Selected quad for the lemma: end_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
end_n	divide_v	equal_a	line_n	1,364	5	9.1106	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A29007	New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the air; New experiments physico-mechanical, touching the spring of the air, and its effects	Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691.; Sharrock, Robert, 1630-1684.; Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691. Defence of the doctrine touching the spring and weight of the air.; Boyle, Robert, 1627-1691. Examen of Mr. T. Hobbes his Dialogus physicus de naturâ aëris.	1682 (1682)	Wing B4000_PARTIAL; Wing B3942_PARTIAL; ESTC R23366	337,085	461

was thorowly wetted in fair Water that the sides of it being squeez'd together there might be no Air left in its folds as indeed we could not afterwards upon trial discern any The neck of this Bladder was strongly tied about that of a small Glass capable of holding five full drachmes of Water the Bladder being first so compress'd that all the included Air was only in the Glass without being press'd there then the Pump being set on work after a few exsuctions the Air in the little Viol began to dilate it self and produce a small Tumor in the neck of the Bladder and as the ambient Air was more and more drawn away so the included Air penetrated farther and farther into the Bladder and by degrees listed up the sides and display'd its folds till at length it seem'd to have blown it up to its full extent Whereupon the external Air being permitted to flow back into the Receiver repuls'd the Air that had fill'd the Bladder into its former narrow receptacle and brought the Bladder to be again flaccid and wrinkled as before Then taking out the Bladder but without severing it from the Glass we did by a hole made at the top of the Bladder fill the Vessel they both made up with Water whose weight was five Ounces five Drachmes and a half Five Drachmes whereof were above-mention'd to be the contents of the Bottle So that in this Experiment when the Air had most extended the Bladder it possess'd in all above nine times as much room as it did when it was put into the Receiver And it would probably have much inlarg'd its bounds but that the Bladder by its weight and the sticking together of its sides did somewhat resist its expansion And which was more considerable the Bladder appear'd tumid enough whilst yet a pretty deal of Air was left in the Receiver whose exsuction would according to our former Observation probably have given way to a farther expansion of the Air especially supposing the dilatation not to be restrain'd by the Bladder SInce we wrote the other day the former Experiment we have met with some Glasses not very unfit for our purpose by means of which we are now able with a little more trouble to measure the expansion of the Air a great deal more accurately than we could by the help of the above-mention'd Bladder which was much too narrow to allow the Air its utmost distention We took then first a Cylindrical Pipe of Glass whose bore was about a quarter of an Inch in Diameter This Pipe was so bent and doubled that notwithstanding its being about two foot in length it might have been shut up into a smaller Receiver not a Foot high But by misfortune it crack'd in the cooling whereby we were reduced to make use of one part which was straight and intire but exceeded not six or seven Inches This little Tube was open at one end and at the other where it was Hermetically seal'd had a small Glass bubble to receive the Air whose dilatation was to be measur'd Along the side of this Tube was pasted a straight narrow piece of Parchment divided into twenty six equal parts marked with black Lines and Figures that by them might be measur'd both the included Air and its dilatation Afterwards we fill'd the Tube with Water almost to the top and stopping the open end with the Finger and inverting the Tube the Air was permitted to ascend to the above mention'd Glass bubble And by reason this ascent was very slow it gave us the opportunity to mark how much more or less than one of the twenty six divisions this Air took up By this means after a trial or two we were inabled to convey to the top of the Glass a bubble of Air equal enough as to sight to one of those Divisions Then the open end of the Tube being put into a small Viol whose bottom was cover'd with Water about half an Inch high we included both Glasses into a small and slender Receiver and caused the Pump to be set on work The event was That at the first exsuction of the Air there appear'd not any expansion of the bubble comparable to what appear'd at the second and that upon a very few exsuctions the bubble reaching as low as the surface of the subjacent Water gave us cause to think That if our Pipe had not been broken it would have expanded it self much farther Wherefore we took out the little Tube and found that besides the twenty six divisions formerly mention'd the Glass bubble and some part of the Pipe to which the divided Parchment did not reach amounted to six divisions more Whereby it appears that the Air hath take up one and thirty times as much room as before and yet seem'd capable of a much greater expansion if the Glass would have permitted it Wherefore after the former manner we let in another bubble that by our guess was but half as big as the former and found that upon the exsuction of the Air from the Receiver this little bubble did not only fill up the whole Tube but in part break through the subjacent Water in the Viol and thereby manifest it self to have prossessed sixty and odd times its former room These two Experiments are mention'd to make way for the more easy belief of that which is now to follow Finding then that our Tube was too short to serve our turn we took a slender Quill of Glass which happen'd to be at hand though it were not so fit for our purpose as we could have wished in regard it was three or four times as big at one end as the other This Pipe which was thirty Inches long being Hermetically seal'd at the slender end was almost filled with water and after the above-related manner a bubble was convey'd to the top of it and the open extreme was put into a Viol that had a little fair Water at the bottom Then the Cover by means of a small hole purposely made in it for the Glass Pipe to stand out at was cemented on to the Receiver and the Pump being set on work after some exsuctions not only the Air manifestly appear'd extended below the surface of the subjacent Water but one of the By-standers affirms that he saw some bubbles come out at the bottom of the Pipe and break through the Water This done we left off Pumping and observ'd how at the unperceiv'd leaks of the Receiver the Air got in so fast that it very quickly impell'd up the Water to the top of the Tube excepting a little space whereinto that bubble was repuls'd which had so lately possess'd the whole Tube this Air at the slender end appear'd to be a Cylinder of â…š parts of an Inch in length but when the Pipe was taken out and turn'd upside down it appear'd at the other end inferiour in bulck to a Pea. These things being thus done we took to make the Experiment the more exactly a small pair of

the Bladder from swimming and no more For I suppos'd that if when all things were thus order'd the Receiver were empty'd in case there were any such pressure of the Atmosphere upon Water as I was inclin'd to believe the Air within the Bladder being upon the exsuction of the Air within the Receiver freed from that pressure and being press'd onely by the small weight of the incumbent Water would considerably expand it self but whilst we were preparing Bladders for this Experiment there occurr'd an easie way for the making at once both the Discoveries I desir'd We took then a Glass Viol containing by ghess a pound and some ounces of Water this we fill'd top full and then we put into the Neck of it a Glass Pipe a pretty deal bigger than a Goose Quill open at both ends and of divers Inches in length One end of this Pipe was so put into the Neck of the Viol as to reach a little below it and then was carefully cemented thereto that no Air might get into the Viol nor any Water get out of it otherwise than through the Pipe and then the Pipe being warily fill'd about half way up to the top with more Water and a mark being pasted over aganst the upper surface of the Liquor the Viol thus fitted with the Pipe was by strings let down into the Receiver and according to the wonted manner exquisitely clos'd up in it This done we began to pump out the Air and when a pretty quantity of it had been drawn away the Water in the Pipe began to rise higher in the Pipe at the sides of which some little bubbles discover'd themselves After a little while longer the Water still swelling there appear'd at the bottom of the Pipe a bubble about the bigness of a small Pea which ascending through the Pipe to the top of the Water stay'd there a while and then broke but the Pump being nimbly ply'd the expansion of the Water so encreas'd that quickly getting up to the top of the Pipe some drops of it began to run down along the out-side of it which oblig'd us to forbear pumping a while and give the Water leave to subside within less than two Inches of the bottom of the Pipe After this the Pump being again set on work the bubbles began to ascend from the bottom of the Pipe being not all of a size but yet so big that estimating one with another they appear'd to be of the size of the smaller sort of Peas and of these we reckon'd about sixty which came up one after another besides store of smaller ones of which we made no reckoning And at length growing weary of reckoning and pumping too because we found that in spight of all our pains and industry some undiscern'd Leak or other in the Receiver hinder'd us from being able to empty it altogether we thought fit to desist for that time after tryal made of what operation the external Air being let in upon the expanded Water would have and accordingly turning the Key to let in the Air we saw as we expected that the Water in the Pipe in a moment fell down almost to the bottom of it Now of this Experiment there are two or three Circumstances yet to be mention'd which are no less than those already recited pertinent to our present purpose In the first place then when the greater part of the Air had been pump'd out of the Receiver the rising bubbles ascended so very slowly in the Pipe that their Progress was scarce discernable which seem'd to proceed from this That their bigness was such That they could not sufficiently extend themselves in the cavity of the Glass without pressing on both hands against the sides of it whereby they became of more difficult extrusion to the Water And though it may seem strange that these bubbles should be of any considerable bulk since 't is like they consisted of lesser parcels of the Air lurking in the Water than those that were vigorous enough to make their way through long before them yet they were commonly much larger than before some of them being equal in quantity to four or five Peas whether this their increase of bulk proceeded from the greater decrement of the pressure of the Air or from the Union of two or three of those numerous bubbles which were then generated below the bottom of the Pipe where we could not see what was done among them Another thing we noted in our bubbles was That whereas in ordinary ones the Air together with the thin film of Water that invests and detains it is wont to swell above the surface of the Water it swims on and commonly to constitute Hemispherical Bodies with it the little parcels of Air that came up after the Receiver was pretty well empty'd did not make protuberant bubbles but such whose upper surface was either level with or beneath that of the Water so that the upper surface being usually somewhat convex the less protuberant parts of it had a pretty quantity of Water remaining above them We also farther observ'd that whereas in the bubbles that first appear'd in the Pipe the ascending Air did as in other common bubbles make its way upwards by dividing the Water through which it pass'd in those bubbles that appear'd at the latter end of our Experiment when the pressure of the little external Air remaining in the Receiver was grown inconsiderable the ascending parcels of Air having how little more than the weight of the incumbent Water to surmount were able both so to expand themselves as to fill up that part of the Pipe which they pervaded and by pressing every way against the sides of it to lift upwards with them what Water they found above them without letting any considerable quantity glide down along the sides of the Glass So that sometimes we could see a bubble thrust on before it a whole Cylinder of Water of perhaps an Inch high and carry it up to the top of the Pipe though as we formerly noted upon the letting in the external Air these tumid bubbles suddenly relaps'd to their former inconspicuousness All these things laid together seem'd sufficiently to confirm that which the consideration of the thing it self would easily enough perswade namely That the Air and such like Bodies being under Water may be press'd upon as well by the Atmosphere as by the weight of the incumbent Water it self Hence likewise we may verify what we observ'd at the close of the foregoing Experiment namely That from the sole swelling of Water there recorded it cannot be so safely concluded that Water when freed from compression is endow'd with an Elastical power of expanding it self since thereby it appears that the Intumescence produc'd by that Experiment may at least in great part be ascribed to the numerous little bubbles which are wont to be produc'd in Water from which the pressure of the Atmosphere is in great measure taken off So apt are we to be mis-led