Selected quad for the lemma: end_n
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A43484
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The third part of the principles of the art military practised in the warres of the United Provinces vnder the Lords the States Generall and His Highnesse the Prince of Orange : treating of severall peeces of ordnance ... : together with a list of all necessary preparations appertaining to an armie ... / written and composed by Henry Hexham.
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Hexham, Henry, 1585?-1650?
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1643
(1643)
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Wing H1655; ESTC R26057
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68,175
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138
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end of the staffe to the platform being even although it be rising or descending backwards I say then the axis of the bore of that peece wil be found to be elevated to the degree assigned If you be to imbase the peece those lines and number also set above the first named mark will perform the like office there in the thing required OF A QVADRANT LEVELL AND OTHER Instruments for Ordnance and the use of them The forme proportion and making of aquadrant and a Levell with an instrument to shew the use of it is very necessary for master-Gunners and Canoniers for the Levelling and ayming of Canon other Ordnance and Morters demonstrated in the fift plate and 15. 16. and 17 figures following CHAPTER VIII TO make a quadrant as is fitting one must first make the whole circle marked 1. which is devided by lines running from its center into 48 equall parts at the end of each is noted the number thereof inclosed in a space between two little lines within an other circle and between two Vergets or small rings where you see there is a space also by which the said line is devided equally in the midst With a quarter of this circle is made your Quadrant marked 2 being from l devided into twelue points making seven degrees and a halfe so that in all they make 90 which is iust the fourth part of the 360 degrees of the whole circumference of the world It may also be devided as you see upon the white each one the outside into 45 points wherof every of them make 8 degrees so that the whole 360 degres are comprehended within them according to this form and devision is made your other quadrant noted 3 and is marked with A. B. and C. devided into 9 equall parts each of them making 10 degrees Now by these two quadrant the plummet hanging in the midst from the point of the 45 degree which are also devided into two equall parts is showne to you the highest elevation and range of a peece yea as ever the peece is able to carry at length as you may see in the figrues following of a Canon and a Culvering The like is also showne you by the Levell marked 4 for the ayming and levelling of peeces when you are to take your marke aright which also is usefull for the making of your platformes and beddings for Ordnance all which are necessarie for the Art of Gunnerie This may also be made by a quart of the former Circle if you devide it into 12 equall points and so noted and ordered that you must beginn to count from the midst of it towards the ends or sides to the 6 point so that your plummet being upon the 6 point iust as the others you shall finde that your peece is layd at its highest elevation and range The Cartabon or your fouresquare levell marked 5 comprehends also all the circle abouesaid and is devided into 48 pointes according to the foure quarters of the world that is East South North and West making also foure particular Quadrants whereof the forked dart comming from the center or midst showes all the lines not onely of the Circle but also of the Quadrant or your foure square levell and running in a line from the midst marked with O and N or with O and S it will make a Levell and is in the first degree of the right Quadrant but comming from the midst and betweene the said lines it will shew you your highest elevation as the other Quadrants haue done The handle noted E. F. if it be possible must be 2 foote and a halfe long whereof each foote must be 16 ynches to the end it may make iust 40 inches that in 3 foote and foure inches of our ordinary foote which is an ordinary pace or halfe a Geometricall one Of a Quadrant Levell and the use of them Each of these ought to haue in the midst and at the end a little hole going from the one side of the handle to the other which serue for this use that this instrument being set upon the brich of your peece looking through one of them aboue the highest Frizes you may giue a shreud gesse how farre your peece will carry the bullet according to the length condition and proportion thereof The two pins which you see on the sides of it marked C F serue to this end that thereby you may discerne the quality of the place which you would measure the point dessigning by its fall from the East towards the North the length bredth depth and height of the same Finally this instrument contayneth many misteries of great consequence and is of excellent use both for an Inginer and a Canonier The common rule whereby a Canonier may know how farre his peece will carrie and how farre from one degree to an other according to the elevation thereof let him first see how many paces it will carry being laid even with the mettle which afterward he shall devide by 50. and multiply the Quotient by 11. and that will bring out the number of the further digression or range which if he devides again by 44. he shall then find the quotient to be the just number of paces which the bullet will loose in the other ranges degree by degree as for example A battering Canon will shoot its bullet being laid even with the mettle a thousand ordinarie paces at two foot and a half the pace which being devided by 50. your quotient will give 20 which being multiplyed again by 11. it will give 220. paces which is the number of the next digression made in the second degree of the quadrant or the first after the Levell abovesaid But all the other digressions or ranges do alwaies diminish even unto the 45. degree To know then what this diminishing is from degree to degree even unto the 45. which is the highest elevation you must take the just number of the digressions from the first to the 45. which will be 44. now deviding them by the former number of 220. paces you shall find your quotient to be 5. which is the number which goes alwaies decreasing from the first to the last digression so that your Canon being laid upon its naturall mark in which it is raised a degree above the Levell even with the mettle making a 1000. paces as is said being laid upon the second degree adding 220. paces to it as an advantage then it will carry the bullet 1220. paces before it stops Again you may add the same to the third degree but the former being the greatest digression as we have taught this then and all the others will alwaies diminish 5. paces and will make but 215. above the 1220. of the second degree so that you shal have in your third degree 1435. paces in the fourth degree 1645. in the fift degree 1850 paces in the sixt 2050. paces in the seventh 2245. paces in the eighth 2435. in the ninth 2620. paces in the tenth
couple and a Thiller for a Falconet two couple and a thiller and for a small Drake weighing 250. pound weight one horse You must obserue also that the mettle of one of the States half canons weigheth as is said before 4500 pound weight the carriage and yron worke thereunto belonging about 900. pound so that these horses are to draw in all the weight of 5400. pound and the other peeces proportionably The third figure number 12. represents unto you this that when you want or cannot use Canon horses and Athrals how you may then by the helpe and strength of men drawe a peece of Ordnance to the topp of a hill and there to make a Platforme for the battering of a Castle Now presuppose you are to batter it with 16. Peeces of Ordnance to wit eight Demy canon and 8 Quarter canon the first carrying a bullet of 24. li. and the second of 12. li. and are to carry along with you all necessaries as Powder Bullets Match bedding traces and diverse other materials The question is how many Souldiers Pyonniers and workemen are able to doe this which Diego Vffano in his 22. Dialogue resolveth in this manner following Of a Block waggon and drawing of Ordnance First for 600. halfe Canon Bullets each bullet weighing 24. pound the whole weight of them will come to 144000. pound Now if you lay three of these bullets in a wheele-barrow they will make 72. pound for every Souldier to wheele and will require 200. men to doe it And for 600. quarter canon bullets weighing 12. pound a peece the weight of the whole will be 7200. li now putting 7. of these into a wheele-barrow for every mans share to driue you must haue 86. men in all and every man as before 72. pound weight Item for 168. weight of powder for to charge these 16. peeces of Ordnance withall each halfe canon requiring 12 pound of good powder for its charge and for your quarter canon or field peece 7. pound you must have 240. small firkins or so many leather powder baggs to carry it in and giving to euery Souldier 70. pound weight of powder it will require the like number of 240. men to carry it as is represented vnto you in the fourth plate and 12. figure following Now for the Attelage or drawing ropes for these 16 peeces of ordnance represented vnto you also in this fourth plate and 13. figure is shown you the manner of it by dividing your men into three drawing files or teames according to the greatnesse of the peece which your men are to draw up for a Demy-canon carriage attelage and all will weigh a matter of 6000. pound weight now giving to every man 60. pound weight to draw such a halfe Canon will require a 100. men to draw it and proportionably the 8. half canons 800. men For a quarter Canon carriage attelage and all will weigh 3000. pound weight now allowing to every 60. pound weight to draw every of these 8. peeces will require 43. men so that for these 8. quarter Canons you must have in all 344. men which being as is said divided into three equall files and distances each drawing rope must have 14. men and one odde man over to go by And because it may sometimes happen that by reason of the steepinesse badnesse and unevennesse of the way you may be driven to dismount and remount your peece ere you get up to the top of the hill you must carry along with you a Fearne a winch or a Scalet with all appurtenances thereunto belonging as winding roaps an iron goats foot with a crow pinns truckles pullies to help you withall at a dead lift All these Engines and Materials may conveniently be carryed on the shoulders of 30. men insomuch that if you make your calculation you shall find that you must have for the drawing of these 16. peeces of Ordnance and for all things above specified the number of a 1703. men without any difficulty will do the deed and draw these Ordnance whithersoever you please The Fearn the figure and its necessaries shall be described unto you in the next chapter following Now for your attirals or drawing harnesse to the end that every man may draw alike share you must fasten a crossebeame or barre to the end of the fore waggon marked as you see with A. B. through which you put your drawing roaps into an equall distance that your men may not hinder one another drawing having behind it three men to steer the peece aright when you come to any winding or turning in the way Again if it be a whole canon or a peece of Ordnance which you are to draw through a trench to a battery or some other place where you would plant it and find these drawing ropes to short for the men that are to draw it then you must lengthen the ropes and fasten an other crosse barre just in the very midst and this will guide your peece from wrenching aside for certain the shorter your drawing ropes be the more steddier and easier your peece will be drawn to every drawing rope also you must have as many necklines to cast about your mens shoulders as you have men to the end they may draw with more ease strength and take firmer footing Neverthelesse if you draw your peece after this manner up to some steepy hill least the peece should fall downward and overturn them for the avoiding of this danger they must in an instant whip these lines over their heads to loosen themselves from them or else cut them on a suddain but then it is safer to draw with their hands This manner of drawing of Ordnance is no new thing but hath been practised by the first conquerours of the West Indies as Pizarre Ferdinand Cortes and diverse others who with the strength of men drew their Ordnance over hils and mountains to the City of Mexico Likewise Henry 4. King of France of immortall memory used this manner of drawing of his Ordnance over the Alphes in his last warres of Burgundie and instead of pyoniers used lusty Swissers to do it The 5. rings called in dutch Mailles number 14. is to try whether the bullets which you are to choose in the Arsenall will fall through them which if they do then they will fit your peece to a hair the severall bores and calibres of your 8. peece of Ordnance described before THE RVLE CALIBRE TEACHING ACANONIER How by the helpe of these fiue mailes or yron ringed hanels numbred A. B. C. D. E. he may fit the Calibres or Boores of these 8. seuerall peeces of Ordnance figured out aboue as also by the middle figure of a Canon bullet marked H. and decifered also by letter THE DECYFERING OF A CANNON Bullet or any other peece by letters as followeth BEsides this manner abouesaid by fitting your bullets out of the Magazin for the Calibres and bores of any peece of ordnance by the helpe of the mailes the Caeron bullet