Linguistic DNA - Concept Modelling Demonstrator

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	draw_v	line_n	perpendicular_a	3,095	5	14.0786	5	true

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A51552	Regulæ trium ordinum literarum typographicarum, or, The rules of the three orders of print letters viz. the Roman, Italick, English capitals and small : shewing how they are compounded of geometrick figures, and mostly made by rule and compass, useful for writing masters, painters, carvers, masons, and others that are lovers of curiosity / by Joseph Moxon ...	Moxon, Joseph, 1627-1691.	1676 (1676)	Wing M3019; ESTC R21244	27,439	130

Foot For the Dots at Head and Foot set off one Stem viz. 3 Â½ from the Head and Foot-line that is in the Parallels of 14 Â½ and 26 Â½ and where that setting off the inner Circles of Head and Foot shall be the Centre whereon the Compasses set to 1 Â¾ you may describe Circles for the Dots s Is made like f onely instead of a stroke quite through the Head-line here is onely a Beak proceeding from the left hand to the Stem in the Head-line This Beak or Projecture is made like the Projecture of other Letters onely the line of the Beak that runs into the Head-line is drawn on the left Head-line of the Stem T The Stem and right hand Top-stroke of T is made like the Stem and Top-stroke of E and the left hand Top-stroke of T is the same with the right hand Top-stroke onely the Buttings must be made on the left hand t Hath the Top of the right hand stroke of its Stem reach 3 Â½ viz. one Stem above the Head-line The stroke through the Head is half a Stem broad and Projects on either side the Stem 1 Stem From the left hand end of the stroke draw a straight line to the Top of the right hand stroke of the Stem Both sides the Stem run straight down to Parallel 15. The Arches of the Tail are thus drawn Set your Compasses to 5 Â¼ and placing one Foot in 17 Â¼ Erect 8 Â½ as at Fig. 1. Describe an Arch to reach from the left hand side of the Stem through the foot-Foot-line into the Parallel of 15 where the Tail shall end then set your Compasses to one Stem viz. 3 Â½ and describe occult Arches from the Tail and the lower end of the right hand line of the Stem and where these two occult Arches intersect each other as here at Fig. 2. shall be the Centre whereon you must describe the inner Arch of the Tail V In Erect 17 Â½ Erect a Perpendicular from the foot-Foot-line into the Top-line Set off from this Perpendicular in the Top-line 12 Â½ towards the left hand and 12 Â½ towards the right hand from these two points draw straight to the Perpendicular in the Foot-line for the outer bounds of V. Set your Compasses to 5 viz. one Stem describe an occult Arch upon some convenient point of the left hand line near the Top as at Fig. 1. Then remove your Compasses to some convenient point near the Foot-line as at Fig. 2. and describe another occult Arch. From the outer verge of these two occult Arches draw a straight line for the inner right hand stroke of V then set your Compasses to 1 and on the right hand stroke describe two other occult Arches and draw a straight line by their verges for the inner line of the right side stroke of V. The Toppings are made like the Footings of A and several other Letters v In Erect 10 Â½ Erect a Perpendicular into the Head-line and from it set off 7 towards the left hand in the Head-line and 7 towards the right hand from these two points draw straight lines into the Foot-line For the outer bounds set off from the left hand line one Stem viz. 3 Â½ towards the right hand in the Head-line and describe two occult Arches upon some convenient points of the left hand line as at Fig. 1 2. From the verges of these two occult Arches draw a straight line for the inner line of the left side then set off 2 3 from the right hand line in the Head-line towards the left hand and describe other occult Arches upon some convenient points of the right hand line as at Fig. 3 4. and from the outer verges of these occult Arches draw the inner line of the right side of v. The Heading is made like the Heading of k. U U is 26 Â½ wide in the Top between the outer bounds The left hand side is 5 broad and runs straight down to Parallel 25 Â½ The right hand side is 1 Â½ broad at the Top and 1 at the Parallel of 25 Â½ Set your Compasses to 13 Â¼ and placing one Foot in Parallel 25 Â½ Erect 23 Â½ Describe the outer Arch Set your Compasses to 10 Â¼ and placing one Foot in Parallel 25 Â½ Erect 23 Â½ describe the inner Arch. The Topping make as you have been taught before u The first Stem is made like i but it rounds at the Foot as h m n do at the Head The second Stem is sometimes made straight without a Beak as it is here sometimes with one made like the former It s Tail is made like the Tail of d. W Is VV onely the left side of the second V lies over the right side of the first in the Top-line w The same with W onely you must observe the Dimensions of v. X Set off 5 in the Top-line and 20 in the Foot-line and draw a straight line between these two points Draw another line towards the right hand Parallel to it by occult Arches the bredth of a Stem Then set off 25 in the Top-line and 6 in the Foot-line and draw a straight line between these two points draw another line parallel to it towards the right hand by occult Arches the bredth of 1. The Toppings and Footings are made as before x Set off 3 Â½ in the Hend-line and 14 viz. four Stems in the Foot-line and draw a straight line between these two points draw another line parallel to it towards your right hand by occult Arches the bredth of a Stem viz. 3 Â½ then set off 16 Â½ in the Head-line and 3 Â½ in the Foot-line and draw a straight line between these two points draw another line Parallel to it towards the right hand by occult Arches the bredth of half The Toppings and Footings are made as before Y Erect a Perpendicular from the foot-Foot-line into the top-Top-line and set off in the top-Top-line on either side 8. Then in Parallel 27 make a Prick in the Perpendicular from these two settings off in the top-Top-line draw straight lines to the Prick in the Perpendicular for the inner bounds of Y. Set your Compasses to 5 and on the ends of the left hand line describe two occult Arches through whose Convex points draw a straight line from the Perpendicular into the top-Top-line for the outer bounds of the left hand side Then set your Compasses to 1 and on the ends of the right hand line describe two other occult Arches through whose Convex points draw another straight line into the top-Top-line for the outer bounds of the right side Then set off in the foot-Foot-line and top-Top-line 1 on the right hand the Perpendicular and 4 on the left hand the Perpendicular and by a Ruler laid to the settings off on either side the Perpendicular draw straight lines from the Body of Y into the Foot-line The Footing and Topping is made as before y Erect a Perpendicular from the Foot-line into the Head-line and set off on the left hand

a small Arch under the Stem so is b finished C Set your Compasses to 15 and placing one Foot in Parallel 27 Erect 15 as at Fig. 1. with the other describe a Circle Cut off half a Stem viz. 2 Â½ of this Circle on the right hand with a Perpendicular line which Perpendicular must reach from the Top-line the breadth of a Stem below the Circle and from the Foot-line the breadth of a Stem above the Circle viz. 5 parts Remove your Compasses 5 Erects further viz. the breadth of the Stem in the same Parallel to Erect 20 as at Fig. 2. and describe so much of a Circle as will be comprehended between your left hand and the two Perpendiculars which cut off a part of the former Circle To describe the great Arches of the Buttings set your Compasses to 15 and placing one Foot in the Parallels of the extreme inner points of the Buttings at 15 distance towards the left hand as at Fig. 3 4. with the other point describe the Arches of Buttings Then set your Compasses to half the breadth of a Stem viz. 2 Â½ and one Foot placed successively in the Top and Foot-lines at the Buttings of C with the other describe the small Arches at the Top and Foot of the outside of C so is C finished Onely you must take care to work in the Intersections of these Circles by hand at the Top and Foot so must you also the small Circles in the Top and Foot c Set your Compasses to 9 and placing one Foot in Parallel 21 Erect 9 as at Fig. 1. with the other Foot describe a Circle Cut off a whole Stem viz. 3 Â½ of this Circle on the right hand with a Perpendicular line Set off 3 Â½ from the left side this Circle towards the right in the Parallel of 21. Then set your Compasses to 8 and placing one Foot in Parallel 22 erect 11 Â½ as at Fig. 2. Describe with the other Foot an Arch within the former Circle and the Perpendicular then set your Compasses to half the Stem viz. 1 Â¾ and placing one Foot where the Perpendicular intersects the Circle in the Head as at Fig. 3. Describe with the other Foot so much of a small Circle downwards as will be between Parallel 26 2 and 28 Â¼ to make the Dot. And the breakings of these Circles you must by Hand work into the Head D Topping and Footing is 5 Erects the Stem five more both made as so much of Letter B. Set your Compasses to 15 and placing one Foot on the right hand line of the Stem in Parallel 27 with the other describe a Semicircle towards your right hand Remove your Compasses the breadth of the Stem viz. 5 towards the right hand in the same Parallel and describe another Arch towards the right hand work these Arches by hand up to the Stem leaving the Lean strokes at the Top and Bottom 1 part so is D finished d The Belly of d is made like c all but the Dot in the head which d hath not The Projecture or Beak of the Stem is made like b but the bottom of the Stem differs for d hath a Tail which is as long as the Stem is broad viz. 3 Â½ from the right hand line of the Stem of d. This Tail is a straight line proceeding from the bottom of the left hand line of the Stem whose end is raised two parts above the Foot-line The line of the Tail that proceeds from the right hand line of the Stem is a straight line parallel to the Foot-line E Topping and Footing is 5 Erects the Stem 5 more both made as Letter B. The Top-stroke is from the right hand line of the Stem half the length of the Stem viz. 15 the middle stroke is â…“ of the length of the Stem viz. 10. The Bottom-stroke is 1 3 viz. 18 parts The bredth of the Head and Foot-stroke is thus made set off the bredth of the Stem viz. 5 from the end of each stroke towards the left hand in the Parallel of each stroke and in the Erect line of these settings off set off 1 Â½ between the Topping and Footing and draw a straight line from the lower point of the Arch of Topping on the left hand the Stem and from the upper point of the Arch of Topping on the left hand the Stem to the 1 Â½ set off as aforesaid Then at the right hand ends of these lines set off by occult Arches 5 in their respective Erects And set off 5 in the Erects of the Perpendicular ends of the Top and Foot-stroke and placing one Foot of your Compasses successively at these 5 with the other Foot describe occult Arches to cut the former occult Arches and the point where these occult Arches cut each other as in Fig. 1 2. shall be a Centre whereon you may describe Arches for the Buttings of the Top and Bottom-stroke of E. For the thickness of the middle stroke set off half a part upwards and half a part downwards from the middle Parallel at the right hand line of the Stem and from thence draw Parallel lines 5 parts long then set off 5 upwards and 5 downwards from the end of the middle stroke from these two 5 and the ends of the Parallels of thickness describe occult Arches of Circles to intersect each other and the Intersections as Fig. 3 4. shall be the Centres whereon the Compasses set to 5 the Arches of Butting shall be drawn e Set your Compasses to 9 and placing one Foot in Parallel 21 Erect 9. Describe with the other the outer Arch then in the Parallel of 9 set off 3 Â½ for the Fat stroke Set your Compasses to 8 and place one Foot in this 3 Â½ and pitch the other Foot where it will leight in the Parallel of 21 Â½ towards the right hand as at Fig. 2. On this point describe the inner Arch of e then in the Parallel of 23 draw a line for the Eye from the inside of e to the outside on the right hand But the Fatness of the Eye must be half a part at the right hand side of e therefore in 23 Â½ from the outward right hand Arch draw a line to the point where the former line touches the inside of e. Then measure the Fatness of the left hand Arch of e in the Parallel of 24 and set off that Fatness from the right hand Arch of e inwards and setting your Compasses to 8 place one Foot in the measure of Fatness so set off and pitch the other Foot where it will fall in the Parallel of 21 Â¼ towards the left hand on this point describe the inner Arch of the right side of e. The Angles of the Intersections of these Arches make you must smoothen by hand F Is made like E onely instead of the Foot-stroke here is onely a Footing made as hath been taught in A B D. f The Stem is 3 Â½ and runs on the left hand straight upwards to

Arches of the Belly of p are Arches of a Circle the Centre of the outer Arch lies in Parallel 21 Erect 12 Â½ as at 1. The inner Arch is made by the setting off a Stem from the outer Arch inwards in the Parallel 21 and bringing this setting off and the two points where the outer Arch joyns to the Stem into an Arch of a Circle as you were taught For first the Compasses set to 9 place one Foot in Parallel 21 Erect 12 Â½ as at 1. and with the other describe a Circle for the outmost bounds of the Belly of p. Then set your Compasses to 8 and place one Foot in Parallel 21 Erect 10 Â¼ as at 2. and with the other describe an Arch that shall reach from the Stem at the Head to Erect 12 Â½ then remove your Compasses to Parallel 21 Â¾ Erect 9 as at 3. and describe an Arch for the remainder of the inner bounds of the Belly of p. Q Hath its Body made like O. The Rump of the Tail is made by drawing a straight line from Parallel 12 Â½ Erect 13 to Parallel 4 Erect 27 and another straight line parallel to it as you were taught in the lower Branch of K at the bredth of a Stem from the Body of Q to Erect 30. From this straight Rump the Tail arches and diminishes to the end It is arched and diminished thus In Parallel 5 Erect 66 make a mark for the end of the Tail then set your Compasses to 52 and placing one Foot in Parallel 4 Erect 27 describe an occult Arch then remove your Compasses to Parallel 8 Erect 30 and describe another occult Arch then remove your Compasses to the point made for the end of the Tail and describe an occult Arch that shall intersect the two former occult Arches and those two Intersections as at Fig. 4 5. shall be the Centre whereon you may describe Arches to finish the Tail of Q. q The Belly of q is a Circle to the Stem The fatning of the left hand side is made by setting off one Stem in the Parallel that the Centre of the outer Arch lies in as at 2 then describe an Arch to comprehend the part of Fatning set off and the two points where the outer Arch joyns to the Stem as was taught The rest of the Stem and Footing is made like several other Letters before R The Stem Head and Footing of R is made like P. The inner side of the Branch proceeding from the Head stands at the Head 2 Â½ distant from the Stem where make a Prick and at the Foot 9 distant from the Stem where make another Prick Between these two Pricks draw a straight line and draw another straight line Parallel to it the bredth of a Stem as you were taught in the lower Branch of K. r The Stem of r is made like the Stem of i. To make the small Branch proceeding from the Stem set your Compasses to half the Stem viz. 1 Â¾ and placing one Foot in Parallel 28 Â¼ Erect 14 describe the small Circle for the Dot of the Branch Then divide the Parallel distance between the Centre of the Dot and the left hand stroke of the Stem into two equal parts and placing one point of your Compasses in the Head-line direct the other point on the Erect of the Division made before between the Centre of the Dot and the left hand stroke of the Stem as at 1. and on that Centre describe the upper Arch to joyn the Dot and Stem together To describe the under Arch divide the distance between the Dot and right hand side of the Stem into two equal parts and set that off from the Stem in the Parallel of the former Centre as at 2. and describe the under Arch of the Branch Footing is made as before S Here are four Circles made to draw S and the Centres of them all lie in the same Erect To describe the first Circle set your Compasses to 8 Â½ and placing one Foot in Parallel 33 Â½ Erect 8 Â½ as at 1. with the other Foot describe a Circle Set your Compasses to 5 Â¾ and placing one Foot in Parallel 35 Â¾ as at 2. with the other Foot describe a second Circle Set your Compasses to 9 and placing one Foot in Parallel 21 Erect 8 Â½ as at 3. with the other Foot describe a third Circle Set your Compasses to 6 Â¼ and placing one Foot in Parallel 18 Â¾ as at 4. with the other Foot describe a fourth Circle I need not teach you how these Circles are wrought into an S because the Letter it self shews you plainly But the Buttings at Top and Foot are thus made Set off at the Intersection of the first Circle with the Erect of the third Circle 5 downwards and from thence draw a straight line into the Top-line from this straight line set off in the Top-line 5 towards the left hand and by two occult Arches made on these two points in the Top-line you will find a Centre as at Fig. 5. whereon your Compasses set to 5 you may describe the Arch for the Hollow of the Head of S. For the Butting and Hollow at the Foot draw a straight line through the left hand verge of the first Circle into the foot-Foot-line and in Parallel 21 which is the Parallel wherein the Centre of the third Circle lies make therein a Prick for the upper end of the Butting from thence draw a straight line in the same Erect into the Foot-line for the whole Butting from this point of Butting in the Foot-line your Compasses set to 5 measure into the third Circle and on these two points describe two occult Arches whose Intersections shall be a Centre as at Fig. 6. whereon you may describe the Hollow at the Foot of S. How the Tail of S falls off from a Circle towards the Butting you may perceive by the Letter it self and accordingly work it in by hand s Draw an Erect line and on it set off half a part at the Head and half a part at the Foot for the thickness of the Head and Foot of s. Then set your Compasses to 3 and measuring in the same Erect from the point set off at the Head you have the Centre of the inner Circle of the Head of s from the bottom of this inner Circle set off 3 Â½ viz. one Stem in the Erect Then set your Compasses to 3 Â¾ and measure in the same Erect from the point set off for the thickness of s at the Foot you have the Centre of the inner Circle of the Foot Set your Compasses to half the distance between the Top of this Circle and the Head of s and that half distance shall be the Centre whereon you may describe the outer Circle of the Head Set your Compasses to half the distance between the bottom of the inner Circle and the Foot-line and that half distance shall be the Centre whereon you may describe the outer Circle of the

3 Â½ and on the right hand 7 in the Head-line from the setting off on the left hand describe an occult Arch of 1 Stem draw a straight line from the Foot-line at the Perpendicular through the Convex point into the Head-line for the bounds of the left side of y draw another line Parallel to this line the bredth of 1 Stem for the inner bounds of the left side from 7 set off on the right hand the Perpendicular in the Head-line set off half and from thence draw a straight line into the Foot-line at the Perpendicular for the outer bounds of the right side of y. Draw another straight line Parallel to it Â½ part towards the left hand for the inner bounds of y. The Tail is an Arch which you may thus make Under the outer left side Heading in the same Erect on the Bottom-line describe a Circle for the Dot of the Tail whose Diameter shall be 1 Stem then set your Compasses to 42 the whole depth of a Letter and placing one point almost at the Bottom of the right side the Dot describe with the other Foot an occult Arch then place one Foot of your Compasses at the lower Angle of the Body of Y and with the other Foot describe another Arch to cut the former Arch and where these two Arches cut each other shall be the Centre whereon an Arch described from the Dot to the Angle aforesaid shall be the outer bounds of the Tail The inner bounds are made by describing an Arch Concentrick to the former The Headings have been taught before Z Set off 20 in the Top-line from thence draw a straight line into Erect 0 in the Foot-line then by occult Arches 1 2 made towards the right hand draw a line 1 Stem viz. 5 parts between the Top and Foot-line for the right hand line of Z. The Top and Foot-line are each 1 part thick The Butting at the Top is made by setting your Compasses to 5 and drawing a straight line in Erect 0 from the Top to this setting off then set your Compasses to 15 and placing one Foot in this setting off with the other Foot describe towards the right hand an occult Arch as at 3. The remove your Compasses to Parallel 41 Erect 1 and with the other Foot describe another occult Arch to cut the former and where these two occult Arches cut each other is the Centre whereon you may describe the hollow of the Buttings The Buttings of the Foot-line is made by setting your Compasses to 5 and placing one Foot in Prallel 13 Erect 26 with the other Foot describe an occult Arch as at 5. in that occult Arch in Erect 28 Â½ make a Prick and laying a straight Ruler to this Prick and the right hand end of the Foot of Z draw a straight line for the Butting Then set your Compasses to 15 and 14 at the end of this straight line place one Foot of your Compasses and with the other describe an occult Arch towards the Stem as at 5. then remove your Compasses and place one Foot in Parallel 13 1 part from the end towards the left hand line of Butting and with the other Foot describe another occult Arch to cut the former and where these two occult Arches cut each other shall be the Centre whereon you shall describe the hollow of the Butting of the Foot z Set off in the Head and Foot-lines 17 Â½ Set your Compasses to 3 Â½ viz. 1 Stem and towards your right hand describe in the Foot-line an occult Arch as at 1. Lay your Ruler to 17 Â½ set off in the Head-line and to the Convex point of this Arch and draw the right hand line of the Stem then remove your Compasses to 17 2 in the Head-line and towards the left hand describe another occult Arch as at 2. Lay your Ruler to Erect 0 in the Foot-line and the Convex point of this Arch and draw the left hand line of the Stem The Head and Foot-lines are half thick The Butting at the Head is half above the Head-line therefore set off half in the Erect 0 and hollow it to the Head-line as you were taught before by two occult Arches as at 3. The other Buttings are made as the Head Butting of Z but onely the Butting of the Foot is straight upright in this Letter and in that it runs up aslope towards the right hand as you may see by the Letters themselves Of all the Characters yet made this is the most troublesom it having no less than 10 Centres in it and consequently as many Arches But thus it is made Set your Compasses to 9 Â¾ and placing one Foot in Parallel 21 Â¾ Erect 9 Â¾ as at 1. with the other Foot describe the under part of the arching Belly from Parallel 17 Â½ to Parallel 22 then set your Compasses to 8 Â½ and placing one Foot in Parallel 20 Erect 8 Â¼ as at 2. with the other Foot describe the upper part of the arching Belly Then set your Compasses to 8 and placing one Foot in Parallel 22 Erect 12 as at 3. with the other Foot describe an Arch for the inside of the Belly Then set your Compasses to 5 and placing one Foot in Parallel 34 Erect 8 Â½ as at Fig. 4. with the other Foot describe almost a Circle for the outside of the Head through this Circle draw a Perpendicular Diametral line as a b and from the point a set off in the Circle towards the left hand 2 parts as at c and set off 2 parts towards the right hand from b to d through the Diametral c d draw another Diametral line at right angles as e f. Then in the point where this Diametral line cuts the Circle of the Head as at the point e set off on the Diametral line 3 Â½ viz. one Stem and with your Compasses set to 5 as before place one Foot in the Point set off and extend the other on the Diametral line and placing it there with your first Foot describe the inner Arch of the Head on the left hand Then set off also 3 Â½ viz. 1 Stem on the right hand from the Intersection of the Diametral and the Circle and place one Foot of your Compasses being set to 5 there extending the other on the Diametral towards the left hand and on that point with the other Foot describe the other inner Arch of the Head which meeting of the two Arches at the Top and Bottom you must work into an Oval Then set your Compasses to 32 and placing one Foot in the point where Erect 6 cuts the under part of the outer Circle of the Head with the other Foot describe towards the Bottom-line on your left hand an occult Arch. And removing one point of your Compasses to Erect 17 Parallel 15 with the other Foot describe another occult Arch to intersect the former as at 5. and on this point as on a Centre describe an Arch for the inside the Diagonal Stem

Then draw a straight line from the middle part of this Diagonal Stem and set off on it from the Centre 5 3 Â½ viz. 1 Stem and placing one Foot of your Compasses as before as at Fig. 6. with the other describe the outer Arch of the Diagonal Stem The Tail of the Diagonal Stem is made by setting your Compasses to 6 Â½ and placing one Foot in Parallel 18 Â½ Erect 22 as at Fig. 7. with the other describe the under Arch of the Tail as far as Parallel 15 Erect 27. The upper Arch of the Tail is made by setting your Compasses to 4 Â½ and placing one Foot in Parallel 17 Erect 24 as at Fig. 8. with the other describe it onely the end of the Tail must be wrought into a sharp point The Arch above the Diagonal Stem is made by setting your Compasses to 24 and placing one Foot in Parallel 33 Erect 1 as at 9. with the other describe the outer Arch. Then remove your Compasses to Parallel 32 Erect half less than 0 as at Fig. 10. with the other describe the inner Arch. ae oe ct st sh And other double Letters I need not discourse on because by these Paterns you may see how they are joyned together Having given you such full Instructions upon the Roman Capitals and Small Letters I think it needless to give you Copious Rules upon the Italick or English Letters the Paterns being so large that every Member in them are distinct and intelligent and the Manual Operations so much the same in all that the Scales down the side and in the Bottom-line serve for an ample Discourse upon every one of them Of Italick Letters ITalick Letters seem to be derived from the Roman because its shape is so like the Roman that its Members differ in very few Letters from it onely the Stems of the Roman are perpendicularly upright and the Bellies are circular but in the Italick the Stems are aslope and the Bellies are oval The slope of the Stems are Â¼ of the whole depth of the Letter viz. 10 Â½ parts set off from a Perpendicular on the left hand in the Top-line and a line drawn from the same Perpendicular in the Foot-line to the 10 Â½ in the Top-line as in Letter A F From 1 to 2 is the slope of the Letter Those Letters that have Bellies as a b c d e q have the inside of their Bellies Ovals whose greatest Diameter is 18 parts viz. the whole length of a Small Letter and its least Diameter 6 parts which Oval is so set aslope that half a part lies below the Head-line and â…” parts above the Foot-line so that working above the Oval into the Head-line and below the Oval into the Foot-line you may make the Fatness of the Head and Foot of the Belly but how the Belly fattens downwards you may best see by the Paterns themselves The Beaks of Letters project 3 parts viz. 1 Stem from the Stem towards the left hand and lie at the point of the Beak 1 part below the Top-line so that a straight line drawn from the Top of the right hand line of the Stem to the point of the Beak is the upper bounds of the Beak and 1 set off in the left hand line of the Stem under the lower bounds of the Beak is the thickness of the Beak so that a straight line drawn from that point to the end of the Beak is the lower bounds of the Beak The Nose of Small Letters project also 3 parts viz. one Stem from the Stem of the Letter and the point of it lies three parts below the head-Head-line The Tails are made just like the Beaks if you imagine the Foot were turned into the Head-line Of the English Letters THis sort of Letters by the Fatness of the Stems seems to be first invented for durable Records For from these Letters seems to proceed the several Court-hands of Law Chancery c. Although the most parts of these Letters but especially the Small are straight lines which are to be drawn by the side of a Ruler yet are few of the Arches of the Capital Letters Arches of Circles and therefore cannot well be described with Compasses but are made without Geometrical Considerations onely by Judgment and good Command of Hand because the Inventers contented themselves to be directed rather by the Humours of the Pen which oft differs according to the temper of the Quill and shape of the Nib and a Traditional Observance which cannot be equal in all Hands or Wits than those nice Symmetrical Proportions which would have preserved them in all Ages in the same Youth and Beauty they were in at the first whenas now not onely Manuscripts but many printed Books differ in the shape of their Letters among themselves Therefore it is that these Paterns cannot be exactly agreeable with all English Letters yet have I elected them which are now most in mode and in my Judgment the best Onely I have in some few parts where I think all Ingenious Contrivers would acknowledge Error corrected them The Fatnings Returnings of Angles Distances of Joynings and other niceties are better seen by the Paterns than learnt by many words of Descriptions on them And therefore I have divided like the Roman the Plain they stand on into 42 equal Parallel parts of the Depth and through every sixth part you may draw a small straight line and also divided the bredth or thickness of the Letter into so many equal parts called Erects Parallel to each other as is requisite for each Letter you may also draw a small straight-line downwards so that the Parallel lines and these Erects may cut each other at right Angles which will divide the Plain into so many Squares as each Letter is made on And by these Squares you may observe how every Member and part of a Member in a Letter passes from the Top to to the Bottom-line and from the right hand to the left and by making a Plain with the same number of Squares you may carry on the several strokes from Square to Square as you find them in your Paterns But as I have given you full Instructions for the making the Roman Letters so shall I give you some few Directions which may serve to inform you in all the Rules that belong to these Letters but especially of the Small because they consist almost wholly of straight lines The Stem of the Capitals as was said before is 6 parts the Stem of the Small Letters 4 parts The Foot-line lies in Parallel 9 the Head-line lies in Parallel 33. The Return Angles of those straight lines that proceed from the Head-line and from the Foot-line are 4 parts viz. one Stem below the Head-line and 4 parts above the Foot-line The Fatness of the Stem is made by occult Arches placing one Foot of your Compasses on the Return Angles as in A at 1 and 2 and with the other Foot describing the Arches 3 and 4 so that a straight line drawn through the Convex points of these two Arches shall give the Fatness of the Return Angle The like in all other Letters as you have been taught in Roman Letters The Beaks of the Small Letters as v h k l s are 1 part broad and long and end in a point The upper stroke of these Beaks proceed from the Head-line The Cloven Tops of v h k l project on the left hand 1 part over the Stem and the point where it divides in the Stem lies in 1 Â½ below the Top-line at 1 Â½ distance from the right hand side of the Stem as you may see in the Paterns The strokes of f t lie in the Head-line and 1 part below it projecting over the Stem 1 part on the left hand and 2 parts on the right hand More Observations I think needless because the Letters themselves are so demonstratively laid down on the Plain Onely some have made all these Small Letters with little Beaks on the Angle of every Return because the Humour of the Pen may be made to give them but I account them Needless Troublesom and Affectatious Therefore I deliver them plain as they lie in the Squares whereby they will stand more close become more regular be quicker made and more distinct and intelligent to the Eye yet such as affect them so may make them at their own discretion by projecting on the Angles 1 part as you are taught to do the Beaks FINIS

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