f. e. is 3 Acres as was required But if its sides did not go squair off as the Trapezia 21. then reduce the Trapezia into a Triangle and divide the base into so many equal or unequal parts as you would have the Trapezia into then find a mean proportion between the extream points of the base and every particular point in the base from which means draw lines through the Trapezia parallel to the side assigned which may answere your requiring Or A more ready way to work on ground is to find the mid line of the ground you are to cut off and divide thereby c. But the question is how to effect this you may first set off the whole in two Triangles viz If you would cut off 160 falls at the end a. b. of fig 21. Then set off the half thereof at the Angle c. a. b. to cut the line a. c. by the first for you will find that as the Triangle c. a. b. containes 364 falls so must you go 7 ⅔ from a. to e. on that base to draw the line b. e. that Cuts off the Triangle a. b. e. containing 80 falls Likwayes as the Triangle d. e. b. containes 165 ½ so must you go from b. to f. that a. b. e. f. may containe 160 falls Only the line e. f. is not parallel to a. b. therefore as b. f. is 5 longer than a. e. set 2 ½ out from e. to G. and in from f. to h. and draw the line G. h. parallel to a. b. and to leave as much out as it takes in then find the length of the mid line betwixt a. b and G. h. viz. i. K. which is 16. and by the same divide 160. the quotient shall be 10. And that will reach from a. to G. and from b. to h. so as to cut off 160 falls at and parallel to the end a. b. by the line G. h. as was desired It is required to part the pentagon or fig 26. Into two equal parts from the Angle at a. The whole figure is 10 Acers one Rood and 12 falls that is 1652 falls then the half is 826. and the Triangle a. b. c. is but 441. which wants 385 of the half therefore take 385 from the Triangle a. c. d. by the first Rule and there will be added the Triangle a. c. f. to the Triangle a. b. c. which will divide the figure into two equal parts the thing required I am desired to set off a thrid part of the hexagon or fig 27. By a line drawen from the point G. the whole plot is 45 Acers and 145 falls or 7345 falls the ⅓ thereof is 2448. and the Trapezia G. e. f. a is but 2041.875 which wants 407 falls and the fraction which a little more than ⅚ of a fall wherefore I must take 407.875 from the the Triangle G. d. e. by the first thus If 2523.50 the content of the Triangle G. d. e. have for its base c. d. 62 falls how farr must I go on the same to get off 407.875 answer 10 5325 25235 that is 10 falls and about ⅕ of a fall the which being set from e. to h. to draw the line G. h parts off the ⅓ of this Irregular hexagon as was desired If you were desired to lay out any number of Acres at pleasure into a Geometrical squair you need only reduce them into falls and extract the squair Root thereof as at the end of this Chap. which is the length of one side and so measure or set off by a Chain Or If you would have it ly in a Parallelogram or oblong squair you may lay it out as I directed for cutting off some part from a squair parallel to one side for knowing how many falls you would have into the oblong squair you may make a side at pleasure if not already confin'd to one and divide thereby as is taught Or If you would make a Triangle to contain so many Acres Roods or falls double the number of falls then take for the base of your Triangle any number at pleasure by which divide the double of falls to be brought in the Triangle and the quotient shall be the perpendicular to that Triangle whose content shall be the number of falls proposed And herein consists the Reduction of figures Arithmetical 4. Perhaps you may have occasion to measure the solidity of Earth Timber Trees Stones c. Now to find the superficies of solides as First the Sphaere or Globe multiply its whole circumference by its whole diameter and that gives its superficial content And as 7 is to 22 or 113. to 355 so is the Diameters squair to the superficies of the sphaere and so is the Diameter multiplyed by the axis of a cylinder to its superficies and so is half Diameter of a cone multiplyed in its side to the superficies of a cone and so the squair of the chord of half the segment of a sphere to the superficies of that segment As 1. is to 1.772454 so is the Diameter to the Root of a squair equal to the superficies of a Sphaere Or as 1. is to 564189 so is the Circumference to the Rootsquair that shall be equal to the superficies of the Sphere 5. As superficial measure hath 144 Inches squair in one foot so solide measure hath 1728. every solide foot is like a Die for what it wants either in breadth or thickness it must have in length for 12 times 12. is 144 and 12 times 144. is 1728. the cubesquair Inches in a cubesquair foot therefore In measuring a squair solide multiply its length by its breadth and that product by its deepth To measure a Cylinder such as a Roller multiply the Semidiameter by the Semi-circumference and that product by the length To measure a Cone viz. it hath a Circular base and ends in a sharp point take the superficial content of the base and multiply by ⅓ of the altitude or hight To measure a Pyramid viz it hath an angular base and ends in a sharp point make use of the last Rule To measure a Sphere or Globe viz. a solid figure every where equidistant from the Centre Cub the Diameter and multiply that by 11. then divide that product by 21. the quotient is the solide content of the Sphere As 1. is to 80604 so is the Diameter to the Root of a Cube equal to the Sphere Or as 1. is to 256556 so is the Circumference to the Root Cube of a solide equal to the Sphere As 1. is to 523599 so the Cube of the Diameter to the Sphere Or as 1. is to 909856 so is the Sphere to the Cube of the Diameter As 1. is to 016887 so is the Cube of the Circumference to the Sphere or as 1. is to 59 217629 so is the Sphere to the Cube of the Circumference As 42. is to 22 or 1. to 5236 so is the Diameter cubed to the solidity of the Sphere Or as 22. is to 42 or 1. to 1 90986
c. see Chap 8. for I hast to CHAP. III. How to make Avenues and Walkes ALL walkes should front the gates or entries whether they lead to a house Garden Gate Door Park Wood or highway When you have determined on the end of the walk as the door of the house in the midle thereof on the line of the House-front set off a perpendicular to find the central line as aforesaid see Chap. 1. Sect. 4. and for your more exact performance thereof prepare this Instrument viz. take two straight Rules about 3 or 4 foot long joyn them Crosswayes in other so that the 4 Angles where they cutt may be exact squairs then at each end of these joyn a piece Rule standing up about 4 or 5 Inches and in the exact midle of each of these pieces make a slit up and down and in the midle of these slits a piece small silk threed these being straight and perpend up are excellent to view by Place this cross on the head of the three footed Staff hing a Plumb whereby you may plant it Horizontale upon occasion on this you may also place your protector with the box and needle when you go to surveying for every one has not a plane Table As to the Avenue set one side of your cross parallel to the given line the House-wall this you may do with most ease by taking one end thereof within the door till the side touch the door cheeks and you may also view cross by the side-wall backsight and foresight till it stand exactly Parellel thereto then turne and standing within the door view straight out by the silk threeds and so direct one to drive stakes all along so farr as you can see in a straight and perpend line You may also find this perpendicular central line thô Walls Hedges Houses Trees c. obstruct if you can see over them out at any Window or off the Battlement if there be any otherwayes recurre to the Rules in Sect. 3. and 4. And as by this Instrument you may raise any perpendicular so by the same you may let perpend fall for you may alter it hither and thither upon the given line till it direct to the angle or point assigned 2. The mid or central line of your Avenue being found out you must place your cross thereon and thereby set off the half breadth thereof at each side do this at both ends and midle that they be exactly Parallel and therein drive stakes almost to the head And when you come to marke out for the Trees or to plant them set a straight pole at each driven stake for your direction in going straight betwixt the same If the length of the walke be confin'd divide it by the distance you mynd to plant at and if there be any odd add or substract till all the distances be equal which distance you must take on a chain for a line will reach and shrink and begin at one end and go straight to the other thrusting in a small stake at each length minding to let both rowes go on squair together that is one on each side and viewing will find the other two if there be sower rowes see the Avenues fig. 2. And though the ground be unevenly yet you must hold the chain level wherefore you may have a squair Plumb fixed at your pole or staff for your more exact performance thereof When you have staked out the ground prepare the rounding string viz. a piece line doubled and tyed near the point of a stick and so put the double on the stakes where the Trees must stand and streatching the same make a scratch with the point of the stick round and with a spade follow that Compass and make the hole See the second part of this Treatise where there be directions how to prepare the ground and plant If you observe what is said you may stake out any kind of walk having one line found wherefore I shall shew you how to find out one line whatever obstruct 3. As first suppose you would run a line or walke through a wood when you have concluded on the end thereof there erect a perpendicular as above and run it as farr into the wood as you can then at each side thereof set off a Parallel line two or three foot from the central line or half the breadth of the intended walk so shall you have three Parallel lines running on in straight lines together And where any one runns on a tree run foreward the other two and set it off again when past the Tree as it was Parallel to its fellowes and so proceed till you be through the wood or thickets still marking the Trees that falls in the intervall to be cut A second way is by means of Lanthornes with burning Candles in a calm night when dark hanged on stakes you standing in the wood may plant stakes at pleasure let the Candles furthest from you be highest and remove foreward the lights as need requires 4. But if both ends of your walk be determined and you cannot see betwixt by reason of Lengthes Hills Woods Houses or some such obstruction in such a case let two having each a pole go to the midle or to such a place betwixt where they may by looking backsight and foresight perceive the two extreams where should be a pole with white Paper on the slip boards to make the better appearance turn your faces towards other standing at a large distance asunder but so as you may both see your respective objects And let A direct B to set the pole in line with his and that at the North-end and B direct A to hold in line with his and that at the South-end so each directing other by words or Signes let both alter to and fro till they have their desires at once then shall these two and the extreams be all four in a straight line whereby you may set as many as you please This way I found out by experiment and thinks it worthy a place amongst the Mathematicks But if you cannot see the two ends when standing in the midle although the Poles be never so high then if it be Wood or Hedges the foresaid Lanthrons and Candles will do the business But if the obstructions be Hills Walls or Houses for which you cannot see standing in the midle as a-foresaid neither by Lanthrons nor yet by high Poles then do by Parallels thus set off a parallel line so farr as that it may run quyt beyond the obstruction on the side most convenient then set in the parallel again at convenient places so shall both agree and as will appear when the obstruction is removed But if none of these will do run a line over by guess and if it miss as no wonder take notice of your Errour at the end by letting a perpendicular fall on the determined poynt by means of the squair or cross and the measure betwixt finds out the Errour then measure
the length of your intended walk or line aforesaid and at the quarter thereof set off the ¼ of your Errour At the midle the ½ and at the ¾ of the length set off the ¾ of your Errour this will lead you straight upon your purpose Trigonometry will also solve this if you could work exactly for here you have two sides and one angle see the last Chap. Sect. 9. 5. And if you have a given line and desires to set of a Parallel therefrom but cannot measure off at both ends as is needfull there being Trees Waters Hills Walls or Houses obstructing you may measure squair or Perpendicular off at any part of the given line that is most convenient so far as you mind to go with your parallel at or upon which point erect another Perpendicular to run back-sight and foresight the which shall be exactly parallel to the given line as was required 6. Having given some directions for staking out walks for Planting yet your Avenues and Walks must end in some figure or another whether Triangular Circular Ovall c. For Coaches and Carts to turn in as also where Walks meets or Cross other its requisite that there be some figure for the same reason How Avenues may end in Semicircles and Triangles see fig 2. and if it end in a Semicircle it may begin with the same or rather if the ground will suffer it should begin with a whole circle having sower opposite opens the breadth of the walk If it end with a Triangle it may begin so likwayes but rather with a squait the endings Integer whose entries or opens must be in its Angles And also where the Walkes meets or Cross I have a little figure or Open see fig 2. And yet the Trees in the whole draught every way lineal except in the segment of a Circle where they deviat a little The figures should be at least three times the breadth of the walk but so as the ground will admit let not the Trees in the figure stand much above half the distance of these in the walke but divide equally make the breadth of the walk in proportion to its length I think an Avenue a mile in length may be 40 ells in breadth see Chap 5. sect 2. neither short Broad nor long narrow walkes are handsome except in case of walkes of Shade also of Avenues where the Front of the house Jammes courts or pavilions ar to be observed for the breadth of the court should be at least the whole length of the House-front if two Jammes the midle walke of the Avenue may be the breadth betwixt and the side-walkes the breadth of the Jammes or the mid walk the breadth of the whole Front the side walkes the breadth of the pavilions which ar on the corners of the Court or divide the House Front in three making the midle walke the just breadth of both the side ones so shall they be every way lineall but do not mask a fine Front nor veyle a pleasant prospect The length of the Avenue it should run so farr as when we stand at the house we may lose sight of the farr end if possible When it runs over a Brae then to the eye it appears Infinitum and where that cannot be had it doth very well where the sight terminates in a grove or circle of Firrs 7. The distance of Trees is sometimes according to the quality of the ground or Trees to be planted somtimes to the number of Rowes or as the figure to be planted will best admit If a good Soyl plant at the wider distance if 4 Rowes as an Avenue Plant at 5.6.7 or 8 ells distance if 2 single rowes at 4.5 or 6 ells if circular figures or the like at 2 3 or 4 ells or as the figure is in smallness or greatness and Plant so as they may shew the figure well Some Trees requires wider distance than others these that grow greatest by consequence must have the largest disrance see the next Chap sect 10. Note that you Intermix not great Trees and small Trees in Planting neither quick-growers and flow-growers for I observe a kind of Emulation amongst them For Inclosures See part 2. Chap 4. CHAP. IIII. How to Plant Thickets and Orchards AS the ground where you Plant must be Inclosed so must the Trees stand some distance off the fence if it be a wall whereon ar Wall-Trees let the standards be at least one of their own distances from the same if you designe fine walks round by the wall Plant the Row next thereunto with Dwarff-Trees or some low Hedge and the Trees half a distance off such if the inclosure be a Hedge observe the same Rule Also let the Trees be Parallel to the Inclosure but every Plot will not suffer to be Planted every way lineal and stand Parallel to the Inclosure too therefore it will be necessary first to Inquire a little what figures they be that may thus be Planted a thing I never saw Inquired And secondly how to plant those that will not admit of this order and lastly how to plant the several wayes 2. The figures that may be planted every way in row ar many yet for Brevities sake I shall mention but some as oblong geometrical squairs see fig 5.6.7.8.9 Rhombus see fig 10. Rhomboïdes see fig. 11. Oxigone or Equilateral Triangle see fig 12. Orthygone or right Angled Triangle see fig 13. Ambligone or Triangle with one obtuse and two Acute Angles see fig 14. a sort of Trapezia see fig 15. Hexagone see fig 16. Octagone as the whole fig 2. these regular Polygones ar the nearest way for Planting a Circle Many more figures there be both Regular and Irregular that will admit of this order but these may suffice for Illustration As for these that will not you may Plant them Parallel to as many sides as you can and let the rest fall as they will 3. Now as to the several wayes so farr as I know there is but three principal wayes of Planting every way lineal although there be more built thereon viz. Squair Rhombus and Triangle In the first three of them makes a right Triangle and sower of them discribes a Circle see Fig 5. In the second three of them makes a triacute Triangle and sower of them discribes an Elipsis see fig 6. note that this way will admit of Variation In the third three of them makes an equilateral Triangle and sower of them discribes an Ovall See Fig 7. And seven of them makes a Circle with a Centre See Fig 17. 4. The manner of Planting the first which is the common way is exemplified in Fig 5. take the length of one side and divide by the distance you mind to plant at and the product tells how many and what 's over if there be any you may proportion as before Then with your determined distance on a chain begin at a Corner and go round the out-line exactly where the outter
betwixt these two marke all the rest as before If the distance betwixt the extreams be farr where the sight may dazle let the viewer descent his station and come foreward at every 5 or 6 Stakes and holding his knife at the last marked Stake cause his assistant or stake-marker proceed To level as the ground lyes let its slop be what it will you need neither level nor Rule except you please to try how much it slops after its done for satisfaction only set stakes as before and viewing the ground narrowly put nails in the stakes which are at the extreams where you think the ground will Run when levelled to make it serve it self and as it lyes best or easiest for levelling and when you have concluded upon the level at the extreams make all the stakes in the Intervall by viewing as above 2. But to proportion the level to the ground is the whole art of levelling It s true it is easie if you have a plot or walke a foot higher at one end to take half a foot thereof and lay on the low end so as the two ends may be Horizontal I have already shew'd how to level having the two ends found or if it be Horizontal to take 9 Inches off the one end and lay on the other that it may slop 18 Inches but if some places of it ly one way and some another and some neither the one nor the other this increaseth the difficulty Wherefore you must first drive stakes at the corners of the plot then view the ground about and put nayles in the stakes where you would have the level Run or at least where you think by your eye it may most conveniently come to make it contain it self and easiest to be levelled also set up several stakes in the Intervalls and Cross-wayes through the plot from opposite Angles and by viewing betwixt the foresaid nailes every way marke all the stakes level but if you cannot see from the markes of this supposed level which are on these corner stakes seeing there may be some underneath the ground little Hills or some such obstructions in the way then measure equally up upon each of them so farr as you think convenient for getting your sight and mind to take down the same again after viewing When all is marked with this supposed level go over and note narrowly how it will agree that so as your reason shall teach you to alter take up one end or down the other or up or down both till you bring it to such proportion as to do its own business it self Or you may do more exactly thus Suppose you have a Bordure or midle of a walke with sixteen stakes driven therein at 20 foot distance all marked with a supposed level and 10 of their markes above ground and 6 under ground first measure how farr the markes on each of the 10 stakes is above ground and write them down particularly and adding their measures together you find 13 foot 4 Inches Secondly measure how farr the markes of the 6 stakes ar under ground write down adding them together you find it 12 foot substract the one from the other and the difference is 16 Inches which must be divided by 16 the stakes in the Bordure that is ane Inch to each stake so that this supposed level is an Inch higher over all than the true level which being taken down will make the ground there level it self and no more This may suffice for example but I could say more if I did see your ground And if you can thus proportion the level to one Bordure walke or one Row of stakes you may by the same Rule find the level for the stakes round and cross the plot and consequently level the same accordingly for having once concluded on the level drive stakes over all the plot as in my first way of planting Trees see Chap. 4. Sect. 4. and marke and put nailes therein as above is taught for carrying the line Except you mean to follow my method of levelling the Kitchen-Garden or the like for planting and sowing which is only to level one Bordure thus by stakes and lines Round each plot and by the eye level up the ground within thereunto all along in Trenching albeit this not so proper for Courts and Grass plots However as by this means I use to level ground without a level so do I think this way of finding out the true level by means of a supposed one worthy your notice and if rightly improven save you much money and paines Be cautious in founding your Walls lest you undermine them in levelling nor is it convenient sometimes to confine your level to the foundation of Walls already built for in so doing you may lose more than would cast down and rebuild but in such cases you may rather build under gradually 3. There be some bad lying plots and walkes with an ascent at the head hollow in the midle level at the foot these and the like are very troublesome to level under one denomination for the taking down the Hill bares it so that plants cannot prosper thereon some ar necessitate to take out the Gravel Tile or Stones so much deeper and travell earth again but I rather advise to make terrases you need not confine to the number of banks but only to the proportion and uniformity If it tend all one way as high at one end and low at the other then its proper enough for perpendicular walkes that front the house but if low in the midle and high at both ends or low at both ends and high in the midle then more proper for Parallel walkes whose extremities are equidistant from the central line of the House remember to divide and slop them equally This minds me of some abuses which I have seen as a plot of sloping levelled ground with another Horizontaly levelled lying at the foot thereof at least not under one slop or Horizontal walkes and bordures lying by the foot and head of sloping plots these are unseemly for you should allwayes make them slop under the same denomination except in steep and high banks I have made walkes of 18 foot broad slop 18 Inches from one side to the other because the whole plot sloped the same way so much proportionally yet to the eye appears very pleasant but where such Horizontal and sloping pieces ly contiguous the defect is easily seen therefore if you be necessitate to lay some plots so albeit I know reason for laying walkes so make rather a Hedg to Intercept and in all your workes let there be a connexion 4. There be some more obstructions in levelling as in a long walke when you have the two ends found and marked either with a supposed or true level and cannot see betwixt to do it exactly by reason of length here two may go to the midle or near it where you may conveniently see both ends looking back and fore there drive in two stakes
Semicircle as measured by multiplying the Radius or semidiameter by ¼ of the circumference of the whole Circle Eightly the Quadrant or ¼ of the Circle by multiplying the Radius by ½ of that Arch line which is ⅛ of the perifery Ninthly to measure the segment of a Circle as q. i. o. c. first draw its Radius from d. to o. which constituts the Sector d. o. c. And as the Quadrant hath 90 degrees so this Sector hath 40 therefore say as 90. is to the content of the Quadrant so is 40 to the content of the sector the Triangle d. o. i. Being substracted from the Sectors content Rests half the segment that doubled is the Area of the whole To do Geometrically find the length of its Arch line thus See Fg. 23. divide the chord line a. d. c. Of that arch into 4 equall parts set one of these from c. to i. on the chord line and one of them from the Angle at a. to o. In the Arch line then draw the line o. i. which line is half the length of the Arch line a. o. b. c. but if the part of a Circle be greater than a semicircle then divide the Arch line into two equall parts and find the length of one of these as is taught which doubled is the half length of the whole here take the half of the Arch line of Fig 23. And multiply by its Radius e. b. The product is the Area of the segment a. b. c. d. and the Triangle a. c. e. which Triangle must be substract 〈◊〉 therefrom and the remainder is the Area of the segment Tenthly if you would measure the oval then observe the Rules in measuring the segment seing the oval is made of segments If it be from two Centers then it s but two Segments If from four then it is four segments and a quadrangle Eleventhly Regular poligons ar such figures as consist of equall sides and Angles and which may be inscribed in a Circle or Circumscribed about a Circle whither pentagon 5 sided hexagon six sided Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon Dodecagon for any of these take half the compass about and the perpend drawen from the Centre to the midle of one of the sides multiply the one by the other and that gives the content Twelvthly to measure any Irregular figure consisting of straight and Circular lines the arches and angles bending Inwards If you cannot reduce them into some of the Figures above mentioned within it self you may do it by drawing lines without and after you have multiplied substract what was added whither segments or others and there will remain the Area of the figure proposed Mountains and Valleyes ar best reduced into Triangles and so measured for albeit they make rather spherical than plain Triangles yet the way of mensuration differs not yet as in plain Trapezias there are other wayes than by Triangles as taking the half of both ends and sides added for the mean breadth and length so for mounts and Valleyes viz Measure the circuite or base part of the Mountain and its top add them together and take half of that sum for the length do so with the ascense or going up from foot to top of 2 sides of the Hill add the measure of the longest and shortest side together taking the half thereof for the breadth and multiply the one by the other that gives the superficies of the Mount or Hill And as you measured the compass of the foot of the Hill so must you round the circuite or compass of the hight of the valley or glen and as you measured the top of the Mountain so must you the bottom of the depth of the vale 〈◊〉 add them together and take half thereof for the breadth likway 〈◊〉 as you measured the ascense of both sides of the Hill so must you the descense or going down of both sides to the bottom of the valley add them together and take half for the length and so multiply as before 3. Albeit I have said enough anent measuring land yet there is much more required in dividing and laying out the same The first time I saw the need of it was in making an Avenue of great length which crossed a march several times which did take in several pieces of land and cast out others but non of them being equal neither in shape nor proportion I behoved to measure both and then cut off so much as might Ballance and that from parts assigned As first if from the Triangle a. b. c. being Fig 24. which containes 870 falls squair you would cut off 300 falls squair then finding the base c. b. of this Triangle to be 58 falls long say if 870 falls the whole plot have 58 for its base what will 300 the part I desire off have for its base Answer 20. therefore measure alongst 20 falls on the base from one end thereof as from b. to d. then draw the line a. d. so shall a. b. d. contain 300 falls and a. d. c. 570. Or If it be required to take off part from a Triangle according to any proportion given by a line drawen parallel to any of the sides assigned as let a b. c. which is Fig. 25. be a Triangle containing 7 Acres or 1120 falls and it is desired that 2 Acres be cut off by a line drawen Parallel to a. c. It s base line is 57 falls which you must divide in proportion as 5. is to 2. in the point d. then seek the mean proportional between b. d. 42. and b. c. 57. as b. f. 48 80 97 But having as in the end of this Chap shewed how to find mean proportionals Arithmetically I shall here shew you how to do Geometrically Therefore describe the semicircle b. e. c. and at the point d. on the base line raise the Perpendicular d. e. Cutting the Arch line in e. then set the length of b. e. which is the mean Proportional from b. on the Diameter line and that will reach to the point f. now from the point at f. take the nearest distance to the line c. a. and set that distance squair off at a. to G. then draw the line G. f. exactly parallel to a. c. so will the Triangle G. b. f. be 5 Acres and G. f. c. a. 2 Acres the thing propounded If you would cut off some part from a squair parallel to one side you need only measure that side whence you designe to take it at and divide the parts you ar to take off thereby and the quotient shall tell how much you must set off Example by fig 19. it s ane oblong squair denominated a. b. c. d. I desire 3 Acres or 480 falls cut off at and parallel to the side a. b. which side is 32 falls divide 480 the part you ar to cut off by 32 the side of the squair and the quotient will be 15 therefore set off 15 falls from a. to e. and from b. to f. and the squair a. b.
I might turn my face towards the East and get stately Avenues with Gardens on each hand at pleasure and the said precipice turned at my back But to draw any place first on Paper as they stand we see faults plainly and how to help them accordingly Therefore to assist you further in making your works orderly I shall shew you in the following Chap. CHAP. II. How to draw by the Scale All draughts not drawn by the Scale at but suppositions the Scale makes them stand directly on Paper as on ground or would stand if put upon it therefore of singular use in contriving you should have ane eye to the consequence of all your undertakings lest you run Inadvertantly into a snare for when you have determined or setled on the contrivance perhaps hath gone a great length in working the same yet as you proceed one thing making way for another you may come to see a farr better way and so to overturne most or all that is done to get your new and better way accomplished which oblidges you either to double pains Charges or otherwise in saving the same to fit still with a dissatisfied mind all which may be easily and timely prevented by drawing projecting on paper as is said 2. You may make as many Scales as you think will be needful insomuch that when you have a draught at any time to draw you have no more to do but by Arithmetick find which of them Scales you must draw it by Therefore make a Thinn broad rule 2 foot long Pear or Aple tree Red of Plumtree Planetree Boxwood or Brass which is best put as many on bothsides as it will contain I make most use of a Diagonal Scale see fig. 3. it s done by dividing the Inch into so many equal parts as 8 in the Inch 30 in the Inch 100 or 200 in the Inch the figure and Multiplication will informe you for 5 divisions drawn the length of the Rule and 7 in the Inch the other way is a Scale of 35 in the Inch 5 times 7 is 35 and so furth If your Rule be 2 foot there may be 2 Lengthes on it or as your largest Compass may conveniently reach You may also make some of the common Scales that is divide the Inch the ordinary way in a straight line into so many equal parts see fig. 4. seeing the Diagonals hath only such as Multiplication produceth 3. If you be to draw a draught but knows not how to take your measures from the Scale then if you know the measures on ground take so many divisions off the Scale with your Compass as you had feet ells or falls whatever you measure by and set on the Paper example if you were to draw an orchard whose lenth is 680 ells by a Scale of 200 in the Inch as the upper end of fig. 3. you are to consider how many times 200 is in 680 that so many whole Inches you may take on your Compass and the odds or fraction you may get therewith from the subdivided Inch here if you set one foot of the Compass at 6 and reach the other to a which 6 half Inches is 600 and 8 divisions foreward on the subdivided half Inch is 80 the same you may place on the Paper draw accordingly Example 2. by the other Scale of 100 in the Inch if you would set the breadth of 23 foot-walk on Paper here it is not one Inch therefore you 〈◊〉 take but such a part of one Inch viz. Set the Compass from 〈◊〉 end of the subdivided half Inch to o in the same and thus 〈◊〉 on the Compass therefore do as before You may perceive that the 23 divisions on the Rule is the 3 from 20 foreward on the line betwixt 20 and 30 where the o is placed to make it plain If your draught be so large that your Compass cannot reach its length then you may divide the same by 2 3 or 4 c. and take the product on the Compass and set alongst so many times as was your divisor This is so plain that it needs no exemple 4. But if you have a draught to draw on one or many sheets of Paper and you desire to draw it as large as the Paper will bear not to go off Then take the length of your Paper in Inches by which divide the length of your ground whether feet ells c. and the quotient shall be the Scale you must draw it by that is an inche divided into so many equal parts Example if you have a plot 360 foot in length to draw on a sheet common Paper 16 Inches but to make it keep a little within the Paper at each end call it 15 inches so 360 the length of the ground divided by 15 the length of the Paper gives 24 therefore take a Scale of 24 in the inche and draw it by the same Example 2. the breadth of a field 864 Falls I desire to draw it on the ⅛ of a sheet viz. 3 Inches Divide 864 by 3 it gives 2.88 but this being too small I take the ½ thereof viz. 144 and drawes it by the same mynding that each division on my Paper is 2 Falls on ground 5. Or if you had a draught and knowes not what Scale it was drawen by if you know what ground it contains the work is first to measure it by a supposed Scale and secondly to find a mean proportional betwixt the true quantity of Acres and that quantity found by the supposed Scale And thirdly by the golden Rule say as the quantity of Acres found by the supposed Scale is to the mean proportional so is the supposed scale to the true Scale Example if you have a plot or field of ground containing 72 Acres and you measure it by a Scale of 18 Falls in the inche and that makes but 40 ½ Acres the question is what Scale was it drawn by You will find the mean proportional betwixt 40.5 and 72 to be 54 as in chap. 8. sect 6. and as 40.5 is to 54 so is 18 to 24. Thus it appears that the said plot was drawen by a Scale of 24 Falls in the inche Example 2. If you have a plot containing 14 Acres 64 falls and measuring it by a Scale of 40 in the inche makes 90 Acres what Scale was it drawen by You will find as is said the mean betwixt 14.4 and 90 to be 36 therefore as 90 the Acres found by the supposed Scale is to 36 the mean proportional so is 40 the supposed Scale to 16 the true Scale This tells that it was drawen by a Scale of 16 in the Inche 6. But if you have a draught and knowes not what Scale it was drawn by nor what ground it containes so as thereby you might find its Scale you desire to diminish or Enlarge the same on Paper and yet that it may bear the same shape and proportion in every respect You may divide or multiply every particular line
raising early and tender plants dig a pit 4 foot deep and of length and breadth as you have occasion in a convenient and warme place lying well to the Sun and sheltered from winds which you may help by art if not so naturally fill it with dung and leitter from the Stables about a sourthnights gathering some makes it of Barley-straw or the same mixt with bran because it keeps heat long and its heat not so excessive nor so noisome to plants as dung and when well Tread and even on the Top lay about 4 Inches thick of rich light but fresh and clean sifted mould thereon arch it over with sticks and cover with matts 4 or 5 dayes to cause it heat then uncover and give it Air a day or two that its violent heat may pass then sow your seeds and cover the bed again And the next day if you find the bed over hot give it more Air if too cold cast some Straw on the covering untill the heat returne so by airing and covering you may keep it in a constant temper when the Seeds come up give them Air to dry the moisture raised by the heat of the bed How to cover the choice with Glasses see Chap. 6. Sect 1. But as there is great trouble in rightly ordering this sort of hot-bed so here remedied by a better which is only to fill and tread the pit full of new dung and leitter not covering it with Earth and place wooden cases therein about 9 or 10 Inches deep and about 3 foot broad having wood-handles at the ends boar them full of Auger or Wimble holes at the bottome fill them with the foresaid earth and therein sow your seeds and these cases and the earth in them will be kept warme during the whole season wherein a hot-bed is necessary for if it lose heat add fresh dung and leitter under about and betwixt the cases there is Dew on the Glasses while the heat remains but if exhausted they will be dry consequently the trouble of transplanting from one hot bed to another is hereby saved Provide a shelter over the whole if you please and frames of Glass over some of the inside cases where there is most need others you may leave open as your Seeds requires By this your pit and cases are every year ready to your hand requiring only a supply of fresh dung But this pit will be so much the more excellent if lyn'd round at the sides with brick and where you cannot conveniently sink it for Water you may build the same above ground And when this pit is empty it will be also ready for wintering of Flower Pots with July-flowers c. 8. In watering plants use not well-water especially for tender plants neither Rivers that run long and quick on sharp gravel these yields no nourishment to plants but rather chills them therefore if you must use such let them stand sometime in the Sun and open Air uncovered in tubs mixt with dung and powr it off the dreg when you use it let the quantity and quality of the dung be according to the nature of your plants as if great growers and require much heat put horse or pigeons dung into the water but for the more durable put Sheeps dung remembering if your ground be bad to add the more dung When dung lyes above ground about any plants as I use to do with Trees Artichocks c. The water descending through the same is very relishing to the Roots if you powr the water at a little distance round the Tree for when lashed on the stem it washeth the Earth from the Roots Water no plants with standing stinking Ditch-water nor no Water that stinketh Rain-water and large Ponde-water is excellent but keep it not too long yet if in a large Vessel the oftener you Stir it the longer it will keep sweet so the larger your pondes or Rivers be and the opener to the Sun and Air and the more moving by horse geese and ducks their Sweeming the sweeter it will be and if the washings of stables streets dung Hill-water c. Run into them that adds much to their fertility providing they have some moving as is said to make them sweet If you fear dry weather differre not too long but water while your ground is yet moist differre not if you mind to water at all these that Root deepest water most and also when you do begin Continue it so long as you find occasion In watering Trees and greater Plants stir and waken the Earth a little about their Roots with a fork so as it may drink the more evenlier minding to tread firme again And for the same cause you may sink the Earth a little in forme of a shallow dish rownd your Coleflowers Artichocks c. Dip your Flower Pots in a Tub of water to drink through the holes at the bottome When you water beds of small seeds with the watering pot shake it nimbly that it may fall like a showre of smal Rain I have often made use of a handful of small Straw or Hay drawen as thatch tyed in the midle and at one end powred water with a Cup and shaked the same that it appeared like a Gentle bedewing rather than a glutting Rain Some that are desirous to have the ground allwayes moist about any plant do place near it a vessel with water and in it a piece woollen clothe with one end thereof hanging out to the ground and the other in the water the Cloath being first wet it will drop continually if the end without be lower than that within the vessell and when the water within fails it may be augmented If it drop not fast enough the clothe may be increased if too fast diminished Early in the Spring while the weather is yet cold I intreat you be cautious in watering the leaves of the young and tender plants only wet the ground about them when your plants or seeds are more hardy and the nights yet cold water in the forenoons but when the nights are warme or dayes very hot then the evening is the best time Plant in wet and sow in dry I do not mean over weâ—t or over dry Withall let them have good Air which conduceth much to their health and life without which nothing can live CHAP. III. How to propagate and order Forrest-trees 1. OMmiting here the distinction of species having confin'd to one chapter I shall speak briefly yet I hope plainly of their Governement thus Albeit the most of Forrest-trees may be Increased by Suckers Layers c. Yet if you desire Trees worth your while Raise them from the seed Therefore prepare a seminary or seed-plot together with a nurserie well ordered and handsomely made up in beds as in part 1. Chap. 5. sect 2. and there sow and set your seeds and plants in their respective seasons keep them clean from weeds and water them when need is also Earth up and dible in these cast up by the
fair water and serve it up with a little sweet butter beat i. e. tumbled in the Sawce-pan above the coal The young shoots of colworts will serve the same way Purslain may be eaten green with sugar and Vineger or Oyl stew'd with meat besides the pickled Lettice green as purslain and so cresses Chervil Burnet burrage flowers and wood sorrall Spinag is excellent floves being boyled with lamb or Veall with a little sorrall therein as also choped dishes thereof with butter The same way use beets also make green broth of them with leeks fagot of thyme and parsly In some stoves and broths you may put Arag Marigold leaves Violet leaves Straw-berrie leaves Bugloss Burrage and Endive In Pottage put Iuice of sorrall fagot of thime and parlsly and in most of broths In the sawce or gravy of Rost mutton and capon and in all stewed dishes bruise shallot or Rub the dishes therewith You may stove leeks with a cock Onions may be baked with a little butter if you want meat also make use of them with rost meat especially geese and to most fresh fishes in which parsly and thyme fagot is mainly used Boyl coleflowers in water mixt with a little milk then pour it off and mix them in the stew-pan with sweet butter seasoned with salt and so serve them up about boyld mutton Boyl Cabbage with Beef reserving the top of the pot to powr on when dished up about the beef Boyl Scorzonera peâ—â—e off its broun rind wherein consists its bitterness slice and fry it with butter When skirrets ar boyld and pealed Roll them in flowre and fry with butter Boyl and peal parsneeps chop and bruise them well powre on butter and set them on a coal and if you please strew a little cinamon upon them Carrots are so used or only dished by shavers Be et rave boyld pealed shaved and when cold served up with vinegar and sugar besides the pickled Beet-raves Parsneeps carrots are very good served up whole or sliced about meat as turneeps usually with fat broth poured thereon Potatoes as Parsneeps or for want of butter take sweet milk 5. Of drinks as of Aples to make cyder I cannot name our cyder Aples for I use to mix all the ripe at once in the orchard that is of a fine Juice and easie to separat from the flesh and pears that have plenty of Juice and hard flesh though harsh In France they extoll the Rennet cyder in England the Hereford Redstrake Which in France they set at naught they speak of genetmoil and musts some pipens and parmains And for Perry the bromsbury and Ruddy horse pear All which and many more Hugh Wood Gard'ner at Hamiltone has to sel But now the different soils begets alterations in fruits besides the climate yet both defects may be a little helped The first by using all diligence to prepare the ground throughly as is directed in Chap. 2. Fallowing is a most commendable essay The second by graffing and regraffing upon early good fence and shelter round the ground are very conducible To make this excellent Wine provide trough and beatters press and harbag lagallon and tappering fat barrels and hogsheads for even by the common screw press I have made a hogshead cyder in a day be sure your vessells be sweet else you spoil all white Wine Sack-cask or such as keept cyder before I have heard of cyder-cask 3 Inches thick in the staves which I believe is of great Advantage in preserving the liquor but if any be tainted put a little unstaked Lyme Stone and a little water in the Barrell and stop it close when stood a little while and jumbled pour out and wash clean that will cure The fruit being gathered ripe as before let them ly ten or twelve days if summer fruit and near the double of that time if winter sorts but the late ripe that gets frosts is not good cyder mix not with unripe ones neither suffer leaves nor stalks among them When they are small beat put them in the harbag within the press far and so screw them hard again and again and emptie it thereof and put in more and do as before and empty the receiver into the tappering fat and therein cover it close with a canvass till the morrow at that time before you tun it where the gross lee may fall to the bottom then draw it off at a tap three Inches from the bottom leaving that dreg behind The which may go among the pressings for water cyder the clearer you tun it into the barrels the less it ferments and that 's best cyder for often cyder spends its strength to free it self of the grosser parts therefore while your cyder ferments leave the vent pin loose but keep close the bung for preserving the prodigall wast of its spirit and as soon as the working begin to allay drive the vent pin dead to and this will be perhaps in a fortnight if it begins to work Immediatly some times not till the Spring But keep fast the pin till it begins to work and that you mind to bottle of it do as soon as fully clear and fine which is ordinarly at Spring Put a plum great of fine white loaf sugar in each bottle and above all make your corks fast and close then set them in the celler amongst sand To make the water cyder put 1 â— as much water as you had cyder upon the new pressed marce to stand covered in tubs 4 or 5 dayes then press them and boyl the liquor scumming it till the scum cease to rise fast then take it off for too much boyling wasteth its spitits and put in tubs or coolers and when cold tun it up when done working which â—ll not be so violent as best cyder make the pin fast and in a short time it s for drinking A little ginger cloves juniper berries or such may be boyl'd in it if they please your tast The making of Perry differs not from that of cyder To make Cherrie Wine to every pound ripe fruit stampt put a Chopin Spring-water and ¼ pound fin white sugar boyl the water and sugar scum it and put in the juice of your Cherries let it boyl up again take it off the fire run it through a hair-sive and when it s throughly cold put it in a stone pot and after 6 or 7 dayes draw it into bottles putting a bit loaf sugar in each in a quarter year you may fall a drinking it will keep a year if you would have it stronger then use no more water than sugar After the sawe manner you may make wine of Rasps Currans Goosberries or Take currans very ripe bruise and strain them and to every pint of the Iuice put a pound and ¼ sugar into a stone or earthen pot scum it often and at a weeks end draw it off and take out the setlings and put in the liquor again do this till it be fine then bottle it and at a weeks end if