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end_n	draw_v	line_n	require_v	1,461	5	9.1279	5	false

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A58408	The Scots gard'ner in two parts, the first of contriving and planting gardens, orchards, avenues, groves, with new and profitable wayes of levelling, and how to measure and divide land : the second of the propagation & improvement of forrest, and fruit-trees, kitchen hearbes, roots and fruits, with some physick hearbs, shrubs and flowers : appendix shewing how to use the fruits of the garden : whereunto is annexed The gard'ners kalendar / published for the climate of Scotland by John Reid ...	Reid, John, Gardener.; Reid, John, Gardener. Gard'ners kalendar.	1683 (1683)	Wing R764_PARTIAL; ESTC R22175	97,749	153

Semicircle as measured by multiplying the Radius or semidiameter by ¼ of the circumference of the whole Circle Eightly the Quadrant or ¼ of the Circle by multiplying the Radius by ½ of that Arch line which is ⅛ of the perifery Ninthly to measure the segment of a Circle as q. i. o. c. first draw its Radius from d. to o. which constituts the Sector d. o. c. And as the Quadrant hath 90 degrees so this Sector hath 40 therefore say as 90. is to the content of the Quadrant so is 40 to the content of the sector the Triangle d. o. i. Being substracted from the Sectors content Rests half the segment that doubled is the Area of the whole To do Geometrically find the length of its Arch line thus See Fg. 23. divide the chord line a. d. c. Of that arch into 4 equall parts set one of these from c. to i. on the chord line and one of them from the Angle at a. to o. In the Arch line then draw the line o. i. which line is half the length of the Arch line a. o. b. c. but if the part of a Circle be greater than a semicircle then divide the Arch line into two equall parts and find the length of one of these as is taught which doubled is the half length of the whole here take the half of the Arch line of Fig 23. And multiply by its Radius e. b. The product is the Area of the segment a. b. c. d. and the Triangle a. c. e. which Triangle must be substract 〈◊〉 therefrom and the remainder is the Area of the segment Tenthly if you would measure the oval then observe the Rules in measuring the segment seing the oval is made of segments If it be from two Centers then it s but two Segments If from four then it is four segments and a quadrangle Eleventhly Regular poligons ar such figures as consist of equall sides and Angles and which may be inscribed in a Circle or Circumscribed about a Circle whither pentagon 5 sided hexagon six sided Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon Dodecagon for any of these take half the compass about and the perpend drawen from the Centre to the midle of one of the sides multiply the one by the other and that gives the content Twelvthly to measure any Irregular figure consisting of straight and Circular lines the arches and angles bending Inwards If you cannot reduce them into some of the Figures above mentioned within it self you may do it by drawing lines without and after you have multiplied substract what was added whither segments or others and there will remain the Area of the figure proposed Mountains and Valleyes ar best reduced into Triangles and so measured for albeit they make rather spherical than plain Triangles yet the way of mensuration differs not yet as in plain Trapezias there are other wayes than by Triangles as taking the half of both ends and sides added for the mean breadth and length so for mounts and Valleyes viz Measure the circuite or base part of the Mountain and its top add them together and take half of that sum for the length do so with the ascense or going up from foot to top of 2 sides of the Hill add the measure of the longest and shortest side together taking the half thereof for the breadth and multiply the one by the other that gives the superficies of the Mount or Hill And as you measured the compass of the foot of the Hill so must you round the circuite or compass of the hight of the valley or glen and as you measured the top of the Mountain so must you the bottom of the depth of the vale 〈◊〉 add them together and take half thereof for the breadth likway 〈◊〉 as you measured the ascense of both sides of the Hill so must you the descense or going down of both sides to the bottom of the valley add them together and take half for the length and so multiply as before 3. Albeit I have said enough anent measuring land yet there is much more required in dividing and laying out the same The first time I saw the need of it was in making an Avenue of great length which crossed a march several times which did take in several pieces of land and cast out others but non of them being equal neither in shape nor proportion I behoved to measure both and then cut off so much as might Ballance and that from parts assigned As first if from the Triangle a. b. c. being Fig 24. which containes 870 falls squair you would cut off 300 falls squair then finding the base c. b. of this Triangle to be 58 falls long say if 870 falls the whole plot have 58 for its base what will 300 the part I desire off have for its base Answer 20. therefore measure alongst 20 falls on the base from one end thereof as from b. to d. then draw the line a. d. so shall a. b. d. contain 300 falls and a. d. c. 570. Or If it be required to take off part from a Triangle according to any proportion given by a line drawen parallel to any of the sides assigned as let a b. c. which is Fig. 25. be a Triangle containing 7 Acres or 1120 falls and it is desired that 2 Acres be cut off by a line drawen Parallel to a. c. It s base line is 57 falls which you must divide in proportion as 5. is to 2. in the point d. then seek the mean proportional between b. d. 42. and b. c. 57. as b. f. 48 80 97 But having as in the end of this Chap shewed how to find mean proportionals Arithmetically I shall here shew you how to do Geometrically Therefore describe the semicircle b. e. c. and at the point d. on the base line raise the Perpendicular d. e. Cutting the Arch line in e. then set the length of b. e. which is the mean Proportional from b. on the Diameter line and that will reach to the point f. now from the point at f. take the nearest distance to the line c. a. and set that distance squair off at a. to G. then draw the line G. f. exactly parallel to a. c. so will the Triangle G. b. f. be 5 Acres and G. f. c. a. 2 Acres the thing propounded If you would cut off some part from a squair parallel to one side you need only measure that side whence you designe to take it at and divide the parts you ar to take off thereby and the quotient shall tell how much you must set off Example by fig 19. it s ane oblong squair denominated a. b. c. d. I desire 3 Acres or 480 falls cut off at and parallel to the side a. b. which side is 32 falls divide 480 the part you ar to cut off by 32 the side of the squair and the quotient will be 15 therefore set off 15 falls from a. to e. and from b. to f. and the squair a. b.

f. e. is 3 Acres as was required But if its sides did not go squair off as the Trapezia 21. then reduce the Trapezia into a Triangle and divide the base into so many equal or unequal parts as you would have the Trapezia into then find a mean proportion between the extream points of the base and every particular point in the base from which means draw lines through the Trapezia parallel to the side assigned which may answere your requiring Or A more ready way to work on ground is to find the mid line of the ground you are to cut off and divide thereby c. But the question is how to effect this you may first set off the whole in two Triangles viz If you would cut off 160 falls at the end a. b. of fig 21. Then set off the half thereof at the Angle c. a. b. to cut the line a. c. by the first for you will find that as the Triangle c. a. b. containes 364 falls so must you go 7 ⅔ from a. to e. on that base to draw the line b. e. that Cuts off the Triangle a. b. e. containing 80 falls Likwayes as the Triangle d. e. b. containes 165 ½ so must you go from b. to f. that a. b. e. f. may containe 160 falls Only the line e. f. is not parallel to a. b. therefore as b. f. is 5 longer than a. e. set 2 ½ out from e. to G. and in from f. to h. and draw the line G. h. parallel to a. b. and to leave as much out as it takes in then find the length of the mid line betwixt a. b and G. h. viz. i. K. which is 16. and by the same divide 160. the quotient shall be 10. And that will reach from a. to G. and from b. to h. so as to cut off 160 falls at and parallel to the end a. b. by the line G. h. as was desired It is required to part the pentagon or fig 26. Into two equal parts from the Angle at a. The whole figure is 10 Acers one Rood and 12 falls that is 1652 falls then the half is 826. and the Triangle a. b. c. is but 441. which wants 385 of the half therefore take 385 from the Triangle a. c. d. by the first Rule and there will be added the Triangle a. c. f. to the Triangle a. b. c. which will divide the figure into two equal parts the thing required I am desired to set off a thrid part of the hexagon or fig 27. By a line drawen from the point G. the whole plot is 45 Acers and 145 falls or 7345 falls the ⅓ thereof is 2448. and the Trapezia G. e. f. a is but 2041.875 which wants 407 falls and the fraction which a little more than ⅚ of a fall wherefore I must take 407.875 from the the Triangle G. d. e. by the first thus If 2523.50 the content of the Triangle G. d. e. have for its base c. d. 62 falls how farr must I go on the same to get off 407.875 answer 10 5325 25235 that is 10 falls and about ⅕ of a fall the which being set from e. to h. to draw the line G. h parts off the ⅓ of this Irregular hexagon as was desired If you were desired to lay out any number of Acres at pleasure into a Geometrical squair you need only reduce them into falls and extract the squair Root thereof as at the end of this Chap. which is the length of one side and so measure or set off by a Chain Or If you would have it ly in a Parallelogram or oblong squair you may lay it out as I directed for cutting off some part from a squair parallel to one side for knowing how many falls you would have into the oblong squair you may make a side at pleasure if not already confin'd to one and divide thereby as is taught Or If you would make a Triangle to contain so many Acres Roods or falls double the number of falls then take for the base of your Triangle any number at pleasure by which divide the double of falls to be brought in the Triangle and the quotient shall be the perpendicular to that Triangle whose content shall be the number of falls proposed And herein consists the Reduction of figures Arithmetical 4. Perhaps you may have occasion to measure the solidity of Earth Timber Trees Stones c. Now to find the superficies of solides as First the Sphaere or Globe multiply its whole circumference by its whole diameter and that gives its superficial content And as 7 is to 22 or 113. to 355 so is the Diameters squair to the superficies of the sphaere and so is the Diameter multiplyed by the axis of a cylinder to its superficies and so is half Diameter of a cone multiplyed in its side to the superficies of a cone and so the squair of the chord of half the segment of a sphere to the superficies of that segment As 1. is to 1.772454 so is the Diameter to the Root of a squair equal to the superficies of a Sphaere Or as 1. is to 564189 so is the Circumference to the Rootsquair that shall be equal to the superficies of the Sphere 5. As superficial measure hath 144 Inches squair in one foot so solide measure hath 1728. every solide foot is like a Die for what it wants either in breadth or thickness it must have in length for 12 times 12. is 144 and 12 times 144. is 1728. the cubesquair Inches in a cubesquair foot therefore In measuring a squair solide multiply its length by its breadth and that product by its deepth To measure a Cylinder such as a Roller multiply the Semidiameter by the Semi-circumference and that product by the length To measure a Cone viz. it hath a Circular base and ends in a sharp point take the superficial content of the base and multiply by ⅓ of the altitude or hight To measure a Pyramid viz it hath an angular base and ends in a sharp point make use of the last Rule To measure a Sphere or Globe viz. a solid figure every where equidistant from the Centre Cub the Diameter and multiply that by 11. then divide that product by 21. the quotient is the solide content of the Sphere As 1. is to 80604 so is the Diameter to the Root of a Cube equal to the Sphere Or as 1. is to 256556 so is the Circumference to the Root Cube of a solide equal to the Sphere As 1. is to 523599 so the Cube of the Diameter to the Sphere Or as 1. is to 909856 so is the Sphere to the Cube of the Diameter As 1. is to 016887 so is the Cube of the Circumference to the Sphere or as 1. is to 59 217629 so is the Sphere to the Cube of the Circumference As 42. is to 22 or 1. to 5236 so is the Diameter cubed to the solidity of the Sphere Or as 22. is to 42 or 1. to 1 90986

I might turn my face towards the East and get stately Avenues with Gardens on each hand at pleasure and the said precipice turned at my back But to draw any place first on Paper as they stand we see faults plainly and how to help them accordingly Therefore to assist you further in making your works orderly I shall shew you in the following Chap. CHAP. II. How to draw by the Scale All draughts not drawn by the Scale at but suppositions the Scale makes them stand directly on Paper as on ground or would stand if put upon it therefore of singular use in contriving you should have ane eye to the consequence of all your undertakings lest you run Inadvertantly into a snare for when you have determined or setled on the contrivance perhaps hath gone a great length in working the same yet as you proceed one thing making way for another you may come to see a farr better way and so to overturne most or all that is done to get your new and better way accomplished which oblidges you either to double pains Charges or otherwise in saving the same to fit still with a dissatisfied mind all which may be easily and timely prevented by drawing projecting on paper as is said 2. You may make as many Scales as you think will be needful insomuch that when you have a draught at any time to draw you have no more to do but by Arithmetick find which of them Scales you must draw it by Therefore make a Thinn broad rule 2 foot long Pear or Aple tree Red of Plumtree Planetree Boxwood or Brass which is best put as many on bothsides as it will contain I make most use of a Diagonal Scale see fig. 3. it s done by dividing the Inch into so many equal parts as 8 in the Inch 30 in the Inch 100 or 200 in the Inch the figure and Multiplication will informe you for 5 divisions drawn the length of the Rule and 7 in the Inch the other way is a Scale of 35 in the Inch 5 times 7 is 35 and so furth If your Rule be 2 foot there may be 2 Lengthes on it or as your largest Compass may conveniently reach You may also make some of the common Scales that is divide the Inch the ordinary way in a straight line into so many equal parts see fig. 4. seeing the Diagonals hath only such as Multiplication produceth 3. If you be to draw a draught but knows not how to take your measures from the Scale then if you know the measures on ground take so many divisions off the Scale with your Compass as you had feet ells or falls whatever you measure by and set on the Paper example if you were to draw an orchard whose lenth is 680 ells by a Scale of 200 in the Inch as the upper end of fig. 3. you are to consider how many times 200 is in 680 that so many whole Inches you may take on your Compass and the odds or fraction you may get therewith from the subdivided Inch here if you set one foot of the Compass at 6 and reach the other to a which 6 half Inches is 600 and 8 divisions foreward on the subdivided half Inch is 80 the same you may place on the Paper draw accordingly Example 2. by the other Scale of 100 in the Inch if you would set the breadth of 23 foot-walk on Paper here it is not one Inch therefore you 〈◊〉 take but such a part of one Inch viz. Set the Compass from 〈◊〉 end of the subdivided half Inch to o in the same and thus 〈◊〉 on the Compass therefore do as before You may perceive that the 23 divisions on the Rule is the 3 from 20 foreward on the line betwixt 20 and 30 where the o is placed to make it plain If your draught be so large that your Compass cannot reach its length then you may divide the same by 2 3 or 4 c. and take the product on the Compass and set alongst so many times as was your divisor This is so plain that it needs no exemple 4. But if you have a draught to draw on one or many sheets of Paper and you desire to draw it as large as the Paper will bear not to go off Then take the length of your Paper in Inches by which divide the length of your ground whether feet ells c. and the quotient shall be the Scale you must draw it by that is an inche divided into so many equal parts Example if you have a plot 360 foot in length to draw on a sheet common Paper 16 Inches but to make it keep a little within the Paper at each end call it 15 inches so 360 the length of the ground divided by 15 the length of the Paper gives 24 therefore take a Scale of 24 in the inche and draw it by the same Example 2. the breadth of a field 864 Falls I desire to draw it on the ⅛ of a sheet viz. 3 Inches Divide 864 by 3 it gives 2.88 but this being too small I take the ½ thereof viz. 144 and drawes it by the same mynding that each division on my Paper is 2 Falls on ground 5. Or if you had a draught and knowes not what Scale it was drawen by if you know what ground it contains the work is first to measure it by a supposed Scale and secondly to find a mean proportional betwixt the true quantity of Acres and that quantity found by the supposed Scale And thirdly by the golden Rule say as the quantity of Acres found by the supposed Scale is to the mean proportional so is the supposed scale to the true Scale Example if you have a plot or field of ground containing 72 Acres and you measure it by a Scale of 18 Falls in the inche and that makes but 40 ½ Acres the question is what Scale was it drawn by You will find the mean proportional betwixt 40.5 and 72 to be 54 as in chap. 8. sect 6. and as 40.5 is to 54 so is 18 to 24. Thus it appears that the said plot was drawen by a Scale of 24 Falls in the inche Example 2. If you have a plot containing 14 Acres 64 falls and measuring it by a Scale of 40 in the inche makes 90 Acres what Scale was it drawen by You will find as is said the mean betwixt 14.4 and 90 to be 36 therefore as 90 the Acres found by the supposed Scale is to 36 the mean proportional so is 40 the supposed Scale to 16 the true Scale This tells that it was drawen by a Scale of 16 in the Inche 6. But if you have a draught and knowes not what Scale it was drawn by nor what ground it containes so as thereby you might find its Scale you desire to diminish or Enlarge the same on Paper and yet that it may bear the same shape and proportion in every respect You may divide or multiply every particular line

slit the bark on each side a little distance from the bud and about half Inch above and below the same sharp that end below that it may the more easily go down and having a quill cut more than half away about an Inch long at the end for dividing the bud and rind from the stalk therewith take it off dextrously and leave not the Root behind for if you see a hole under the bud on the inside the Root is gone cast it away and prepare another when the bud is ready then with a bone made half round and sharp at the point tapering on the one side raise the bark or rind on each side the slit carefully not hurting the inner rind and with care put in the bud thrusting it down till its top Joyn with the cross cut then bind it close above and below the bud with dry'd Rushes or bass Or You may slit the bark of the stock upwards from the cross cut Or Cut the edges of the bark about the bud oblong squair and the bark of the stock fit to receive the same Or Reserve ¼ of this squair piece bark of the stock untaken off at the upper end which must be raised that the shild may slide up betwixt the same and the stock and so bind gently as before The time for Inoculation is when the sap is most in the stock namely from June till August neer a moneth after unbind i. e. cut through binding and bark with a gentle slit on the back side of the stock leaving the binding to fall away of its own accords at which time you will see who holds In March following cut off the head of the stock 4 Inches above the bud and that time twelve moneths the stub too that it may heal over the wound you may prune as graffes and pull up suckers c. See Chap 4. for more Choise buds from good bearers as before take them from the strong and well growen shoots of the same year and from the biggest end of the same and if you must carry them farr first cut off their leaves and top of the Stalks and wrap them in moist leaves or grass This much at present in general for time and manner of the several wayes of propagation 10. In planting all plants prune their Roots that is Top them a little with a sharp Knife except Asparagus Also cut their heads except Greens and Tops of Forrest-trees ordain'd for Timber yet the Side-boughes must that the head may be proportion'd to the Root Plant no Trees deep albeit some deeper than other when their Roots runs near the surface there they receive the beneficial influence of Sun and Showres that makes vegetables fair and Fruitfull Lay leitter or the like above ground the Compass of their Roots especially the first year of planting and indeed all plants require some shelter shade with Moisture when first planted till they get Rooting and strength Cut the leaves and stalks of flowers and herbes when past flower or yealded seed nor at any tyme suffer too many rather purge them in tyme no more branches flowers fruits on any tree or plant than the root can nourish perfectly Neither plant and sow every year the same plants on the same Ridg or Bed for it Improves them to be changed see more fully planting pruning preserving c. in their respective places following CHAP. II. How to Cultivate and prepare grounds 1. HAving shew'd the several wayes of propagating plants it is also most requisite that you prepare the ground for effectuating the same And that is in the first place To trench it viz. Begin at one end of the ground you mean thus to culture and open a trench from one side to the other thereof 3 or 4 foot broad and from one to two foot deep as the qualitly of the ground admits and plants require therefore liquorish must have deeper this being open measure off other 4 foot parallel at its side turne that into the open trench with the turf or surface in the bottome and the clean earth on the top the filling whereof emptieth an other therefore cut off other fower foot and turne that in as before thus trench by trench till the whole be finshed I presume you carryed the earth of the first trench to fill the last or otherwayes filled hollowes therwith and left the last trench open if convenient for receiving weeds Or if the ground be hollow in the midle begin there and trench both wayes to help the level if high in the midle begin at both sides or ends till the two open trenches meet at the hight for the same reason The latter end of harvest the ground is softest for trenching and it lying all Winter open to the weather is thereby meliorated For as trenching doth well prepare hard barren and untoil'd ground se doth it such as is exhausted by long and unskilfull usage and if at every trenching you apply proper manures mixt with the second spading or under the last shovelling and in 5 years retrench it will become to your wish for all gardens and plantations 2. The next excellent way of preparing ground is fallowing begin as soon as you reap the crop but let the ground be something moist albeit you should stay for a showre if this be not late in Autumne you may fallow in November especially if stiff ground and restirre in March or April when you plant or sow and albeit you should neither plant or sow it that year keep it clean of weeds in summer by hawing c. and at Autumne fallow again but as in trenching so in this work you should mix with proper soil Make use of the English fashion of spades which are now common and let every two delvers have a shoveller to cast up the small that falls in bottom of the furrow and the Delvers should turne up the point of the spade and nimbly break and chop all the clods throughly this is very material as well as the through mixing of the manures with the soil So that mixing stirring restirring fallowing is most pertinent for the cold chilled barren Rugged-natur'd-ground in Scotland all which softens and tenders it and so fits it for nourishing good seed and plants as I can tell by experience therefore 3. I advise our Husband-men also to the fallowing of their land as one flitfolding the same as a second Watering or overflowing land as a thrid burning the Turf as a fourth draining excessive moisture as a fifth applying proper soils and manures and that at proper seasons as a sixt laying the land to rest as a seventh and above all inclosing and planting about their land as the last and best improvement Example At the Autumnal fallowing delve or Plow deep and apply hot unrotted and uncompound dungs and manures at spring re-plow or re-delve and apply such dungs and manures as has layn mixed and rotted with Earth then Mix Rake or Harrow The summer following is to destroy the weeds

raising early and tender plants dig a pit 4 foot deep and of length and breadth as you have occasion in a convenient and warme place lying well to the Sun and sheltered from winds which you may help by art if not so naturally fill it with dung and leitter from the Stables about a sourthnights gathering some makes it of Barley-straw or the same mixt with bran because it keeps heat long and its heat not so excessive nor so noisome to plants as dung and when well Tread and even on the Top lay about 4 Inches thick of rich light but fresh and clean sifted mould thereon arch it over with sticks and cover with matts 4 or 5 dayes to cause it heat then uncover and give it Air a day or two that its violent heat may pass then sow your seeds and cover the bed again And the next day if you find the bed over hot give it more Air if too cold cast some Straw on the covering untill the heat returne so by airing and covering you may keep it in a constant temper when the Seeds come up give them Air to dry the moisture raised by the heat of the bed How to cover the choice with Glasses see Chap. 6. Sect 1. But as there is great trouble in rightly ordering this sort of hot-bed so here remedied by a better which is only to fill and tread the pit full of new dung and leitter not covering it with Earth and place wooden cases therein about 9 or 10 Inches deep and about 3 foot broad having wood-handles at the ends boar them full of Auger or Wimble holes at the bottome fill them with the foresaid earth and therein sow your seeds and these cases and the earth in them will be kept warme during the whole season wherein a hot-bed is necessary for if it lose heat add fresh dung and leitter under about and betwixt the cases there is Dew on the Glasses while the heat remains but if exhausted they will be dry consequently the trouble of transplanting from one hot bed to another is hereby saved Provide a shelter over the whole if you please and frames of Glass over some of the inside cases where there is most need others you may leave open as your Seeds requires By this your pit and cases are every year ready to your hand requiring only a supply of fresh dung But this pit will be so much the more excellent if lyn'd round at the sides with brick and where you cannot conveniently sink it for Water you may build the same above ground And when this pit is empty it will be also ready for wintering of Flower Pots with July-flowers c. 8. In watering plants use not well-water especially for tender plants neither Rivers that run long and quick on sharp gravel these yields no nourishment to plants but rather chills them therefore if you must use such let them stand sometime in the Sun and open Air uncovered in tubs mixt with dung and powr it off the dreg when you use it let the quantity and quality of the dung be according to the nature of your plants as if great growers and require much heat put horse or pigeons dung into the water but for the more durable put Sheeps dung remembering if your ground be bad to add the more dung When dung lyes above ground about any plants as I use to do with Trees Artichocks c. The water descending through the same is very relishing to the Roots if you powr the water at a little distance round the Tree for when lashed on the stem it washeth the Earth from the Roots Water no plants with standing stinking Ditch-water nor no Water that stinketh Rain-water and large Ponde-water is excellent but keep it not too long yet if in a large Vessel the oftener you Stir it the longer it will keep sweet so the larger your pondes or Rivers be and the opener to the Sun and Air and the more moving by horse geese and ducks their Sweeming the sweeter it will be and if the washings of stables streets dung Hill-water c. Run into them that adds much to their fertility providing they have some moving as is said to make them sweet If you fear dry weather differre not too long but water while your ground is yet moist differre not if you mind to water at all these that Root deepest water most and also when you do begin Continue it so long as you find occasion In watering Trees and greater Plants stir and waken the Earth a little about their Roots with a fork so as it may drink the more evenlier minding to tread firme again And for the same cause you may sink the Earth a little in forme of a shallow dish rownd your Coleflowers Artichocks c. Dip your Flower Pots in a Tub of water to drink through the holes at the bottome When you water beds of small seeds with the watering pot shake it nimbly that it may fall like a showre of smal Rain I have often made use of a handful of small Straw or Hay drawen as thatch tyed in the midle and at one end powred water with a Cup and shaked the same that it appeared like a Gentle bedewing rather than a glutting Rain Some that are desirous to have the ground allwayes moist about any plant do place near it a vessel with water and in it a piece woollen clothe with one end thereof hanging out to the ground and the other in the water the Cloath being first wet it will drop continually if the end without be lower than that within the vessell and when the water within fails it may be augmented If it drop not fast enough the clothe may be increased if too fast diminished Early in the Spring while the weather is yet cold I intreat you be cautious in watering the leaves of the young and tender plants only wet the ground about them when your plants or seeds are more hardy and the nights yet cold water in the forenoons but when the nights are warme or dayes very hot then the evening is the best time Plant in wet and sow in dry I do not mean over we●t or over dry Withall let them have good Air which conduceth much to their health and life without which nothing can live CHAP. III. How to propagate and order Forrest-trees 1. OMmiting here the distinction of species having confin'd to one chapter I shall speak briefly yet I hope plainly of their Governement thus Albeit the most of Forrest-trees may be Increased by Suckers Layers c. Yet if you desire Trees worth your while Raise them from the seed Therefore prepare a seminary or seed-plot together with a nurserie well ordered and handsomely made up in beds as in part 1. Chap. 5. sect 2. and there sow and set your seeds and plants in their respective seasons keep them clean from weeds and water them when need is also Earth up and dible in these cast up by the

preserve them from colds while young If you water Imbibe pigeons dung but touch not their leaves therewith when their leaves ar 3 Inches broad Transplant them into a very fat and well mixt soil 2 foot distance prun their Roots and tops and if any worm knots cut them a way and in setting keep their hearts Immedially above ground And all along keep them clean of weeds under hanging and withered leaves let them not suffer drought while young make the water like wort by dung if the ground and seed be good you may expect good heads which if you spend not alltogether before frosts which spoils them take them up in a dry day and ty them in pairs to hang in a dry Room for use the best seed comes from Candia There be many Cabbages sow the Savoy and such tender sorts as cole-flowers albeit not so tender sow the great white and Red the full moon in July Plant them furth in Octob 3 foot distance in well dunged ground set some also in March but then the gardner finds multiplicity of business therefore it s his wisdom to put as much work by hand as can suffer it at least to have all his grounds fallowed before winter you may rake up and hang your Cabbages in Novem as cole-flowers but plant some of the best and hardest for seed up to the neck when they shoot support with stakes and Ropes when full cut and lay on a clothe to perfect But choice the midle rejecting the lower branches Catch snails and worms that graws the young sprouting plants and set nets for birds at the same time the reason why old Cole is full of green worms is dry poor ground never weeded or otherwayes unqualified dungs and unseasonably applyed If they would trench mix c. As in Chap 2. that their ground may be clean and sweet they shall ripen accordingly Common Colworts ar usually sowen at spring planted in summer and eaten through winter and at spring when other green herbes ar scarce you may also sow and set them with Cabbages and ripe their seeds accordingly 3. Of sweet herbes as Clary by seeds and offsets in Aprile at which time you may slip and set Tansie Sage Cost Mint Balme Winter Savory Thyme Penniroyall Wild Marjorum Maudlin Fennell c. Prune their tops and fibres and plant in a garden soil 8 rowes in the bed they all continue long but cutting their tops in growing time makes them more durable and cut them all within a handful of the ground at August that they may recover against winter You may likewayes sow the seed of Fennell Thyme Winter as well as Summer Savory Dill Sweet Basill c. In Aprile a warme cultured soil ordering them as above the three last ar annualls If you would have sweet Marjorum early raise it on the hot bed the sweet Basill requires the same sow it also the latter end of Aprile in a warme fat soil 8 rowes in the bed you may sow it in July and Transplant when two Inches high in a warme bordure at a south wall its seed with Basill comes from hotter Countries Sow Rosmary seed in Aprile or at the same time take its slips or cuttings and twist them a little at the ends and dible in good soil on a south wall-bordure but cut not their tops they easily root being watered in drought with soap water you may ply it to the wall as Shrubs 4. I am now come to Roots they require a light Earth deep trenched fat sand mixt with Sheeps dang its convenient that it be dunged a year before because new dung maks them forke Plant Liquorish offsets and Runners in February in this soil well stirred and mixt after which do not tread save in the furrows six rowes in the bed and cover all the Intervalls with leitter topt with sand but let the plants be free for this is to keep out drought the first summer keep them allwayes clean of weeds and cut their stalks near winter let it stand 3 summers in the ground and in Novem take it up thus begin at one side of the plot and make a trench the whole deepth of their Roots taking it out carefully not breaking it at the face of the same casting the Earth still behind as you proceed then cut off the plants to divide carefully and lay them amongst moist sand in a cellar till setting time And because it stands three seasons you may have three several plantations so shall you have it to take up yearly if you plant accordingly Scorzonera by seeds and by offsets that is by parting the tops of the Root sow in the Spring or when its seed ripes promiscuouly in the beds it continues many years in the ground and growes still the greater and is in season at all times for eating tho it yearly run to seed Order Carvy aa scorzonera its Roots is eaten as parsneeps Skirrets by seeds but chiefly by offsets plant the small sets not many in a bundle in March 8 rowes in the bed when their stalks begin to wither fall a spending them and as you break off their Roots for use lay rheir tops or sets in ground covered a little till the Spring for planting I cautioned you before to change the crops these you spend not e're the frosts come hard house among very dry sand that you may have them when you will rather as be barred from them by the frosts Parsneeps by seed only sow in March promiscuously over the bed but thin spend and house them with skirrets and cut quit off their tops lest they grow amongst the sand reserve some of the best untaken up for seed which will ripe the next season choice the midle stem seed Beat-Rave may be ordered in all cases as parsneeps save that you may begin sooner to eat them viz as soon as they are bigg enough tho they last as long besides these you pickle Carrots as beat Raves Turneeps by seeds in Aprile May June July the first proves not best promiscuously over the bed very thin and scarcely any covering of Earth When they rise thin them late turneeps may be housed as parsneeps and seeds reapt accordingly Horse Radish by offsets and lasts long too The Garden Radish by seed only you may raise for early in the hotbed cases hence every 20 dayes with other sallading through summer because they quickly shoot for seed sow black Radish in August and Septemb for winter these seeds next season Potatoes being cut in as many pieces as you please providing there be an eye at each piece and planted in March 5 rowes in the bed plant not deep neither in wer or stiff ground spend them with parsneeps and in housing spread only through a board-floor Parsly is also a Root for the Kitchen and so is fennell I spoke of them before only you may house some for winter See part 1. Chap 5. for the orderly planting of Kitchen herbes 5. Weeding I think may be accompted the most material

fair water and serve it up with a little sweet butter beat i. e. tumbled in the Sawce-pan above the coal The young shoots of colworts will serve the same way Purslain may be eaten green with sugar and Vineger or Oyl stew'd with meat besides the pickled Lettice green as purslain and so cresses Chervil Burnet burrage flowers and wood sorrall Spinag is excellent floves being boyled with lamb or Veall with a little sorrall therein as also choped dishes thereof with butter The same way use beets also make green broth of them with leeks fagot of thyme and parsly In some stoves and broths you may put Arag Marigold leaves Violet leaves Straw-berrie leaves Bugloss Burrage and Endive In Pottage put Iuice of sorrall fagot of thime and parlsly and in most of broths In the sawce or gravy of Rost mutton and capon and in all stewed dishes bruise shallot or Rub the dishes therewith You may stove leeks with a cock Onions may be baked with a little butter if you want meat also make use of them with rost meat especially geese and to most fresh fishes in which parsly and thyme fagot is mainly used Boyl coleflowers in water mixt with a little milk then pour it off and mix them in the stew-pan with sweet butter seasoned with salt and so serve them up about boyld mutton Boyl Cabbage with Beef reserving the top of the pot to powr on when dished up about the beef Boyl Scorzonera pe●●e off its broun rind wherein consists its bitterness slice and fry it with butter When skirrets ar boyld and pealed Roll them in flowre and fry with butter Boyl and peal parsneeps chop and bruise them well powre on butter and set them on a coal and if you please strew a little cinamon upon them Carrots are so used or only dished by shavers Be et rave boyld pealed shaved and when cold served up with vinegar and sugar besides the pickled Beet-raves Parsneeps carrots are very good served up whole or sliced about meat as turneeps usually with fat broth poured thereon Potatoes as Parsneeps or for want of butter take sweet milk 5. Of drinks as of Aples to make cyder I cannot name our cyder Aples for I use to mix all the ripe at once in the orchard that is of a fine Juice and easie to separat from the flesh and pears that have plenty of Juice and hard flesh though harsh In France they extoll the Rennet cyder in England the Hereford Redstrake Which in France they set at naught they speak of genetmoil and musts some pipens and parmains And for Perry the bromsbury and Ruddy horse pear All which and many more Hugh Wood Gard'ner at Hamiltone has to sel But now the different soils begets alterations in fruits besides the climate yet both defects may be a little helped The first by using all diligence to prepare the ground throughly as is directed in Chap. 2. Fallowing is a most commendable essay The second by graffing and regraffing upon early good fence and shelter round the ground are very conducible To make this excellent Wine provide trough and beatters press and harbag lagallon and tappering fat barrels and hogsheads for even by the common screw press I have made a hogshead cyder in a day be sure your vessells be sweet else you spoil all white Wine Sack-cask or such as keept cyder before I have heard of cyder-cask 3 Inches thick in the staves which I believe is of great Advantage in preserving the liquor but if any be tainted put a little unstaked Lyme Stone and a little water in the Barrell and stop it close when stood a little while and jumbled pour out and wash clean that will cure The fruit being gathered ripe as before let them ly ten or twelve days if summer fruit and near the double of that time if winter sorts but the late ripe that gets frosts is not good cyder mix not with unripe ones neither suffer leaves nor stalks among them When they are small beat put them in the harbag within the press far and so screw them hard again and again and emptie it thereof and put in more and do as before and empty the receiver into the tappering fat and therein cover it close with a canvass till the morrow at that time before you tun it where the gross lee may fall to the bottom then draw it off at a tap three Inches from the bottom leaving that dreg behind The which may go among the pressings for water cyder the clearer you tun it into the barrels the less it ferments and that 's best cyder for often cyder spends its strength to free it self of the grosser parts therefore while your cyder ferments leave the vent pin loose but keep close the bung for preserving the prodigall wast of its spirit and as soon as the working begin to allay drive the vent pin dead to and this will be perhaps in a fortnight if it begins to work Immediatly some times not till the Spring But keep fast the pin till it begins to work and that you mind to bottle of it do as soon as fully clear and fine which is ordinarly at Spring Put a plum great of fine white loaf sugar in each bottle and above all make your corks fast and close then set them in the celler amongst sand To make the water cyder put 1 ● as much water as you had cyder upon the new pressed marce to stand covered in tubs 4 or 5 dayes then press them and boyl the liquor scumming it till the scum cease to rise fast then take it off for too much boyling wasteth its spitits and put in tubs or coolers and when cold tun it up when done working which ●ll not be so violent as best cyder make the pin fast and in a short time it s for drinking A little ginger cloves juniper berries or such may be boyl'd in it if they please your tast The making of Perry differs not from that of cyder To make Cherrie Wine to every pound ripe fruit stampt put a Chopin Spring-water and ¼ pound fin white sugar boyl the water and sugar scum it and put in the juice of your Cherries let it boyl up again take it off the fire run it through a hair-sive and when it s throughly cold put it in a stone pot and after 6 or 7 dayes draw it into bottles putting a bit loaf sugar in each in a quarter year you may fall a drinking it will keep a year if you would have it stronger then use no more water than sugar After the sawe manner you may make wine of Rasps Currans Goosberries or Take currans very ripe bruise and strain them and to every pint of the Iuice put a pound and ¼ sugar into a stone or earthen pot scum it often and at a weeks end draw it off and take out the setlings and put in the liquor again do this till it be fine then bottle it and at a weeks end if