figure_n and_o how_o they_o be_v to_o be_v measure_v to_o speak_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o figure_n will_v be_v far_o beyond_o my_o intention_n there_o be_v so_o very_a many_o irregular_a figure_n which_o have_v many_o unequal_a side_n and_o angle_n but_o they_o may_v all_o be_v bring_v into_o part_n of_o some_o of_o the_o figure_n follow_v and_o measure_v like_o they_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o one_o useful_a prob._n especial_o to_o make_v your_o oval_n by_o whether_o they_o be_v make_v from_o two_o centre_n or_o four_o and_o then_o i_o shall_v touch_v at_o some_o superficial_a figure_n see_v fig._n 30._o suppose_v three_o prick_n or_o point_v give_v so_o they_o be_v not_o in_o a_o strait_a line_n to_o find_v a_o centre_n to_o bring_v they_o into_o a_o circle_n this_o may_v be_v do_v several_a way_n viz._n either_o by_o circle_n or_o by_o raise_v perpendicular_n as_o if_o the_o point_n at_o a._n b._n c._n be_v to_o be_v bring_v into_o a_o circle_n draw_v a_o line_n from_o a._n to_o b._n and_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o that_o line_n raise_v a_o perpendicular_a as_o the_o line_n d._n e._n which_o you_o may_v soon_o do_v for_o if_o you_o open_v your_o compass_n to_o any_o convenient_a distance_n and_o set_v one_o point_n in_o b._n draw_v the_o arch_n 1._o and_o 2._o then_o set_v one_o point_n in_o 4._o draw_v 3._o and_o 4._o where_o these_o cross_n draw_v the_o line_n e._n d._n do_v the_o same_o with_o the_o point_n b._n c._n and_o where_o the_o two_o perpendicular_a line_n meet_v be_v the_o centre_n as_o at_o f_o etc._n etc._n superficial_a figure_n that_o be_v irregular_a and_o right-lined_n be_v such_o who_o side_n or_o angle_n be_v un-equal_a of_o which_o some_o be_v triangle_n or_o triangular_a figure_n and_o here_o note_v that_o there_o be_v five_o sort_n of_o triangle_n which_o be_v thus_o name_v and_o know_v 1._o isocheles_a have_v two_o of_o the_o side_n unequal_a 2._o scalena_n have_v the_o three_o side_n unequal_a 3._o orthygone_n have_v one_o right_a and_o two_o acute_a angle_n 4._o ambligone_n have_v one_o obtuse_a and_o two_o acute_a angle_n 5._o oxygone_n have_v three_o acute_a angle_n or_o equilateral_a triangle_n see_v fig._n 31._o every_o triangle_n be_v half_a of_o a_o square_a who_o length_n and_o breadth_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o perpendicular_a and_o side_n cut_v by_o the_o perpendicular_a as_o be_v plain_a in_o the_o first_o figure_n show_v by_o the_o prick_a line_n therefore_o to_o measure_v any_o triangle_n raise_v a_o perpendicular_a from_o the_o base_a to_o the_o great_a angle_n then_o multiply_v the_o whole_a base_a by_o half_a the_o perpendicular_a or_o the_o whole_a perpendicular_a by_o half_a the_o base_a and_o the_o product_n be_v the_o content_a or_o thus_o take_v the_o whole_a base_a and_o whole_a perpendicular_a and_o multiply_v one_o by_o the_o other_o the_o half_a of_o that_o sum_n be_v the_o content_a of_o the_o triangle_n etc._n etc._n square_a or_o quadrangular_a figure_n be_v these_o follow_v 1._o a_o geometrical_a square_n this_o have_v right_a angle_n and_o side_n equal_a 2._o a_o oblong-square_a which_o have_v equal_a opposite_a side_n and_o rectang_n 3._o a_o rhombus_fw-la have_v equal_a side_n and_o unequal_a angle_n 4._o a_o rhomboide_n have_v unequal_a side_n and_o angle_n opposite_a equal_a 5._o trapezia_n be_v all_o other_o four-sided_n figures_n see_v fig._n 32._o the_o first_o be_v measure_v by_o multiply_v one_o of_o the_o side_n in_o its_o self_n in_o the_o second_o the_o length_n multiply_v by_o the_o breadth_n give_v the_o content_a the_o three_o last_n may_v be_v turn_v into_o two_o triangle_n each_o and_o so_o measure_v as_o be_v before_o say_v polygones_n be_v these_o figure_n follow_v as_o the_o end_n of_o a_o tree_n hew_v into_o five_o equal_a side_n this_o be_v call_v a_o pentagone_fw-mi of_o six_o side_n hexagone_n seven_o side_n heptagone_n eight_o side_n octagone_n nine_o side_n enneagone_n ten_o side_n decagone_n twelve_o side_n dodecagone_n to_o measure_v any_o of_o these_o take_v half_a the_o perimeter_n that_o be_v half_o the_o compass_n about_o and_o the_o perpendicular_a draw_v from_o the_o centre_n to_o the_o middle_n of_o any_o one_o of_o the_o side_n multiply_v the_o one_o by_o the_o other_o and_o it_o give_v the_o content_a circular_a figure_n be_v these_o which_o be_v thus_o name_v 1._o the_o circle_n be_v near_o equal_a to_o a_o square_a make_v of_o ½_o diameter_n and_o ½_o circumference_n 2._o the_o semicircle_n to_o a_o square_n make_v of_o half_a the_o arch_a line_n and_o ½_o semi-diameter_n 3._o the_o quadrant_n or_o four_o part_n of_o a_o circle_n 4._o the_o segment_n arch_n or_o part_n of_o a_o circle_n the_o first_o be_v measure_v by_o multiply_v the_o semi-circumference_n by_o the_o semi-diameter_n the_o second_o by_o multiply_v the_o radius_fw-la or_o semi-diameter_n by_o ¼_n of_o the_o circumference_n of_o the_o whole_a circle_n the_o three_o by_o multiply_v the_o radius_fw-la by_o ⅛_n of_o the_o circumference_n of_o the_o circle_n that_o it_o be_v make_v of_o the_o four_o by_o multiply_v the_o radius_fw-la by_o ½_o the_o length_n of_o that_o arch-line_n thus_o have_v you_o the_o content_a or_o area_n of_o each_o to_o find_v the_o diameter_n of_o any_o circle_n or_o the_o circumference_n by_o have_v one_o given_z the_o low_a number_n be_v as_o 7_o be_v to_o 22._o so_o be_v the_o diameter_n to_o the_o circumference_n or_o as_o 22_o be_v to_o 7._o so_o be_v the_o circumference_n to_o the_o diameter_n to_o find_v the_o length_n of_o a_o arch-line_n geometrical_o this_o problem_n be_v useful_a to_o be_v know_v for_o to_o measure_v the_o quadrand_n segment_n of_o a_o circle_n or_o oval_a for_o the_o oval_a be_v make_v of_o part_n of_o the_o circle_n first_o divide_v the_o chord-line_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o circle_n into_o four_o equal_a part_n then_o set_v one_o of_o these_o part_n from_o one_o end_v of_o the_o chord-line_n also_o set_v one_o of_o the_o four_o part_n from_o the_o angle_n in_o the_o arch-line_n then_o from_o one_o point_n to_o the_o other_o draw_v a_o line_n the_o length_n of_o this_o line_n be_v half_a the_o length_n of_o the_o arch-line_n see_v fig._n 33._o examp._n a._n b._n the_o chord-line_n divide_v into_o 4_o part_n one_o of_o the_o 4_o part_n set_v from_o b._n to_o c._n and_o one_o part_n set_v from_o a._n to_o d._n then_o draw_v the_o line_n c._n d._n which_o line_n be_v half_a the_o length_n of_o the_o arch-line_n a._n d._n b._n which_o be_v to_o be_v find_v out_o thus_o may_v you_o measure_v this_o part_n of_o a_o circle_n or_o the_o like_a but_o if_o the_o part_n of_o a_o circle_n be_v great_a than_o a_o semicircle_n then_o divide_v the_o arch-line_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n and_o find_v the_o length_n of_o one_o of_o these_o as_o be_v aforesaid_a which_o double_v give_v the_o length_n of_o the_o whole_a arch-line_n this_o rule_n will_v assist_v you_o to_o measure_v the_o oval_a whether_o it_o be_v make_v from_o two_o centre_n or_o four_o etc._n etc._n there_o be_v no_o regular_a figure_n but_o may_v be_v reduce_v into_o some_o of_o these_o figure_n aforesaid_a therefore_o i_o shall_v show_v you_o the_o use_v of_o some_o geometrical_a figure_n which_o be_v very_o useful_a not_o question_v but_o that_o you_o understand_v the_o first_o rule_n in_o geometry_n as_o to_o draw_v a_o parallel_n line_n to_o raise_v a_o perpendicular-line_n from_o another_o etc._n etc._n for_o those_o thing_n be_v out_o of_o my_o intend_a discourse_n therefore_o if_o you_o be_v to_o seek_v in_o they_o consult_v with_o euclid_n and_o other_o how_o to_o raise_v a_o perpendicular_a at_o the_o end_n of_o a_o line_n by_o which_o you_o make_v a_o square_a very_o useful_a also_o to_o set_v off_o a_o square-line_n from_o a_o strait-line_n in_o any_o garden_n walk_v house-end_n or_o the_o like_a see_v fig._n 34._o examp._n if_o you_o be_v desire_v to_o set_v off_o a_o square-line_n at_o b._n from_o the_o line_n a._n b._n take_v six_o foot_n yard_n or_o rod_n and_o measure_v from_o b._n to_o c._n in_o your_o strait-line_n then_o take_v eight_o of_o the_o same_o measure_n and_o set_v from_o b._n to_o d._n and_o ten_o of_o the_o same_o hold_v one_o end_n at_o c._n bring_v the_o line_n b._n d._n till_o it_o just_o touch_v the_o line_n c._n d._n at_o d._n so_o have_v you_o a_o exact_a square_n make_v by_o 6._o 8._o and_o 10._o see_v euclid_n first_o book_n prob._n 47._o and_o p._n 35._o math._n recreation_n p._n 93._o see_v fig._n 35._o this_o you_o may_v do_v in_o other_o number_n that_o bear_v the_o like_a proportion_n for_o euc._n tell_v you_o that_o the_o square_n make_v of_o the_o side_n subtend_v the_o right_a angle_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o square_n make_v of_o both_o the_o side_n contain_v the_o right_a
three_o inch_n and_o 078_o 1000_o make_v one_o foot_n take_v with_o your_o compass_n three_o inch_n 078_o from_o off_o a_o scale_n and_o so_o many_o time_n as_o there_o be_v that_o length_n in_o your_o tree_n so_o many_o foot_n of_o timber_n be_v there_o etc._n etc._n if_o any_o tree_n be_v above_o 100_o inch_n circumference_n then_o take_v half_a that_o circumference_n and_o find_v the_o number_n belong_v thereto_o in_o the_o table_n then_o take_v one_o four_o part_n of_o it_o and_o that_o make_v one_o foot_n of_o timber_n suppose_v a_o tree_n to_o be_v 146_o inch_n about_o the_o half_a of_o it_o be_v 73_o against_o this_o in_o the_o table_n be_v 4_o inch_n 075_o part_n one_o quarter_n thereof_o viz._n one_o inch_n 019_o part_n make_v one_o foot_n of_o timber_n at_o that_o circumference_n these_o table_n with_o what_o have_v be_v before_o say_v will_v be_v sufficient_a to_o measure_v any_o cylinder_n by_o and_o how_o to_o measure_v a_o cone_n i_o have_v show_v already_o a_o cone_n be_v such_o a_o figure_n as_o the_o spire_n of_o a_o church_n have_v a_o circular_a base_a and_o end_v in_o a_o sharp_a point_n it_o be_v measure_v by_o the_o superficial_a content_n of_o the_o base_a multiply_v by_o one_o three_o part_n of_o the_o altitude_n or_o length_n a_o pyramid_n or_o pyramid_n be_v such_o a_o figure_n as_o have_v a_o angular_a base_a and_o end_n in_o a_o sharp_a point_n which_o be_v measure_v as_o the_o cone_n be_v a_o sphere_n or_o globe_n be_v a_o solid_a figure_n every_o where_o equal_o distant_a from_o the_o centre_n it_o be_v measure_v by_o cube_v the_o diameter_n and_o multiply_v that_o by_o 11_o and_o divide_v that_o product_n by_o 21_o the_o quotient_n show_v the_o solid_a content_n of_o the_o sphere_n there_o be_v several_a other_o sort_n of_o solid_a figure_n as_o several_a part_n of_o the_o sphere_n but_o they_o all_o depend_v on_o the_o proportion_n of_o a_o circle_n and_o its_o diameter_n also_o the_o hexaedron_n which_o have_v 6_o base_n octaedron_n 8_o base_n dodecaedron_n 12_o base_n and_o several_a other_o which_o to_o name_n i_o shall_v forbear_v chap._n xliii_o of_o the_o oval_a how_o to_o make_v it_o and_o how_o to_o measure_v it_o with_o other_o observation_n thereon_o have_v the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o oval_a give_v you_o you_o may_v take_v the_o whole_a length_n and_o half_a the_o breadth_n as_o be_v show_v before_o in_o bring_v three_o prick_n into_o a_o circle_n and_o from_o the_o centre_n of_o these_o three_o point_n draw_v half_a the_o oval_a and_o so_o likewise_o the_o other_o half_a as_o you_o see_v the_o oval_a in_o the_o figure_n draw_v for_o the_o point_n f._n be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o arch_n a_o b_o c_o and_o the_o arch_n a_o g_o c_o be_v make_v by_o the_o same_o rule_n and_o where_o the_o line_n f_o h._n cross_v the_o line_n a_o e_o c_o as_o at_o k_o there_o be_v the_o centre_n of_o the_o breadth_n b_o g_o and_o the_o end_v a_o from_o the_o centre_n k_o may_v you_o make_v the_o end_v of_o your_o oval_a round_n as_o you_o please_v so_o that_o from_o four_o centre_n you_o may_v make_v the_o end_v of_o your_o oval_a round_n as_o you_o please_v but_o if_o they_o be_v make_v from_o two_o centre_n as_o that_o be_v then_o will_v the_o end_n be_v more_o acute_a or_o you_o may_v make_v your_o oval_a thus_o have_v resolve_v on_o the_o breadth_n draw_v the_o side_n from_o centre_n in_o the_o mid-line_n of_o the_o breadth_n as_o before_o then_o set_v up_o two_o stick_n exact_o in_o the_o mid-line_n of_o the_o length_n at_o equal_a distance_n from_o each_o end_n then_o hold_v the_o line_n at_o one_o and_o turn_v the_o line_n to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o oval_a and_o then_o on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o stick_n with_o the_o same_o length_n so_o may_v you_o make_v the_o end_v of_o your_o oval_a as_o round_o as_o you_o please_v for_o the_o near_a you_o place_v these_o stick_n in_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o oval_a the_o near_a round_n your_o oval_n be_v make_v even_o till_o you_o come_v to_o a_o circle_n this_o way_n your_o ingenious_a workman_n make_v their_o oval_n in_o small_a work_n as_o your_o plasterer_n joiner_n &c._n &c._n and_o it_o be_v a_o good_a way_n and_o so_o common_a that_o i_o need_v not_o say_v more_o to_o teach_v how_o to_o make_v a_o oval_a of_o any_o bigness_n but_o here_o i_o shall_v take_v occasion_n to_o show_v the_o figure_n of_o one_o at_o cashiobury_n now_o make_v see_v fig._n 46._o to_o measure_v this_o oval_a which_o be_v 28_o rod_n long_o and_o 19_o rod_n broad_a as_o it_o be_v now_o stake_v out_o at_o cashiobury_n intend_v for_o a_o kitchen-garden_n this_o oval_a be_v make_v of_o 2_o segment_n of_o a_o circle_n who_o semi-diameter_n be_v 15_o rod_n as_o it_o be_v find_v by_o make_v the_o oval_a it_o be_v the_o centrepoynt_n of_o each_o arch-line_n of_o this_o oval_a as_o the_o line_n f_o a._n f_o b._n and_o f_o c._n now_o to_o find_v the_o length_n of_o one_o of_o these_o arch-line_n be_v show_v before_o which_o i_o find_v to_o be_v 18_o rod_n the_o half_a length_n of_o one_o which_o be_v show_v by_o the_o line_n d_o d._n so_o the_o whole_a length_n of_o one_o arch_n be_v 36_o and_o both_o arch_n round_o the_o oval_a be_v 72_o rod._n now_o take_v the_o ½_o of_o one_o of_o the_o arch_a line_n which_o be_v 18_o and_o the_o semi-diameter_n of_o that_o arch_n which_o be_v 15_o rod_n multiply_v the_o one_o by_o the_o other_o and_o it_o be_v 270_o rod_n which_o be_v the_o figure_n a._n b._n c._n f._n that_o be_v half_a of_o the_o oval_a and_o the_o triangle_n a._n f._n c._n which_o must_v be_v substract_v out_o of_o the_o 270_o than_o the_o semi-oval_a will_v be_v 192_o rod._n for_o the_o base_a a._n c._n be_v 28_o rod_n which_o be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o oval_a and_o the_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o angle_n which_o be_v e_o f._n be_v 5._o 57_o now_o half_o the_o base_a which_o be_v 14_o multiply_v by_o the_o whole_a perpendicular_a 5_o 57_o 100_o give_v 77_o 98_o 100_o which_o be_v 78_o rod_n ferè_fw-la this_o take_v from_o 270_o the_o area_n of_o the_o figure_n a._n b._n c._n f._n there_o then_o remain_v 192_o rod_n which_o be_v half_a of_o the_o oval_a that_o double_v be_v 384_o rod_n which_o be_v divide_v by_o 160_o show_v that_o the_o content_a of_o this_o oval_a will_v be_v 2_o acre_n and_o 64_o rod._n but_o if_o your_o oval_n be_v round_o at_o the_o end_n as_o your_o oval_n be_v that_o be_v make_v with_o 4_o centre_n than_o they_o be_v more_o difficult_a to_o be_v measure_v however_o these_o rule_n be_v sufficient_a a_o oval_n be_v no_o ill_a figure_n for_o a_o garden_n for_o if_o the_o garden-wall_n be_v a_o oval_a and_o the_o length_n of_o the_o oval_a point_n north_n and_o south_n as_o the_o aforementioned_a oval_n do_v a._n be_v the_o south_n point_n c._n the_o north_n then_o may_v such_o a_o wall_n be_v plant_v with_o tree_n both_o inside_n and_o outside_n and_o have_v never_o a_o tree_n stand_v to_o the_o north_n aspect_n for_o it_o you_o make_v your_o go_n in_o at_o the_o south_n end_n of_o your_o oval_a then_o will_v those_o 2_o tree_n or_o tree_n that_o stand_v on_o the_o inside_n or_o be_v to_o stand_v there_o be_v remove_v from_o the_o north_n aspect_n to_o the_o north-east_n and_o north-west_n according_a to_o the_o largeness_n of_o your_o gate_n so_o will_v every_o 2_o tree_n on_o the_o inside_n of_o your_o wall_n tend_v near_o the_o south-point_n till_o they_o come_v to_o the_o point_n c._n which_o be_v south_n and_o then_o the_o tree_n on_o the_o outside_n every_o 2_o tree_n will_v fall_v near_o the_o north-point_n at_o c._n till_o you_o leave_v that_o point_n of_o the_o oval_a between_o 2_o tree_n so_o will_v not_o one_o tree_n stand_v to_o the_o north_n aspect_n and_o but_o few_o near_o the_o north_n aspect_n the_o like_a whereof_o no_o other_o figure_n can_v do_v that_o i_o can_v think_v of_o a_o oval_a with_o the_o end_n point_v east_n and_o west_n be_v no_o ill_a figure_n for_o a_o garden_n for_o the_o wall_n in_o this_o as_o in_o the_o other_o be_v not_o so_o subject_a to_o oppose_v the_o wind_n as_o straight_a wall_n be_v therefore_o not_o so_o blast_v as_o you_o may_v well_o conceive_v 2._o oval_n on_o each_o side_n the_o front_n of_o your_o house_n will_v be_v no_o ill_a prospect_n but_o in_o many_o thing_n very_o convenient_a these_o be_v at_o equal_a distance_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o your_o front_n and_o point_v upon_o your_o lawn_n etc._n etc._n chap._n xliv_o suppose_v you_o have_v a_o plat_v to_o draw_v on_o one_o or_o many_o sheet_n of_o
so_o do_v your_o walnut_n chesnut_n horse-chesnut_n peach_n almond_n apricock_n plumb_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o only_a difference_n from_o bean_n and_o pease_n be_v that_o these_o stone-fruit_n put_v forth_o at_o the_o small_a end_n and_o the_o other_o always_o at_o the_o side_n in_o like_a manner_n there_o be_v several_a sort_n of_o tree_n and_o most_o sort_n of_o plant_n that_o be_v small_a which_o put_v forth_o root_n at_o the_o small_a end_n and_o as_o soon_o as_o that_o root_n have_v lay_v hold_n of_o the_o ground_n they_o then_o send_v out_o two_o false_a leave_n nothing_o like_o those_o that_o grow_v on_o the_o tree_n or_o plant_n which_o two_o false_a leave_n be_v the_o seed_n which_o divide_v into_o two_o part_n and_o so_o stand_v some_o small_a time_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o ground_n and_o then_o between_o these_o two_o false_a leave_n come_v forth_o a_o shoot_n which_o produce_v leaf_n like_o those_o of_o the_o tree_n or_o plant_n from_o whence_o it_o come_v of_o this_o way_n of_o growth_n there_o be_v a_o infinite_a number_n both_o of_o tree_n and_o plant_n as_o the_o elm_n ash_n sycamore_n maple_n pear_n apple_n quince_n and_o the_o most_o sort_n of_o the_o seed_n of_o tree_n which_o be_v not_o environ_v by_o stone_n or_o shell_n of_o seed_n the_o melon_n parsnip_n carrot_n carduus_fw-la angelica_n and_o indeed_o most_o sort_n of_o seed_n chap._n v._n of_o the_o several_a way_n to_o raise_v forrest-tree_n or_o other_o and_o how_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o by_o lay_v those_o sort_n of_o tree_n which_o will_v grow_v of_o cut_n be_v the_o easy_a to_o raise_v by_o laying_n some_o of_o which_o sort_n you_o may_v see_v in_o the_o next_o chapter_n now_o touch_v the_o best_a time_n for_o lay_v your_o layer_n of_o tree_n observe_v that_o if_o they_o be_v tree_n that_o hold_v their_o leaf_n all_o winter_n as_o firre_n pine_n holly_n yew_n box_n bayes_n laurel_n elix_fw-la etc._n etc._n let_v such_o be_v lay_v about_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o august_n but_o if_o they_o be_v such_o as_o shed_v their_o leaf_n in_o winter_n as_o oak_n elm_n line_n sycamore_n apple_n pear_n mulberry_n etc._n etc._n let_v such_o be_v lay_v about_o the_o middle_n of_o october_n i_o do_v grant_v that_o you_o may_v lay_v at_o any_o time_n of_o the_o year_n but_o these_o time_n i_o take_v to_o be_v the_o best_a for_o than_o they_o have_v the_o whole_a winter_n and_o summer_n to_o prepare_v and_o draw_v root_n in_o at_o that_o time_n of_o the_o year_n the_o sun_n have_v so_o much_o power_n on_o the_o sap_n of_o the_o tree_n as_o to_o feed_v the_o leaf_n and_o bud_n but_o not_o to_o make_v a_o shoot_n and_o if_o that_o little_a sap_n that_o rise_v be_v hinder_v as_o it_o be_v by_o some_o of_o the_o follow_a way_n of_o lay_v the_o leave_n and_o bud_n yet_o gentle_o crave_v of_o the_o layer_n make_v the_o layer_n prepare_v for_o root_n or_o put_v forth_o root_v a_o little_a to_o maintain_v itself_o be_v it_o find_v it_o can_v have_v it_o from_o the_o mother-plant_a and_o be_v it_o want_v but_o little_a nourishment_n at_o that_o time_n of_o the_o year_n i_o think_v it_o be_v better_a to_o lay_v layer_n of_o tree_n and_o to_o set_v cut_n than_o at_o other_o time_n in_o summer_n when_o the_o sap_n be_v much_o abound_v or_o in_o winter_n when_o the_o sap_n stir_v little_a or_o in_o the_o spring_n when_o the_o sap_n begin_v to_o rise_v for_o than_o it_o come_v too_o sudden_o to_o draw_v sap_n from_o the_o layer_n before_o it_o have_v draw_v or_o prepare_v for_o root_n for_o nature_n must_v be_v court_v gentle_o though_o i_o know_v in_o small_a plant_n the_o spring_n or_o summer_n do_v very_o well_o for_o they_o be_v short-lived_a be_v therefore_o the_o quick_a in_o draw_v root_n and_o beside_o that_o tree_n be_v many_o time_n lay_v as_o they_o be_v not_o as_o for_o those_o tree_n that_o be_v apt_a to_o grow_v of_o cut_n take_v but_o some_o of_o the_o bough_n and_o lay_v they_o into_o the_o ground_n cover_v they_o about_o half_a a_o foot_n with_o fresh_a fine_a mould_n leave_v they_o with_o the_o end_n of_o your_o layer_n about_o one_o foot_n or_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a out_o of_o the_o ground_n keep_v they_o moist_a in_o summer_n and_o in_o twelve_o month_n time_n you_o may_v remove_v they_o if_o root_v if_o not_o let_v they_o lie_v long_o another_o way_n be_v take_v a_o bough_n you_o intend_v to_o lay_v and_o cut_v it_o half_a way_n through_o right_a across_o the_o wood_n then_o slit_v it_o up_o towards_o the_o end_n half_o a_o foot_n or_o according_a as_o your_o layer_n be_v in_o bigness_n lay_v the_o slitted_a place_n into_o the_o ground_n and_o you_o shall_v find_v that_o slitted_a place_n take_v root_n if_o lay_v as_o the_o former_a and_o so_o order_v this_o way_n you_o may_v increase_v many_o fine_a flower_n and_o small_a plant_n but_o they_o be_v out_o of_o my_o element_n at_o this_o time_n i_o shall_v not_o speak_v of_o the_o order_v they_o for_o fear_v i_o seem_v tedious_a to_o some_o another_o way_n to_o lay_v a_o layer_n of_o a_o tree_n be_v take_v a_o piece_n of_o wire_n and_o tie_v it_o hard_o round_a the_o bark_n of_o the_o place_n you_o intend_v to_o lay_v into_o the_o ground_n twist_v the_o end_n of_o the_o wire_a that_o it_o may_v not_o untie_v prick_v the_o place_n above_o the_o wire_a through_o the_o bark_n with_o a_o awl_n in_o several_a place_n then_o lay_v it_o into_o the_o ground_n as_o the_o first_o a_o four_o way_n of_o lay_v of_o tree_n be_v cut_v a_o place_n round_o about_o one_o inch_n or_o two_o where_o you_o find_v it_o most_o convenient_a to_o lay_v into_o the_o ground_n and_o so_o proceed_v as_o be_v show_v in_o the_o first_o way_n of_o lay_v a_o five_o way_n to_o lay_v some_o sort_n of_o tree_n be_v to_o twist_v the_o place_n you_o intend_v to_o lay_v into_o the_o ground_n as_o you_o do_v a_o with_o and_o lay_v it_o as_o be_v show_v in_o the_o first_o way_n of_o lay_v by_o this_o way_n and_o the_o first_o you_o may_v furnish_v your_o wood_n and_o hedge_n for_o they_o be_v easy_a any_o ordinary_a man_n will_v perform_v the_o same_o thus_o you_o may_v from_o one_o stub_n as_o a_o sallow_a or_o the_o like_a between_o one_o fall_v and_o another_o of_o your_o wood_n for_o a_o rod_n square_n of_o ground_n and_o more_o if_o that_o one_o stub_n produce_v but_o strong_a shoot_n fill_v it_o well_o with_o wood_n for_o when_o the_o stub_n have_v get_v two_o or_o three_o year_n shoot_v then_o lay_v round_o it_o as_o before_z at_o large_a be_v show_v there_o let_v they_o remain_v to_o produce_v new_a stub_n but_o if_o you_o will_v increase_v by_o lay_v some_o young_a tree_n from_o a_o high_a standard_n whence_o you_o can_v bend_v the_o bough_n down_o to_o the_o ground_n than_o you_o must_v prepare_v either_o box_n basket_n or_o pot_n and_o fill_v they_o full_a of_o fine_a sift_v mould_n put_v a_o little_a rot_a willow-dust_n with_o this_o earth_n for_o that_o keep_v moisture_n to_o help_v the_o layer_n to_o draw_v root_n then_o set_v the_o pot_n or_o box_n thus_o fill_v with_o earth_n upon_o some_o tressel_n or_o post_n as_o your_o ingenuity_n will_v direct_v you_o then_o lay_v your_o bough_n by_o the_o second_o three_o or_o four_o way_n of_o lay_v leave_v not_o too_o much_o head_n out_o because_o the_o wind_n will_v offend_v it_o if_o you_o do_v and_o by_o its_o own_o motion_n be_v likely_a to_o rub_v off_o the_o tender_a young_a root_n and_o thus_o lay_v your_o hop_n this_o way_n these_o thing_n observe_v you_o may_v raise_v many_o choice_n tree_n as_o mulberry_n hors-chesnut_n etc._n etc._n these_o rule_n may_v instruct_v you_o sufficient_o concern_v the_o propagation_n of_o tree_n by_o lay_v but_o let_v i_o tell_v you_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o raise_v a_o fine_a straight_a tree_n by_o a_o layer_n or_o cut_v i_o have_v hint_v at_o the_o reason_n before_o note_v the_o small_a your_o bough_n be_v set_v they_o the_o less_o out_o of_o the_o ground_n and_o keep_v they_o clean_o from_o weed_n that_o they_o spoil_v not_o your_o layer_n alsonote_n that_o the_o hard_a the_o wood_n be_v than_o the_o young_a wood_n will_v take_v root_n best_o lay_v in_o the_o ground_n but_o if_o a_o soft_a wood_n than_o old_a bough_n will_v take_v root_n best_o now_o you_o that_o be_v lover_n of_o wood_n make_v use_n of_o these_o sure_a direction_n and_o if_o you_o repent_v then_o blame_v i_o chap._n vi_o of_o those_o sort_n of_o tree_n that_o will_v grow_v of_o cut_n and_o how_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v moist_a you_o may_v set_a with_o success_n any_o sort_n of_o willow_n sallow_a or_o osier_n
from_o it_o till_o the_o next_o year_n or_o rather_o long_a then_o take_v it_o up_o at_o a_o fit_a season_n and_o you_o will_v find_v it_o will_v at_o those_o end_n where_o the_o root_n be_v cut_v off_o have_v draw_v many_o tender_a young_a root_n apt_a to_o take_v and_o sufficient_a for_o the_o tree_n wheresoever_o you_o shall_v transplant_v he_o further_o to_o facilitate_v the_o removal_n of_o such_o great_a tree_n or_o small_a one_o that_o be_v ticklish_a to_o remove_v for_o the_o adornment_n of_o some_o particular_a place_n or_o the_o rarity_n of_o the_o plant_n there_o be_v this_o expedient_a a_o little_a before_o the_o hard_a frost_n surprise_v you_o make_v a_o trench_n about_o your_o tree_n at_o such_o distance_n from_o the_o stem_n as_o you_o judge_v sufficient_a for_o the_o root_n dig_v this_o so_o deep_a till_o you_o come_v low_o than_o the_o side-root_n if_o your_o ground_n be_v a_o dry_a ground_n water_n the_o hill_n of_o earth_n the_o frost_n will_v lay_v hold_n on_o it_o the_o more_o but_o common_o in_o winter_n before_o frost_n we_o have_v shower_n save_v you_o that_o labour_n then_o lay_v some_o litter_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o your_o trench_n which_o will_v keep_v that_o part_n from_o freeze_a in_o case_n you_o have_v occasion_n to_o undermine_v it_o more_o to_o loosen_v it_o when_o you_o take_v it_o up_o as_o be_v very_o likely_a you_o will_v thus_o let_v it_o stand_v till_o some_o hard_a frost_n do_v bind_v the_o earth_n firm_o to_o the_o root_n and_o then_o convey_v it_o to_o the_o pit_n or_o hole_n prepare_v for_o its_o new_a station_n have_v before_o cover_v the_o earth_n by_o with_o some_o horselitter_n to_o keep_v that_o earth_n from_o freeze_a which_o mould_n will_v then_o be_v ready_a to_o cover_v that_o clod_n round_o the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n and_o the_o end_n of_o the_o root_n and_o so_o secure_v it_o the_o better_a and_o that_o litter_n will_v do_v well_o to_o lay_v round_o the_o tree_n on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o ground_n but_o in_o case_n the_o tree_n be_v very_o great_a and_o the_o mould_n about_o the_o root_n be_v so_o ponderous_a as_o not_o to_o be_v remove_v by_o a_o ordinary_a force_n you_o must_v then_o have_v a_o gin_n or_o crane_n such_o a_o one_o as_o they_o have_v to_o load_v timber_n with_o and_o by_o that_o you_o may_v weigh_v it_o out_o of_o its_o place_n and_o place_v the_o whole_a upon_o a_o trundle_n or_o sledge_n to_o convey_v it_o to_o the_o place_n you_o desire_v and_o by_o the_o aforesaid_a engine_n you_o may_v take_v it_o off_o from_o the_o trundle_n and_o set_v it_o in_o its_o hole_n at_o your_o pleasure_n by_o this_o address_v you_o may_v transplant_v tree_n of_o a_o great_a stature_n without_o the_o least_o disorder_n and_o by_o take_v off_o the_o less_o of_o their_o head_n which_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n where_o this_o be_v practise_v to_o supply_v a_o defect_n or_o remove_v a_o curiosity_n i_o do_v suppose_v that_o one_o of_o these_o small_a crane_n or_o gin_n will_v be_v very_o useful_a to_o those_o that_o have_v a_o great_a many_o pretty_a big_a tree_n to_o take_v up_o in_o their_o nursery_n especial_o such_o as_o have_v strong_a and_o tough_a root_n for_o if_o the_o ground_n be_v but_o well_o loosen_v round_o the_o root_n and_o a_o rope_n well_o fasten_v a_o little_a above_o the_o ground_n to_o the_o stem_n of_o the_o tree_n i_o dare_v engage_v that_o this_o way_n one_o man_n with_o a_o lever_n shall_v draw_v up_o more_o than_o ten_o man_n and_o beside_o this_o will_v draw_v upright_o which_o be_v better_o than_o draw_v on_o one_o side_n as_o many_o be_v force_v to_o do_v you_o must_v have_v on_o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o three_o leg_n piece_n of_o plank_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o sink_v too_o far_o into_o the_o loose_a ground_n i_o have_v now_o one_o a_o make_n and_o hereafter_o i_o shall_v be_v able_a to_o give_v you_o a_o better_a account_n of_o it_o than_o now_o the_o only_a inconvenience_n i_o think_v of_o at_o present_a be_v in_o fasten_v the_o rope_n about_o the_o tree_n so_o that_o it_o may_v not_o slide_v or_o gall_v the_o tree_n but_o a_o piece_n of_o good_a leather_n about_o four_o or_o five_o inch_n broad_a with_o three_o or_o four_o strap_n to_o come_v through_o so_o many_o hole_n when_o it_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o rope_n they_o may_v all_o be_v strain_v alike_o this_o i_o suppose_v will_v do_v your_o work_n the_o aforesaid_a learned_a author_n advise_v you_o before_o you_o take_v up_o tree_n to_o mark_v they_o all_o on_o one_o side_n the_o better_a to_o place_v that_o side_n to_o point_n to_o the_o same_o aspect_n it_o do_v before_o for_o oak_n grow_v on_o the_o north_n side_n of_o a_o hill_n be_v more_o mossy_a than_o those_o that_o grow_v on_o the_o southside_n this_o i_o grant_v because_o that_o side_n be_v cold_o and_o wet_a for_o it_o be_v cold_a and_o wet_a ground_n that_o breed_v moss_n most_o and_o that_o get_v from_o the_o ground_n upon_o the_o tree_n also_o he_o say_v that_o appletree_n stand_v in_o a_o hedge-row_n after_o the_o hedge_n be_v take_v away_o the_o appletree_n do_v not_o thrive_v so_o well_o as_o they_o do_v before_o for_o want_v of_o the_o shelter_n of_o the_o hedge_n i_o say_v that_o if_o the_o hedge-row_n have_v draw_v up_o the_o appletree_n so_o as_o to_o make_v they_o top-heavy_a they_o may_v not_o thrive_v so_o well_o but_o if_o they_o be_v not_o the_o shelter_n be_v take_v away_o they_o will_v thrive_v the_o better_a unless_o by_o thrive_a he_o mean_v grow_v in_o height_n see_v lord_n bacon_n natural_a history_n p._n 113._o for_o a_o tree_n pen_v up_o can_v spread_v but_o as_o for_o place_v the_o southside_n of_o a_o tree_n south_n again_o this_o be_v not_o to_o the_o purpose_n for_o the_o great_a time_n that_o tree_n grow_v in_o be_v from_o the_o sun_n enter_v into_o aries_n to_o his_o enter_v into_o libra_n and_o all_o that_o time_n that_o be_v half_o a_o year_n the_o tree_n have_v the_o sun_n on_o the_o north-side_n both_o morning_n and_o evening_n and_o the_o north_n side_n have_v the_o benefit_n of_o warm_v itself_o late_a in_o the_o evening_n and_o early_o in_o the_o morning_n have_v two_o hour_n time_n early_o and_o two_o late_a in_o the_o height_n of_o summer_n more_o than_o the_o southside_n again_o you_o shall_v have_v the_o cold_a be_v as_o much_o on_o the_o southside_n of_o a_o wall_n or_o tree_n in_o the_o night_n as_o on_o the_o north_n if_o the_o wind_n blow_n on_o the_o southside_n therefore_o i_o do_v judge_n that_o to_o place_v a_o tree_n the_o southside_n south_n again_o signify_v little_a though_o the_o same_o author_n say_v p._n 88_o and_o the_o author_n of_o the_o book_n call_v mathematical_a recreation_n p._n 75._o say_v that_o a_o tree_n grow_v more_o on_o the_o southside_n than_o on_o the_o north_n i_o have_v oft_o observe_v the_o annual_a circle_n and_o have_v find_v as_o many_o nay_o more_o to_o the_o contrary_a for_o thus_o i_o have_v always_o find_v on_o a_o tree_n near_o the_o ground_n the_o annual_a circle_n have_v be_v the_o great_a on_o that_o side_n from_o which_o most_o of_o the_o great_a root_n come_v as_o if_o a_o tree_n grow_v on_o the_o southside_n of_o a_o bank_n you_o shall_v find_v the_o circle_n on_o that_o tree_n to_o be_v great_a on_o the_o north-side_n etc._n etc._n but_o high_a on_o a_o tree_n the_o circle_n be_v ever_o great_a on_o that_o side_n the_o tree_n where_o there_o be_v a_o great_a bough_n break_v out_o for_o the_o sap_n have_v great_a recourse_n thither_o many_o time_n by_o sudden_a cold_a some_o be_v stay_v by_o the_o way_n and_o so_o increase_v that_o side_n of_o the_o tree_n most_o for_o i_o take_v the_o sap_n of_o a_o tree_n if_o the_o wether_n be_v open_a that_o be_v of_o those_o tree_n that_o shed_v their_o leave_n to_o be_v still_o ascend_v into_o the_o head_n though_o it_o be_v midwinter_n though_o there_o do_v not_o rise_v enough_o to_o keep_v the_o leave_v on_o nor_o to_o make_v it_o bud_v forth_o yet_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o it_o keep_v the_o bud_n full_a and_o fresh_a and_o increase_v the_o growth_n of_o the_o tree_n for_o that_o same_o pory_o substance_n of_o the_o tree_n which_o be_v between_o every_o annual_a circle_n that_o be_v make_v by_o the_o winter-sap_n and_o the_o mild_a the_o winter_n be_v the_o great_a you_o shall_v find_v this_o to_o be_v as_o be_v visible_a in_o ash_n oak_n elm_n etc._n etc._n the_o other_o which_o be_v more_o hard_a and_o clear_a be_v increase_v by_o the_o sap_n in_o summer_n and_o the_o more_o feed_v the_o summer_n be_v by_o shower_n the_o more_o shall_v the_o circle_n increase_v on_o dry_a ground_n and_o according_a
the_o root_n begin_v to_o rot_v they_o then_o come_v up_o best_o than_o stock_n they_o all_o up_o the_o other_o wood_n will_v grow_v the_o better_a and_o they_o will_v pay_v you_o well_o for_o your_o charge_n they_o will_v cost_v you_o about_o 6_o s._n a_o stack_n and_o here_o they_o will_v be_v worth_a 12_o s._n or_o more_o when_o stock_v up_o when_o you_o fall_v your_o wood_n or_o coppice_n cut_v they_o smooth_a and_o close_a to_o the_o stub_n and_o a_o little_a slant_v upward_o as_o i_o advise_v you_o about_o lop_n pollard_n the_o often_o you_o fall_v your_o wood_n coppice_n or_o hedge_n the_o thick_a they_o will_v grow_v for_o every_o fell_n give_v way_n to_o the_o young_a seedling_n to_o get_v up_o and_o make_v the_o weak_a plant_n shoot_v strong_a those_o wood_n which_o increase_v by_o run_a root_n as_o elm_n cherry_n poplar_n maple_n sarvice_n etc._n etc._n which_o thicken_v your_o wood_n much_o and_o felling_n make_v the_o root_n of_o a_o tree_n to_o swell_v as_o lop_n do_v the_o body_n and_o so_o it_o produce_v the_o great_a shoot_n and_o come_v soon_o to_o perfection_n whereas_o great_a wood_n and_o old_a and_o ill_o take_v off_o from_o the_o stub_n many_o time_n kill_v all_o when_o you_o fall_v your_o wood_n leave_v young_a tree_n enough_o you_o may_v take_v down_o the_o worst_a that_o stand_v next_o fall_n especial_o near_o a_o great_a tree_n that_o you_o judge_v may_v go_v down_o next_o fall_n for_o by_o its_o fall_n it_o may_v spoil_v some_o the_o statute_n say_v you_o be_v to_o leave_v twelve_o score_n oak_n at_o every_o fall_n on_o a_o acre_n for_o want_v of_o they_o so_o many_o elm_n ash_n beech_n etc._n etc._n but_o leave_v according_a to_o the_o thinness_n of_o your_o wood_n and_o where_o underwood_n sell_v well_o there_o let_v your_o timber-tree_n stand_v the_o thin_a and_o in_o such_o country_n where_o coal_n be_v cheap_a and_o timber_n sell_v well_o there_o let_v your_o timber-tree_n stand_v thick_a and_o then_o they_o will_v need_v but_o little_a prune_n up_o endeavour_v to_o plant_v in_o your_o wood_n such_o sort_n of_o wood_n as_o the_o ground_n be_v most_o proper_a for_o if_o wet_a then_o alder_a sallow_a willow_n withy_o etc._n etc._n if_o shallow_a and_o dry_a ash_n cherry_n beech_n poplar_n etc._n etc._n if_o shallow_a and_o wet_a hornbeam_n sallow_a sarvice_n etc._n etc._n but_o remember_v that_o the_o oak_n and_o elm_n be_v entertain_v in_o all_o place_n if_o your_o wood_n or_o coppice_n be_v in_o park_n where_o you_o lie_v open_a to_o deer_n then_o at_o every_o fall_v plant_v in_o they_o such_o wood_n who_o bark_n the_o deer_n do_v not_o much_o love_n such_o be_v the_o hornbeam_n hasel_n sycamore_n etc._n etc._n when_o tree_n be_v at_o their_o full_a growth_n there_o be_v several_a sign_n of_o their_o decay_n which_o give_v you_o warning_n to_o fell_v it_o before_o it_o be_v quite_o decay_v as_o in_o a_o oak_n when_o the_o top-bough_n begin_v to_o die_v than_o it_o begin_v to_o decay_v in_o a_o elm_n or_o ash_n if_o their_o head_n die_v or_o if_o you_o see_v they_o take_v wet_a at_o any_o great_a knot_n which_o you_o may_v know_v by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o tree_n be_v discolour_a below_o that_o place_n before_o it_o grow_v hollow_a or_o if_o hollow_a you_o may_v know_v by_o knock_v it_o with_o the_o head_n of_o a_o axe_n of_o which_o you_o may_v be_v the_o sure_a satisfy_v by_o bore_v into_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o with_o a_o small_a auger_n or_o if_o you_o see_v the_o nighill_n make_v hole_n in_o it_o these_o be_v certain_a sign_n the_o tree_n begin_v to_o decay_v but_o before_o it_o decay_v much_o down_o with_o it_o and_o hinder_v not_o yourself_o chap._n xxxvii_o how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n several_a way_n the_o better_a to_o judge_v the_o worth_n of_o they_o etc._n etc._n have_v show_v you_o how_o you_o may_v judge_v of_o timber_n whether_o it_o be_v sound_a or_o not_o in_o the_o last_o chapter_n i_o will_v now_o show_v you_o how_o to_o take_v the_o height_n that_o you_o may_v the_o better_o know_v the_o worth_n of_o it_o for_o where_o you_o have_v a_o rule_n to_o go_v by_o you_o may_v then_o the_o better_a guess_n there_o be_v several_a way_n to_o take_v the_o altitude_n of_o a_o tree_n or_o building_n that_o be_v perpendicular_a as_o by_o a_o two-foot_n rule_n or_o two_o stick_v join_v in_o a_o right_a angle_n that_o be_v square_a as_o the_o figure_n a._n b._n c._n have_v at_o a._n a_o pin_n or_o hole_n to_o hang_v a_o thread_n and_o plummet_n on_o suppose_v you_o be_v to_o take_v the_o height_n of_o x_o in_n first_o then_o hold_v that_o end_n of_o your_o square_n mark_v with_o c._n to_o your_o eye_n then_o go_v backward_o or_o forward_o till_o the_o thread_n and_o plummet_n hang_v just_a upon_o the_o middle_n of_o your_o square_n perpendicular_a and_o your_o eye_n look_v through_o two_o sight_n or_o two_o pin_n at_o a._n and_o c._n or_o over_o the_o end_n of_o the_o square_n thus_o look_v to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o building_n at_o x._o see_v fig._n 8_o 9_o which_o find_v with_o a_o line_n and_o plummet_n from_o your_o eye_n at_o c_o let_v fall_n to_o the_o ground_n at_o d_o measure_v the_o length_n of_o that_o line_n and_o add_v it_o to_o the_o height_n that_o length_n to_o e_o then_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o e._n to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n as_o at_o y_o and_o that_o if_o your_o ground_n be_v level_a be_v the_o height_n of_o of_o x._o y._n or_o take_v the_o level_n from_o your_o eye_n to_o the_o height_n and_o add_v that_o which_o be_v below_o the_o level_n to_o the_o height_n etc._n etc._n as_o the_o line_n c._n f._n show_v to_o find_v the_o height_n of_o a_o tree_n etc._n etc._n by_o a_o straight_a staff_n or_o by_o a_o line_n and_o plummet_n the_o sun_n shine_v the_o altitude_n perpendicular_a and_o the_o ground_n level_n if_o not_o you_o must_v make_v the_o end_n of_o both_o the_o shadow_n level_v to_o each_o foot_n which_o be_v soon_o do_v as_o if_o i_o shall_v take_v the_o level_n of_o b._n at_o c._n find_v the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o shadow_n to_o end_n there_o i_o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o c._n to_o b._n and_o find_v it_o 60_o foot_n then_o at_o that_o very_a instant_n i_o set_v up_o a_o stick_n perpendicular_a as_o e._n d._n 12_o foot_n long_o which_o i_o find_v to_o cast_v a_o shadow_n just_a 9_o foot_n and_o then_o the_o rule_n order_v itself_o thus_o as_o 9_o foot_n to_o 12_o so_o 60_o foot_n to_o 80_o which_o you_o will_v find_v true_a if_o you_o work_v it_o by_o logarithme_n or_o by_o rule_n and_o compass_n thus_o set_v one_o point_n on_o 9_o extend_v the_o other_o to_o 12_o that_o extent_n will_v reach_v from_o 60_o to_o 80_o or_o if_o you_o work_v it_o by_o natural_a arithmetic_n as_o 9_o be_v to_o 12_o so_o 60_o to_o 80._o see_v fig._n 10._o the_o same_o may_v be_v do_v by_o line_n and_o plummet_n to_o take_v the_o altitude_n or_o height_n by_o a_o bowl_n of_o water_n or_o by_o a_o lookingglass_n place_v parallel_n to_o the_o horizon_n place_v on_o the_o ground_n a_o bowl_n of_o water_n or_o a_o looking-glass_n at_o a_o convenient_a distance_n from_o the_o building_n or_o tree_n as_o far_o as_o you_o think_v the_o height_n be_v then_o go_v back_o till_o you_o espy_v in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n or_o glass_n the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o altitude_n which_o do_v keep_v your_o stand_n and_o let_v a_o plum-line_n fall_v from_o your_o eye_n till_o it_o touch_v the_o ground_n which_o give_v the_o height_n of_o your_o eye_n from_o the_o ground_n 2._o measure_v the_o distance_n from_o your_o plummet_n to_o the_o middle_a of_o the_o water_n 3._o the_o distance_n from_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n which_o distance_n if_o you_o have_v measure_v exact_o straight_o and_o level_a by_o proportion_n you_o may_v find_v the_o altitude_n require_v thus_o as_o the_o distance_n from_o the_o plummet_n level_v to_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o water_n or_o glass_n be_v to_o the_o height_n of_o your_o eye_n from_o the_o ground_n which_o be_v the_o length_n of_o your_o plum-line_n so_o be_v the_o distance_n from_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o water_n to_o the_o base_a or_o foot_n of_o the_o altitude_n exact_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o very_a top_n of_o the_o height_n which_o give_v the_o shadow_n to_o the_o altitude_n for_o if_o your_o object_n be_v not_o upright_o and_o you_o measure_v straight_o and_o level_a and_o just_a under_o the_o top_n that_o give_v the_o shadow_n if_o you_o miss_v in_o any_o one_o of_o these_o you_o be_v quite_o out_o in_o take_v the_o height_n
a_o mile_n two_o tree_n as_o at_o figure_n 2_o be_v ½_o a_o mile_n three_o tree_n as_o at_o figure_n 3_o be_v ¾_n of_o a_o mile_n see_v fig._n 21._o though_o the_o figure_n do_v not_o show_v well_o because_o the_o smallness_n of_o the_o paper_n will_v not_o allow_v room_n to_o draw_v the_o distance_n of_o mile_n as_o the_o tree_n be_v according_a to_o scale_n though_o my_o scale_n be_v here_o for_o the_o distance_n of_o the_o tree_n 160_o foot_n for_o one_o inch_n yet_o i_o presume_v where_o this_o be_v real_o act_v in_o walk_n it_o will_v do_v well_o i_o here_o begin_v at_o the_o centre-tree_n in_o the_o semicircle_n and_o in_o the_o right-hand_a row_n show_v how_o the_o ¾_n of_o the_o mile_n may_v be_v set_v out_o and_o show_v by_o the_o semicircle_n on_o the_o side_n at_o the_o other_o end_n i_o begin_v at_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o circle_n and_o so_o show_v the_o ¼_n ½_o and_o ¾_n how_o they_o may_v be_v set_v out_o on_o the_o other_o side_n or_o if_o you_o please_v you_o may_v have_v a_o tree_n in_o the_o mid-line_n of_o your_o walk_n at_o every_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n with_o a_o circle_n to_o break_v round_o that_o tree_n three_o time_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o walk_n which_o tree_n must_v be_v prune_v up_o high_a or_o else_o it_o will_v hinder_v the_o prospect_n of_o your_o walk_n i_o fancy_n the_o other_o way_n be_v best_a as_o let_v a_o tree_n stand_v at_o every_o ¼_n of_o a_o mile_n as_o you_o see_v in_o the_o figure_n see_v fig._n 22._o thus_o have_v show_v you_o how_o walk_n may_v end_v in_o circle_n or_o semicircle_n i_o shall_v now_o show_v how_o walk_n may_v end_v or_o come_v into_o a_o oval_a and_o how_o it_o sometime_o happen_v that_o a_o oval_a be_v the_o best_a figure_n that_o walk_n can_v end_n in_o if_o three_o walk_n meet_v acute_o at_o one_o place_n than_o it_o will_v be_v necessary_a to_o have_v the_o mid-line_n of_o the_o three_o walk_n meet_v at_o a_o tree_n in_o the_o side_n of_o a_o oval_a for_o if_o you_o make_v that_o point_n the_o centre_n of_o a_o circle_n it_o will_v be_v too_o large_a it_o be_v possible_o large_a than_o your_o ground_n will_v permit_v as_o at_o cashiobury_n where_o the_o three_o walk_n meet_v by_o hemsted_n highway_n for_o if_o i_o have_v make_v the_o circle_n from_o the_o aforesaid_a centre_n and_o make_v the_o semi-di3amete_a so_o large_a as_o to_o have_v in_o the_o circumference_n the_o two_o tree_n mark_v a._n a._n which_o range_v for_o both_o walk_n than_o will_v this_o circle_n have_v be_v too_o great_a and_o beside_o can_v not_o be_v make_v within_o the_o pale_a now_o i_o have_v order_n from_o my_o lord_n that_o the_o mid-line_n of_o these_o three_o walk_n shall_v meet_v at_o a_o tree_n as_o in_o fig._n 23._o they_o do_v at_o b._n and_o that_o i_o shall_v make_v the_o figure_n so_o large_a as_o that_o the_o wood_n which_o be_v between_o the_o middle-walk_a and_o the_o two_o outside_n walk_n shall_v end_v at_o a_o tree_n which_o shall_v stand_v exact_o in_o the_o range_v of_o tree_n for_o the_o middle-walk_a and_o also_o for_o the_o inside_n row_v of_o the_o two_o out-walks_a by_o consider_v i_o find_v the_o oval_a to_o suit_n best_o with_o this_o ground_n so_o i_o have_v these_o two_o tree_n as_o at_o a._n a._n and_o the_o point_v as_o at_o b._n which_o i_o take_v for_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o oval_a according_o i_o make_v it_o see_v the_o figure_n length_n of_o the_o oval_a be_v 205_o foot_n breadth_n 124_o foot_n middle-walk_a 50_o foot_n the_o side-walks_a each_o 40_o foot_n wide_a have_v wood_n between_o the_o walk_n and_o round_o the_o oval_a see_v fig._n 23._o now_o have_v the_o two_o tree_n as_o at_o a_o a._n and_o the_o centre-tree_n of_o the_o three_o walk_n b._n from_o the_o mid-line_n of_o the_o middle-walk_a and_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o that_o line_n between_o a_o a._n and_o b._n draw_v a_o perpendicular_a line_n which_o show_v the_o length_n of_o the_o oval_a at_o each_o end_v set_v a_o tree_n as_o c._n c._n then_o divide_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o centre-tree_n at_o b._n and_o the_o end-tree_n at_o c._n c._n which_o let_v be_v at_o such_o a_o distance_n as_o may_v best_o suit_v with_o the_o six_o tree_n between_o d._n and_o c._n on_o each_o side_n here_o the_o tree_n between_o b._n and_o c._n be_v ten_o foot_n ten_o inch_n distance_n and_o the_o tree_n between_o d._n and_o c._n be_v 10_o foot_n 9_o inch_n distance_n let_v always_o the_o tree_n that_o make_v either_o oval_a or_o circle_n stand_v pretty_a nigh_o they_o show_v this_o or_o any_o other_o figure_n the_o better_a for_o this_o no_o certain_a distance_n can_v be_v give_v but_o they_o must_v be_v set_v at_o such_o a_o distance_n as_o the_o arch-line_n can_v be_v divide_v into_o etc._n etc._n i_o shall_v show_v you_o how_o to_o know_v the_o length_n of_o a_o arch-line_n and_o how_o to_o make_v a_o oval_a or_o other_o figure_n hereafter_o this_o oval_a and_o walk_n be_v surround_v with_o wood_n and_o also_o between_o the_o walk_n end_v at_o a_o tree_n as_o at_o a_o a._n you_o may_v make_v broad_a at_o your_o pleasure_n or_o you_o may_v alter_v the_o oval_a in_o shape_n or_o bigness_n as_o your_o ground_n and_o fancy_n shall_v direct_v you_o your_o oval_n may_v be_v surround_v with_o a_o double_a or_o treble_a row_n of_o tree_n if_o you_o fancy_n it_o and_o indeed_o if_o it_o be_v in_o a_o place_n where_o it_o be_v not_o encompass_v with_o wood_n it_o be_v very_o proper_a a_o oval_a or_o a_o circle_n be_v very_o good_a figure_n for_o pond_n though_o they_o be_v not_o in_o use_n now_o for_o make_v walk_n to_o end_v in_o a_o triangle_n this_o may_v be_v several_a way_n according_a to_o your_o fancy_n or_o ground_n but_o i_o confess_v i_o never_o yet_o see_v or_o hear_v of_o any_o walk_n in_o england_n or_o elsewhere_o that_o end_v in_o such_o a_o figure_n but_o why_o may_v not_o the_o best_a of_o figure_n be_v neglect_v by_o the_o ingenious_a survey_n or_o both_o at_o home_n and_o abroad_o as_o well_o as_o we_o see_v many_o excellent_a thing_n know_v to_o several_a ingenious_a man_n which_o be_v practise_v by_o few_o have_v make_v at_o the_o end_n of_o walk_n semicircle_n circle_n and_o oval_n of_o several_a sort_n and_o notwithstanding_o that_o i_o have_v at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o three_o walk_n that_o go_v from_o the_o garden_n to_o the_o bowling-green_n that_o end_n next_o the_o garden_n a_o figure_n give_v i_o by_o a_o worthy_a person_n but_o how_o proper_a for_o that_o place_n i_o shall_v not_o now_o speak_v i_o nevertheless_o neglect_v that_o and_o make_v the_o triangle_n as_o be_v show_v by_o figure_n 24._o the_o tree_n i_o set_v the_o close_o because_o this_o be_v a_o front_n of_o the_o house_n intend_v to_o be_v hide_v at_o a_o distance_n all_o but_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o walk_n therefore_o i_o choose_v this_o figure_n as_o much_o proper_a for_o such_o a_o design_n see_v fig._n 24._o this_o line_n according_a to_o scale_n be_v the_o length_n of_o the_o garden-walk_a the_o break_v in_o the_o middle_n against_o the_o great_a walk_n be_v a_o grate_n which_o be_v intend_v to_o front_v it_o this_o figure_n may_v be_v much_o improve_v if_o it_o be_v make_v a_o little_o large_a so_o that_o the_o inner_a row_n of_o the_o triangle_n may_v range_v a_o little_a without_o the_o end_n of_o the_o garden_n wall_n and_o at_o that_o end_n a_o walk_n to_o take_v it_o to_o go_v by_o the_o garden-side_n so_o may_v you_o have_v a_o convenient_a by-way_n without_o the_o wall_n from_o the_o 20_o foot_n walk_v along_o either_o walk_n of_o the_o triangle_n to_o the_o walk_n by_o the_o garden-side_n etc._n etc._n there_o be_v several_a other_o sort_n of_o triangle_n proper_a for_o walk_n to_o end_v in_o but_o for_o shade_n i_o prefer_v this_o or_o the_o next_o follow_v if_o you_o will_v have_v the_o tree_n to_o show_v the_o shape_n of_o their_o head_n than_o a_o single_a row_n be_v best_a as_o the_o out-row_n of_o the_o triangle-walk_a see_v fig._n 25._o for_o a_o court_n you_o will_v have_v shade_v with_o tree_n this_o figure_n will_v do_v well_o in_o this_o last_o figure_n you_o may_v let_v the_o little_a walk_n end_n parallel_n with_o the_o wall_n and_o have_v no_o walk_n by_o the_o side-wall_n or_o you_o may_v make_v only_o one_o walk_n on_o each_o side_n as_o for_o make_v of_o the_o triangle_n at_o the_o end_n of_o your_o walk_n it_o may_v be_v analogical_o according_a to_o your_o ground_n though_o these_o two_o be_v make_v obtuse_a the_o perpendicular_a half_n the_o length_n of_o the_o base_a there_o be_v several_a sort_n of_o triangle_n or_o triangular_a figure_n