yf that you haue not so much grounde you may remoue the Transuastorye but the sixt parte of the measure betweene the two Plates or Winges that is two ynches forwardes and that maketh .38 ynches then the measure beetweene the two standynges is but two score and syxe times two score maketh twelue score and so foorth to the twelfe parte of the measure betweene the two Plates or Winges of the Transuastorye as by this Example The 12. Chapter sheweth you how to know the distaunce vnto any two marks or to the two endes of any wall by the extracting of the square roote NOwe furthermore whensoeuer you haue taken the wydenesse betweene any two markes then you doe knowe the iust widenesse but not the true distaunce except it were a Wall you doe know the true distaunce vnto the middle but not to the ende Now therefore whensoeuer you woulde know the distaunce vnto the endes of any Wall or vnto a Churche and a Tree or whatsoeuer that you haue taken the wydenesse betweene them then how farre so euer that they bee asunder deuide the measure into 2. equall partes Then take the Lyne of the distaunce vnto the middle of the marke and fyrste multiplye the distaunce in it selfe then in lyke manner multyplye the halfe widenesse in it selfe then part both the numbers of the multiplycation and adde them both together then extract the roote of both the numbers and it shall bee the distaunce of both the endes of the Wall or any other 2. markes as now for example thus by a Church and a Bulwarke And my desyre is to know the wydenesse betweene them and first I take my crosse Staffe and set the Tranceuastorye 24. ynches from the ende and the 2. plats or winges stoode at the harde ende and then I tooke my fyrst standing as afore is declared holdynge the longe Staffe hard vnder the side of mine eye and then I seing the Bulwarke the church agreeing with the 2. ends of the trācevastory there at my first standing I made a marke and then I remoued the Tranceuastory 24. ynches forwardes and that maketh 48. ynches and there where the two markes dyd agree agayne at the 2. endes of the Tranceuastorye goynge backwardes there I made an other marke and then I measured the grounde beetweene the 2. standyngs and founde it 24. score Then I did conclude the wydenesse betweene the Church and the bulwarke was .24 score then it must needes bee sayd that the distaunce to the myddle waye betweene the Bulwarke and the Churche at the first standing to bee .24 score because that the Transitorie was once his whole length from the ende nexte vnto mee and then at the second standing the distaunce must needes be 48. score because that the Transitorie was twice hys whole lēgth from the ende nexte vnto mee beyng .24 ynches And nowe for to knowe the distaunce vnto eyther the Bulwarke or the Churche then shall you doo this and for the neerest standing when that the Transitorie was once his whole length from the ende and the distaunce vnto the myddle .24 score then I dyd multiplye .24 tymes .24 and that maketh .576 And then from the myddle betweene the Bulwarke and the Churche was .12 score to the bulwarke and .12 score to the Churche And then .12 score multiply squarely that is to say 12 tymes .12 and that maketh .144 ▪ Then adde both your numbers together that is to saye 576. and .144 and that maketh .720 Then extract the roote of the number and then there wyll stande in the quantitie lyne .26 and .44 wyll remaine ouer So that you may conclude that from the neerest standing to the Bulwarke or to the Churche it is .26 score and 11 13. parte of a score that is more neere .51 foote and nowe from the furthest standing and the distaunce vnto the myddle .48 score Nowe multiplie .48 tymes .48 and that maketh .2304 Then multiply .12 tymes .12 for the halfe wydenesse that is .144 and that added vnto .2304 maketh .2448 so extracting the roote there will stande in the quantitie lyne .49 and then wyll remaine ouer .4 which maketh .47 98. parte that is neere halfe a score beyng .29 foote So I doo conclude that from the further standing to eyther the Churche or Bulwarke it is .49 score and neere 29. foote The thirtienth Chapter sheweth howe to knowe the distance vnto any marke with the crosse staffe without the extracting of the roote and also howe to take the height of any thing with the crosse staffe NOwe furthermore for your more ease whensoeuer that you woulde knowe howe farre it were to any marke or place by the helpe of two markes with not knowing the length of the slope lyne then shall you doo thus First stande ryght agaynst the marke that you doo desyre to knowe the distance vnto then seeke out your marke and be sure that the other marke make a square Angle vnto that marke that you desyre for to knowe the iuste distance vnto then remoue one of the plates or wyngs of the Transuastorie to the verye myddle of the Transuastorye then when soeuer you list to knowe the distance first at your fyrst standyng then make a marke then for your next standyng remoue the Transuastorye but so muche as the dystaunce is betweene the .2 plates or wynges beyng sure that you take the marke that you doo desyre the distance vnto with that plate or wyng of the myddle of the Transuastorye then as afore is declared looke howe many ynches that the .2 plates or wynges be the one from the other so manye tymes the measure that the distance is betweene the .2 markes shall be the dystance vnto that thyng that you haue taken with the middle of the Transuastorie And so foorth in al poyntes as afore is rehearsed as for ensample thus by a towre that I doo requyre the distance vnto and then I standyng wyth my face right agaynst the towre then I sought a tree that stoode right besyde the towre that made a perfecte square Angle to the tower and vnto mee then because that the dystance was somewhat farre of and the tree somewhat neare vnto the towre therfore I set one of the plates or winges .6 ynches from the ende and the other wing right with the middle of the Transuastorie Then I set the ende of the long staffe harde vnder one of myne eyes and tooke the measure true betweene the tree and the towre with the plates or wings of the Transuastorie the Transuastorie standing .48 ynches fom the ende And then I remooued the Transuastorie .6 ynches forwardes because that the .2 plates or wynges were but .6 ynches asunder and that made .54 ynches and then I went backwardes and made my seconde standing and then I measured the grounde betweene the .2 standings and founde the grounde .4 score then I knewe that the tree was .4 score from the towre And then I looked howe manye ynches that
of the Scal and nowe dooth folowe the conclusion of the Crosse staffe The nienth Chapter sheweth the making of the Crosse staffe that in some cases is better then the Skall of the Astrolobe or Quadrant c. NOwe furthermore as concernyng the making of a Crosse staffe that serueth the Towne in diuers respectes muche better then the Skal of the backeside of the Astrolobe and specially for to take the length of the Cortane of the wall of a Towne or the distance betweene two Townes or any two markes standing directly against them very profitable for al seruitours or other for to haue the vse of And nowe foloweth the making of a Crosse staffe as much as shal serue landmens turnes First take a peece of good fine and wel seasoned wood and let it be wel playned and very streight of â—â—ue foote long and then let it be diuided into .60 equal partes or ynches and then you may graue in it .1.2.3 and .4 â–ª and so tyl you doo come to the ende at .60 And be sure that you make euery ynche or part note the one to be bygger or lesser then the other Then if you wyl you may make at the ende of euery .12 ynches a roundell or circle and at the ende of euery .6 ynches halfe a circle then at euery .3 ynches sâ—me marke or crosse and then your long staffe is finished TheÌ„ in like maner you shal make an other short staff called a Transuastorie of two foote long and in the very myddle of it you shall make a square hole suche a one as shal goe close to the longer staffe without any swaruing and then shall you make .2 wings or plates of brasse one for the one end and the other for the other ende then shall you make a chace or rygall on the one side of the Saffe that the wynges may be remâ—ued at your discretion then at .6 ynches from both the endes you shal make a marke And then there will bee .12 ynches betweene the 2. markes Then in lyke maner you shall make .2 other markes 9. inches from both the endes and there will bee .6 inches beetwene the .2 markes And then in like maner you shal deuide the rest of the middle of the Transuastorie into ynches equal partes and then it is finished sauing that in the middle of the Transuastory you shall put a little peece of brasse into the hole or socket that the longer Staffe doth go thorowe and then you shall make a little vice or worme to the ende that you may make the Transuastory to stand fast at your descretion as these .2 figures doo represent both the staffe and the Transuastorie and the vppermoste the longest staffe ¶ The tenth Chapter sheweth howe for to vse the Crosse staffe for to knowe the length of any Wall or the distance betwene any two marks and also the distance from you vnto any Wal or Marke NOwe when so euer you list for to take the length of any cortaine of a Wall or the widenes betwene two marks or any other thing what soeuer it be then shall you take the longer staffe set out with equall partes and put the Transuastorie vppon it through the hole in the myddle of the Transuastorie and then if you would know the wydenesse betweene anye two Markes or the length of the cortaine of any Wall and the distaunce vnto them then shall you doo thus Firste set the ende of the longer Staffe harde vndeâ— one of your eyes wynkyng with the other eye Than your Transuastorie standyng at .24 ynches from the ende of your long Staffe whiche is the whole lengthe of your Transuastorie Then goe forewardes or backewardes standyng vpright with your bodye and heade and both your feete togeather then goe forwardes or backewardes lookyng towarde your Marke tyll both the endes of your Transuastorye do agree with your two Markes iustly If it bee a Wall measure the grounde iust to the myddle of the Wall and that shal be the true length of the Wal. But if there bee a Ditche betweene you and the Wal then remooue your Transuastorie at the seconde standyng his whole length further forewardes that is two foote and then goe backwardes tyl that you maye see againe both the endes of the wal agree with the two endes of the Transuastorie Then measure the grounde betweene the two standinges and that shal be the iust length of the wal And then the distaunce vnto the wal shal be twise the length of the wal Then if that the distaunce be further then the Transitorie wyl take and the wal too shorte then remoue the Plattes or wynges of the Transitorie to the markes sixe ynches from both the endes of the Transitorie and then the two Plattes or ryngs wyl be but twelue ynches asunder Then take the wydenesse betweene the two markes or the two endes of any wal iustly with the outsydes of the two Plattes or Ringes then with the myddle of your foote there make a marke then remooue your Transitorie forewardes or backewardes the length that the Plattes or Ringes be asunder as you haue grounde and then goe forewardes and backewardes tyll that your two Plattes or Ringes doo agree againe with both the endes of the wal and then there make an other marke at your feete Then measuring the grâ—unde betweene the two standinges it shal be the length of the wall And then for to knowe the distaunce vnto the wall you shal doo thus Looke howe many tymes that the Transitorie is from the ende nexte towardes you and especially the distance betweene the two Plattes or ringes so many tymes the length of the wal shal be the distaunce vnto the marke as for ensample thus By the wal of a Cortaine of a towne betweene two Turrettes and my desire is to knowe the length of the Cortaine of the wal and then I hauyng the Transitorie vpon the long Staffe I could not come so neare the towne as I woulde Then I remooued the Plates or wynges of the Transitorie to the diuision of sixe ynches from both endes that was twelue ynches asunder then I goyng forewarde tyl that I dyd see both the Turrettes with the two Plates or wynges of the Transitorie and then at my feete I made a marke and then in like manner I remooued my Transitorie twelue ynches forewarde and then I went backewardes tyl â—hat the two endes of the wal dyd agree agayne with the two Plates or wynges of the Transitorie and there is made an other Marke Then I measured the grounde betweene the two standings and founde it tenne score then I dyd conclude that the length of the Cortayne of the wal was tenne score from the one towre to the other And nowe I knowing the length of the wal I maye easily knowe the distaunce vnto the wal as thus Nowe I doo looke howe many tymes twelue ynches that the Transitorie was from the ende nexte vnto me and it was foure and a halfe
it first at the part 6. I set the Athelida and so dyd I see the top of the hyll for nearer I coulde not see it then I dyd turne the Athelida too the parte 4. and then where I saw it agree with the sightes of the Astrolobe there I began for to mete how many pace that it was betweene the parte 6. and the parte 4. the measure of ground was 100. pace so I dyd conclude that the height of the hill was 100 pace hye that is 500 foote and then I must needes say that from the part 4. to the Center or top of the hyl if there were a perpendiculer lyne let downe as low thorow the middle of the hyll till that it were leuell with the sighte of mine eye then it were to the ende of the perpendiculer Lyne 300. pace iust Then for to know the iust distaunce to the top of the hyll by a right Lyne as though there were a Lyne stretched from the top of the hyll to mine eye which is the Lyne hypothenusall Then must I bee perfect in the seconde parte of Arithmetyke that is to say the extraction of rootes and there will I doe thus I must multiply the whole distance in it selfe which is 300. times 300 pace and of that multiplycation commeth 90000. Then in lyke maner I multiply the height in it selfe which is 100. tymes 100. and of that multiplication commeth 10000 then I doe adde both those numbers together that maketh in number 100000. then this being done I doe extract the square roote of both these numbers added together that is to saye 100000 and then there will stande in the quantytie Lyne .316 and wyll remayne 144. whiche is 18 79. Therefore I doo conclude that the Lyne shoulde bee stretched from the toppe of the hyll downe tyo the sightes of mine eye which is the Lyne Hypothenusal to bee 316 pace and one foote and better the iust length of the hypothenusall Lyne as by this Ensample it doth more playnely appeare So by this Hyll you may see that the height of the Hyll was aboue the grounde that it was taken vpon 100. pace that is 500. foote and that maketh 8. score and 20. foot the distaunce to the Center or perpendiculer or plumbe Lyne imagined into the Hil to be 300. pace that is 1500. foote which maketh 25 score and the Hipothenusall Lyne from the top of the Hill to the standing at the part 4. is 316. pace neare 2. foote which is in feete 1582. and in scores 26. and 22. foote as the figure afore made doth represent And thus doe by all other hilles whether that it be a part of a Hill or a whole Hill all is one matter The 7. Chapter sheweth you by the Skall of the Astrolobe to know the true wydenesse of any water or how farre that any ship is of from you or to take any great distance by laying the Astrolobe flat before you with the Scall vpwardes YEt furthermore by the Scall of the Astrolobe you may know the widenesse of Waters and the distaunce from place too place all alonge the water syde and also how farre that any Shippe doeth ryde from the shoare syde and also how farre the Shippe is from you whereby you may make a perfect shot very profytable for Gonners to haue the vse of as heereafter followeth Fyrst take your Astrolobe and sette the same vpō some steadye thinge layinge that flatte with the Scall vpwardes Then turne the Astrolobe tyll that the Lyne of leuell doeth stande as the shoare side as those that you should set the Athelida with the line of Leuel to looke al alongest the waters side then shall the plumbe lyne of the Astrolobe stande directly crosse the water then al thinges seene right with that line to be right ouer the water then your Astrolobe lying styl turne the Athelida to the part 12. then looke what marke or banke that you see hard to the waters side through the sight of the Athelida marke it then take your Astrolobe going directly by the waters side tyll you come directly right against the marke taken vpon the other side of the water setting your Astrolobe as before is rehearsed Then if the perpendiculer lyne doo directly poynt to the marke afore taken then the measure betweene the two standinges shal be the true breadth of the water Furthermore the Astrolobe standing as afore is rehearsed setting the Athelida vpon the part .6 of the right shadowe then double that measure betweene the .2 standinges that shal be the breadth of the water then the Athelida vpon the part .4 of right shadowe the Astrolobe set as afore is rehearsed then the measure betweene the .2 standinges shal be the .3 part of the breadth of the water and so foorth to the part .3 to the marke right ouer the water shal be the one quarter of the breadth of the water then .4 tymes the whole measure shal be the breadth of the water for to take the breadth of waters with the Skal of the Astrolobe is no other thing in the dooing of it but as you doo take the height of Walles or Towres in al poyntes sauyng that in the taking of heigthes you doo hang your Astrolobe by the Ryng vpon your Thumbe and for to take the breadth of waters you must laye your Astrolobe steedy afore you and the line of Leuel to stande al along the waters side as circumspectly as you may or can then you must make your measure al alongest by the waters side as by this ensample folowing of a water that is measured and is .36 score ouer it First I take my Astrolobe and come to the waters side and laye my Astrolobe vppon some steedye thing and laye the lyne of Leuel all alongest by the waters side then the thwart lyne of the Astrolobe poynted iust thwart or crosse the waters side neare to the Church ende then I turned the Athelida to the part .12 so I sawe a polled tree through the sightes Then I tooke vp my Astrolobe and beganne to goe measuring the ground by pase two steppes to a pase and that made .5 foote which is a Geometrical pase and .12 of those pases make a score And then I came right against the tree prouyng it with my Astrolobe and found that the measure was from my first standing tyl I came right against it 432. pases and that maketh .36 score So I dyd conclude the breadth of the water to be .36 score from banke to banke Then furthermore I turned the Athelida to the parte .6 and then I sawe a polled tree at the house ende then I went measuring the grounde and founde that the grounde was .216 pases and then I was right against the marke and that was .18 score then two tymes .18 is .36 Then I turned the Athelida to the part .4 of right shadowe and measured the grounde tyll I came right agaynste the marke taken through the sightes
for that the toppe of the maste vnto the water was iust one score that is .60 foote and the two plates or winges iust one ynche a sunder and the Transuasitorie .40 ynches from the ende c. And also by this order you may knowe the distaunce of any shippe from the lande c. And thus I doo ende the conclusions of the Crosse staffe c. ¶ The fifteenth Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you shal make an instrumeÌ„t wherby you may describe a Region or Countrey which you may call an Horizontall Sphere and also howe to take the plat of any ground c. Then resort to your Paper and looke vpon the instrument at what poynt and degree the Athelida is standyng on then vpon the point and degree of the Circle wryte the name of the towne or Village or Hyll then turne the Athelida to the next marke and so foorth tyll you haue taken all the townes and Villages rounde about the Countrye or Coastes that be within the Angle of sight and write the names of all those townes at the poynte and degree that the Athelida doth stande vpon at the tyme of the takyng of them with the 2. sights And furthermore write in the paper the 4. principall windes as easte weste northe and southe Euen as the coaste of the countrye dothe stande and then drawe righte lynes from the Center of the Circle too the Circumference to the place where the names of the townes were written and so passinge right to the edge of the Paper And thus doe by euery towne written on the edge of the Circle and then that station is finished And then furthermore looke to what place that you doe meane for to goe vnto for to make your seconde station beinge one of those that you haue obserued afore For the fyrst obseruation is to no purpose so that you must of force haue 2. And then vpon that Lyne that the name of the towne or Hyll that you doe meane to goe vnto sette one of the feete of the compasses and with the other foote of the compasses make an other circle in lyke maner then draw an other Meridian Lyne and be sure that both the Meridian Lynes doe agree the one with the other and so deuide that circle into 32. equall partes as the other was in all poyntes and then goe vp vnto some high place that was the marke before and then lay your instrument afore you agayne setting it by the needle due South and North and so let the instrument stande And then turning the Athelida to suche townes as were taken before looking thorow both the sights were where the Athelida doth stand and write the names of those townes agayne vpon the edge of that circle at the poynt and degree that the Athelida doth stand vpon and doe thus tyll that you haue taken all the townes that were obserued at the fyrst standings and then drawe right lynes from the Center of that Circle by the edge of the Circle to the names of those Townes that were written and so the lynes for to runne right to the sides of the Paper Then looke where that the lynes doe crosse there make a marke for there standeth the Towne or place that you haue obserued And now in lyke maner yf you lyst you may know the distaunce from one Towne to an other as thus fyrst you must measure the distaÌ„ce betwen any one towne to another that grouÌ„d being measured you must make a Scal or tronke of mesure on the side of the paper and then measure the distaunce betweene those 2. Townes in the paper then according to that proportion of measure make your myles in the Scall or tronke of the Carde or Mappe and that beynge doone you may knowe the distaunce with a payre of Compasses betweene any one Towne or Townes to the other by the Scall of the Carde and then this beyng doone you may make that fayre in an other thing without lynes and bewtyfye that at your pleasure as for example thus by the partes or countrye about Grauesende Fyrst I tooke the Instrument and then in lyke maner I made a Circle in a sheete of paper then I drew a Meridian lyne that is to saye a lyne from the South to the North and I deuided the Circle into 52. equall partes and then I wrote the 4. principall windes in the foure sydes of the paper that is to saye the East West North and South and then I went vp to a Hyll that standeth besyde Grauesende called Ruggon Hyll and there besyde the Myll I made my fyrste standinge and then I obserued al those Townes and places folowing Fyrst Clyffe Church and that I tooke Northeast and by East and the sixt part of a poynte to the Eastwarde the next was West Tilbrye Churche North and ¾ of a poynt to the Eastwardes and then I tooke the Bulwarke of West Tilbrye North and ¼ of a poynte to the Westwardes and then I tooke Brauesende Churche steeple North and by West and â…” partes of a poynte to the Westwarde and then I tooke little Thurrock Norwest and by North and the 6. parte of a poynt to the Westwarde then I tooke Grayes Thurrock Northwest and the 6. part of a poynt to the Westwarde then I tooke Sainct Clements Churche West Northwest and ¼ to the Northwardes then I tooke North fleete Church West and â— 4 partes of a poynt to the Northwards then I tooke Swankam Churche due West then in lyke maner I tooke the Vinyard Mill West Northwest and ¼ parte of a poynt to the Westwardes then I tooke Mappam Church Southwest and â…• part of a poynt to the Westwardes then I tooke Cobbam Churche Southeaâ—t and by South and â…• parte of a poynte to the Southwardes then I tooke Shorne Myll East and by South and â…– partes of a poynte to the Southwarde Then I tooke Chaulke Churche East and â…– of a poynte to the Southwardes and so I make an ende of that standing And now I chose out for my secoÌ„d staÌ„ding West Tillary church I dyd draw a Lyne froÌ„ the Center of the Circle to the Circumference of the Circle to the title of Tilberye Churche beinge North and ¾ of a poynte to the Eastwarde the Lyne passynge ryght to the edge of the paper And then I tooke a payre of compasses and set the one foote of the compasses vpon that Line and with the other foote I made a Circle and then I made an other Meridian lyne by the other in the other Circle so that the one dyd agree with the other and then I deuided the Circle into 32. equall partes and then I went ouer the water to West Tilbery Church and then I layde my instrument before me and set it due North and South and there I obserued al the townes and places before named as Cliffe East and 1 â— parte to the North Shorne Myll and Chaulk Church South East by South and ½ parts
to the Southward Cobbam Churche South and by East and ⅙ part to the Southwards Ruggon Hill the Mille South ◠¾ to the Westwards Mepham Church South and by West and ½ to the Westwarde Tilberye Bulwark and Grauesend South Southwest and ½ to the Southwardes Northe Fleete Churche Southwest and ¼ to the South Swanskam Churche Southwest and ¾ to the Westwarde Saint Clements church west and by South and ⅛ parte to the West Grayes thurrock West and ⅔ partes to the South Litle Thurock West and ⅖ partes to the Southwarde The Vineyarde Mill West and ⅕ part to the Southwarde And so I make an ende And then I drew lynes from the Center of the Circle to the Circumference to the title of the names of the Townes and so I passed by the right lynes to the furthest partes of the paper fyrst vpon the one Circle then vppon the other tyll that I had drawne so many Lines as that there were Townes in both Circles and there where that the Lynes dyd crosse the one the other I made a marke For there standeth the Towne as by this Ensample it doth appeare The .16 chapter sheweth you how for to make a Trouke or skalle of measure in a mappe or Carde whereby you may know the distance in myles that it is from one towne to an other Now this being done you may know the distance from any one towne to an other For as many townes as you haue obserued and if you lyst you may goe from place to place tyll that you haue obserued and taken all the Townes in a whole region or countrie as thus first measure the distance in myles frō any one towne to another then that distance being knowne make a Tronke or Skall of measure with a pare of compasses according to the distance taken with the compasses betwene those .2 townes in the paper Then that being truly diuided into myles and halfe myles and quarters of myles then you may know the distance from one towne to an other thorowe all a whole region or countrye by the replying it with a payre of compasses as you maye perceaue by the rule or Skall made vppon the other side of the paper and the roundles with the prickes in the middle be myles and the prickes measured betwene them is one quarter of a myle as ensample for the makyng of a Tronke or Skall First I measured the distaunce between Northfleete Church Grauesend Church found the measure vpon the right lyne a myle and halfe a quarter and then I made a Tronke of Skall in the card as thus then I toke a payre of compasses and measured the distance from the crossing of the .2 lynes of the .2 circles of the Tytle of Grauesende and the Tytle of Northefleete and then I finding the measure to be a myle and ⅛ partes of a myle I did rebate the .8 part of a myle and then that which did remayne was iust a myle and then according to that proportion of measure I made a Skall or Tronke of measure on the side of the .2 Circles and deuided it into .4 equall parts and euerie one of these parts to be one quarter of a myle as by the demonstration afore made it doth appeare Now whensoeuer that you do desire for to know the distance from any one towne to an other then take your compasses and open the compasses to the widenesse betwene the .2 townes that the one foote might stande vpon the one Towne and the other vpon the other Then set your compasses to the Skall or Tronke of measure there shall you see the distance of myles open with halfe myles and quarters of myles as for ensample this by certayne places afore named which is Clyffe Church and the vinyarde mylle and the third to be Grauesende And the vinearde mille and Clyffe church the one beareth from the other by a right lyne East west Clyffe Church a quarter and halfe a poynt to the Northe of the East and the vinyard mille a quarter of a poynt to the South of the west and the distance betwene them by a ryght lyne ouer the water and the land .8 myles and ⅖ partes of a myle and Clyffe Churche beares from Grauesende East Northeast and to the North and the distance ouer the water and the lande by a ryght lyne 4. myles and ⅙ part of a myle Then the vinyarde mill bare from Grauesende West and by North and part of a poynt to the North and the distance to the mill from Grauesend .4 myle and ¾ partes of a myle as by this ensample it dothe appeare And now you knowing the distance vnto any place assygned you may know the height of any hill or the deepnesse of any valley by the order declared in the Chapter there by the Scall or els by the degrees c. The .17 Chapter sheweth vnto you how you may make a carde or mappe for any countrie placing in it the true Longitude and the true Latitude And also how for to know the true longitude and the true latitude NOw furthermore if that you liste you may make a carde bewtify it at your pleasure make it fairer you may drawe the longitude and the latitude of euery place as thus first you may take the distance of euery Towne and Village and Hill or any other notable marke whatsoeuer it be and then make a marke for the name of such a Towne according to the obseruation that you haue obserued afore bothe the distance and towards what coste of the contrey the Towne doth declyne according to the crossing of the .2 lynes placing in it the principal ryuers or waters and then in the very midle of the mappe or carde make a Meridian lyne to the intēt for to rule al the rest of the work And then in the margent of the card from the South to the North vpon both of the edges of the mappe or card place the latitude of the country that is to say at how many degrees that the pole Artick is lyfted aboue your Horizon as you may know it by your Astrolobe by the altitude of the same vpon the Merydian lyne knowing what declination the Sun hath vpon that day of the moneth that you take the height of the Sunne And then if that the Sunne hath North declination you must substract or pull away the Suns declination with degrees and minutes if South declination you must adde or putte to the Sunnes declination with degrees and minutes and then that which shal remayne shall be the altitude of the Equinoctial Then pull that sūme out of .90 degrees with degrees and minuts the remaynder shal be the height of the North pole Artick aboue the Horizon And furthermore you may know the latitude of any Towne or Countrey by the starres of the South or starres of the North knowing there iust declination from the Equinoctial dooing by them as you doe by
beginneth the second booke shewing by longitude and by latitude the dystance vnto any Towne or Citie or place vpon the face of the earth keping one poynt or winde ouer the Sea and LANDE although that it be not the very nearest way for the very nearest way ouer the Sea and Land can not be by one poynt of the Compasse except it be vpon the Meridian lyne that is due South or due North from you or being vnder the Equinoctial to be due East or West But if it be in any other place from vnder the Equinoctiall although it be due East or West both the places to be vnder one Paralell yet in the going due East and West is not the nearest way ouer the Sea and Land but the next way ouer the Sea and Lande is by diuers wyndes or poyntes of the compasse and the further frō the Equinoctial to eyther of the two poles the greater chaunging of the poyntes of the compasse For the next way ouer the Sea and the Land vnto any place is to goe by the great circle which is equall vnto the Equinoctiall or the Meridian circle which will not be according vnto any one poynt of the compasse but vnto dyuers as for proofe thereof you shall haue this for an ensample thus that in the latitude of .60 degrees that there were two Townes or places in that paralell the one being opposite or right against the other that is .180 degrees and a degree in that paralel doth containe .30 myles And nowe to goe iust East or West in that paralel to come vnto the place assigned it is .5400 myles as for proofe therof multiply .180 tymes .30 but that is not the next way vnto the place assygned but the next way is to goe by the Merydian lyne that is to say to goe due North vntill you do come ryght vnder the pole and then to goe by that Merydian due South tyll you haue that latitude agayne and then it is but .3600 myles as you may knowe by playne multiplycation as it is from the latitude of .90 degrees vnto the pole to go due North .30 degrees and from the pole Southward agayne other .30 degrees that is in all .60 degrees and then to multyply .60 tymes .60 it sheweth the true dystance which is but .3600 myles And to goe by the paralell lyne that is due East or West then it is .5400 myles that is halfe so much more as by playne proofe you may know But if the two places be both vnderneth one paralel be shorter thē 180. degrees asūder thē it requireth to go by diuers points of the compasse and not by the Meridian according vnto the passing of the great circle which doth conteine in circumference 21600. myles which is the greatest compasse of the earth and not according vnto moe paralels then one which is the Equinoctial nether vnto no one poynt of the compasse for any poynt of the Compasse will bring you vnto the poles of the worlde or verye neare excepte those that be pararel which is East or West as all ryght lynes drawe being extended exceptynge lynes paralell will Crosse the other in the ende so all the poyntes of the Compasse doe winde vntyl they doe come vnto the poles or very neare the poles of the world as they be all Hilicall or Spherall lynes Wherefore there is no one poynt or wynde that can be prescribed to be the next way by that poynt vnto any place assygned but onely the Meridyan lyne or lynes and to goe East and West then to be vnder the Equinoctiall for the nexte way els is by sundry poyntes of the compasse c. Wherefore I omitte to say any more thereof but onely to shew vnto you how for to know the dystance vnto any Towne or place situated vpon the lace of the whole earth by any one assygned poynte of the compasse then for to knowe the true distaunce ouer the Sea and the lande And I doo shewe it thys waye for two causes the first is this for that it is not possible to passe the next way by the meanes of the frozen Zone Wherfore it is supposed that it is not nauigable in those Seas neyther passageable by lande in those Countreys and the seconde cause is this as before is declared in the goyng the next waye it dooth require to goe by sundry poyntes of the compasse which woulde be but a confused matter for the most part of those persons that doo desire to knowe the distaunce vnto any place assigned neyther shall he knowe so readily which way it standeth or beareth from him And furthermore in the knowing the distaunce vnto any place assigned and by what poynt of the compasse it beareth this is to be considered that the Longitude dooth begin at the Meridian of the Cannary Iland and so to follow vnto the Eastwardes and so ending at .360 againe at the Cannary Ilandes as I doo shewe in my booke called the Regiment for the Sea The second Chapter sheweth vnto you howe you may knowe the distaunce vnto any Towne situate vppon the face of the whole earth so that you do◠knowe the true Longitude and the true Latitude of them NOw furthermore if that you doo know the Longitude and the Latitude of any towne or townes situate vppon the earth you may know the distaunce vnto them as before is declared as thus If that the towne be iust East or West from you that is to say that your towne or place is vnder the Paralel that the other towne is that is to say that the Pole artike of that towne or place is so manye degrees aboue the Horizon as your towne is both in degrees and minutes then shall you seeke how many degrees of Longitude the other towne dooth differ frō yours then you shall seeke how many myles that one degree shal answere vnto it in that paralel and then you shall multiplie the one by the other that is to say the degrees by the myles and that summe which commeth of that multiplication shal be the distance betweene the two townes as for ensample thus by the Citie of London Answerpe in Brabant which differeth but .4 minutes in Latitude for at London the Pole is raised .51 degrees .32 minutes and at the Citie of Antwerpe the Pole is raised .51 degrees .28 minutes therefore we be both vnder one paralel Now the Longitude of London is from the Cannarie Ilandes .19 degrees and .54 minutes and Antwerpes Longitude is .26 degrees .36 minutes so that Antwerpe standeth East from London .6 degrees .42 minutes Now must I know how many miles a degree conteineth in that paralel and of that I doo make mention in my booke called The Regiment for the Sea in the .16 Chapter and that I doo finde to be .37 myles to one degree Thē I multiplie .6 times .37 because that it is .6 degrees .37 myles to one degree and of