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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A08347	The gunner shevving the vvhole practise of artillerie: vvith all the appurtenances therevnto belonging. Together with the making of extra-ordinary artificiall fireworkes, as well for pleasure and triumphes, as for warre and seruice. VVritten by Robert Norton, one of his Maiesties gunners and enginiers.	Norton, Robert, d. 1635.; Bry, Theodor de, 1528-1598, engraver.	1628 (1628)	STC 18673; ESTC S115254	149,353	214

weigh 6 lb And so diuiding each next Dyametre into 3 parts equall more then the next lesser was diuided into and it will with one part added frame a Dyametre of a shot that will weigh iust one pound more and so you may proceed infinitely increasing or decreasing by taking one part lesse then it is appointed to be diuided into for 1 lb. lesse and the next into 3 lb. lesse to abate one from the remainder infinitely decreasing it A second Geometricall way Hauing exactly the Dyametre of a shot that weigheth one pound first describe a Circle whose Dyametre shall bee iust equall thereunto and diuide it into 4 Quadrants with two Dyametres cutting each other in the Centre Orthogonally then take the Chord of the whole Quadrant or of 90 Degrees that is extend your Compasses from one extreame of a Dyametre to the next as in the figure following Take the distance A. B being supposed the Dyametre of a shot or ball of iust one pound weight which distance being set in the continued right line D. B. f. g. h and from E. to f then will D. f. bee the Dyametre of a shot of 2 lb and then opening the Compasses from A. to f and setting the same from E. to g. Againe taking the distance from A. to g and setting it from E. to h so likewise taking the distance A h. with the Compasses and setting the same from E. to i and so continuing vntill you haue proceeded as farre as you will You shall finde if D. B. were the Dyametre of 1 lb. that D. f. will be the Dyametre of 2 lb and D. g. will be the Dyametre of a shot of 3 lb and D. h. of 4 lb D. i. 5 lb D. k. of 6 lb and D. l. of 7 lb and D. m. of 8 lb c. and lastly D. q. of 12 lb whereby you may proceede in like manner infinitely Or else you hauing a Dyametre of 1 lb double that Dyametre will make a Dyametre of 8 lb and treble the Dyametre of one pound will make a Dyametre of 27 lb. and the quadruple or 4 times the same will make a Dyameter of a shot of 64 lb and 5 Dyametres will make a Dyametre of a ball of 125 lb and fiue times the Dyametre of a shot of 1 lb will make a Dyametre of a shot that will weigh 216 lb. It resteth now to shew how to finde the meane diuisions betweene those extreames as for the Dyametre of a shot of 2 lb 3 lb 4 lb 5 lb 6 lb 7 lb and more so as by such progressions you may proceed from pound to pound vntill you come to the last tearme for extreame of 216 lb. Neuerthelesse the same manner of working will proceed infinitely the former mentioned sixe Dyametres being marked vpon one and the same right line you must at the end of them draw another right line Orthogonally and set therein two such Dyametres as at C and from thence draw another right line paralell to the first from C. to K then put one foote of your Compasses in C and make a quarter of a Circle from B. to D that done plant a pinne or needle in C and then draw from the Center C. lines through all the diuision of the Dyametres marked vpon the right line A. B so shall you haue sixe diuisions to be diuided The first being diuided already abideth as it was and is the Dyametre of a shot or ball of one pound but the second diuision is to bee in the circumference diuided into 7 parts equally because it containeth the second Dyametre vnto 8 from 1 to 8 for adding 1 to 7 it maketh 8 the third diuision is into 19 equall parts which being added to the 8 maketh 27 the fourth shall bee diuided into 37 equall parts which together with the 27 maketh 64 the fift space shall bee diuided into 61 equall parts which together with the 64 amount vnto 125 and lastly the sixt space must be diuided into 91 equall parts vnto which adding the 125 you shall make a Dyametre for a shot of 216 lb. iustly Now for as much as these diuisions are deficill to make well within so small a Quadrant you may therefore describe a greater as the Quadrant K. E wherein the diuisions are more distinct then in the lesser they can bee further you may note that Fire-balls Granadoes and other Globous Artifices must haue the same proportion in their Grandures from their Ball of one pound which may bee exactly considered and so by this method you may make Balls of Lead Brasse Stone Granadoes Fire-balls and all other Sphericall workes of what weight you will hauing one of one pound first to lead you according to the precedent instructions A Table whereby and by the Inch sight-rule any Peece of Ordnance betweene sixe foot and fifteene foot in length may bee mounted to any Degree of the Quadrant vnder twenty Grades as well as by the Quadrant it selfe or by any other Instrument whatsoeuer   6 Foot ½ 7 Foot ½ 8 Foot ½ 9 Foot ½ 10 Foot ½ 11 Foot ½ 12 Foot ½ 13 Foot ½ 14 Foot ½ 15 Foot Gr. Inch.   1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 2 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 6 3 8 4 0 4 2 4 5 4 7 5 0 5 2 5 4 5 6 5 8 5 9 6 0 3 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6 4 9 5 3 5 5 5 7 6 0 6 3 6 7 7 1 7 4 7 7 8 0 8 4 8 8 9 0 9 2 4 5 0 5 4 5 8 6 2 6 5 7 0 7 5 7 9 8 0 8 8 9 2 9 6 10 0 10 4 10 8 11 2 11 6 12 0 12 4 5 6 2 6 8 7 4 7 8 8 2 8 7 9 3 10 0 10 5 11 0 11 5 12 0 12 5 13 0 13 6 14 2 14 8 15 2 15 6 6 7 5 8 2 8 9 9 4 9 9 10 4 11 0 11 9 12 6 13 4 14 6 14 8 15 0 15 7 16 4 17 1 17 8 18 3 18 8 7 8 7 9 5 10 4 10 9 11 7 12 1 12 8 13 8 14 5 15 3 16 0 16 7 17 4 18 2 19 0 19 9 20 8 21 ● 21 8 8 10 0 10 8 11 9 12 3 13 3 13 8 14 2 15 8 16 6 17 5 18 3 19 2 20 0 20 8 21 6 22 7 23 0 24 2 24 6 9 11 3 12 3 12 5 13 7 14 5 15 1 15 5 17 7 18 7 19 7 20 6 21 5 22 4 23 4 24 4 25 0 25 8 26 6 27 ● 10 12 3 13 0 13 8 15 4 16 7 17 7 18 7 19 8 20 8 21 9 22 9 24 0 25 0 26 0 27 0 27 8 27 9 29 2 30 8 11 13 7 14 8 16 3 17 0 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 7 21 7

THE GVNNER SHEVVING THE VVHOLE PRACTISE OF ARTILLERIE With all the Appurtenances therevnto belonging Together with the making of Extraordinary Artificiall Fireworkes as well for Pleasure and Triumphes as for Warre and Seruice VVritten by ROBERT NORTON one of his Maiesties Gunners and Enginiers LONDON Printed by A. M. for HVMPHREY ROBINSON and are to be sold at the three Pidgeons in Paules-Churchyard 1628. TO THE EMPERIALL MAIESTIE OF GREAT BRITTAINE FRANCE AND IRELAND KING CHARLES ALmighty GOD hauing made your Maiesty Soueraigne ouer many strong Nations naturally Martiall and Artificially exercised in Armes Yet if they want Discipline though many they are but few and though else strong yet therefore weake Your mighty Kingdomes also being strongly situated by Nature Intrenched about with a broade Dike the Seas Pallisadoed with Rockes and Sands Sentinelled with strange setting Tydes of Ebbes and Floods Defended by frequent Stormes and Tempests highly Inritched with Fertillity of Nature Furnished plentiously with all manner of Matterialls fitting the felicity of Mans life vpon Earth both for time of Peace and Warre So that nothing can seeme to bee more wished for if Industery bee vsed but especially if Correspondency bee found in a good and due temper betweene the Head and the Members as perfect Obedience and Seruice from the Members to the Head and entire loue and care from the Head to the Members for their good and safety Gunnes your Maiesty hath but want Gunners because they want Respect and Encouragement let Occasions be ruled with Reason VVarrs managed with Discipline Iudgement and Pollicie Let stubborne Offendors be punished Deseruing Men preferred Eminent Places not granted for Fauour to insufficient Men or Strangers hauing honest Subiects farre more able to performe the Seruice So we shall all make Holiday to serue our God obey our King and enioy Gods blessings bestowed vpon vs euery Man Eating his Grapes vnder his owne Vine without feare of forraigne Enemies To conclude then nothing can be wanting Men Money Meanes nor Prosperity when the God of Order hath setled such a congruity Now that your Maiesty may the better be prouided hereafter of vnderstanding Gunners to manage your Artillery the powerfull Regent of moderne VVarre I haue endeuored in this Practice of Artillery to supply their wants the best I can not doubting but in short time it may worke good effect therein If your Maiesty will be gratiously pleased to countenance these few Lines vnder your Royall Patronage My wrongs and discouragements hath hitherto hindred the publication hereof VVhich if your Maiestie would be pleased to referre to be examined and relieued accordingly It will then appeare I had cause to speake And I should be againe encouraged for greater and further Seruices hereafter So most humbly crauing pardon for my boldnesse prostrating my selfe at your Sacred Feete as by Oath and Duty bound will euer remaine Your most Faithfull and Loyall Subiect and Seruant ROBERT NORTON To Mr. Robert Norton and his Practise of Artillery VVHen first I knew the difference of Time and seuerall Climates of the Worlds round Globe I then thought Artists fittest Men to clime to Honor and to weare the Golden Roabe But now these Times doe differ from that Time Strangers respected are By Courtiers crime Then when I knew the Seas my whole delight was how to trimme a Shippe prepar'd for Warre But all was vaine till Gunners Skill and Might with practiz'd Forces all excells so farre Let Sea-men Land-men all Men truly know That Gunners Art 's of Substance not of Show The Land-man he most boldly makes Approach with Horse and Foote with Sword and Shield and Speare But all were vayne he neuer could encroach if Gunnes and Gunners should be wanting there Therefore such Artists sure t' were best to cherish And expert Gunnered Engeneers to nourish For proofe whereof let euery Artist view why such Men should not to preferment mount Peruse this Booke its Lynes and Fgures true so may he finde the difference of Account Twixt th' English and the Dutch Norton and Borre Then giue our owne their due without demor Moratur in lege But Norton I haue been something to bold to Paraphrase vpon thy Worth and Quality Because I want sufficient to vnfold them and th'Ingenious Workes reality Let this suffice thy praise will shew it selfe It 's worth the Golden-Fleece the Indian Pelfe Captaine Iohn Butler A Due to the Author his Worke and Worth SInce mongst all Nations Warre it selfe doth showe It behooues Man Warres Weapons for to know Who here may learne the Gunners ayming Arts Which thy free industry to all imparts The fittest subiect now it is by farre At these times when such Rumors are of Warre And filles the Eares and Courages awake Goe on then and to Thee this glory take That he that reades these things which thou dost write May know a Gunners part though he nere fight And know Warres chiefest Engines vse and strength In Bore Cilinder Axis and in Length In Touch-hole Carriage Wadd in Shot and Charge Of Fire-workes in briefe thou speakst at large French Spanish Dutch Italian vaile your Cappes To Nortons skill in Mars his Thunder-claps Iohn Rudstone a Louer of the Artes Mathematicall Theorick and Practick To his good Friend Master Robert Norton on his Practise of Artillery I Told you Friend before your Booke I 'de write But not Idolatrize with Poetick spright Doing our loues much wrong in little right The Times necessity and each Studious minde Will make it prayse it selfe which you shall finde By'ts oft impression th' Art being here refinde Yet iustly I confesse I haue been showne Bookes that sell well yet not for what 's their owne But for Commendators before them knowne And this integrity Commands me say That to the Trueth thou shewst the rightest way For Young Artists and here the Old may stay For here th' are satissied with small dispence Of Purse or Braines of Skill the quintessence Drawne from the Antick Artists excellence I know rich Iewells may themselues commend Which be such Bookes that for the publique end With Iudgement written are So thine good Friend Richard Robinson In the due Honor of the Author Master Robert Norton and his Worke. PErfection if 't hath euer been attayned In Gunners Art this Author hath it gayned By Study and Experiences and he The Fruite of all his Paynes hath offered Thee A Present well befitting this our Age When all the World is but a Martiall Stage Let sweeter Studies lull a sleepe and please Men who presume security but these Thy Labors practizd shall more safely guard Those that foresee the Danger th' other bar'd This benefite Wee Soldiers doe imbrace This Rare and vsefull Worke and o're the face Of all the World let thy Fames Echo sound More then that roaring Engin and redound To th' Honor of our Nation that thy Paynes Transcends all former and their glory staines Captaine John Smith HVNGARIENSIS A Table of the Contents DEfinitions Page 1 Demands Page 2

intollerable false For the positions which hee there incerteth are fit onely to leade young Gunners out of the right path and way they should walke in with a seeming easinesse by tying as he would such things to Arithmeticall works and proportions as are directly contrary and of another nature as a small tryall will manifest which in crutesie I thought fit to aduertise the Reader of But as Palingenius saith Friuola si fuerint fundamina tempore paruo Deficiet quiquid super his fabricare volimus Some men also may imagine because the figures heerein are many of them the same that were cut for Captaine Vffanoes Booke of Artillery Printed at Frankford that therefore I haue onely translated the same I confesse the figures most of them being good and he for this and the most part he hath written of this practise being the best of any the Authors that I euer read yet had I onely translated him I should but little haue helped English Gunners their Measures Waights Ordnance and Powder so much differing from our English as in their places I haue shewed it would not haue been operae pretium so to haue done But that I haue from him and other Authors made choise of some things and refined applied others for our benefits I am not to denie nor that the Figures are many of them his that I haue herein written vpon which was by reason of their goodnes faireness and cheapenes for the Figures had they beene cut of purpose in England would haue made these Bookes too deare for Gunners for whose good they were originally destined wherein I haue roughly endeuoured in well meaning which if it be well taken I shall be therewith well satisfied and restreadie to explaine whatsoeuer shall herein seeme difficill Now that this my Treatise for the practise of Artillery may the more currantly proceede be the playner to the vnderstanding and satisfaction of the Reader I held it necessarie first to shew by certaine Definitions Demands Axioms Theoremes besides those in my former Book called the Art of great Artillery which I wish euery young Gunner to peruse also with diligence the names natures and operations of such things as are necessarie to be knowne vsed and done in the Practick part thereof without which it were impossible to conclude any thing well and as it ought to be Therefore as in the Warres of our age there is no earthly force that can more command the Fortified or resist the assaulting Enemie then great Ordnance duly vsed So the Gunners therefore ought to endeuour to vnderstand these so well that they discharge them not in vaine First in regard of the great expences of Amunition thereby cast away Secondly least thereby they frustrate the wished seruice Thirdly in laying themselues and their Companies open and vndefenced to the Enemies Forces which will in them encrease valour and in your selues terrour thereby also deseruing to purchase great blame and dishonour from the hands of their Commanders with the losse of the Princes fauour and vtter ouerthrow of their owne preferment euer after Wherefore seeing that such fruitless discharging of Ordnance in the time of seruice is so great an inconuenience and happeneth most commonly for want of knowledge or ready meanes to direct the Peeces precisely to the marke I haue thought it worthy my labour therein to shew Artificiall meanes to such as are desirous to learne how to know direct and prepare the Peeces committed to their charge so that in time of neede they may bee assured to make their Shotts take good effect onely by applying themselues to vnderstand and practise these fewe things following THE PRACTICE OF ARTILLERIE The first Definition PLACE is the space enuironed with the interior superficies which containeth and enuellopeth each thing Euclid def 5. lib. 1. limited in euery sence with the proper dimensions of the thing contained As the Place of my Body hath the same dimentions that my Body hath Definition 2. Emptie is the Place in which no corporall thing is contained But nature abhorring Emptinesse hath left no place for it in this sublinar world Arist lib. 4. tex 57. Definition 3. Rare Is that which vnder large dimensions hath but little matter Contrariwise Thicke or Grose hath vnder little measure much matter for Thicknesse and Thinnesse are such bodies consequent qualities D. Tho. 3. pant qua 77. as haue much or little matter vnder their dimensions Definition 4. To Increase is to inlarge the former dimensions Increasing commeth of changing of quantity from little to more which may bee without changing the figure As the Gnomon added to the Square increaseth it yet the figure remaineth square still Definition 5. To touch is to haue their extreames together As touching is proper onely to a Body so is it also proper vnto all Bodies Arist si 4. Phis tent 13. for it is reciprocall with the quantity of a Body Definition 6. To Mone is to transport from one place to another or to turne into the same or change the quality Because that which we intreate of is Materiall and depends vpon an Action of Nature Cap. 7. lib. 8. Phis we will define changing of Place to be made by mutation from the Place or from the Grandure as that which rarifieth extendeth and changeth place by increasing more and one thing may mooue another by remoouing it or by drining it away Definition 7. To remooue is to thrust out of the Place without expulsion or driuing it away So to carry Arist lib. 7. Poys ber 10. to lead to put from to presse downe to draw and such like mouing rare-things in that manner said to be remooued without being driuen cast or shot away Definition 8. To Expell is to Remooue by driuing out darting or shooting away which is either slowly and easily or swiftly and rudely Either as the Ramme Engine doth slowly Eodem or as the Cannon doth swiftly driue away Definition 9. Swistnesse is a force that doth much in a little time As any thing that is transported a long distance in a little space of time In Lache is said to be swift Definition 10. To Mount is to raise or eleuate vpwards towards the Skie aboue the Horizon To Embase is to descend or depresse vnder the same downewards from the Heauens ward Those are termes depending vpon the disposition of Men. Difinition 11. Vnder the name of Artillery we compehend all Armes of Fire As Gunns and Fireworkes c. for Warlike seruices Demand 1. THat the Superficies of the Columne of the Peece bee perfectly round or else regularly squared especially at the thickest of the Mettall at the Mouth and Breech Demand 2. That the Axis of the Bore or Cauity of the Peece giuen be straight from the one to the other end of the Columne and equidistant and paralell from the concaue Circumference thereof at all places so farre as the Shot descendeth into the same being of equall widenesse

Curtin wherein the Breach being once made it may bee more easily forced without any other dangers then those of the Bulwarkes and Cassamats which are not onely farre off but also to bee cloyed or dismounted afore-hand or else they are opposed and encountred with the Demy-culuerings and other Peeces placed on the brinke of the Dyke especially where necessity will vrge or occasion require whereas in the Curtins there can hardly any such retrenchments bee made as in the Necks of Bulwarks where with halfe Moones in the neck thereof they may make new resistances with a few men the Bulwarke being Myned and the Towne imagined to be gained yea when fire shall bee giuen to the Trayne which may be perchance preuented also by countermynes which cannot be so directly directed on the breach of a Curtin as on the Bulwarke whose necke is narrow and may soone be defended and retrenched with lesse labour time and force and cause the assay lants to present more men in danger of blowing them vp by the Enemies Mynes CHAP. LXVIII How the Ordnance are to be placed at the houre of ioyning of two Armies to offend the Enemie most THis is a poynt hard to be handled by me that haue not seene many Armies meete but finding seuerall opinions deliuered by others I haue thought fit to recite them deliuer what to me seemes most reasonable leauing each to chuse either of them or any other way as to him shall seeme most fitting Some say that the Field Peeces should be placed in the Front of the Bands and some that they should be placed trauersly two and two or three and three together on the sides or flankes in the forme of the Muskatiers couered with the wings of the Horsemen But it seemes to mee most expedient that certaine Peeces should be placed in the Front which may endomage the Enemie on all sides seeking alwayes the places of most aduantage without danger of loosing any of their Ordnance and certaine Peeces also to be placed in the Flanke some to shoote forth-right and some a Trauers each 3 from other distance 50 or 100 paces And then there is no more danger but in the ioyning to withdraw the Ordnance that our Ordnance hurt not our owne bands And that they be alwayes ready to be Trauersed and retreated as neede shall require which may much conduce to victory But it will seldome happen that in a Battaile there be such places so commodious to be found as were to be wished for that most commonly we shall be constrayned to conforme our selues according to the present occasions as woods hills and other vneuen places for which no other rule can begiuen but with great iudgement to seeke how to get the aduantage of the Enemie without being offended by Sunne winde or dust and such like which though they may be thought to be small things yet they will bee therein found to be of great importance But I cannot be of their opinion to haue all the Peeces on the sides to be best for so the Squadrons meeting ours shall be more offended thereby then the Enemies besides that thereby this great danger will arise that when the wings of our Horsemen would be willing to aduance speedily they will be greatly troubled with those Peeces so shot out of the sides wherefore the Generall or Master of the Ordnance or his Lieutenant considering these things must giue directions how the Ordnance shall be lodged either all in Front all in Flanke or some in both Tract 2. Comment il fault loger l'artillerie au poinct du Combatt Wie das geschutz in der schlacht zustellen Dial. 5. CHAP. LXIX How to fill vp a wet Dyke whereby to approach the Breach made HAuing already shewed how a Battery may in diuers sorts bee made and also how to make the Breaches sufficient for entery we will now shew likewise if the Dyke should be deepe and full of water or mud that the Souldiers are thereby hindered how the same may best be filled vp Wherefore although there be many wayes to performe the same yet this in my iudgement is the best namely that when a sufficient Breach is once made that then the Approaches be also immediatly made vnder the couertures of the Trenches euen vnto the edge of the Dyke and then with Faggots and earth or Sausedges whereof we haue sufficiently spoken already to fill it vp hauing the benefit of the ruines that the Cannons haue made of the Wall and Faggots and Sausedges which cannot be wanting whereas either Gardens Trees or Woods are neere hand Or else if great Trees be throwne into the Dyke if they swimme being of Firre or dry light wood they will then Plankes layd vpon them the Dyke being excessiue deepe and on each side of such Floats blinds being raised to hide the Passengers from sight of the Flanker they may thereby passe to the foote of the Breach euen as by a Bridge But ouer a small Riuer or narrow Dyke a Bridge may be made ouer vpon a Boates as in the 17 figure at β is represented But being first well informed of the quality of the Dyke whether it be of standing or running water If it be standing water then a dozen of light Float Bridges will helpe well if there be any scarpe on the other side or else they are worth nothing But in sted of them Floats being made with two Fir poles or light wood strait about 15 or 20 foot long about the thicknes of a mans legge or thigh vpō which two sides may be nailed crosse-wise ledges or boords of wood about 3 foote long all along vpon them And so these may each of them be caried by 6 men namely 4 at the two ends and 2 at the mid sides as a corpse is vsually borne to be buried And at both the ends of those two sides there must ropes be fastned by which hese floating bridges shall be lanched and drawne from one side of the Dyke to the other foure or sixe Souldiers being gotten vpon it resting them vpon their Pykes which being landed and passed ouer the Souldiers on the other side may draw bake the Float by the ropes at the end next them and then 4 or sixe more may get vpon the same and the Souldiers already landed may draw them ouer by the ropes at their end and so helping one another from side to side many men in a little space of time will be transported ouer And when as there are a competent number gotten or the Floats drawne vp may serue for scaling Ladders or to mount the Breach the better by But if for the walls these Ladders or Floats be too short there may at one end of each side be two loopes of Iron fastned and so firmely fitted that the two other ends of another Float or Ladder may fitly enter thereinto and so two or moe shall make one Ladder vntill they be found of sufficient length And lastly we will remember you of Ladders of