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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A54729	The first book of architecture, by Andrea Palladio. Translated out of Italian: with an appendix touching doors and windows, by Dr Le Muet architect to the French King: translated out of French by G.R. Also rules and demonstrations, with several designs for the framing of any manner of roofs either above pitch or under pitch, whether square or bevel, never published before. With designes of floors of variety of small pieces of wood, lately made in the pallace of the Queen Mother, at Sommerset-House; a curiosity never practiced in England before; Quattro libri dell'architettura. English	Palladio, Andrea, 1508-1580.; Le Muet, Pierre, 1591-1669. Divers traictez d'architecture pour l'art de bien bastir. aut; Richards, Godfrey.	1668 (1668)	Wing P205; ESTC R220416	50,205	249

Windowes ought to have in thicknesse and Projecture PIllasters of Doores and Windowes ought not to be thicker then the fifth part of their Apperture nor lesse then a sixth The Projecture of Pillasters in general is found by dividing their thicknesse into six parrs and one of those parts must be the Projecture they ought to have It remaines to see their Ornaments CHAP. XXXVII Of the Ornaments of Doores and Windowes HOw to adorn the Windowes and principal Doores in Buildings may easily be known from that which Vitruvius teacheth in the sixth Chapter of his fourth Book adding thereunto all that the most Reverend Daniel Barbaro hath said thereof and shewen in design And also of that which I have said before of all the five Orders Therefore leaving that I shall only put some designes of the Ornaments of Doores and Windowes of Chambers so as they may be made divers wayes And I shall mark particulary every member which is graceful and how much Projecture is needful The Omaments which are given to Doores and Windowes are the Archetrave Frize and Cornice The Archetrave turnes about the Doore and ought to be as thick as the Pillaster which as I have said ought not to be lesse then the sixth part of the Apperture nor more then a fifth and from the Archetrave the Frize and Cornice take their thicknesse according to the two inventions which follow Example Let the breadth of the Apperture of the Doore A A. be divided into six equal parts one of these parts shall be the Archetrave B which windes about the Doore and must be divided into four parts of three thereof is made the height of the Frize O and of five that of the Cornice D. The Measures of each member of the Ornaments may be found in this manner The Archetrave B must be divided into ten parts three must be for the Prima Fascia G for four the second V and the three which remaines must be divided into 5 three for the Scima Reversa P and the other two for the Orlo or Regula R whose Projecture is the fourth part of its thicknesse The Scima Reversa P hath in Projecture its height and is marked in this manner they draw a straight line which terminates at the end thereof under the Orlo or Regula R and on the second Fasciae V and is divided in half so as each of these halfes is the Base of a Triangle of two equal sides And on the Angle opposed to the Base must be placed the sixt foot of the Compass and the Curve lines must be drawn which make the said Scima Reversa P. The Frize is three parts of four of the Archetrave divided into four and is designed of a portion of a circle lesse then the semicircle the swelling whereof comes directly over the Cimatium of the Archetrave The five parts which are given to the Cornice distribute themselves in this manner to its members one to the Scotia with its Listella which is a fifth part of the said Scotia The Scotia hath in Projecture two thirds of its height to design it they form a triangle of two equal sides and to the angle G they place the Centre and so the Scotia becomes the Base of the Triangle another of the said five parts is for the Ouolo and hath in Projecture the two thirds of its height and is designed making a triangle of two equal sides and the Centre is made at the point H The other three parts are divided again into seventeen eight for the Coronna with its Lists of which that above makes one of the eight parts and that which is below and makes the hollow of the Coronna makes one of the six parts of the Ouolo The other nine are for the Scima Recta and its Orlo or Regula which is a third of the said Scima To frame it so as may be well and graceful they draw the right line A B and 't is divided into two equal parts at the point C one of those parts is divided into seven whereof six are taken at the point D then they form two Triangles A E C and C B F and on the points E and F they put the fixt foot of the Compass and draw the portions of the Circles A C and C B which make the said Scima The Archetrave likewise in the second invention is divided into four parts of three is made the height of the Frize of five that of the Cornice then the Archetrave is divided into three parts two of them are divided again into seven of which seven three are for the first Fascia and four for the second And the third part of the Architrave is divided again into nine parts of two is made the Astragal the other seven are divided into five parts Three are the Scima Reversa and two the Orlo or Regula The height of the Cornice is divided into five parts and ¾ one of which is divided again into six parts of five is made the Scima Reversa above the Frize and of the 6 the Listella The Scima Reversa hath as much Projecture as it is high and the same also hath the Listella The second part of the height of the Cornice is for the Ouolo which hath in Projecture ¾ of its height The Moulding above the Ouolo is the sixth part of the Ouolo and hath the same Projecture The other three parts of the height of the said Cornice are divided into 17 parts eight of which are for the Coronna which hath in Projecture three parts of four of its height the other nine are divided into four parts three are for the Cimatium and one for the Orlo or Listella The ¾ which remaine are divided into five parts and ½ of one is made the Moulding and of four and ½ the Scima Reversa above the Coronna The said Cornice hath as much Projecture as it hath thicknesse Members of the Cornice of the first Invention I. Scotia K. Ouolo L. Coronna N. Cimatium O. Orlo or Regula Members of the Archetrave G. Prima Fascia V. Secunda Fascia P. Scima Reversa R. Orlo or Regula S. Swelling of the Frize T. Part of the Frize which enter into the Wall By the meanes of these two you may know the members of the second Invention Of these two other Inventions the Archetrave of the first which is marked F is likewise divided into four parts of three and ¼ is made the height of the Frize and of five that of the Cornice The Archetrave is divided into eight parts five are for the plaine of the Archetrave and three for the Cimatium which is divided again into eight parts Three for the Scima Reversa three for the Scotia and two for the Ouolo or Regula The height of the Cornice is divided into six parts of two is made the Scima Recta with its Orlo or Regula and of another the Scima Reversa the said Scima Recta is divided again into nine parts of

D. and the Angle which it maketh upon the Diagonal line which is shewed by the prick line G from F to C. 1. 2. The Wall and Lintells 3. Dragon Beam for the Hip to stand on 4. Beam or Summer wherein the Dragon-Beames are framed 5. King piece or Crown post 6. Strutts or Braces from the Crown post to the Hip Rafter 7. Hips as they make the Angle equal to the breadth of the House 8. Hips as they make the Angle in the Diagonal lines from Corner to Corner 9. The Additional length which the Hips make upon the Diagonal line more then the breadth of the House CHAP. L. Of Flat Roofs D. WIthin a Camber-Beam and Rafters joggled in whose weight lyeth not chiefly in the middle and may be so made that without hanging up the Beam the principals may discharge the weight And how Drips may be made to walk on 1. Camber-Beam 2. Principals joggled into the Camber-Beam 3. The place where the principals are joggled in 4. Punchons or Braces 5. Drips to walk on and may be made with the lesse current that the Roof may be made the more pitch for the strengthening thereof And may be made higher or lower according to the Building and Discretion of the Architect 6. Battlements A Flat Roof with a Crown post or King piece CHAP. LI. Of the Hip Roof E. INstructions to find the length and back of the Hip so as it may answer the side and the end of the perpendicular line of the gable end the two Skirts the side of the Roof in plano or lying in ledgment with the hip and gable end the Diagonal and perpendicular lines being laid down proportioned to any bredth or length by which the most Ingenious may serve himself and an ordinary Capacity already acquainted with the use of the Ruler and Compass may plainly demonstrate all the parts of a Roof whether Square or Bevel above Pitch or under Pitch by lines of proportion as may appear in the Designs following Suppose the Roof 20 foot Broad and in length 30.40 or 50 foot more or less LEt A. B. C. D. be the sides and ends of the said Roof one end to be Hipt the other a gable end Draw the lines A. B. C. D. the bredth and length of the Roof Then Araw the gable end A. B. E whose sides or principal Rafters being ¾ of the brodth of the House then draw the perpendicular line E F. the heighth of the gable end which line is of general use to level the ridge of all Roofs and if the other end be Hipt as in the design D. C. G. then it serves to find the length of the hip and the back of the Hip so that it may answer both sides and ends of the Roof alwayes observing that the middle of the bredth of the house is as I. H. then draw the line K L N through the center I. which will make right angles to the line E F. H. G. both in bevel and square houses Then extend the line A. B. on both sides to O. being the length of A. E. or E. B. the length of the principal Basters or of the bredth of the house So will O. N. and O. K. make the length of the ridge I. F. and K. D. and C N. the two skirts To find the length of the Hip. DRaw the Diagonal lines D. I. and I. C. over which the Hip is to hang when in its due place then take the perpendicular line E. F. place it from the point I. to P. P perpendicular to the Diagonal or Base lines D. I. and I. C. at I So is I. P. and I. P. the pitch of the hip equal to the gable end E. F. and when erected will hang perpendicular to the point I. Then take P. D. the hypotenuse of the triangle D. I. P. and C. P the hyporenuse of the triangle C. I. P. placing them from D. to G. and C. to G. gives the length of the hip D. G. C. and when laid to their pitch will all meet perpendicular to the point I. To find the back of the Hip. so that it may answer both sides and ends of the Roof whether Square or Bevel LAy the Ruler from the point L. to the point H. and from the point H to M and mark where it cuts the Diagonal lines D. I and I. C. at Q. Q. then set one foot of the Compasses on the point Q. and extend the other foot to the hip lines D. P. and C. P. at the nearest distance with that mark the point R upon the same Diagonal lines then draw the prickt lines L. R. H. and H R M. which makes the back of the hip for the two corners of that Roof This Rule serves for all Roofs whether over or under pitch CHAP. LII F Of Roof Bevel at one end and Square at the other the Gable end Square the Bevel end Hipt SUppose the bredth of the Roof 20 foot the length more on one side then on the other as in the design A. B C. D. then draw the gable end A. E. B. whose sides from A. to E. and from E to B is ¾ of the bredth of the house or is the length of the principal Rafters then draw the perpendicular E. F. the height of the Roof from the floor and if kneed then from the top of the knee as in the design of a kneed Rafter before-going The sides of the Roof which makes the Ridge G. H. I. K. to be drawn as is described in the fore-going design Divide the bredth of the Roof in two equal parts as F. L. Q then take the distance L. N. which is the ½ bredth of the house and make it parallel to C. Q. D. as M. L. M. and L. will be the point whose perpendiculars O. T. will meet the principal Rafters and hips To find the length of each Hips distinct one from the other Of the longest Hip. DRaw the Diagonal line L. C. and take the heighth of the gable end E. F. and place it perpendicular to L. C. at O. So have you the heighth of the Roof perpendicular from O. L. equal to E. F. the gable end and the line O. C. will be the length of the hip Rafter which will be equal to C. H. the skirt for that side of the hip and C. P. the side of that hip end To find the back of the longest Hip C. O. LAy the Ruler from the point M. to Q. and mark where it cuts the Diagonal line at R. then set one foot of the Compasses at the point R. and extend the other foot till it touch the line C. O. at the nearest distance then make it touch the Diagonal line at S. then draw the lines M. S. Q. which is the back of the hip for that corner of the Roof To find the shortest Hip. DRaw the Diagonal line of L. D. and take E. F. the perpendicular of the gable end as before place it from L. to T. perpendicular to L. D. then draw the line T. D. which is the length of the hip for that corner and is equal to the skirt D. I and the side of that hip D. P. which when erected will meet with the other principals perpendicular to the point L. To find the Back of this Hip. LAy the Ruler from the point Q to the point M. and mark where it cuts the Diagonal line L. D. at V. Extend the Compasses from the point V. to touch the line T. D. at the nearest distance and carry that distance on the Diagonal line to the point W. Then draw the prickt lines M. W. Q. which will make the back of that hip fit for that Bevel corner And this Rule serves for all Bevel Roofs whether over or under pitch CHAP. LIII G. Of a Roof Bevel at both ends and broader at one end then the other THE length and bredth of the house A. B. C. D. E. F. G. The length of the Rafters or pitch between the widest and narrowest end about the middle of the house to stand over the prickt line T. T. as the foot F. to stand on the one T. the foot G. to stand on the other T. The point of the two Hip ends when brought to their due place H. H. will be perpendicular to P. P. and will meet the sides I. K. L. M. over the points P. P. The points of the perpendiculars and lengths of the Hips from A. B. C. D. O. O. O. O. The backs of the Hips or Hip mould due to each corner Q. Q. Q. Q. The points to find out Q. the point for each backs R. R. R. R. The lines representing ½ the bredth of the house parallel to each end S. S. S. S. Representing the middle of the house T. T. Notwithstanding the Bevel ends you may place your Beams for your principal Rafters to stand on Square or so near a Square as may be or between both as from the ends of the prickt lines I. K. L. M. bringing the out-side of them straight under P. P. which will be more handsome for the house in the inside although it Bevels outward FINIS

Pedestal bigger for the one Order then for another although this part much adds to the Beauty and Ornament when it is made with discretion and proportion to the other parts To the end that the Architects may take notice and serve themselves upon occasion and know that they made them sometimes square that is to say as long as broad as in the Arch Di Lioni at Verona And these I have assigned to the Dorick Order because it requires Solidity Sometimes they are made taking the measure from the light of the Arch as in the Arch of Titus at Sancta Maria Nova in Rome and in that of Trajan on the gate of Ancona where the Pedestal is half the height of the light of the Arch and of that kind of Pedestal I have put to the Ionick Order and sometimes they took the measure from the height of the Column as is seen at Susa a City scituate at the foot of the Mountain which divides Italy from France In an Arch made to the honor of Augustus Caesar and in the Arch of Pola a City of Dalmatia and in the Amphitheatre of Rome In the Ionick and Corinthian Order in which buildings the Pedestal is the fourth part of the height of the Column as I have made in the Corinthian Order In Verona in the Arch Di Castel Vecchio which is very beautiful the Pedestal is a third of the height of the Column as I have put in the Composita Order And these are the handsomest formes of Pedestals and have the best proportion with their other parts And when Vitruvius discoursing of Theatres makes mention of the Poggio you may know that the Poggio is the same with the Pedestal which is the third of the length of the Column put for Ornament of the Scene But of Pedestals which exceed a third of the Column such are seen at Rome in the Arch of Constantine where the Pedestals are two parts and half of the height of the Column And almost in all the Ancient Pedestals the Bases are observed to have been made twice as big as the Cimacium as is seen in my Book of Arches CHAP. XX. Of Errours HAving set down the Ornaments of the Architecture that is to say the Five Orders and shewed how they are made and laid down the Profiles of each of their parts which I found that the Ancients did observe It seems to me not unfit here to acquaint the Reader of many abuses which being brought in by the Barbarous are yet observed to the end that the studious in this art may avoid them in their own Workes and understand them in others I say then that Architecture as all other arts are being Imitatrix of Nature accounts nothing tollerable which is estranged and differs from that which is natural Wherefore we see that those Ancient Architects who built with Timber when they began to build with stone directed that the Columns might be lesse at the top then at the foot taking example from Trees which are all lesse at the top then in the trunk and near the root Likewise because it is very convenient that those things upon which any great weight is put should be pressed under the Column they put a Base which with their Torus and Seetia seem by the burthen over them to be swelled so also in the Cornices they bring in the Triglifes Modiglions and the Dentills which should represent the heads of the Joices which in the sealing are placed to bear up the Roof The same may be observed in all other parts if you are curious And being so you cannot but blame that form of building which deviates from that which Nature instructeth and from that simplicity which is directed in things by her produced framing as it were another nature and departs from the true good and handsome manner of building For which reason you ought not instead of Columns or Pillasters which are to bear up some great weight to place Cartouches which are certain Scroles which to the intelligent seem deformed and to the ignorant rather confusion then pleasure nor do they produce other effects then incrcese the charge of the Builders Likewise you must not make any of those Cartonches come out of the Cornice for it is requisite that all the parts of the Cornice be made to some end and to make appear what it would be if the work were framed of Timber And besides being it is convenient that to uphold a great weight somthing solid and fit to support that weight be required questionlesse those Cartouches are altogether superfluous because it is impossible that any Timber whatever could really perform what these seem for feigning it self to be soft and gentle I know not by what rule they put them under any thing heavy and hard But that which in my opinion imports much is the abuse in making Frontispieces of Doores Windowes and Galleries divided in the middle because they were made to defend the inhabitants from rain I know nothing more contrary to natural reason then to divide and open that part which the Ancients instructed by necessity it self did make whole and raised in the middle to shew that it ought to serve to defend the inhabitants of the house and those that enter therein from Rain Snow and Haile And although Variety and Novelty should please all yet we are not to go against the precepts of Art and that which Reason demonstrates Whence we see that although the Ancients did vary yet never departed from the general and necessary Rules of Art as may be seen in my Book of Antiquities Also concerning the projecture of the Cornice and other Ornaments 't is no small abuse in making them come too forward because when they exceed that which according to Reason is fit for them especially if they be in a close place they seem narrow and uncomely and put fear in those which stand underneath threatning alwayes to fall you ought as much to avoid making the Cornice disproportionable to the Column putting great Cornices upon little Columns or upon great Columns little Cornices who doubts but that such a building will seem very ill favoured Besides to make the Columns seem to be of several parts making rings and wreathings about them as it were to hold them together ought as much as may be to be avoided because how much the more intire and strong the Columns appear so much the more they perform the design for which they are placed which is to render the work above secure and firm Many other like abuses might be reckoned up as of some members which in the Cornices are made disproportionable to the other which by what I have shewed before and by that which is now said may be easily known it remains now to come to the disposing of the particular and principal parts of the building CHAP. XXI Of Galleries Entries Halls Anti-Chambers and Chambers and of their proportions GAlleries for the most part are wont to be made on the