I might turn my face towards the East and get stately Avenues with Gardens on each hand at pleasure and the said precipice turned at my back But to draw any place first on Paper as they stand we see faults plainly and how to help them accordingly Therefore to assist you further in making your works orderly I shall shew you in the following Chap. CHAP. II. How to draw by the Scale All draughts not drawn by the Scale at but suppositions the Scale makes them stand directly on Paper as on ground or would stand if put upon it therefore of singular use in contriving you should have ane eye to the consequence of all your undertakings lest you run Inadvertantly into a snare for when you have determined or setled on the contrivance perhaps hath gone a great length in working the same yet as you proceed one thing making way for another you may come to see a farr better way and so to overturne most or all that is done to get your new and better way accomplished which oblidges you either to double pains Charges or otherwise in saving the same to fit still with a dissatisfied mind all which may be easily and timely prevented by drawing projecting on paper as is said 2. You may make as many Scales as you think will be needful insomuch that when you have a draught at any time to draw you have no more to do but by Arithmetick find which of them Scales you must draw it by Therefore make a Thinn broad rule 2 foot long Pear or Aple tree Red of Plumtree Planetree Boxwood or Brass which is best put as many on bothsides as it will contain I make most use of a Diagonal Scale see fig. 3. it s done by dividing the Inch into so many equal parts as 8 in the Inch 30 in the Inch 100 or 200 in the Inch the figure and Multiplication will informe you for 5 divisions drawn the length of the Rule and 7 in the Inch the other way is a Scale of 35 in the Inch 5 times 7 is 35 and so furth If your Rule be 2 foot there may be 2 Lengthes on it or as your largest Compass may conveniently reach You may also make some of the common Scales that is divide the Inch the ordinary way in a straight line into so many equal parts see fig. 4. seeing the Diagonals hath only such as Multiplication produceth 3. If you be to draw a draught but knows not how to take your measures from the Scale then if you know the measures on ground take so many divisions off the Scale with your Compass as you had feet ells or falls whatever you measure by and set on the Paper example if you were to draw an orchard whose lenth is 680 ells by a Scale of 200 in the Inch as the upper end of fig. 3. you are to consider how many times 200 is in 680 that so many whole Inches you may take on your Compass and the odds or fraction you may get therewith from the subdivided Inch here if you set one foot of the Compass at 6 and reach the other to a which 6 half Inches is 600 and 8 divisions foreward on the subdivided half Inch is 80 the same you may place on the Paper draw accordingly Example 2. by the other Scale of 100 in the Inch if you would set the breadth of 23 foot-walk on Paper here it is not one Inch therefore you 〈◊〉 take but such a part of one Inch viz. Set the Compass from 〈◊〉 end of the subdivided half Inch to o in the same and thus 〈◊〉 on the Compass therefore do as before You may perceive that the 23 divisions on the Rule is the 3 from 20 foreward on the line betwixt 20 and 30 where the o is placed to make it plain If your draught be so large that your Compass cannot reach its length then you may divide the same by 2 3 or 4 c. and take the product on the Compass and set alongst so many times as was your divisor This is so plain that it needs no exemple 4. But if you have a draught to draw on one or many sheets of Paper and you desire to draw it as large as the Paper will bear not to go off Then take the length of your Paper in Inches by which divide the length of your ground whether feet ells c. and the quotient shall be the Scale you must draw it by that is an inche divided into so many equal parts Example if you have a plot 360 foot in length to draw on a sheet common Paper 16 Inches but to make it keep a little within the Paper at each end call it 15 inches so 360 the length of the ground divided by 15 the length of the Paper gives 24 therefore take a Scale of 24 in the inche and draw it by the same Example 2. the breadth of a field 864 Falls I desire to draw it on the ⅛ of a sheet viz. 3 Inches Divide 864 by 3 it gives 2.88 but this being too small I take the ½ thereof viz. 144 and drawes it by the same mynding that each division on my Paper is 2 Falls on ground 5. Or if you had a draught and knowes not what Scale it was drawen by if you know what ground it contains the work is first to measure it by a supposed Scale and secondly to find a mean proportional betwixt the true quantity of Acres and that quantity found by the supposed Scale And thirdly by the golden Rule say as the quantity of Acres found by the supposed Scale is to the mean proportional so is the supposed scale to the true Scale Example if you have a plot or field of ground containing 72 Acres and you measure it by a Scale of 18 Falls in the inche and that makes but 40 ½ Acres the question is what Scale was it drawn by You will find the mean proportional betwixt 40.5 and 72 to be 54 as in chap. 8. sect 6. and as 40.5 is to 54 so is 18 to 24. Thus it appears that the said plot was drawen by a Scale of 24 Falls in the inche Example 2. If you have a plot containing 14 Acres 64 falls and measuring it by a Scale of 40 in the inche makes 90 Acres what Scale was it drawen by You will find as is said the mean betwixt 14.4 and 90 to be 36 therefore as 90 the Acres found by the supposed Scale is to 36 the mean proportional so is 40 the supposed Scale to 16 the true Scale This tells that it was drawen by a Scale of 16 in the Inche 6. But if you have a draught and knowes not what Scale it was drawn by nor what ground it containes so as thereby you might find its Scale you desire to diminish or Enlarge the same on Paper and yet that it may bear the same shape and proportion in every respect You may divide or multiply every particular line
c. see Chap 8. for I hast to CHAP. III. How to make Avenues and Walkes ALL walkes should front the gates or entries whether they lead to a house Garden Gate Door Park Wood or highway When you have determined on the end of the walk as the door of the house in the midle thereof on the line of the House-front set off a perpendicular to find the central line as aforesaid see Chap. 1. Sect. 4. and for your more exact performance thereof prepare this Instrument viz. take two straight Rules about 3 or 4 foot long joyn them Crosswayes in other so that the 4 Angles where they cutt may be exact squairs then at each end of these joyn a piece Rule standing up about 4 or 5 Inches and in the exact midle of each of these pieces make a slit up and down and in the midle of these slits a piece small silk threed these being straight and perpend up are excellent to view by Place this cross on the head of the three footed Staff hing a Plumb whereby you may plant it Horizontale upon occasion on this you may also place your protector with the box and needle when you go to surveying for every one has not a plane Table As to the Avenue set one side of your cross parallel to the given line the House-wall this you may do with most ease by taking one end thereof within the door till the side touch the door cheeks and you may also view cross by the side-wall backsight and foresight till it stand exactly Parellel thereto then turne and standing within the door view straight out by the silk threeds and so direct one to drive stakes all along so farr as you can see in a straight and perpend line You may also find this perpendicular central line thô Walls Hedges Houses Trees c. obstruct if you can see over them out at any Window or off the Battlement if there be any otherwayes recurre to the Rules in Sect. 3. and 4. And as by this Instrument you may raise any perpendicular so by the same you may let perpend fall for you may alter it hither and thither upon the given line till it direct to the angle or point assigned 2. The mid or central line of your Avenue being found out you must place your cross thereon and thereby set off the half breadth thereof at each side do this at both ends and midle that they be exactly Parallel and therein drive stakes almost to the head And when you come to marke out for the Trees or to plant them set a straight pole at each driven stake for your direction in going straight betwixt the same If the length of the walke be confin'd divide it by the distance you mynd to plant at and if there be any odd add or substract till all the distances be equal which distance you must take on a chain for a line will reach and shrink and begin at one end and go straight to the other thrusting in a small stake at each length minding to let both rowes go on squair together that is one on each side and viewing will find the other two if there be sower rowes see the Avenues fig. 2. And though the ground be unevenly yet you must hold the chain level wherefore you may have a squair Plumb fixed at your pole or staff for your more exact performance thereof When you have staked out the ground prepare the rounding string viz. a piece line doubled and tyed near the point of a stick and so put the double on the stakes where the Trees must stand and streatching the same make a scratch with the point of the stick round and with a spade follow that Compass and make the hole See the second part of this Treatise where there be directions how to prepare the ground and plant If you observe what is said you may stake out any kind of walk having one line found wherefore I shall shew you how to find out one line whatever obstruct 3. As first suppose you would run a line or walke through a wood when you have concluded on the end thereof there erect a perpendicular as above and run it as farr into the wood as you can then at each side thereof set off a Parallel line two or three foot from the central line or half the breadth of the intended walk so shall you have three Parallel lines running on in straight lines together And where any one runns on a tree run foreward the other two and set it off again when past the Tree as it was Parallel to its fellowes and so proceed till you be through the wood or thickets still marking the Trees that falls in the intervall to be cut A second way is by means of Lanthornes with burning Candles in a calm night when dark hanged on stakes you standing in the wood may plant stakes at pleasure let the Candles furthest from you be highest and remove foreward the lights as need requires 4. But if both ends of your walk be determined and you cannot see betwixt by reason of Lengthes Hills Woods Houses or some such obstruction in such a case let two having each a pole go to the midle or to such a place betwixt where they may by looking backsight and foresight perceive the two extreams where should be a pole with white Paper on the slip boards to make the better appearance turn your faces towards other standing at a large distance asunder but so as you may both see your respective objects And let A direct B to set the pole in line with his and that at the north-North-end and B direct A to hold in line with his and that at the south-South-end so each directing other by words or Signes let both alter to and fro till they have their desires at once then shall these two and the extreams be all four in a straight line whereby you may set as many as you please This way I found out by experiment and thinks it worthy a place amongst the Mathematicks But if you cannot see the two ends when standing in the midle although the Poles be never so high then if it be Wood or Hedges the foresaid Lanthrons and Candles will do the business But if the obstructions be Hills Walls or Houses for which you cannot see standing in the midle as a-foresaid neither by Lanthrons nor yet by high Poles then do by Parallels thus set off a parallel line so farr as that it may run quyt beyond the obstruction on the side most convenient then set in the parallel again at convenient places so shall both agree and as will appear when the obstruction is removed But if none of these will do run a line over by guess and if it miss as no wonder take notice of your Errour at the end by letting a perpendicular fall on the determined poynt by means of the squair or cross and the measure betwixt finds out the Errour then measure
plot all Running from the House but if your ground be small you may make your Bordures and Beds narrower yet still let the whole plot Ridges Bordures and Beds be equally divided and their Areas or Edges three Inches higher than the furrows or pathes and so much higher than the side of walkes as the middle of the walk is higher than its sides all handsomly clapt up with the Rakehead by a line and the like order you may observe in your seminaries and Nurseries of Trees then plant and sow by lines and Drills both for beauty and conveniency When you would do this divide the Bed Bordure or Ridg at both ends into so many equal parts by help of the long Rule and small sticks then streatch on the line from end to end by these sticks and with the corner of the Rule make a marke by the line and therein set your Herbes and Plants and for setting of seeds measure out and streatch on the line as before and with the setting stick make the holes by the line not too deep and therein put the seeds And if you sow in drills make a scratch or little ebb gutter with the point of the stick by the line and therein sow If the rowes be two foot distance let the first be one foot within the edg if 6 Inches sundry make them 3 Inches off the edge and so proportionally Note that I have told the distances of each sort Kitchen horbes and Fruits part 2. Chap. 6. where is intended 6 foot broad beds but where they are less there must be fewer rowes 3. The Kitchen Garden may be placed its half on each side the House and Courts and when you plant or sow place every species by themselves except such mixture as is mentioned part 2. Chap. 1. Sect. 3. and where you have not a whole Ridge or at least a bed of a kind you may compleat them with such as are nearest of growth and continuance also plant them of long last and them that must be yearly renewed severally each in Ridges or beds by themselves orderly the order is to make every sort oppose it self Example if you plant a Ridge of Artichocks on the one hand plant another at the same place on the other and still where you have perennialls on the one side set the same sort at the same place on the other and so of Annualls In short what ever you have on the one side you should have the same in every circumstance on the other Perennialls are such plants as continues many years in the ground Annualls are such as usually dy immediatly after once they bear seed and that is usually thô not universally the first or second year 4. As for physical plot you may have them in that ridge of the Kitchen Garden next the Bordures and if you will to have no other pleasure Garden you may have Flowers there and on the Bordures next the walkes also and that ridge or Intervall betwixt the walke and Wall will be excellent for all early rare and tender plants You may rill your Physick Herbes in Tribes and Kindreds planting every Tribe by themselves and you may also place one of each kind in the Alphabetical order 5. How to order hedges see part 2. Chap. 4. as for Walls Brick is best next is Stone and Lime 4 Ells is low enough 5 or 6 if you please but if you would make the South-looking Wall semicircles in it that would conduce much to the advantadge of the Fruit as well as Hot-beds under it The distance of Wall-trees will Informe you what quantity to make them as for example 15 foot is the distance of Cherries and Plumes except such as the May cherrie which being Dwarfish requires less 18 foot for Apricoks Peaches 20 foot for Aples 24 for Pears Therefore if you make the semicircumference 18 foot for Apricoks and Peaches you may plant two Dwarff Cherries therein then 36 is the whole Perifery and as 22 is to 7 so is 36 the Perifery to 11½ fere the Diameter and having the Diameter you may easily make any part of the Circle and let the plain or straight Wall betwixt each semicircle be just one Trees distance likewayes And also in straight Walls divide equally and plant non in the Corners measure first off 6 foot on each side the gates or doors for Honisuckles Jasmines c. And whatever be the distance of your Trees set them half therefrom as also from the Corners except where you make all their heads ply one way as on a low Wall such may stand three foot off the Corners or Honisuckles they lean from and a whole distance off these they lean towards You may plant a Goosberrie and curran in the intervalls of your Wall-trees while young when the Trees approach remove them Let the Roots of your Wall-trees stand near a foot from the Wall with their heads inclining towards the same Wall-trees in Orchards whose Standards are in the Quincunx should stand opposite to the mid intervall of the Standards The distance of Dwarff Standards is 16 foot where there is but one row and in following this Rule of the three Bordures they will stand just 16 foot off the Hedg observing to plant in the midle of the Bordures The distance of Goosberries and currans 6 foot But in all your plantings and sowings divide the ground so as each kind may stand grow equally To conclude these three Bordures going round at each side of the walkes handsomly made up and planted as aforesaid will secure the ground within from hurtful winds and colds and make people keep the walkes handsome pale doors being on the entries of the Hedges so as they may neither wrong you nor themselves Also the Hedge Dwarff Standards Shrubs and Wall-trees being all well prun'd and plyed with the Bordures and walkes clean and orderly kept will make it look like a Garden of pleasure and hide all the Ruggedness that happeneth in Kitchen-ground by delving dunging turning and overturning throughout the year CHAP. VI. How to make the pleasure-garden c. PLeasure-Gardens useth to be divided into walkes and plots with a Bordure round each plot and at the corner of each may be a holly or some such train'd up some Pyramidal others Spherical the Trees and Shrubs at the Wall well plyed and prun'd the Green thereon cut in several Figures the walkes layed with Gravel and the plots within with Grass in several places whereof may be Flower pots the Bordures boxed and planted with variety of Fine Flowers orderly Intermixt Weeded Mow'd Rolled and kept all clean and handsome Plain draughts at only in use and most preferable that which I esteem is plain straight Bordures and Pathes running all one way that is from the House with one walke parting it in the midle leading to the House door and if the ground be large you may make one round by the Wall too as the pleasure-Garden of fig. 1. Let the Bordures
f. e. is 3 Acres as was required But if its sides did not go squair off as the Trapezia 21. then reduce the Trapezia into a Triangle and divide the base into so many equal or unequal parts as you would have the Trapezia into then find a mean proportion between the extream points of the base and every particular point in the base from which means draw lines through the Trapezia parallel to the side assigned which may answere your requiring Or A more ready way to work on ground is to find the mid line of the ground you are to cut off and divide thereby c. But the question is how to effect this you may first set off the whole in two Triangles viz If you would cut off 160 falls at the end a. b. of fig 21. Then set off the half thereof at the Angle c. a. b. to cut the line a. c. by the first for you will find that as the Triangle c. a. b. containes 364 falls so must you go 7 ⅔ from a. to e. on that base to draw the line b. e. that Cuts off the Triangle a. b. e. containing 80 falls Likwayes as the Triangle d. e. b. containes 165 ½ so must you go from b. to f. that a. b. e. f. may containe 160 falls Only the line e. f. is not parallel to a. b. therefore as b. f. is 5 longer than a. e. set 2 ½ out from e. to G. and in from f. to h. and draw the line G. h. parallel to a. b. and to leave as much out as it takes in then find the length of the mid line betwixt a. b and G. h. viz. i. K. which is 16. and by the same divide 160. the quotient shall be 10. And that will reach from a. to G. and from b. to h. so as to cut off 160 falls at and parallel to the end a. b. by the line G. h. as was desired It is required to part the pentagon or fig 26. Into two equal parts from the Angle at a. The whole figure is 10 Acers one Rood and 12 falls that is 1652 falls then the half is 826. and the Triangle a. b. c. is but 441. which wants 385 of the half therefore take 385 from the Triangle a. c. d. by the first Rule and there will be added the Triangle a. c. f. to the Triangle a. b. c. which will divide the figure into two equal parts the thing required I am desired to set off a thrid part of the hexagon or fig 27. By a line drawen from the point G. the whole plot is 45 Acers and 145 falls or 7345 falls the ⅓ thereof is 2448. and the Trapezia G. e. f. a is but 2041.875 which wants 407 falls and the fraction which a little more than ⅚ of a fall wherefore I must take 407.875 from the the Triangle G. d. e. by the first thus If 2523.50 the content of the Triangle G. d. e. have for its base c. d. 62 falls how farr must I go on the same to get off 407.875 answer 10 5325 25235 that is 10 falls and about ⅕ of a fall the which being set from e. to h. to draw the line G. h parts off the ⅓ of this Irregular hexagon as was desired If you were desired to lay out any number of Acres at pleasure into a Geometrical squair you need only reduce them into falls and extract the squair Root thereof as at the end of this Chap. which is the length of one side and so measure or set off by a Chain Or If you would have it ly in a Parallelogram or oblong squair you may lay it out as I directed for cutting off some part from a squair parallel to one side for knowing how many falls you would have into the oblong squair you may make a side at pleasure if not already confin'd to one and divide thereby as is taught Or If you would make a Triangle to contain so many Acres Roods or falls double the number of falls then take for the base of your Triangle any number at pleasure by which divide the double of falls to be brought in the Triangle and the quotient shall be the perpendicular to that Triangle whose content shall be the number of falls proposed And herein consists the Reduction of figures Arithmetical 4. Perhaps you may have occasion to measure the solidity of Earth Timber Trees Stones c. Now to find the superficies of solides as First the Sphaere or Globe multiply its whole circumference by its whole diameter and that gives its superficial content And as 7 is to 22 or 113. to 355 so is the Diameters squair to the superficies of the sphaere and so is the Diameter multiplyed by the axis of a cylinder to its superficies and so is half Diameter of a cone multiplyed in its side to the superficies of a cone and so the squair of the chord of half the segment of a sphere to the superficies of that segment As 1. is to 1.772454 so is the Diameter to the Root of a squair equal to the superficies of a Sphaere Or as 1. is to 564189 so is the Circumference to the Rootsquair that shall be equal to the superficies of the Sphere 5. As superficial measure hath 144 Inches squair in one foot so solide measure hath 1728. every solide foot is like a Die for what it wants either in breadth or thickness it must have in length for 12 times 12. is 144 and 12 times 144. is 1728. the cubesquair Inches in a cubesquair foot therefore In measuring a squair solide multiply its length by its breadth and that product by its deepth To measure a Cylinder such as a Roller multiply the Semidiameter by the Semi-circumference and that product by the length To measure a Cone viz. it hath a Circular base and ends in a sharp point take the superficial content of the base and multiply by ⅓ of the altitude or hight To measure a Pyramid viz it hath an angular base and ends in a sharp point make use of the last Rule To measure a Sphere or Globe viz. a solid figure every where equidistant from the Centre Cub the Diameter and multiply that by 11. then divide that product by 21. the quotient is the solide content of the Sphere As 1. is to 80604 so is the Diameter to the Root of a Cube equal to the Sphere Or as 1. is to 256556 so is the Circumference to the Root Cube of a solide equal to the Sphere As 1. is to 523599 so the Cube of the Diameter to the Sphere Or as 1. is to 909856 so is the Sphere to the Cube of the Diameter As 1. is to 016887 so is the Cube of the Circumference to the Sphere or as 1. is to 59 217629 so is the Sphere to the Cube of the Circumference As 42. is to 22 or 1. to 5236 so is the Diameter cubed to the solidity of the Sphere Or as 22. is to 42 or 1. to 1 90986
Semicircle as measured by multiplying the Radius or semidiameter by ¼ of the circumference of the whole Circle Eightly the Quadrant or ¼ of the Circle by multiplying the Radius by ½ of that Arch line which is ⅛ of the perifery Ninthly to measure the segment of a Circle as q. i. o. c. first draw its Radius from d. to o. which constituts the Sector d. o. c. And as the Quadrant hath 90 degrees so this Sector hath 40 therefore say as 90. is to the content of the Quadrant so is 40 to the content of the sector the Triangle d. o. i. Being substracted from the Sectors content Rests half the segment that doubled is the Area of the whole To do Geometrically find the length of its Arch line thus See Fg. 23. divide the chord line a. d. c. Of that arch into 4 equall parts set one of these from c. to i. on the chord line and one of them from the Angle at a. to o. In the Arch line then draw the line o. i. which line is half the length of the Arch line a. o. b. c. but if the part of a Circle be greater than a semicircle then divide the Arch line into two equall parts and find the length of one of these as is taught which doubled is the half length of the whole here take the half of the Arch line of Fig 23. And multiply by its Radius e. b. The product is the Area of the segment a. b. c. d. and the Triangle a. c. e. which Triangle must be substract 〈◊〉 therefrom and the remainder is the Area of the segment Tenthly if you would measure the oval then observe the Rules in measuring the segment seing the oval is made of segments If it be from two Centers then it s but two Segments If from four then it is four segments and a quadrangle Eleventhly Regular poligons ar such figures as consist of equall sides and Angles and which may be inscribed in a Circle or Circumscribed about a Circle whither pentagon 5 sided hexagon six sided Heptagon Octagon Nonagon Decagon Dodecagon for any of these take half the compass about and the perpend drawen from the Centre to the midle of one of the sides multiply the one by the other and that gives the content Twelvthly to measure any Irregular figure consisting of straight and Circular lines the arches and angles bending Inwards If you cannot reduce them into some of the Figures above mentioned within it self you may do it by drawing lines without and after you have multiplied substract what was added whither segments or others and there will remain the Area of the figure proposed Mountains and Valleyes ar best reduced into Triangles and so measured for albeit they make rather spherical than plain Triangles yet the way of mensuration differs not yet as in plain Trapezias there are other wayes than by Triangles as taking the half of both ends and sides added for the mean breadth and length so for mounts and Valleyes viz Measure the circuite or base part of the Mountain and its top add them together and take half of that sum for the length do so with the ascense or going up from foot to top of 2 sides of the Hill add the measure of the longest and shortest side together taking the half thereof for the breadth and multiply the one by the other that gives the superficies of the Mount or Hill And as you measured the compass of the foot of the Hill so must you round the circuite or compass of the hight of the valley or glen and as you measured the top of the Mountain so must you the bottom of the depth of the vale 〈◊〉 add them together and take half thereof for the breadth likway 〈◊〉 as you measured the ascense of both sides of the Hill so must you the descense or going down of both sides to the bottom of the valley add them together and take half for the length and so multiply as before 3. Albeit I have said enough anent measuring land yet there is much more required in dividing and laying out the same The first time I saw the need of it was in making an Avenue of great length which crossed a march several times which did take in several pieces of land and cast out others but non of them being equal neither in shape nor proportion I behoved to measure both and then cut off so much as might Ballance and that from parts assigned As first if from the Triangle a. b. c. being Fig 24. which containes 870 falls squair you would cut off 300 falls squair then finding the base c. b. of this Triangle to be 58 falls long say if 870 falls the whole plot have 58 for its base what will 300 the part I desire off have for its base Answer 20. therefore measure alongst 20 falls on the base from one end thereof as from b. to d. then draw the line a. d. so shall a. b. d. contain 300 falls and a. d. c. 570. Or If it be required to take off part from a Triangle according to any proportion given by a line drawen parallel to any of the sides assigned as let a b. c. which is Fig. 25. be a Triangle containing 7 Acres or 1120 falls and it is desired that 2 Acres be cut off by a line drawen Parallel to a. c. It s base line is 57 falls which you must divide in proportion as 5. is to 2. in the point d. then seek the mean proportional between b. d. 42. and b. c. 57. as b. f. 48 80 97 But having as in the end of this Chap shewed how to find mean proportionals Arithmetically I shall here shew you how to do Geometrically Therefore describe the semicircle b. e. c. and at the point d. on the base line raise the Perpendicular d. e. Cutting the Arch line in e. then set the length of b. e. which is the mean Proportional from b. on the Diameter line and that will reach to the point f. now from the point at f. take the nearest distance to the line c. a. and set that distance squair off at a. to G. then draw the line G. f. exactly parallel to a. c. so will the Triangle G. b. f. be 5 Acres and G. f. c. a. 2 Acres the thing propounded If you would cut off some part from a squair parallel to one side you need only measure that side whence you designe to take it at and divide the parts you ar to take off thereby and the quotient shall tell how much you must set off Example by fig 19. it s ane oblong squair denominated a. b. c. d. I desire 3 Acres or 480 falls cut off at and parallel to the side a. b. which side is 32 falls divide 480 the part you ar to cut off by 32 the side of the squair and the quotient will be 15 therefore set off 15 falls from a. to e. and from b. to f. and the squair a. b.
Sect. 2. How to preserve them when gathered Sect. 3. Of their uses Sect. 4. How we may have dishes of them Sect. 5. How we may have drinks of them Sect. 6. To choice their species for our Plantations CONCLUSION Proposing Scotland's Improvement The GARD'NERS CALENDAR Shewing in each Moneth When to performe the particulars c. What Garden dishes and drinks are in season THE FIRST PART Treating of Contrivance CHAP. I. How to make the Works about a House Regular A First and a Second part I thought necessary that I might discuss things in their order for a House must be built before it be furnished These who inclines not to read this may step foreward to the Second perhaps there they will find Satisfaction albeit others may be as desirous of this who have any works to make My designe by contrivance is to prevent the consequence of Inadvertancy or the abrupt procedure in Inclosing and Planting 2. Here in the entrance you may take a view of a House which I have Invented See Fig. 1. it is but little yet very commodious Cheap There is only 4 Rooms on a Floor you may have Closets within the wall although not here demonstrated all which enter off the Stayr yet comunication betwixt and the door is in the midle there is 10 steps up the first Story which is hall or dining Room withdrawing Room Bed-Chamber and Waiting-Room and 10 Steps down to the lower Story which is half under ground and vaulted this is Kitchen Cellers and Ladners c. That above the dining Room story may be Bed-Chambers library and with-drawing Room and above these garrets for wardops The Roof may be in three so as the midle part may be flat and covered with lead and the two sides more steep flated there is also a Stayr coming down from the hall without to the parterre of grass and gravel on whose corners ar two Pavilions opening without the line of the House and sets off in place of Iammes one of which may be a Store-house and the other a Dove-house the Stables Baking and Brewing house ar on the opposite side most conveniently placed as hereafter I shall demonstrate 3. Situate your House in a healthy Soyl near to a fresh-spring defended from the Impetuous-westwinds northern colds and eastern blasts and mind regularity viz. Make all the Buildings and Plantings ly so about the House as that the House may be the Centre all the Walks Trees and Hedges running to the House As the Sun is the Centre of this World as the Heart of the man is the Centre of the man as the nose the Centre of the face and as it is unseemly to see a man wanting a leg ane arme c. or his nose standing at one side the face or not streight or wanting a cheek ane eye ane eare or with one or all of them great at one side and small on the other Just so with the House-courts Avenues Gardens Orchards c. where regularity or uniformity is not observed Therefore whatever you have on the one hand make as much and of the same forme and in the same place on the other 4. But if you would work right beginne orderly that is find the central line by erecting a perpendicular on the midle of the House-front to extend as farr both back and fore as requisite hence you may draw parallels Measure and Stake out your Avenues Gardens c. as you please ever minding to Measure alike at both sides of the Central line How to find this Central line and to set off parallels is taught in Chap 3 Sect 1. and 2. 5. Yet for further Illustration take ane example by a draught of my own inventing see fig 2. which if rightly understood may be applyed diversly and Improven elegantly It is here in a small Scale the House is in the Centre and at B round by the House is Balesters the Common Avenue is by N and ends in a triangle c is the outer Court and in the two triangular Courts marked with O ar placed the office-house most notably with their back part to the Court c opening without the line of the House So dismounting at the gate of the Court through which you may walk on foot to the House let the Horses be taken about to the Stables by the Way the ending of the Avenuo leads The two plots P may be Pondes the two with G Cherrie Gardens a proper place also for goosberries Currans and Straberries On the south side the House there is the pleasure or Flower-Garden called the Parterre at the two sydes thereof Kitchen-Gardens marked with K then another Walk ending in a Semicircle at S Leading out to the Lawn or deer Park The vistaes or walks of view that runs from the 4 Angles of the House ar very pleasant and convenient and ar good Shelter for which cause there ar two Thickets on the north side marked with t on the south side are two such marked a for Nurseries and at E and W ar two Orchards The whole is environed with two rowes of Forrest Trees without the wall And if the paper were large I would shew you that the Park Wall should be parallel to these that is every where equidistant from the House its Centre at least the whole an octagone near to a regular polygon consisting of equal sides Angles The walks with their fences being run foreward from all the 4 sides and 4 Angles of the House till they touch at the midle of each side of the Park Wall serves in the Park for divisors which divisors may be howthorn Hedges and these in the Gardens holly except the Court in the entrie and office-house Courts me thinks walls are requisite there Also there should be ane ascent to the House if possible as at the first Court gate 2 steps at the 2d 4 steps c. But Leaving it to let every man apply as his ground and ability will best admit I come to speake of regularity where confined 6. But as to work or make regularity among confirments requires Ingenuity so is there difficulty in teaching the same because of the great variety of places and being that I know not how to give precepts for it except what is said above of the Centre and Central line therefore I shall only instance in by example As where I was confined to add what I will but to diminish non I viewed the works and found several regular and Irregular things don on the one side the House and nothing on the other answerable therefore I Staked out the same on the other still where I found an Irregular piece on the one side I staked out the very same on the other and thus two Irregularities produced one uniformity Or where there had been much wrought for ane Avenue but did not Front the House right by reason of a precipice on the west hand I got on the house top viewed the ground immediatly saw that
the length of your intended walk or line aforesaid and at the quarter thereof set off the ¼ of your Errour At the midle the ½ and at the ¾ of the length set off the ¾ of your Errour this will lead you straight upon your purpose Trigonometry will also solve this if you could work exactly for here you have two sides and one angle see the last Chap. Sect. 9. 5. And if you have a given line and desires to set of a Parallel therefrom but cannot measure off at both ends as is needfull there being Trees Waters Hills Walls or Houses obstructing you may measure squair or Perpendicular off at any part of the given line that is most convenient so far as you mind to go with your parallel at or upon which point erect another Perpendicular to run back-sight and foresight the which shall be exactly parallel to the given line as was required 6. Having given some directions for staking out walks for Planting yet your Avenues and Walks must end in some figure or another whether Triangular Circular Ovall c. For Coaches and Carts to turn in as also where Walks meets or Cross other its requisite that there be some figure for the same reason How Avenues may end in Semicircles and Triangles see fig 2. and if it end in a Semicircle it may begin with the same or rather if the ground will suffer it should begin with a whole circle having sower opposite opens the breadth of the walk If it end with a Triangle it may begin so likwayes but rather with a squait the endings Integer whose entries or opens must be in its Angles And also where the Walkes meets or Cross I have a little figure or Open see fig 2. And yet the Trees in the whole draught every way lineal except in the segment of a Circle where they deviat a little The figures should be at least three times the breadth of the walk but so as the ground will admit let not the Trees in the figure stand much above half the distance of these in the walke but divide equally make the breadth of the walk in proportion to its length I think an Avenue a mile in length may be 40 ells in breadth see Chap 5. sect 2. neither short Broad nor long narrow walkes are handsome except in case of walkes of Shade also of Avenues where the Front of the house Jammes courts or pavilions ar to be observed for the breadth of the court should be at least the whole length of the House-front if two Jammes the midle walke of the Avenue may be the breadth betwixt and the side-walkes the breadth of the Jammes or the mid walk the breadth of the whole Front the side walkes the breadth of the pavilions which ar on the corners of the Court or divide the House Front in three making the midle walke the just breadth of both the side ones so shall they be every way lineall but do not mask a fine Front nor veyle a pleasant prospect The length of the Avenue it should run so farr as when we stand at the house we may lose sight of the farr end if possible When it runs over a Brae then to the eye it appears Infinitum and where that cannot be had it doth very well where the sight terminates in a grove or circle of Firrs 7. The distance of Trees is sometimes according to the quality of the ground or Trees to be planted somtimes to the number of Rowes or as the figure to be planted will best admit If a good Soyl plant at the wider distance if 4 Rowes as an Avenue Plant at 5.6.7 or 8 ells distance if 2 single rowes at 4.5 or 6 ells if circular figures or the like at 2 3 or 4 ells or as the figure is in smallness or greatness and Plant so as they may shew the figure well Some Trees requires wider distance than others these that grow greatest by consequence must have the largest disrance see the next Chap sect 10. Note that you Intermix not great Trees and small Trees in Planting neither quick-growers and flow-growers for I observe a kind of Emulation amongst them For Inclosures See part 2. Chap 4. CHAP. IIII. How to Plant Thickets and Orchards AS the ground where you Plant must be Inclosed so must the Trees stand some distance off the fence if it be a wall whereon ar Wall-Trees let the standards be at least one of their own distances from the same if you designe fine walks round by the wall Plant the Row next thereunto with Dwarff-Trees or some low Hedge and the Trees half a distance off such if the inclosure be a Hedge observe the same Rule Also let the Trees be Parallel to the Inclosure but every Plot will not suffer to be Planted every way lineal and stand Parallel to the Inclosure too therefore it will be necessary first to Inquire a little what figures they be that may thus be Planted a thing I never saw Inquired And secondly how to plant those that will not admit of this order and lastly how to plant the several wayes 2. The figures that may be planted every way in row ar many yet for Brevities sake I shall mention but some as oblong geometrical squairs see fig 5.6.7.8.9 Rhombus see fig 10. Rhomboïdes see fig. 11. Oxigone or Equilateral Triangle see fig 12. Orthygone or right Angled Triangle see fig 13. Ambligone or Triangle with one obtuse and two Acute Angles see fig 14. a sort of Trapezia see fig 15. Hexagone see fig 16. Octagone as the whole fig 2. these regular Polygones ar the nearest way for Planting a Circle Many more figures there be both Regular and Irregular that will admit of this order but these may suffice for Illustration As for these that will not you may Plant them Parallel to as many sides as you can and let the rest fall as they will 3. Now as to the several wayes so farr as I know there is but three principal wayes of Planting every way lineal although there be more built thereon viz. Squair Rhombus and Triangle In the first three of them makes a right Triangle and sower of them discribes a Circle see Fig 5. In the second three of them makes a triacute Triangle and sower of them discribes an Elipsis see fig 6. note that this way will admit of Variation In the third three of them makes an equilateral Triangle and sower of them discribes an Ovall See Fig 7. And seven of them makes a Circle with a Centre See Fig 17. 4. The manner of Planting the first which is the common way is exemplified in Fig 5. take the length of one side and divide by the distance you mind to plant at and the product tells how many and what 's over if there be any you may proportion as before Then with your determined distance on a chain begin at a Corner and go round the out-line exactly where the outter
row must stand thrusting in a stake at every length these being in straight line and at equall distances also straight bodyed and perpendicular up The way is thus One must stand at W. and view to E. another at S. and view to N. Causing a thrid set a Stake in line with both as at L. So removing from Stake to Stake viewing still to the opposite direct the thrid by words or signes till his Stake be in line with both thus proceed till all the plot be Staked out See Fig. 5. The way the Trees will stand when Planted But if the ground be unevenly cause the Stake-setter hold up a long and straight pole with a plumb Rule for holding it perpend and when he removes to thrust a stake exactly where the pole stood but if the pole will not do let the viewers mount them on three footed or standing leathers and if that will not do betake to the Rule mentioned in the last Chap for taking a line over a Hill where both ends ar confined as I have done in the like case But because some scarcely knowes signes the Stake-setter must be told that when the viewer stands his face northwards and waves the right hand Eastward that he must go a little cast with his Pole and when he waves the left then westwards when both his hands at once east or west then he must hold the head of the Pole if he have no plumb for his direction in this but when the viewer moves both Hands or Hat up and down then the Stake-setter must fix there 5. If you Plant the second way in a squair the out-line round is not equal distances thô the opposites side are here in this example one side is about 12 and one half ells distance and the other 15. and the viewing being Angular and not from opposite sides makes the Trees stand about 10 and one half ells But if you will Plant Rombusoical as is designed then it s don by the equal division of its fower sides and by viewing to its opposits as the Rombus A. B. C. D. Within Fig 6. Doth represent for though its Angles be not squair nor equal yet its sides must be equal and Angles opposite and here it may be varyed as is said according to the shape of the ground by streatching longer or opening it wider A. C. is its breadth and D. B. its length Or you may also plant by the Romboides as I have done D. A. E. F. consequently many more figures may be planted thereby as well as these may be varyed or altered and yet all continue in this Cyrus order 6. In the 3d way take an example in Fig 7. where the length of one side must be divided by the determined distance viz. the distance off the fence being substracted the length of the side A. B. is 119 and I designe to plant at 8 and ane half ells therefore I divide 119 by 8.5 decimally the product is 14 distances then there will be 15 rowes here one side is Staked out whereby you may Plant the whole plot thus take two distances on the chain that is hold one end exactly at A. And the other at C. Again with that measure on the Chain hold one end at the first Stake viz A. And the other at the second viz L. cause a thrid take the chain by the exact midle and holding it stiff thrust in a straight stake at the Angle of the Chain viz N. so those three makes an equilateral Triangle then remove holding one end at the second Stake viz L. And the other at the thrid viz. C. Streatch the Chain and thrust in a Stake at its Angle or midle as before Thus you may proceed from Stake to Stake till that row be Planted and so on from row to Row till the whole Plot be Staked out minding to set the Stakes straight and Perpendicular considering their thickness also in all which if you be not very exact ye cannot avoyd error before you come at the other side Therefore I shall shew you another way of my own Inventing which is more sure and exact less paines viz Let first that one side be marked out as before and having set two or three Stakes of the second row as is just now taught then upon two hold to the Chain and Plant another Stake to begin a thrid row as at D. then take the exact distance betwixt L. and D. On the Chain and therewith Stake out the side B. R. And because there is one Odd Row take the exact half of that distance by doubling the Chain set from R. to L. then with the whole length go betwixt B. L. thrusting in a Stake at each length and here you shall find three distances and the half that was set off at the Angle R. Thus two sides ar Staked out and he that can do this can also Stake out the other two seeing the opposite sides are answerable for as A. B. is to H. L. so is L. B. unto H. A. When the plot is staked out round let one stand at X and view to B. another at O. and view to R. cause a third set a stake in line with both as at Q. Thus you may proceed from stake to stake till all the plot be marked out still minding the way of your viewing A Plot will contain more Trees this way than any other example The two Plots fig. 5. and 7. are both alike in shape and quantity each containing one Acre 2 Roods 16 Falls 30 Ells and fig. 7. holds 11 Trees more than fig. 5. planted at one and the same distance 7. A fourth way of planting is that which I ordinarly use in thickets see fig. 8. for when the Trees growes large every other row suppose the short ones may be taken out that the rest may have freedom and so be benifited by Sun and Air where one Fruit-tree will bear more than sower crouded on others and yet continue in as good order and in part answers some complaining while their Orchards are young as having few Fruit seeing the more Trees there be while such the more fruit to be expected therefore when their branches begin to meet remove them as is said lop and plant by your Hedges I mean by the divisors of your Corn Land and they being now great are able to defend themselves It s also applicable to Forrest-trees seeing while they are young they afford little Shelter except more than ordinary thick and yet when they grow large cannot prosper to that stately magnitude unlelss the same cure be used viz. the removal of each second row which may be effectually planted about the Bordures of your Corn Land Medow and Pasture who now needs no fence save a few thorns hanged about to keep the Cattle from Rubbing which thornes they are now well able to bear albeit small Trees are not for the winds take great hold on such Moreover in Orchards if the short Rowes be
Boarsears a squair of Crocuses a squair of July Flowers a squair of Anemonies and a squair of Couslips and so a squair of Tulips another of Boars Ears c Through that Bordure Intermixing the Colours of each sort then may you make the next Bordure so Intermixt but differing minding that as you Intermix the Bulbous and Fibrous in each Bordure so must they be also in the crossing that the squair of Fibrous in this may oppose the squair of Bulbous in the next and likewayes whatever Bordure such sorts at in on the one side of the walke set the very same in the Bordure equidistant from the walke on the other side that the whole may be Regular and uniformely Intermixt all the year looking from all sides ends or Angles Thridly in nurseries of Beds and Ridges Plant every kind in thickets by themselves and Annualls and perennialls by themselves except only that you Intermix their Coloures that is make a whole Bed or Ridg of each kind 6 Rowes in the Bed the Dwarfish may be 8 Rowes thus every thicket of them Flowering in their own order will have a great shew and at a great distance and here also observe uniformity that is alike on each hand see the last Chap sect 3. For if you have a Ridg or Bed of July-flowers or the like on the one side Plant another thereof at the same place on the other c. And because Flowers must be removed some in one two or three years and the Earth renued or enriched and properly prepared else they degenerate because in long time they exhaust the substance of the ground at least that part appropriate to them therefore you have a good conveniency for effectuating the same by these last two models perscribed for often you will have some Beds or squairs where your Annualls stood to replant your Tulips Anemonies or the like unto and so another sort where these stood and your Annualls again where this last was and because here you remove a whole Bed or squair of a kind at once you may very conveniently prepare Delve Stir Beat sift and mix it throughly with the soyl proper a thing most necessary and this you could not well do where they ar scattred as in the first way See the Rules mentioned Part 2. Chap. 1. Sect. 10. and Chap. 7. As to Terrase walkes if the Brow on which you make them be not too steep the work shall be the more Facile if you build them up with walls be careful to found deep enough according to the level and if the midle of the terrase be on the Central line of the house or of any walke make the Stayr of the upmost and downmost there to part at a plat on the head going down at both sides so much of the stayr case may be within as that the outter edg thereof may be in a line with the Bordure at the wall by this it marrs not the walke the rest may be at the ends Plant the Bordure at the upperside of the walke with wall Trees the under side being but ell high with Laurels c. But if your Terrase consists only of walkes and sloping Banks you may have the Bordure at the head and foot of each Bank on either side the walkes Planted with standard cherries c. and the Banks of Violets Straw-Berries or Grass 9. As for Pondes make them large and broad such being best both for the health of Fish and Fowll Clean and most preferrable water for watering Plants squair Triangle Circle Ovall or what figure sits your ground best let them be 5 or 6 foot of solid water at least with Sluces to let it Run in and out at pleasure I am against Arbust and close walkes except Trees their natural closing where we have both shade and Air. CHAP 7. How to Level Ground I Have often wished that there might be some Rules found whereby this expensive worke might become more easy There be two sorts of levelling viz the Horizontal and Sloping The first is best known but the last more profitable and convenient Example I have made a plot slop 4 foot in 200 long and 18 Inches in 380 foot the other way this was not perspicuous to vulgar eyes yet to have made it Horizontal would have been Ridiculous as to time paines and expences And in levelling the walkes about a plot which sloped naturally to make them correspond with the grownd rownd I behoved to make the midle walk agree with the side ones whereupon it slops 10 foot in 370 long now if I had made this Horizontal it would have been 5 foot or 10 steps lower than the one side walke and as much higher than the other and so worse and more Inconvenient than before both as it is a walke and anent Correspondancy with the rest of the ground within therefore I am for levelling any ground sloping that it may turn a little to the Sun if possible for drawing water that it may correspond with its adjuncts and above all to prevent the more costly way for It s certainly a principal observation in levelling not only to cause the ground of it self serve it self but also to level it as it lyes most conveniently which is the cheap and easie way of levelling When you have a Row of stakes set in a straight line and about 20 foot distance as in the edge of a Bordure or midle of a walke the way of levelling them either Horizontal or sloping is to mark and put a nail in the two Stakes which ar at the extreams or ends thereof and view betwixt cause marke all the Rest which ar betwixt in a level line therewith This is the easiest the exactest and quickest way and in the same methode you may go round any plot and consequently cross every way the same accordingly In that which you would have Horizontal place the long Rule and the level at one end suppose the sole of the Door till the plumb fall right in recovering and view alongst the said Rule as on a fowlling piece that you may see what part of each Stake it hits and cause one with a piece white paper or white hefted knife hold the same at each stake its heft tending out as the nails which carry up the line and direct him by words or signes to hold up or down till it be Just level when they ar all marked measure down so much on each Stake as was raised up for conveniency in viewing there marke put in nailes a little streatch on the line and level up the earth or gravel thereunto And where you would have determin'd slops set on the level and marke the far-end stake in a level line therewith then measure down upon the said Stake or pole from the marked place so much as you designe the slop and put in a naile with white paper about it and at the upperside of the Rule in the stake at the door put in another nail and by viewing
betwixt these two marke all the rest as before If the distance betwixt the extreams be farr where the sight may dazle let the viewer descent his station and come foreward at every 5 or 6 Stakes and holding his knife at the last marked Stake cause his assistant or stake-marker proceed To level as the ground lyes let its slop be what it will you need neither level nor Rule except you please to try how much it slops after its done for satisfaction only set stakes as before and viewing the ground narrowly put nails in the stakes which are at the extreams where you think the ground will Run when levelled to make it serve it self and as it lyes best or easiest for levelling and when you have concluded upon the level at the extreams make all the stakes in the Intervall by viewing as above 2. But to proportion the level to the ground is the whole art of levelling It s true it is easie if you have a plot or walke a foot higher at one end to take half a foot thereof and lay on the low end so as the two ends may be Horizontal I have already shew'd how to level having the two ends found or if it be Horizontal to take 9 Inches off the one end and lay on the other that it may slop 18 Inches but if some places of it ly one way and some another and some neither the one nor the other this increaseth the difficulty Wherefore you must first drive stakes at the corners of the plot then view the ground about and put nayles in the stakes where you would have the level Run or at least where you think by your eye it may most conveniently come to make it contain it self and easiest to be levelled also set up several stakes in the Intervalls and Cross-wayes through the plot from opposite Angles and by viewing betwixt the foresaid nailes every way marke all the stakes level but if you cannot see from the markes of this supposed level which are on these corner stakes seeing there may be some underneath the ground little Hills or some such obstructions in the way then measure equally up upon each of them so farr as you think convenient for getting your sight and mind to take down the same again after viewing When all is marked with this supposed level go over and note narrowly how it will agree that so as your reason shall teach you to alter take up one end or down the other or up or down both till you bring it to such proportion as to do its own business it self Or you may do more exactly thus Suppose you have a Bordure or midle of a walke with sixteen stakes driven therein at 20 foot distance all marked with a supposed level and 10 of their markes above ground and 6 under ground first measure how farr the markes on each of the 10 stakes is above ground and write them down particularly and adding their measures together you find 13 foot 4 Inches Secondly measure how farr the markes of the 6 stakes ar under ground write down adding them together you find it 12 foot substract the one from the other and the difference is 16 Inches which must be divided by 16 the stakes in the Bordure that is ane Inch to each stake so that this supposed level is an Inch higher over all than the true level which being taken down will make the ground there level it self and no more This may suffice for example but I could say more if I did see your ground And if you can thus proportion the level to one Bordure walke or one Row of stakes you may by the same Rule find the level for the stakes round and cross the plot and consequently level the same accordingly for having once concluded on the level drive stakes over all the plot as in my first way of planting Trees see Chap. 4. Sect. 4. and marke and put nailes therein as above is taught for carrying the line Except you mean to follow my method of levelling the Kitchen-Garden or the like for planting and sowing which is only to level one Bordure thus by stakes and lines Round each plot and by the eye level up the ground within thereunto all along in Trenching albeit this not so proper for Courts and Grass plots However as by this means I use to level ground without a level so do I think this way of finding out the true level by means of a supposed one worthy your notice and if rightly improven save you much money and paines Be cautious in founding your Walls lest you undermine them in levelling nor is it convenient sometimes to confine your level to the foundation of Walls already built for in so doing you may lose more than would cast down and rebuild but in such cases you may rather build under gradually 3. There be some bad lying plots and walkes with an ascent at the head hollow in the midle level at the foot these and the like are very troublesome to level under one denomination for the taking down the Hill bares it so that plants cannot prosper thereon some ar necessitate to take out the Gravel Tile or Stones so much deeper and travell earth again but I rather advise to make terrases you need not confine to the number of banks but only to the proportion and uniformity If it tend all one way as high at one end and low at the other then its proper enough for perpendicular walkes that front the house but if low in the midle and high at both ends or low at both ends and high in the midle then more proper for Parallel walkes whose extremities are equidistant from the central line of the House remember to divide and slop them equally This minds me of some abuses which I have seen as a plot of sloping levelled ground with another Horizontaly levelled lying at the foot thereof at least not under one slop or Horizontal walkes and bordures lying by the foot and head of sloping plots these are unseemly for you should allwayes make them slop under the same denomination except in steep and high banks I have made walkes of 18 foot broad slop 18 Inches from one side to the other because the whole plot sloped the same way so much proportionally yet to the eye appears very pleasant but where such Horizontal and sloping pieces ly contiguous the defect is easily seen therefore if you be necessitate to lay some plots so albeit I know reason for laying walkes so make rather a Hedg to Intercept and in all your workes let there be a connexion 4. There be some more obstructions in levelling as in a long walke when you have the two ends found and marked either with a supposed or true level and cannot see betwixt to do it exactly by reason of length here two may go to the midle or near it where you may conveniently see both ends looking back and fore there drive in two stakes