also on the left hand and the breadth from the station-station-line at the end thereof to the hedges you came by on the right and then draw a line crosse over your book and so at the end of every other station-station-line But you must not forget that all along as you come you take as I said before the breadths from the station-station-line to the hedge both at the beginning and ending and every crook both inward and outward with their correspondent lengths and to set them down as afore Also if a fair plot in colours be required it will be needfull to set down the true lengths of each station line to every mans hedge that shoots upon your plot beside the ornaments that you may shew part of their corners as also in case they are their grounds that imploy you in it And sometime also if you are to measure two closes being together and that you would come forth upon that point in the station-line it will also be needfull to set it down in your note-book and often save labour marking it with an X. Now if you begin at A and have two closes lie there together to be measured then take up your Table there and having turned the length of the Table to the length of the ground and proportioned the A of your Table to the A of the ground set up your sights with the ruler upon the Table and having screwed it fast turn them upon the Table till you see the mark at B. Also see some mark in the close adjoyning on the further side or a mile beyond and because I see just there begins a triangle on the right hand which falls short of the length of the other line therefore I draw a third station-station-line from A representing the right-side line of that triangle so I leave that close till I have made an end of the other so having drawn my line AB I go to measuring it by Gunther's chain and I finde at O of the line AB are five links to the hedge I enter them as afore At 200. I crosse a path which I enter next on the left side but because there is no crook in the hedge right against it therefore I take no breadth but write path-gap At 437. the breadth is 60. I set them down because here is both a crook and right against the parting of two closes that shoot upon this thirdly it is right against a gap to come out from the further end of the first line in the second close whereby measuring that and 75. links of another station-line and setting up the Table twice that close will be measured as shall be seen anon fourthly it will be a good place to make choise of to save us some labour in teaching to measure by the chain onely as shall be shown in its due place Hence I go on to 900. there I choose my next station both because if I do go further my next station-line BC will be incumbred with the hedge as also I shall have no ground to set the Table on but here I take no breadth being the hedge goeth out streight to the end onely I set down 900 station and then measure streight on to the out-side 907. where the breadth is 8. so I set down 907. on the left hand and 8 on the right out that is without the ground Then having finished AB I strike a line crosse the book and set up my Table again at B and having made choise of my scale which I made no use of till this second station I take off 900. with my compasses from the scale and set it in that first station-line from A where I make a prick and a little roundle round about it as also at A. And here I write B and now that which was forgotten at A do now viz. one thing was to take notice what degree the South-end of the needle bore upon at A for if there be no errour it will bear upon that degree quite through the plot unlesse you remove the paper And a second thing is if you are to give in a fair plot in colours it will be needfull to strike a meridian-line through the plot unlesse you lay the north-North-end of the needle upon the Flowre-de-lice which in case a fair plot be required I confesse is the best way for so you shall draw your plot in the field according to the four windes whose borders shall be parallel to the edges of the Table I confesse in such a case as the third figure if there be a trapezium on the out-side of my station-line such as CDEF suppose my ordinarie station-line to be AB sometimes I use this way Right against the hedg CD I set up the Table at A and having placed the Table in his right situation I strike these three lines AD AE and AF and then measure on from A to B and then set up again and then again I strike BC BD and BE and never measure any of those six And after the same manner if I have a good large triangle on the out-side of my station-line if my station-line be one side thereof But in this case when I come at home if I determine to keep my note-book and to draw a plot of it 20 or 30 years after I then draw the like figure in my field-book in its proper place with the length of each line and the scale I wrought by I once was asked by a famous Mathematician but I forbear to name him what instruments I use to measure by I told him sometime by the plain-Table sometime the Theodelete sometime by the Quadrant c. Quoth he There is a deal of lumber indeed I 'le carry nothing but an high stool a field and with two sticks a cross I 'le stand upon that in the midst of the field and take the distances to every angle and I 'le measure three acres to your one I gave him his saying risum teneatis amici but truly I could not But let us to our work again Having now at your station B drawn all the lines you will draw and drawn a line cross your field-book go on to measure the station-line BC where the breadth at 0. is the same which was your distance in your last station-line between 900. the station and 907 out viz. 7. set it down on the right-side of the down-right line under the overthwart line in your book and 0. in the left-side then go on at 700 0. at 350 0. at 560 a square stroke into the angle 30. at 563 a station C 568 out Now having finished this line take again the distance between BC 563 upon the same scale you took your 900 and set it on your plot from B. Then if you did not set up at A or if you did not draw the line DA when you were at A but that there wants two outside-outside-lines to draw still then set up your Table again at C and laying your ruler on the
length of that trapezium also add your two breadths 60 and 7 together make 67 for every middle breadth of each station-line must be twice added save where you have two severall breadths fall in one place as in the line CD where you have the length 200. twice together the half of 67 is 33½ by which multiply 472 facit 15742 to be set against the latter breadth 7. Then go to the second line BC where the first length is 100 the common breadth 3½ gives 350 and so go on according as the example gives then if you add all those primes or square links into one summe you shall finde it to be 40346 that keep till you have cast up the triangles within the station lines and likewise all the other slabs Therefore I draw a diagonall from A to C which will be the base to both triangles and half the length is 504. the perpendicular falling from B is 514 that from D is 494 the summe of both is 1008. then these multiplied the summe of both perpendiculars by half the base or the whole base by half of them it gives 508032 which added to the summe of the borders 40346 it makes that first close to give 548378 square links in all Now to bring these links into acres you need but onely cut off the five right hand figures the rest to the left hand are acres viz. five acres the reason is there are 25 links in the length of a pole that squared gives 625 square links in a pole and that multiplied by 160 the poles in an acre gives 100000 links by which divide your summe of your links or for the five cyphers cut off five places the rest are acres and the five so cut off are the numerator of a fraction of an acre whose denominator is â—00000 So 548378 gives five acres Now to bring these five figures into poles you may either divide them by 625 the primes in a pole or else multiply those two of the five next the left-hand always by six and set them a place nearer the right-hand and then add those two which you multiplied and the two which are under them together and increasing them so many unites as are sixes in the next two and you shall have 7 pole and 253 links If now that when you have cast up a close you have more then half 625 primes remaining ordinarily it is accounted for a pole if lesse then for nothing But if you have more closes adjoyning you may reckon it with the next close Suppose your ground hath the out-side of this form whose station-line is AD you may set it down in words thus in your note-book At A it is 10 to the brook from the station-line 0 at B where I have gone 20 pole in the station-line there is a square line to a crook stroke with the edge of the table in which at 15 on the left hand is 20 at 28 is 25 on the left hand and 15 on the right hand at 44 is 28 on the right hand at 56 is 33 on the right hand at 70 is 0. on the left and 30 on the right hand then at 30 in the station-line is 10 at which 30 also I strike a station-line forward which when I have stroke it I finde the fore-most acute angle by my scale of chords to be 70 degrees that also I enter in my book by help whereof and a diagonall line from angle to angle I can draw the plot of any ground though many years after without going to it again And after the same manner you may plot and set down single lands in the common-field or a close that is narrow and long CHAP. VI. Of measuring a Wood. THe difference of measuring a wood and pasture is in these two things First in pasture you measure on the in-side but woods on the out-side Secondly in pasture all your trapezia are to be added to that within the station-lines unlesse your station-line be in the close adjoyning but in this to be subtracted CHAP. VII Of dividing or laying out of ground OF this there are three degrees each more difficult then other The first is when the length of a ground is given and a given quantity desired as if you would lay out two acres of grass in a pasture which is 36 pole long and you desire the breath First I turn my two acres into square links it is 200000 which I divide by 900. for 25 times 36 is 900 it gives 224¼ the which if you divide by 25 the links in a pole it gives 8 pole 22¼ links in breadth and this needs no plotting Or if you would do by the foot-chain say two acres is 320 pole that divided by your length 36 gives 8 pole and â—2 36 which abbreviated is 8 9 and to know how many half-feet that is because there are 33 half-feet in a pole therefore I multiply 33 by 8 facit 264 that divide by 9 gives 29 half feet and 3 9 or â…“ that is 8 pole 14 feet 8 inches Secondly In pasture-ground suppose a pasture with crooked hedges is equally to be divided between two men First I plot it and find it 52 acres 2 roods 10 pole that is 26 acres 1 rood 5 pole a peice I ghuess as near as I can to strike a line over the middle of my ploâ— but measuring one end upon the plot I finde it wants 264 pole of his due therefore I measure the length of the dividing line which I finde to be 56 poles Now to work by the decimal chain I multiply 264 my poles wanting by 625 the square links in a pole they make 165000 likewise I multiply 56 pole the length by 25 the links in a poles length they make 1400 by which divide 165000 it quotes 117 6 7 that is 4 poles 17 6 7 links But by the foot-chain if you divide 264 by 56 it quotes 4 poles and 40 56 which to bring into half-feet multiply the numerator 40 by 33 the ½ feet in a pole facit 1320 which divide by 56 it gives 28 half-feet and 16 56 of a half-foot in toto 4 pole 14 feet 2 inches almost And so much must you remove your dividing line at both ends and this may be done as well on the out-side as on the in-side Thirdly To divide a standing wood of 200 or 300 acres and to drive a streight line from a mark on one side thereof to any mark on the other though the wood be twenty years growth and a hill in the midst A rare secret Be sure to plot and measure enough or more then you desire to take out of it and where you intend your dividing-dividing-line shall come there in your station-station-line on the first side set a mark keeping also good marks at every station so going on till you be sure you are far enough on the other side also Then draw your dividing-dividing-line by ghuess keeping one end thereof still upon the mark in your station-station-line then
come near to the truth and may indifferently serve in case of letting because it always is a little under the length as will easily appear in this diagram If an hill run streight along a ground if by one side it will be a mere declining level if through the middle it will be two declining levels and that line so running along the top will be a line of level and equal to the line of level under it therefore if you add both ends together as you measured them by the chain and multiply half of them by the length of that line you have the content if it be of equal height at both ends But if it be unequal at both ends though it be a declining level and have more then three angles your best way is to part it in severall triangles whose Hypotenuses and perpendiculars you may finde by either of the two former ways without measuring them by the chain Thirdly If you have no Quadrant nor plain-Table at all save onely the chain and any board of a foot or 14 inches long with one streight edge of ten or eleven inches broad draw a streight line close and parallel to that side and near one end thereof stick a pin in the line with thread and plummet hanging on it then if you are at the bottom of the hill and look upwards turn that end with the plummet from you but if you are at the top turn it towards you and as you espie the mark let a stander by on that side the plummet is on lay his hand gently on the bottom of the board and with his thumb press down the thread there holding it till you have made a prick right under it in a good large tran first drawn with 60 of some large scale of chords whose center shall be the hole where the pin sticketh then take with your compasses the distance between the said prick in the said tran and the beginning of the said tran and apply it to the same scale of chords you drew the tran by it gives the complement of the angle ascending viz. the dâ—grees of the angle descending But if you are at the top and look downward it gives the complement of the top-angle and degrees of the bottom ascending But if you will but erect a perpendicular upon the same center and take the distance between the prick and it it gives the contrary CHAP. X. Of reducing a plot from a greater to a lesser ALthough there are several ways of performing this as likewise of a lesser to a greater whereof there is great use in turning statute-measure into the eighteen-foot pole c. we will lay down onely this one generall rule Or Secondly If you desire a plot equall to another you may oyle a paper drie it well then put it over the other plot that it stir not through which you may see the lines on the neather plot then draw them with your pen on the oyled paper then take it off to prick it then pounch a new paper draw it Or Thirdly Having drawn a line representing AB in your new plot take the line AB off the old either all or ½ or according to your desired proportion set it on the new Also take the proportion of the line AE and set one foot in A and tran where you think E will fall in your new Take also the like proportion of the distance of BE and set in the said tran and so you have E the same 2 distances will set out D also D and B will set out C and so you have all your angles then draw their lines and you have your plot desired CHAP. XI Of measuring pasture-ground by the chain onely and that as speedily and exactly as with any instrument whatsoever and with less help though in misty weather to plot shut and prove the plot thereby also ABout the midst of one of your longest station-lines and some known length in the same as at X in the first or third close chap 3d pag. 2â— set up a mark and mark it in your book both with its proper length letter then having measured round about the ground on the inside or at least all but the last side if you have more then three angles in stead of measuring it from angle to angle viz in the first close from A to C or from B to D you shall measure from C to X and from X to D so making a triangle the more then otherwise which two subtendeâ—ts will easilie be run whilest you can set up the Table once so you shall need less help by one to carry your Table for that is wholly one bodies work and these two subtendents must be set down at the latter end of your notes of that close in your field-book Then if you measure the last side AD having plotted the rest if that AD on the ground and AD on the plot agree all is right neither ever need you divide any more lines then one in the whole ground or close throughout so that at least none of the station lines strike outward for then it must be accounted as another close so much of it till the last line that strook inward being continued streight out do meet with the other plot again See more chap. third Now to plot such a ground measured by the chain onely suppose it be the said first close chap third first I draw the line AXB making a mark at X and another at B secondly you must either take the subâ—endent XC setting one foot of the compasses in X tranning where you think C will falâ— or else take the station-line BC with your compasses and set one foot in B tran at C and then take the other of these two last lines viz. XC setting one foot on its proper mark X and with the other make a prick in the said tran and so have you placed C in his right place then draw the line BC next take CD with your compasses set one foot in C and tran where you think D will fall then take the subtendent DX set one foot in X and make a prick in the said tran and that sets out D then draw the line CD and because D is your last station and that A and D are both set out already therefore draw also the line AD now if AD on the plot and AD in your book agree then all is right else not So that in this kinde of plotting there are onely these three positures First draw a station-line secondly tran with a subtendent thirdly prick with the next station line Nevertheless in great larg plots it will be needfull to use a good larg pair of compasses because you must take the whole length of your lines with them In which case a pair of beam-compasses with a beam of deal willow or sallow or some such soft wood is best of all of 17 or 18 inches long with a piece of an
be shown with indico and azure or black-lead for seas a greenish sky-colour of indico azure smalts white-lead and verdigrease CHAP. XVI To measure all manner of ground by the Pandoron or any other graduated Instrument THe Pandoron is an Instrument compounded of First an ordinary foot with three legs for a plain Table Secondly a Table and folding-rulers like it save that it is a true square Thirdly the box and needle Fourthly it hath on one corner a centre in which is a screw-pin on which a moveable ruler with sights turneth Fifthly in the two out-sides furthest from the centre is drawn the Quadrate for terrestrial altitudes and distances Sixthly next to it is the limbe of the Quadrant both for celestial and terrestrial altitudes and distances whether upright flat or aslope Seventhly Gunther's Quadrant for your own latitude for houres both of night and day and Azumeths and divers other problems Eighthly Fale's Quadrant for Planetary houres Ninthly a circle and scale for finding the declination of a plain Tenthly a neck of 14 or 15 inches long to put on the top of the staff the Table being taken off with a pin on the side to hang the Table on to take all manner of altitudes and distances aslope Eleventhly a beam of 6 or 7 foot long about two inches square of deal and a trough on the top gouged all along half an inch deep to fill with water for a water-level having a sight at each end having a lath crossing the beam in the middle above and below 6 foot long fastened with screw-pins and brackets above and below with an hole in the bottom of the middle of the beam in stead of a socket to stand on top of the three-foot staff So that there is nothing that all or any observing Instruments can do but this doth it By this you measure land as by the plain-Table then if the weather be moist or in hilly ground you may uncover the Table and work by the Quadrant whereby you may save the charge of hill-ground sights which are as costly as all the rest of the Instruments Besides which if you know how to work by the Quadrant you cannot be ignorant of working by the Theodelete or semicircles the difference being onely this that they take onely at once which if it be above 90 degrees by the Quadrant you first take some part of it and then the rest of it afterward yet all at the same station and then plot it by your scale of chords Indeed by the Circumferentor you take all the angles by observing the cutting of the South-end of the needle and then either plot the angles by a protractor and the lines by a scale of equal parts or else you may plot the angles either by your scale of chords or by the Circumferentor it self both which I hold better ways then the first So that there being nothing desirable in an observing instrument but this giveth it it so pleased Mr. Hender Roberts the Lord Roberts youngest son a Gentleman every way fitted with a genius for the Mathematicks whom I cannot name without honour who had the first of them to give it the name of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 omne donum So that in shewing the use of it as it is a Quadrant we shall with the same labour shew the use of all graduated Instruments in measuring of land and as for working by it as by the plain-Table we refer you to the ten first chapters of this book Now therefore for working by the Quadrant yet herein we will speak of nothing but what is within the station-lines contenting our selves for the rest with that which hath been spoken before in the use of the plain-Table all the difference consists in three things first the taking of the angles secondly in keeping the field-book thirdly in plotting Now for your plotting it first draw the line AB set out 20 of your scale of equal parts upon it then take always 60 off your scale of chords set one foot at the end of your 20 in B and with the other foot tran always from the last line which here is AB towards the place where you think your next line BC will fall Then take your angle B which is 60 and set it in the said tran from the line AB forward there make a prick and from B through that prick draw the line BC ad infinitum In which line set out â—8 of equal parts there make a prick for your station C. Then take again your 60 of chords set one foot in C and tran from the last line BC toward CD Now because your angle C is more then 90 and that your compass tran at 60 therefore first set out that 60 in the said tran to B and because there wants yet 46 of 106 therefore take those 46 with your compasses and set them on forward from 60 there make a prick and draw your line CD through it and so of the rest So that there are but these things first draw a station-line secondly tran your angle with 60 of chords thirdly prick out the degrees of that angle CHAP. XVII In measuring by graduated Instruments to know if your plot will shut or no. Because in working by graduated Instruments you always plot at home but never in the field and that if any thing be mistaken in the field as oft it comes to pass to be so then will not your plot shut at home therefore either you must look to your needle at every plantation or else you must measure all the angles which by the plain-Table you need not do therefore with such Instruments the needle is more needfull then with the plain-Table and yet the Circumferentor will hardly help you herein neither though you work all by the needle unless you work by taking angles by it which is the slower way Now having measured all the angles if on the inside of a ground because all the three angles of a right line triangle are equall to two right angles or 180 degrees and that there are so many triangles save two as are angles therefore if you reckon so many angles save two for each of them 180 and finde that and the quantities of all your angles to agree there is great hope your plot will shut else not As if there be a triangle they must all make 180 if a quadrangle 360 if a pentangle 540 an hexangle 720 a septangle 800 an octangle 950 but if you measure on the out side as a wood then every outward angle is the complement to 360 of its inner angle therefore to take all those complements is your best way both to prove and plot it by and less labour if you are far from your mark and not to go to it again it oft-times will quit your pains lest you are forced to spend perhaps an whole days-work about that you have done or at least would have done already to prove your angles after this manner CHAP. XVIII
To take terrestrial distances by the plain-Table or Pandoron aâ— by the Table WE have spoken of taking them by the chain onely in chap. 13. between that and this there is very little difference We will here suppose the same oppositions as there viz. two houses beyond a river between which I desire the distance also between each of them and each of my stations the chiefest difference is this that by this your best way is to have your station-line as near the river as you can which let be as before AB 40 pole long First set your â—nstrument at A and turn the sights to DC and B and draw their lines measure thence to B 40 poles there make a prick but lay down your 40 pole with a very small seale if the distances be long so that the 40 pole be little above an inch long Then set up your Instrument at B laying your index on your station-station-line of your plot turn it till through the sights you espie A then fasten your Table and one end of your ruler turning upon the center B turn the sights first to C then to D then draw lines whose intersections with the former will give you all your distances desired CHAP. XIX To do the like by the Pandoron as it is a Quadrant or by any graduated Instrument LEt the same example be propounded as afore and let your station-line be AB 40 pole as near the river-side as you can I set up the Quadrant first at A where I find BAD 110 degrees and CAD is 50 degrees likewise set up at B then CBA is 104 whereof CBD 50 this station-line 40 and these angles thus plotted extend you lines till they meet and their intersections will give you the desired distances as afore yet if you will bestow the time and pains to cast it up by the doctrine of Triangles you may come somewhat nearer First for the triangle BAD seeing that BAD is 110 degrees and the angle ABD 54 which make being added 164 which take out of 180 rests the angle ADB 16 degrees Now in the same triangle having all the angle and the line AB to finde the side AD. As the sine ADB 16. Comparithmes 055966 is to AB 40. 160206 So sine 110 degrees that is sine 70 997.99 to 136 3 10 BD. 213.61 Also to finde AD As sine ADB 16. Compar 055966 is to AB 40 pole 160206 so sine DBA 54 degrees 990796 to 117 4 10 AD. 206968 Then in the triangle CBA CBA is 104 and BAC is 60 these added together make 164 which taken out of 180 leaves the angle BCA 16 degrees Now to find BC. As sine 16 d. Compar 055966 to AB 40 p. 160206 so is sine CAD 60 993753 to BC 125 and 7 10 209925 Also to finde AC As sine ACB 16. Compar 055966 to AB 40 160206 so sine 104 that is sine 78 998690 CBA to AC 140 8 10 214862 Lastly having the two sides AC 140 8 10 and AD 117 4 10 and the angle CAD 50 in your triangle CAD to finde CD As the summ of the sides 258 1 10. Compar 658804 to the difference of the same sides 23 4 10 236922 so is the tang of ½ the sum of the angles unknown 65 to the tang of ½ their difference 11 degrees 033133 which add to 65 d. ½ facit 76 the greater 928859 angle D. But subtracted from it makes the angle 54 degrees and then as sine 54. Compar 009205 to 117 4 10 206967 so sine 50 degrees 988425 to CD 111 2 10 204597 CHAP. XX. Of altitudes and distances celestial by the Pandoron or Quadrant FOr taking of altitudes and distances celestial or altitudes terrestrial it is a matter of necessity that besides your Quadrant and three-legg'd foot you get also a neck or piece of close-grain'd wood whose Diameter may be about three inches or somewhat more Let the nether end be turned with a socket that instead of the socket of your Table you may put on that so that it may turn on the top of the staff as the socket doth having also a screw-pin in the side of it to hold it at any situation Also about two or three inches below the top turn it like a bowl in the midst whereof bore an hole with an inch-wimble to which fit a pin of the same wood so hard both driven in and glewed in that it stirs not but let one end thereof be so big and so long as to fit the brass socket that the socket may turn very stiff about it and let the little end of the pin reach past the hole of the bowl almost the depth of the socket and then you may fit that end of the pin either to that or any other Instrument by glewing upon it a piece of its own wood turn'd like a little salve-box then upon this pin put the socket of your Instrument and work as followeth To take the altitude of the Sun Take the string of your plummet in your hand and apply it to the edge of your Instrument and hang it plumb then screw it fast then move the ruler with sights up and down till the Sun shining through the sight next the limb the shadow of the thread run streight along the rule then look how many degrees are between the edge of the rule and the bottom of the limb so many degrees is the height of the Sun and this you may do by setting it on a stool To take the height of a star To do this having hanged your Instrument on the pin of the neck and plumbed one edge by the light of a candle look by the edges of both sights moving the ruler till you see the star desired in a streight line with them both then screw the ruler and take down the Table accounting the degrees from the bottom to the edge of the rule for the height of the star To take the distance of two stars howsoever situate If both be near the Horizon and near of one altitude and within 90 degrees of each other you need not use the neck at all but onely lay your ruler on the beginning of the degrees then screw it and turn the Table till by both sights you see one of the stars then fasten the Table and move the sights to the other star and the degrees on the limb of the fiduciall edge of the rule gives their distance If they be both in one and the same half of a vertical circle take both their heights as afore subtract the lesser altitude from the greater you have your desire If they are in severall halfs of the vertical circle take the complements of both their heights and add them together actum est But if they lie aslope and yet are within 90 degrees one of another then besides the foot and Quadrant or Pandoron get you two round sticks as big as your thumb about six foot long a piece sharpen their little ends
streight line to the further side of the ground you are in both on your left hand and on your right so that you touch not upon the hedges nor incumber your self with wood bushes houses nor waters though you are driven to go nine or ten poles off at one end and but nine or ten links at the other Whatsoever others bid you always go parallel to the hedge regard it not for if you do so you shall have work enough till Wednesday What will these men do when they come at Hockley-brook It will hold them a week to measure a furlong streight and they have no way left but onely to equal one place with another by ghuess neither alas poor men do they know which way to go about to plot it whereby though they do hit the true quantitie by chance as the blinde man may shoot and hit a crow is that a true plat of the form and who knows not but brooks rivers the very seas themselves alter in time witnesse Hercules-pillers and how can they go parallel by this whim-wham Besides that by the plain-Table they do plot all as they go so that they had need have a great deal of fair weather no dewie mornings and because they know neither how to measure nor plot such a piece we have not had one that hath wrote of Surveying these thirty years but have been all as mute as fishes in it CHAP. III. How to set down your notes in your Field-book and to draw your station-lines by the plain-Table HAving made choise of your first station before you begin to measure take your field-book on the top of the first page write the name of the Parish first the ground lies in Secondly the year and day Thirdly the name of the close Fourthly measured by me and for I. R. contra W. R. or if you are indifferently hired on both sides write inter I. D. D. I. Fifthly your directour Sixthly your helper And Seventhly which way you went forward whether cum Sole or contra Solem Cum Sole in a pasture is when the hedge is on your left hand contra Solem when on the right Then in your field-book about two inches from the left side of the leaf draw a line with your pen streight down to the bottom of the leaf and on the left side about an inch from the line write A signifying the first station or the mark you stand on and close to it on the same side write O signifying the beginning of the line then if you intend to go contra Solem measure how many links are to the hedge or ditch on your right hand and set them down right against A on the right side of the line so all your lengths as you go in the station-line must be set down on the left side of that down-right line and all the breadths on the right side Yet before you go forward you must know these several things Prolegomena First That always a ditch must be measured with that ground on which the hedge standeth Secondly That you never need set up your Table at A unlesse there be another close adjoyning which you are also to measure nor yet at the last angle so that if the ground have four angles you need set up your instrument but at the second and third neither is there necessitie of setting it up at the third if you be sure you have measured all the station-lines right calling your Angles BCDE in order c. by reason you may set out the two last station-lines of any ground whatsoever by the scale and compasses by tranning the first of them and pricking the last as shall be shown more at large when we come to speak of measuring by the chain onely Thirdly If one of your sides be bushy woody watery c. that you cannot come at the hedge for such things leave that for the last so that it be a streight side for your plot will give you that side so that if you have done all right thitherto you cannot fail in that neither need you measure it save for triall sake Fourthly You must know that wheresoever you have two closes to be measured joyning together the station-line in one close serves also for the other and the additions in one close are the subtractions from the other Fifthly If a fair plot in colours be required you must still as you go in your station-lines take notice and set down in your field-book all Churches houses rivers ponds gates ways paths stiles arbors wind-mills great single trees woods c. which fall within compasse of your plot or square and set them down in your distance from the station-lines If they be not on the same side of the station-line that the hedge is on mark them with a crosse and draw them all in your fair plot in prospective in their proper colours with their manner of situation East or West North or South and your needle in any of your instruments will help you always making the North-side of your plot the over end as you may see in plots of countreys and at the bottom setting a scale of poles beautified with compartiments and a pair of compasses but your scale for this plot may if the ground be very large be smaller then that you measure by Sixthly Before you begin you must make choise of your scale wherein you are to consider the bignesse of the ground the bignesse of your paper and the price or value of the ground and whether on purchase or hiring and that for a longer or shorter time yet howsoever it is good though it be upon letting not to be too carelesse in it for I have been imployed upon letting between Sir John Crofts and Sir William Bryars yet before they concluded they agreed on a purchase by the acre upon the same measure therefore I seldome measure upon purchase with a scale more then 8 never above 10 in the inch nor upon hiring seldome above 10 never above 12. Seventhly Before you begin you must consider whereabouts of your ground you begin that so turning the length of the Table to the longest way of the ground and beginning at the like place of the paper as you do on the ground you may not taking too small a scale lay all that ground upon that sheet of paper or at least all that you can measure that day for it is somewhat troublesome to shift your paper in the field or to fall beside it for a piece of a close for which if you do we will give you these five remedies 1. If it be but a small matter and presently comes on again you may lift up the rulers and that paper which they hold down cut it so that so much as you need may lie upon the rulers 2. If that will not be enough you may make your station-line that you came or else do come on shorter then indeed it should be by 10 or 20 pole taking the next
line BC turn the Table till through the sights you see the mark B which if you do then see if the south-South-end of the needle do strike the same degree it did at A and B if not there is some fault which most commonly is in the last line save one and must be rectified before you go further But there is a second way of triall infinitely better which is this Having placed CB line right upon B lay your ruler upon the two pricks C and A if then through the sights you see A all is right if there be a fault it is commonly in the length of the last station-line save one which if you came contra Solem and your sights look on the left hand of A your book is more then your plot vice versâ If you have rectified it set out your next station-line CD and measure as afore and make your station if you can see A at the very end and can go free from all impediments else make it short as afore And then begin to measure that CD line having drawn a line cross the book say at 0 5. at 200 40 at 200 10 at 656 out station 12. Where you see because I need not to set up my Table any more for there is but one line more to measure therefore I drive the station-line CD to the very outside so I take the whole length of the line where my breadth is 12. This length 625 I set on the plot from C to D where I make a prick within a little circle and write D then before I measure the last line DA upon the ground I measure it first upon the plot setting one foot of the compasses in D and the other in A and then applying that distance to your scale that will give you the true length of the line DA before you measure it So that when you have measured it if the line on the plot and the line on the ground agree then all is right and this we call the true shutting of a plot which if it agree within a pole or 20 links most Surveyours count it well shut I think it too much neither do I remember that ever I missed so much in all my life I once measured a wood called Horsley-wood in Luton-Parish for Judge Crawley where one Master Lawrence was my Antagonist for Sr. Robert Napier he puts me to measure it and he goes by and takes the angles as I drew and set them down in his field-book but seeing that we were forced to make 14 station-lines and hilly ground too he offered to wager five shillings that I should not shut within five pole I offered to accept it in regard whereof at the last station I giving him the distance on the plot would needs set my Table to try what hopes that gave me and finding it stroke right upon my A I then offered to take his wager to shut within a yard but I miss'd not a foot We two had been four times Antagonists for the same men before one after another and our greatest difference was never but five pole at a time in sixty or seventy acres An Example We will give you now an example of the Field-book and plot of three closes lying together partly reall and partly supposed Chesterton Cambridgeshire June 21. 1656. Measured by me G. A. three closes called Church-closes I for A. B John Dampot for C. D. upon purchase S L. directour I begin with the East-close at North-West going contra Solem. Links in length Links in breadth A 0 5   200 a path  X right against a hedge 435 60 14137 B 900 station   907 out 7 15742  0 7   100 0 350  356 0 00000  560 into angle 30. 3150 C 563 station   568 0 out 120  0 5   200 40 450  200 10 these 2 breadths are both in one place D 656 out station 10. 4560. A 0 0   500 0 0000  740 meets A 15. 1837  745 out the N. W. close   enters    all the borders 40346 Subtende  CX 674  D X 756  N. W. close enteâ—s at 5 from A Westward A parallel by the North hedge of 15. next station-line AE Next station-line AFG A 0 0  F 650 50. stat-lin F E G 825 60   850 out 0.  GX  Turn South  G 0 30   75 25.3 d close enters 3d close enters   75 25   400 25  X 900   1200 140   1500 200  H 1550 station   1575 out   0 25   300 160   500 160  I 800 station 56  956 out 0  0 156   300 60   860 against C  1340 out 0. against X Subtend from out to X 1090. thence to l. 947. Here you see in this plot the station-lines being pricked lines are not drawn parallel to the hedges or out-sides of the ground if we should do so how many stations should we make in stead of that line I L Likewise we must make three for CD yet these are nothing to Hockley-brook Besides in working this way my station-lines cut one another more perpendicular then any other way whatsoever which is much to be regarded in working by the plain-Table The onely way to take an acute angle is with graduated instruments to take the quantitie of the angle and to calculate it by sines and tangents by the doctrine of triangles but he that goeth that way to work may chance to measure ten acres whilest another doth an hundred Adde hereto that I can more easily see every crook in the hedge in going round then any other way CHAP. IV. Of plotting at home and of severall ways THey that use to go parallel to the hedges do seldome use any field-book but plot as they go by the plain-Table because they suppose themselves to go in the hedges and therefore allow a parallel from the hedge but if at any time they cannot go parallel by reason of houses waters bushes or the like then they are much troubled and must of necessity plot as they go for want of a field-book whereby they spend much more time abroad both they their helpers then they need which they themselves might do in half the while at home besides that the least mist drives them out of the field for though they could measure by the chain onely which I am sure was never heretofore published by any but hath ever been thought a thing impossible to plot and prove a plot by of which God willing hereafter yet can they no way help themselves for want of a field-book also the form whereof being already laid down unto you together with the plot to which it belongeth being compared together will direct you better then many words yet because I desire to make all things so plain
and the Sun as afore Then again about three a clock in the afternoon watch where the Suns shaddow falls just on the same circle again and then set up two other sticks so that they may meet in the same centre divide the space between the two furthest sticks into two equall parts and mark that for your meridian-line But lest the Sun should not shine when it comes to that circle you may make severall circles upon the board and stick up marks where the Sun comes at them forenoon and afternoon If both these ways fail this third way is better then either of them In the evening go Southward of the place where you would haue your diall three or four pole turn your face Northward moving Eastward or Westward till you see the North-pole and the place where you will have the meridian of your diall both in a line which by looking over the house you may the better do if you get one to hold a pole a slope with a line tyed to the end thereof and a plummet to it If now the line the meridian-place on the wall and the North-pole are all in a line you are right there stick up a stick till morning another right behinde it for just there is your meridian-line Now to know the pole you may easily ghuess at it near enough for it is a point in the heavens in a right line between the hinder horse of Charles-wain called Alliot and the polar-star so far off fâ—om the pole-star as the pole-star is from the next star to it so that if Alliot be just beyond the polar star then is the polar-star full North è contra A fourth way is this in some plain place near hand where you may see both ways set a mark go South two or three pole then move Eastward or Westward till you see the pole-star right beyond the first staff there set another or rather pitch two good stones like grave stones in Church-yards for so they will not onely serve for this business but also give the hour of the night to a minute by knowing the right ascention of the Sun and stars The use we make of it here is double first it helps us to set out the meridian-line every where near hand for if standing here at the North stone you see the Sun right over a stick or pole holden at the South you run presently set your back against the wall where you would have your diall and set up two sticks between the Sun and you you have a meridian-line desired Having a meridian in some open and plain place to finde the Azumeth set up a stick at the South-end of your meridian-line measure back in it 50 links there make your centre A thence measure 50 forward in the Sun-line measure the distance of those two fifties and plot it then take 60 off your scale of chords and do as in the last rule Having the Azumeth to finde the angle of the wall and Sun by help of the last figure Sometime you are in such a place where you cannot set out a meridian-line yet you may always set out an Azumeth or Sun-line which elswhere I call the angle of the wall and Sun Now finding your Azumeth as in the last rule come presently from thence not staying to cast it up or plot it but presently measure 50 by the wall and 50 in the Sun-line and their distance and then plot both the triangles and finde the degrees of both angles at the centre as afore so have you both the Suns Azumeth and the angle of the wall and Sun Then making a circle with two cross diameters first set out your Azumeth from the South if it was taken in the morning then on the East if in the after-noon on the West Then always reckon backward the angle of the wall and Sun in the course of the Sun and from thence draw a line through the centre representing the wall-line as in the last diagram the distance between that and the East and West line in the circle is the declination of the wall desired And although the Sun be newly gone off the wall or not yet come on by help of the shadow of the end of the wall and these former helps you may finde the declination Onely in stead of setting your Azumeth backward you must set it forward in the course of the Sun if you take it before it shines on the wall And all this may be done by a two-foot rule or yard or a boyes cat-stick CHAP. XV. Of colouring and beautifying of plots IN beautifying of plots it is necessary that you draw a square round about the plot the upper-upper-end whereof shall represent the North-side the nether line the South the right-side line the East but you must help your self to these by taking a meridian-line first in the field and drawing a meridian-line through the first plot Secondly Examine your former plot how many chains or poles your plot reacheth from North to South and from East to West and thereby make choise of such a scale that you may lay the whole Lordship within the said square according to the Northing and Southing and distance Or else you may draw your plot first by what scale you will and then draw the square afterward Thirdly Fill the out-borders between the square and the demeans at least such as border next to the demeans with the bordering hedges and names or owners names of the grounds Fourthly Whatsoever you write write it from West to East unless it be the proper name of some river or high-way or such like For if the North be upward the West will be on the left hand Fifthly Describe all houses ways rivers Churches wind-mills arbours great lone-trees gates stiles c. that fall within your plot as also the Lordship-house with other edifices in a corner by it self and the Lords coat in another corner the house being drawn in prospective Sixthly Describe at the bottom the scale that you drew it by adorning it with compasses ovalls squares and compartiments c. Seventhly Having drawn all your severall grounds and distinguished them with their hedges it will not be amiss first to pounce over the paper or parchment with some stanish grain and burnt Allome and a double quantitie of pounced rosen both finely searced and lightly pumiced thereby to preserve the paper or parchment from through-piercing with the colours Then lay on your colours in manner following being first ground and bound with gum-water very thin and bodiless Arable for corn you may wash with pale straw-colour made of yellow-ocre and white-lead For meadows take pink and verdigrease in a light green Pasture in a deep green of pink azure and smalts Fenns a deep green as also heaths of yellow and indico Trees a sadder green of white-lead and verdigrease For mud-walls and ways mix white-lead and rust of iron or with ocres brown of Spain for white-stone take umber and white water or glass may
Let a board be seven inches broad I desire to know how many inches forward makes a foot Divide 144. by seven it gives twenty inches or one foot eight inches â— 7. Now to bring â— 7 into centesmes annex two ciphers to the remain four it makes 400 which divide again by seven it gives â—â— 100. But for half-inches reduce the breadth into an improper Fraction as 6½ is 1â— 2 then multiply 144 by the Denominator 2 it gives 288 so that you must always divide 288 by the Numerator or number of half-inches of the breadth of the board which is 13 so have you 22 or one foot ten inches 15 centesmes But if your breadth be an odd quarter or three quarters First reduce it into quarters and divide 576 by it so ◠¼ is 27 quarters therefore divide 576 by 27 it gives 21 inches or one foot nine inches 9 27 or 33 centesmes The Table followeth A Table shewing how many feet inches and centesmes of inches forward are required to make a foot of board measure at all breadths both whole inches half-inches quarters and three-quarters from one inch in breadth to 36 inches Quar. Board feet inch cent Quart feet inch cent Qu. inch cent quar inch cent 1 0 12 0 0 8 0 1 6 0 15 9 60 22 6 55 1 9 7 20 1 1 5 46 1 9 44 1 6 47 2 8 0 0 2 1 4 94 2 9 29 2 6 40 3 6 10 29 3 1 4 46 3 9 14 3 6 33 2 0 6 0 0 9 0 1 4 0 16 9 0 23 6 26 1 5 4 0 1 1 3 56 1 8 87 1 6 19 2 4 9 60 2 1 3 16 2 8 73 2 6 13 3 4 4 36 3 1 2 77 3 8 57 3 6 6 3 0 4 0 0 10 0 1 2 40 17 8 41 24 6 0 1 3 8 31 1 1 2 5 1 8 32 1 5 94 2 3 5 15 2 1 1 76 2 8 22 2 5 88 3 3 2 40 3 1 1 35 3 8 12 3 5 82 4 0 3 0 0 11 0 1 1 9 18 8 0 25 5 76 1 2 9 88 1 1 0 80 1 7 81 1 5 70 2 2 8 0 2 1 0 51 2 7 78 2 5 65 3 2 6 31 3 1 0 25 3 7 68 3 5 59 5 0 2 4 80 12 0 1 0 0 19 7 58 26 5 54 1 2 3 41 1 0 11 76 1 7 48 1 5 48 2 2 2 18 2 0 11 52 2 7 39 2 5 43 3 2 1 4 3 0 11 29 3 7 29 3 5 38     Qu. Inch. Cent.       6 0 2 0 0 13 0 11 8 20 7 20 27 5 33 1 1 11 4  1 10 87 1 7 11 1 5 28 2 1 10 15  2 10 67 2 7 2 2 5 24 3 1 9 33  3 10 46 3 6 94 3 5 19 7 0 1 8 57 14  10 29 21 6 86 28 5 14 1 1 7 86  1 10 11 1 6 78 1 5 11 2 1 7 2â— Â 2 9 93 2 6 69 2 5 5 3 1 6 58  3 9 76 3 6 62 3 5 1 Q. I. C. Q. I. C. Q. I. C. Q. I. C. 29 4 97 31 4 65 33 4 36 35 4 12 1 4 93 1 4 61 1 4 33 1 4 9 2 4 89 2 4 58 2 4 30 2 4 6 3 4 84 3 4 54 3 4 27 3 4 3 30 4 80 32 4 50 34 4 24 36 4 0 1 4 76 1 4 46 1 4 21    2 4 73 2 4 43 2 4 18    3 4 69 3 4 39 3 4 15    Now to place this Table upon the rule divide the second third fourth and fifth columns next to the besill at one end into small squares that may hold two figures a piece in which set over-most the inches of the breadth in the second the feet required in length at each inch half inch and quartern In the next the odd inches and in the next the odd centesmes and this you must do to six inches you may do it to ten inches if you will Then at the end of ten inches set one inch divided into ten equal parts and each of them into halves and suppose each half into five so will it be supposed to be divided into an hundred parts as before Then from six inches to 36 you shall set all in the column next the besill with small strokes after this manner First I begin with six inches and a quarter to which I finde in the Table there belongeth one foot eleven inches four centesmes that is eleven inches four centesmes from the middle cross stroke of the rule But because my compasses will not reach so far I onely take 56 centesmes from the former inch which makes it just two foot from the same end which I set the under measure at Another example let be 9¼ for which I finde in the Table one foot three inches 56 centesmes First I take with my compasses 56 centesmes from my inch of centesmes and prick it down upon a line upon a paper Also with my compasses I take three inches in the foot-line of inch-measure on the other side of the Rule set that distance also on the paper at the end of the 56 Centesme in the same line then take with your compasses the whole length of both set one foot in the middle-cross-line of the Rule and in the said scale and the other toward the beginning of the Rule and it gives the length correspondent to nine inches and â— 4 from the stroke to the end of the Rule Thus do with all the rest marking each whole inch with its proper number to 24 also 30 and 36. And now before we proceed to shew you the making of the Table of timber-measure we will first shew the measure of boards CHAP. II. Of measuring of boards with the Rule THere are divers ways of measuring of boards of which the fundamental way is this 12 inches in length and 12 in breadth that is twelve times twelve or twelve inches square which is 144 inches make a foot of board therefore multiply the inches of the length of the board by the inches of the breadth and divide the product by 144 you have the content in feet If any thing remain divide it by twelve it gives the odd inches or twelve parts of a foot for an inch is the twelfth part of a foot let the foot be what it will Example Let a board be 13 foot five inches long that is 162 inches long and nine and an half broad these multiplied give 1529 and an half which divided by 144 give ten foot 89 square inches and ½ remains which divided by 12 is 7½ ferè inches of board Secondly If you multiply the length in feet 13 feet 5 inches by the breadth in inches 9½ first 9 inches by 13 foot is 9 foot 9 inches half of 13 is 6½ and 6 square inches and 9 times 5