ten foot square may be kept two or three Does besides the Buck which will bring each of them about fifty or more Young ones in a year sometimes seventy or eighty When they are about a Moneth old you may take them out of the Pit and either spend them or feed them in another Pit or place made for that purpose Their Food is for the most part Greens growing in and about your Gardens as Carrots and their Greens Coleworts Sowthistles Malloes Dandilion Saxifrage Parsley Grass and many other Also Hay Bran Grains Oats c. They ought to be constantly fed and cleansed and great care taken to keep them from Cats Pollcats c. If you have much Garden-ground and a good soil free from Water Clay or Stone for them to breed in they will thrive exceedingly and doubly repay your care and trouble By feeding them with dry Meat between whiles in the Winter-season it preserves them from the Rot which in moist weather they are subject unto but if you feed them much with dry Meat you must set them water otherwise not The

to Angle for them SECT III. Of Angling for Salmon and Trout The Salmon and Trout are Fish much of a Complexion and Nature different in their seasons from other Fish The way of Angling for them is much after the same manner The Salmon biteth best in the Summer-moneths about three Salmon of the Clock in the afternoon He keeps not to one haunt but swims generally in the deepest and broadest parts of the River near the ground and is caught with Worm Fly or Minnow The Garden-worm is an excellent bait for a Salmon if kept in Moss about twenty days which will scoure them and make them tough and clear You may also troul for a Salmon as you do for a Pike with a Trouling-rod and line Your Artificial Flies for a Salmon must be larger than for a Trout and the wings and tail long In Angling for a Salmon at ground put two or three Worms at a time on the Hook and give him time to gorge the bait The Trout is also taken with Worm Minnow or Fly To Trout fish for them in the night which is the best time for the great Trouts take two great Worms of equal length and put them on your Hook cast them at a good distance from you and draw them to you again on the top of the water not letting them sink and give the Trout time to gorge his bait Instead of these Worms you may use a black Snail or a piece of black Velvet which is as well They bite in the night best in the still Deeps but then unusually in the Streams If you bait with a Minnow you must place it so on the Hook that the Minnow must run round as you draw it towards you and to that end you must have a Swivel on your line lest the running round of the Minnow over-twist your Line The same may you do for a Salmon or Pike If you bait with Flies or Palmers Natural or Artificial be sure to observe the season what Palmer or Fly they most delight in at that time that take or imitate it as near as you can SECT IV. Of Angling for the Pike and Pearch These are two sorts of white Fish that Spawn in the Spring early and are greedy Fish of Prey especially the Pike which will prey on its own Kinde You may take the Pike by hanging your Line to a Tree on the Pike side of the River with a living bait on the Hook as a Minnow Dace Roach or yellow Frog but let not the Line hang at the full length but contracted into a cleft stick that when the Pike bites he may easily draw it out and have time and scope enough to pouch his bait Or you may Trowl for him which must be with a very long Line wound up at the handle of your Rod on a small Winch or Windlace and at the top of the Rod which is stubbed the Line must go through a Ring that when the Fish hath taken the bait he may by your letting him have Line enough gorge his bait and hang himself Your Line must be strong and armed with small Wire next the Hook about seven or eight inches You may Fish at Snap with him as with other Fish if you please but your Tackling must be very strong A Pike bites at all baits except the Fly and bites best at three in the Afternoon in clear water with a gentle Gale from Midsummer to the end of Autumn In Winter he bites all day long In the Spring he bites in the Morning and Evening The best time to take the Perch is when the Spring is far Perch spent for then you may take all near you at one standing His baits are the Minnow little Frog or a small Worm He bites well all the day in cloudy weather but chiefly from eight to ten and from three to six He also bites at almost any bait SECT V. Of Angling for standing water or Pond-fish The Fish that are most usual in standing waters or Fish-ponds are the Carp and the Tench Some there are that are common to both as the Bream Dace Roach Eel and Perch Angling for Pond-fish is the most easie of any way and where there are a good stock much sport there is The Carp is the best of all fresh-water Fish and will live the Carp longest except the Eel out of the water This Fish is very subtil and biteth but seldom and that in warm weather cloudy early in the morning or late in the evening The baits for a Carp are either Worms or Pasts A Paste made up of Bean-flower Honey and a little Assafetida hath proved very well Others have prescribed Bean-flower mingled with the flesh of a Cat cut small and beaten very well in a Mortar with Honey so long till the whole is so tough to hang on a Hook without washing off A little Wooll added in the making of it up will make it hold the better Gentles anointed with Honey and put on the Hook with a piece of Scarlet dipt in the same is esteemed the best of all baits for the Carp The Tench for his sliminess accounted the Physitian of Tench Fishes delights only in standing waters and especially amongst Weeds Flags c. In the hottest weather early and late and all the night this Fish delights most to bite He delights in the same baits as doth the Carp The stronger the Pasts are of Assafetida or other Gums or Oyls the sooner he will bite The Dace is commonly a River-fish yet doth very well in Dace Fish-ponds if any think it worth their costs and pains to keep them there But in either place the best baits for them are flies whereof they affect the Ant-fly above the rest For ground-baits the Grub that is found in plowed grounds Gentles and the young brood of Wasps or suchlike are very good Small Worms Pasts and suchlike they will not refuse The Roach is much of the same nature as is the Dace but Roach more usual in standing waters than the other Worms and other ground-baits are most proper for them Though the Bream be found in some Rivers yet is most usual Bream and best in Ponds or standing waters The best time for Angling for them is from the end of July until Autumn for in June and beginning of July they Spawn and are not in their season The best bait for them is the Red Worm that usually lies at the root of the Dock They also bite at Pasts Wasps Flies Grashoppers c. As for the Perch you have directions before concerning the taking of him in Rivers the same will serve in Ponds The Eel is a Fish that delights in obscure places whilest any Eels light either of the Sun or Moon appears being a sweet Fish and a prey to Fowl as well as Fish but in the night time and the darker the night the better This Fish wanders abroad out of her lurking places and preys on any

feed on To Burn-beat or burn the Bait. Vide Denshire Bulchin a Calf Bullimony a mixture of several sorts of Grain Bushel in some places it is taken for two Strike or two Bushels and sometimes for more C ACartwright one that makes Carts Waggons c. To Cave or Chave is with a large Rake or suchlike Instrument to divide the greater from the lesser as the larger Chaff from the Corn or smaller Chaff Also larger coals from the lesser Ceres the Goddess of Corn Seeds and Tillage Also the Title of one of the Books of Mr. Rea treating of Seeds Chaff the Refuse or Dust in winnowing of Corn. Champion Lands not inclosed or large Fields Downs or places without Woods or Hedges Cheese-lip the Bag wherein Housewifes prepare and keep their Runnet or Rennet for their Cheese Chitting the Seed is said to chit when it shoots first its small root in the Earth Cider or Cyder a Drink made of the juyce of Apples A Ciderist one that deals in Cider or an Affector of Cider Clogs pieces of wood or suchlike fastened about the Necks or to the Legs of Beasts that they run not away A Cock is of Hay or Corn laid on heaps to preserve it against the extremities of the weather Codware such Seed or Grain that is contained in Cods as Pease Beans c. A Colefire is a parcel of Fire-wood set up for sale or use containing when it is burnt a Load of Coals Collers about the Cattles Necks by the strength whereof they draw Come The small Fibres or Tails of Malt. Compas or Compost Soyl for Land Trees c. Coniferous Trees are such that bear Cones or Clogs as the Fir Pine c. A Conservatory a place to keep Plants Fruits c. in A Coom four Bushels Coppice Copise or Copse The smaller sort of wood or Vnderwood A Cord of wood is set out as the Coalfire and contains by measure four foot in breadth four foot in height and eight foot in length Covert a shady place for Beasts A Cradle is a frame of wood fixed to a Sythe for the mowing of Corn and causes it to be laid the better in swarth and it is then called a Cradle-Sythe A Cratch a Rack for Hay or Straw Vide Rack A Croft a small Inclosure Crones old Eaws A Crotch the forked part of a Tree useful in many cases of Husbandry A Crow or Crome of Iron an Iron-bar with one end flat To Cultivate to Till Culture Tilling A Curry-comb an Iron-comb wherewith they kemb Horses A Curtilage a Gate-room or Back-side A Cyon a young Tree or Slip springing from an old D DAllops a term used in some places for Patches or corners of Grass or Weeds among the Corn. Darnel Cockle-weed injurious to Corn. To Denshire is to cut off the Turf of Land and when it is dry to lay it on heaps and burn it To Delve to dig A Diqble an Instrument wherewith they make holes for the setting of Beans c. A Dike a Ditch Dredge Oats and Barley mixed Drought a long time of dry weather Dug of a Cow that is the Cows Teat A Dung-fork is a Tool of three Tines or Pikes for the better casting of Dung E TO Ear or Are to Plough or Fallow Earning Runnet wherewith they convert Milk into Cheese Eddish Eadish Etch or Eegrass the latter Pasture or Grass that comes after Mowing or Reaping To Edge to Harrow Edifice Building Egistments Cattle taken in to graze or be fed by the Week or Month. Espaliers Trees planted in a curious order against a Frame for the bounding of Walks Borders c. Exoticks Forreign Plants not growing naturally in our English Soyl. F TO Fallow To prepare Land by Ploughing long before it be ploughed for Seed Thus may you fallow twifallow and trifallow that is once twice or thrice Plough it before the Seed-time A Fan is an Instrument that by its motion Artificially causeth Winde useful in the winnowing of Corn. A Farding Land or Farundale of Land is the fourth part of an Acre A Fathom of Wood is a parcel of Wood set out six whereof make a Coal-fire To Faulter Thrashers are said to faulter when they thrash or beat over the Corn again To Ferment that is to cause Beer Cider or other Drinks to work that the dregs or impurities may be separated upwards or downwards Fermentation such working Fertile Fruitful Fertility Fruitfulness Fetters are usually made of Iron and hanged about the legs of Cattle that they leap not or run away Fewel any combustible matter wherewith a fire is made Filly a She-colt Fimble Hemp that is the yellow early Hemp. Flayl a thrashing Instrument Floating or drowning or watering of Meadows Also Floating of a Cheese is the separating the Whey from the Curd Flora the Goddess of Flowers Also the Title of Mr. Rea his Excellent Treatise of Flowers Fodder Hay Straw or suchlike food for Cattle Foison plenty of Riches Foisty Musty Fork There are several sorts of them some of Wood some of Iron some for Hay others for Corn c. To Foyl That is to fallow Land in the Summer or Autumn Fragrant Smelling pleasantly Frith Underwood or the shroud of Trees A Frower An Edg-tool used in cleaving Lath. Furrow The low fall or drain in Land either left by the Plough or otherwise made G A Gap An open place in a Hedge or suchlike A Garner A Granary to put Corn in Georgicks Belonging to Husbandry or Tillage as Virgil's Georgicks his Books of Husbandry Germins Young shoots of Trees Germination A budding forth Glandiferous Bearing Mast To Glean To pick up or gather the shattered Corn. A Goad A small staff or rod with a sharp Iron-pin at the end thereof to quicken Horses or Oxen in their motion A Geoff or Goffe A Mow or Reek of Corn. To Gore To make up such Mows or Reeks Goss or Gorse Furzes Groats Oats after the Hulls are off or great Oatmeal Grubbage See Mattock H TO Hale or Hawl To draw Harneys Ropes Collers and other Accoutrements fitted to Horses or other Beasts for their drawing Hatches Flood-gates placed in the water to obstruct its current Haws the Fruit of the White-thorn Hawm The stalks of Pease Beans or suchlike Head-land That which is ploughed overthwart at the ends of the other Lands Heckle An Instrument used in the trimming and perfecting of Hemp and Flax for the Spinner by dividing the Tow or Hurds from the Tare Helm Is Wheat or Rye-straw unbruised by thrashing or otherwise and bound in bundles for Thatching Heps The Fruit of the Black-thorn Herbage The Feeding Grazing or Mowing of Land Heyrs Young Timber-trees that are usually left for Standils in the felling of Copses Hide-bound A Disease whereunto Trees as well as Cattle are subject A Hinde a Servant in Husbandry Hillock A little Hill as a Hop-hill c. Hogs In some places Swine are so called in some places young Weathers Hook Land Tilled and Sown every year Hopper Wherein they carry their