Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	draw_v	line_n	perpendicular_a	3,095	5	14.0786	5	true

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A28779	A book of dravving, limning, vvashing or colouring of maps and prints: and the art of painting, with the names and mixtures of colours used by the picture-drawers. Or, The young-mans time well spent. In which, he hath the ground-work to make him fit for doing anything by hand, when he is able to draw well. By the use of this work, you may draw all parts of a man, leggs, armes, hands and feet, severally, and together. And directions for birds, beasts, landskips, ships, and the like. Moreover, you may learn by this tract, to make all sorts of colours; and to grinde and lay them: and to make colours out of colours: and to make gold and silver to write with. How also to diaper and shadow things, and to heighthen them, to stand off: to deepen them, and make them glitter. In this book you have the necessary instruments for drawing, and the use of them, and how to make artificiall pastels to draw withall. Very usefull for all handicrafts, and ingenuous gentlemen and youths. By hammer and hand all arts doe stand.	Dürer, Albrecht, 1471-1528.; Jenner, Thomas, fl. 1631-1656.	1652 (1652)	Wing B3705AB; ESTC R17980	29,771	28

or downe the Eyes Nose and Mouth must turne with it when you have made these stroakes rightly proceed to the placing of the features as in the rules before There is this three-fold equall proportion usually observed in a Face 1 From the top of the fore-head to the eye-brows 2 From the 〈◊〉 brows to the bottome of the nose 3 From thence to the bottom of the chin but this proportion is not constant for sometimes the fore-head is lower then at other times and some 〈◊〉 noses longer other shorter and therefore this rule is not alwayes to be observed but onely in a well proportioned Face The distance between the two eyes is Iust the length of one eye if it be a full face but if it turne any thing aside then that distance is lesned accordingly the nostrill ought not to come out further then the 〈◊〉 of the eye in any face and the mouth must be placed alwayes between the eyes and the chin Iust under the mouth Further Directions about a Face BEcause the greatest difficulty and principall part of this Art lies in the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 of a Face I thought good to adde these further Directions to make 〈◊〉 the more perfect in the drawing of it 1 If you would rightly draw a Face that it may resemble the patterne you draw 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 you must in the first place take notice of the Visiognomy or 〈◊〉 of 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 it be long or round fat or lean big or little that so you may be 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 to draw the right visiognomy or bignesse of the Face which 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 face you shall perceive the cheeks to make the side of the face to swell out 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 make the face look as if it were square if a lean face the Iaw bones will 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 the 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 in and the face will look long and 〈◊〉 if it be neither 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 nor too 〈◊〉 the face will be round for the most part 〈◊〉 you draw the utmost Circumference of a face you must take in the head and all with 〈◊〉 otherwise you may be deceived in drawing the true bignesse of a face Generall Rules for the Practise of Drawing 1. HAving your charcoal neatly sharpned you must at the first in drawing of a face lightly draw the out-stroak or circumference of the face Iust according to the bignes of your pattern making it to stand fore-right or to turn upvvards or dovvnvvards according to your patterne then make some little touches vvhere the features as the Eyes Nose Mouth Chinne should be placed not drawing them exactly at the 〈◊〉 and having thus exactly pointed out the places where the features should bee begin to draw them more exactly and so proceed till the face be finished and then make the hair beard and other things about it In making of a side face you need not at first exactly draw the nose mouth and chin that stand in the outmost line but onely make it at first but a bare circumference turning this way or that way according as the pattern doth and then make the mouth nose and chin to come out afterwards in the right places and Iust proportion 2 The Circles Squares and Triangles that are made in the Print about a face are to guide your apprehensions the more readily to the framing of one that being as it were led by a line you may the more easily know where abouts to place the features as eyes nose mouth c. which when you are able to doe without them these are of no use at all but onely to guide you at the first to the placing of them 3 In the third place you must be sure to place the musles in their right and proper places by the musles I meane all the shadows that are caused by some dents or swellings in the face and be able to find out the reason of every musle that so you may proceed to work with the more Iudgement you shall perceive the musles most in an old and withered face and you must first draw the principall of them and then you may the more easily draw the lesser within you must be very exact in the right placing of them or else you spoyle your draft be it never so good 4 Observe to make the shadows rightly and be sure not to make them to darke where they should be faint for if you doe you can never recover it to make it light again and 〈◊〉 the whole face will be mar'd and appear unhandsome the shadows are generally fainter and lighter in a faire face then in a swarthy complexion when you have finisht your draft you will do very well to give here and there some hard touches with your pen where the shadows are darkest which will adde a great life and grace to your drawing When you have finisht the face then come to the ears and haire wherein you must observe this rule having drawne the out-line of it you must first draw the principal Curles or master-strokes in the haire which will guide you with ease to doe the 〈◊〉 curls which have their dependance on them always make your curle to bend and 〈◊〉 exactly according to the patterne that they may lye loose and safte and not look as if they were stiffe stubborne and unplyable When you have drawne the curls rightly you must in the last place strike in the loose haires which hang carelesly out of the curls When you can draw a face which is the principall thing in the Art then goe to hands and arms legs and feet and so to full bodies of men and women which are the most difficult things which if you can attaine to performe with a well grounded 〈◊〉 nothing then will be difficult to you but will be most easie as flowers birds beasts 〈◊〉 or any other thing that is to be drawne by hand Of Drawing Hands and Feet To foreshorten the Hands You must draw the perpendicular lynes from the Hands seene slopewise or a syde marked with their proportions and measures 1. 2. 3. 4. upon which the shining would so cast them downe vnto the Dyagonall marked at the ende with O. and then carry the reflexion of them levelly from the intersections of those perpendicular lynes in the Dyagonall aforesaid untill you come vnder the place of the foreshortened Hands therby to gett the shaddowe from which shaddow you must perpendicularly rayse perpendicular lines vntill then may meete or intersect levell lines drawne also from the first hand seene asyde so will the intersections of the said lase named levell lines and raysed perpendiculars give the foreshortened Hands A. B. C. D. E. Even as the Eye would see the Sydewise or sloping Hande So shall the workman see the Hand foreshortened by meanes of the said shaddow The actions and postures of the hand are so various that I can give you no certain rule for the drawing of them onely take this for a generall when you first draw it with charcoal

you must not draw it exactly that is to say to make all the Ioynts or 〈◊〉 or other things to appear but onely lightly and faintly to touch out the bignes of the hand and the manner of the turning of it with faint touches and 〈◊〉 with hard stroakes then if you have done that right part the fingers asunder or close according to your pattern with the like faint stroake then marke that place where any of the fingers do stand out from the others and make a faint resemblance of it having so done if you perceive your draft to be 〈◊〉 proceed to draw it more perfectly and make the bending of the Ioynts the rist-bone and other principal things somewhat exactly And lastly goe over it again and draw every small bending or swelling of the fingers and make the nails knuckles and veins so many of them as appear and every thing else that you can discerne Observe this rule in all your drawings that before you come to draw your draft with Black-lead or other thing you must blow off the loose dust of the coal off from your drawing or faintly to whiske over your drawing with a fether that so you may leave it faint so that you must but Iust perceive your stroakes and by this means you will the better see how to draw it againe with your black-lead otherwise you would not be able to discern your stroaks For the proportions of a hand you have it sufficiently set downe in the print by lines and figures which shews the equalities of proportion in a hand and how many equall measures there are in it which you should endeavour to be acquainted with that so you might know when a hand is well proportioned with Iust and equall distances but I would you should take notice of this rule or exception according as the hand turns one way or other the proportions must be shortned according as they appear to the eye as you shall see in the fore-shortning of the hand in the print so much as the hand turns away from our sight so much it looses of its ordinary proportion and is made to shorten unto that proportion that the eye Iudges of it nay sometimes a whole finger sometimes two or three or more is lost to our sight by the turning of the hand another way from us and so they must be holy left out and not made For feet there is not so much difficulty in the making of them as in hands and in drawing of them you must proceed to the same way that was shewed for the making of hands When you can draw hands and feet pretty well then goe to arms and legs wherein is little difficulty when you can draw the hands and feet afterwards proceed to whole bodies Of Drawing the whole body rules to be observed 1 IN all your drawings you must draw it at first with your coal but very lightly and faintly for then you may the easier mend it if you draw amisse 2 In the drawing of a body you must begin with the head and be sure to give a Iust proportion and bignesse to that because all the body must be proportioned according to the head 3 At the first drawing of the body with your coal you must draw nothing perfect or exact before you see that the whole draft is good and then you may finish one thing after another as curiously as you can The proportion of a Man to be seene standing forward In this figure is to be observed that from the top of the head to the sole of the feete is 8. measures of the head and the head 4 lengthes of the nose the which measures are upon a perpendicular line 〈◊〉 the head figured with 1. the second to the breasts 2. the 3d. to the navel 3. the 4th to the privities 4. the 5th to the midle of that thigh 5. the 6th to the lower part of the knee 6. the 7th to the small of the leg. 7. the eight reaching to the heele sole of the feet 8. Likewise the same 8. measures are to be observed from the end of the fingers of the right hand to the end of the left hand fingers the breadth of the shoulders containeth 2 measures of the head the breadth of the hips 2 measures of the face as appeareth in the vnshadowed figure 5 In your drawing be sure you place the paralel Ioynts sinews and musles directly opposite in a strait even line one against the other as the shoulders the arme-pits the wast the hips the knees and so every thing else that one may not be higher or lower then the other that the body may not seem crooked or deformed but every paralel Ioynt bend c. may directly answer the other that is opposite thereunto and to this end you may strike a strait stroak directly crosse the shoulders to direct you to place them even and strait one against the other so also you may do in other places as the arm-pits wast hips thighes or any other place where you should place one thing even with the other for you must have the same care in all parts of the body as you have in one place where any bendings or members of the body have or do require a direct opposition one against the other you may make use of this help and direction 6 Observe that if the body turne one way or other then this stroake must be so struck so that it may answer the bowing of the body as if the body stoop a little downwards the stroak must be struck sloaping or sideways and so you must then make the shoulders and other things which should stand strait against one another to be somewhat higher then one another so that that side that the body turns upon the shoulders and other things that otherwise should be placed even one against the other must be made somewhat lower the other side more or lesse according as the body stoops more or lesse 7 As you are to be carefull in the right placing of all level or paralel Ioynts bendings sinews and 〈◊〉 so you must look exactly to all perpendicular Ioynts musles c. that is when you have drawn the outmost draft and are come to draw the Ioynts and musles that are contained within the body you must be as exact in placing them that are directly Iust under one another as you are in placing them even that are opposite one to the other and to this end that you may place things exactly perpendicular that is in a strait line under one another you may strike a strait perpendicular line from the throat pit downe to the privities Iust in the middle or seam of the body where you may discerne the parting of the ribs and so from thence strait downe to the feet as you shall see in the print of the man the line will direct you to place things evenly perpendicular that the body may stand strait upright and not appear crooked and