Channel As for the encrease of Zenega which only hath four hours whether the cause ought to be ascribed to the extension of the Channel from the West to the East or unto the swift deflux of Zenega which may prohibit the influx for two hours or whether to some other cause I question and require a more accurate observation viz. Whether it decreaseth eight hours or only six hours and in the other two do neither encrease nor decrease because the strong flux of the River hindereth the flux That also must be considered that depressed and low places may have the flux in more hours and the deflux in fewer Proposition XX. Whether the flux doth begin when the Moon toucheth the Horizon or in the increment be in the place whose the Horizon is So they commonly say but yet we hold the contrary in those places in which the water is at the highest when that the Moon is in the Meridian For when the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the South then she arriveth at the Meridian in less than six hours and therefore the flux should begin when that the Moon is yet depressed beneath the Horizon On the contrary when that the Moon declineth from the Aequator towards the North she requireth more than six hours to come from the Horizon to the Meridian and therefore when that the Moon is elevated above the Horizon unto the horary Circle of the sixth hour then at length the flux begineth and so it is observed in most places but the contrary is at London as we have said in the precedent Proposition See Proposition xix And the reason seemeth to require that although the Moon decline from the Aequator towards the North yet that the flux should begin in the place where the Moon cometh to the Horizon for then the place is distant by a quarter from the place unto which the Moon is vertical And therefore the pressure of the Sea cometh or extendeth hither and here more accurate observations are required Proposition XXI The hour being given in which the greatest or least Altitude of the water is on the day of the new or full Moon in the place where the ordinary flux and reflux is viz. of six hours with twelve degrees to determine the hours of the days following after the new Moon in which the greatest or least Altitude shall be See the foregoing Propositions We have said in the foregoing Propositions that the time of the greatest increase and decrease if we have respect to the middle motion of the Moon from the Sun in one day after placeth 48 ¾ horary minutes in half a day 24 â…œ minutes If therefore the greatest increase in any place happen on the day of the new or full Moon on the twelfth hour of the day these hours of encrease shall be on the following daies The age of â—he Moon The hours of the day Scruples 1 12 48 2 1 37 3 2 27 4 3 17 5 4 5 6 4 55 7 5 59 8 6 49 9 7 23 10 8 12 11 8 56 12 9 51 13 10 40 14 11 29 14½ 12 Mid night  15 12 Mid day  Viz. In the end of the first day of the age of the Moon the greatest intumescency falleth out later by 48¼ Horary minutes But in practice it is sufficient to add to the hour of the new Moon for the end of the first day 48 minutes or ¼ of an hour For the end Hours of the second 1½ for the third 2½ for the fourth 3¼ for the fifth 4 for the sixth 5 for the seventh 5¼ for the eighth 6¾ for the ninth 7 for the tenth 8¼ for the eleventh 9 for the twelfth 9¼ for the thirteenth 10â…” for the fourteenth 11½ for the fifteenth 12¼ This Supputation of time supposeth the middle or equal motion of the Moon from the Sun which notwithstanding is unequal so that the Moon in her Perigee departeth more swiftly from the Sun than in her Apogee and therefore then the greatest encrease is longer protracted than six hours and twelve minutes But when the Moon is in the Apogee the encrease is more quick For certain true Lunary Months exceed 30 daies others are less than 29 daies True Lunary Months exceed 30. daies when that the mean of 29 daies twelve hours 44 minutes is assumed But in places where the greatest or least Altitude is made by the appulse of the Moon to a certain vertical place although it be done after the same manner yet for all that the time is not so accurately discovered For neither doth the same time in which the Moon is joyned to the Sun fall out on the hours of the day or the same moments of the same hour in divers new Moons How this is performed by the Terrestrial Globe See Chap. 30. and 37. we shall shew in the XXX Chapter And in the Thirty seventh Chapter we shall treat more of the use of Navigation concerning a more accurat Method We may also use this method for those places where the time of the flux is more or less than in the time of the deflux so that we are certain of the difference The consideration of the thing it self and practice will more easily teach this than our discourse Proposition XXII The winds do oftentimes protract and often diminish the time of the flux or reflux in some places Neither are winds of that place only able to do it but winds blowing in an other place may also effect the same The truth of the Proposition is so manifest that it needeth no demonstration Proposition XXIII Great is the variety of peculiar or proper motions of the Sea viz. in which a certain part of the Ocean is moved either perpetually or in some certain months Peculiar motions of the Sen. The first of those peculiar motions which are most considerable is that motion by which part of the Atlantick or African Ocean about Guinee is moved from Cape Verd towards the bending of Africa which is called Fernando Poo that is from the West to the East which is contrary to the general motion from the East to the West now this motion is vehement so that it violently tosseth the Ships approaching to the shoars unto this Gulph beyond the imagination of the Mariners and supputation of their Voyage Thence it cometh to pass that Ships which have sailed in two daies from the Coasts of Mourrae to Rio de Benin which are one hundred miles scarcely in six or seven weeks can return from Rio de Benin to Mourrie except they launch out into the middle Sea which is not easily to be performed seeing that the Sea is moved with a strong motion to the North-East quarter from the Isle of St. Thomas to the Gulph of Fernando Poo carrying in with it the Ships although they have a fair North East wind and they can hardly get from that Coast except they be forced thence by those sudden winds termed Travados which sometimes
places it is also different to wit how much the nearer the place is to the Equator with so much the greater swiftness and space it is moved but the greatest motion is in the places that lie in the Equator For indeed because every place of the Earth in twenty four hours is rouled about by the space of a whole periphery to wit by 360 degrees therefore the space of one hour is found If 360 be divided by 24 the quotient is fifteen which are so many degrees These are the degrees by which the place lying in the Equator or without it is turned about in one hour but they make if the place lye in the Equator two hundred twenty five German miles whence she will be turned in four minutes of an hour through one degree that is fifteen Miles But the places lying without the Equator towards either of the Poles are in the space of the same hour wheeled about by so many degrees but such as are much less forsooth the reason is the same between the swiftness of the motion and the distance of two places as is between the signs of the Arches by which those places are distant from the Pole for example the distance of Amsterdam from the Equator The distance of Amsterdam from the Equator or the Elevation of the Pole or the elevation of the Pole is 52 degrees 23 minutes So the distance from the Pole is 37 degrees 37 minutes whose sign is 61037. Let us take one place to be in the Equator whose distance from the Pole is 90 degrees his sign is 100000. But the place under the Equator in four minutes is carried through 15 miles and in an hour is carried through 225 miles Wherefore by the Rule of Three as 100000 are to 61037 so fifteen to nine miles or as 225 to 135 miles therefore Amsterdam every hour by this motion is carried through 135 miles But the discovery of this is much easier by the Table which we have set in the end of the foregoing Chapter For the division of 360 degrees being made by twenty four hours we find that any place every hour is moved through fifteen degrees of his own Circle and therefore that it is moved through one degree in four minutes If we therefore enter that Table with the Elevation of the Pole or distance from the Equator of that place proposed we shall find the miles set down at the degrees of the given Elevation which are due to the motion of the place proposed in the space of four minutes for example At Stockholme the elevation of the Pole is about 60 degrees The Elevation of the Pole at Stockholme and in the Table at the degree 60 I find seven miles to answer with one degree therefore I say that Stockholme is moved about in four minutes by so many miles The second motion of the whole Earth which is moved with an equal swiftness and by equal peripheries So great is the first motion considered in the places of the Earth but the second motion is of the whole Earth from place to place and all the parts or places thereof are moved with an equal swiftness and by equal peripheries The quantity hereof dependeth of the distance of the Earth from the Sun and is performed in a whole years space and thereby the Earth every day moveth through about one degree Concerning the third motion of the Earth because it hath a more hard consideration I leave it to be treated of by Astronomers because in Astronomy there is a necessity of supposing it Indeed Origanus hath raised a Controversie concerning the second motion also thinking the first motion to be convenient for the Earth but that the second should be left for the Sun and fixed Stars but the Phaenomena's or appearances in the motions of the Planets which we have alledged before do sufficiently enough maintain the Motion of the Earth CHAP. VI. Concerning the situation or place of the Earth in respect of the Planets and Stars THe consideration of the Earths situation in this whole systeme of the World in respect of other Planets hath a contemplation suitable to that which we have alledged concerning the Motion of the Earth in the foregoing Chapter For the common Opinion of Philosophers and Astronomers according to Ptolomy hath decreed The Earth according to the Opinion of the Philosophers and Astronomers of Ptolomy takes up the Center of the Universe The Sun according to the Copernicans the Center of the Universe that the Earth takes up the Center of this whole Universe so that she is conversant in the middle of all the Stars and Planets But they of Copernicus his Sect with the ancient Pythagoreans place the Sun in the Center of all the Stars but they set the Earth as it were a Planet between Mars and Venus and they think that she is carried there about the Sun with a yearly course or space which is understood better by the Diagram or description thereof Yet notwithstanding therein do these two differing Opinions agree that both confess that the Center of that first motion whereby the Stars seem to us in the space of twenty four hours to be carried about is in the Earth For both Astronomy and Geography do want this Supposition insomuch that whether you follow the Ptolomaican or Pythagorean Opinion See Scheme the firmness and certainty of General Astronomy and Geography loseth nothing For the difference of Opinions consisteth in this that the Ptolomaians will have this motion to be in the Stars themselves but the Pythogoreans is to be the Earth the Stars in the mean while resting and never moving neither of which is it necessary either for common Astronomy or Geography to determine The placing the Sun Earth and other Planets according to the Ptolomaians and Copernicans According to the Ptolomaians this is the placing of the Planets to the Earth and fixed Stars The Earth Moon Mercury Venus Sun Jupiter Saturn and the fixed Stars According to the Copernicans such is the situation or placing The Sun is placed in the middle of the consistence or systeme of the World as the heart or fire next to him the Orb of Mercury Venus the Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn and the fixed Stars If you demand how much the Earth and we being on the Earth are distant from the Planets you must know that the distance is not always the same but is changed every day and therefore Astronomers do reckon up three degrees of distances viz. the least the mean and the greatest The mean distance of the Earth from the rest of the Planets is according to many Astronomers this following The mean distance of the Earth from the other Planets The Earth is distant from the Moon with its sixty half Diameters From Mercury 110. From Venus seven hundred From the Sun 1150. From Mars about five thousand From Jupiter about 11000 And from Saturn 18000. But yet indeed the distance
found at the day taken and noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the Earth of the one place taken and let the Longitude of the day and the night or the stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon in that place at the assumed day be found by the sixth Proposition of this Chap. Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the other place and let the Longitude of the day and night or stay of the Sun above or beneath the Horizon be found at the same assumed day Let this Longitude so found be compared with the other and the truth of this Proposition will be manifest So that the place more remote hath all the daies of one half year longer than the place more nigh On the contrary it will have all the daies of the other half year shorter Corollary What hath been shewed of all the daies of the year except the Aequinoctials the same is also of force in the quantity of the longest and shortest day And in this it is most observed and noted because here is the greatest difference between the Longitude of the night and day not so great in other daies of the year Therefore of the two places that which is more remote from the Aequator or more near to the Pole hath the longest day greater than the place more Vicine to the Aequator and the shortest day lesser Proposition VIII All places of the Earth scituated in one of the same Parallel have all the days of the year equal and therefore the same quantity of the longest day The Demonstration of this Proposition is easie by the Globe Let any Parallel be taken in the Globe and what places you please The equality of the daies according to their scituation in one of the same Parallel Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of this Parallel and let any Parallel of the Sun be taken for any part of the year Out of the Degree let the Tropick of Cancer be taken for the longest day let one of the places taken be constituted under the Meridian that so it may possess the Vertex of the Horizon or that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of the place Then let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon be noted or the two points of the same which are in the Horizon for the Arch in these denoteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place then let the second place be brought to the Meridian or Vertex that the Wooden Horizon may be the Horizon of it and let the Arch of the Tropick above the Horizon again be marked which if it be compared with the former we shall find that they are equal The same may be shewed also by hours on the Horary Circle Therefore the Sun remaineth an equal time above the Horizons of those places and therefore the daies shall be equal as also the nights Definitions From these aforesaid Propositions the Original of the division of the Earth into Climates is easily to be understood Observations concerning a Climate For a Climate is said to be one part of the Earth of those parts into which the Superficies scituated between the Aequator and the Pole is so cut by drawn Parallels that the longest day in the Parallel more remote from the Aequator exceedeth the longest day of the Parallel more near the Equator in a certain part of an hour or number of hours Viz. Half an hour in places scituated even to the Artick Circle in other places a whole hour or some hours and daies The begining of a Climate is called a Parrallel with which the Climate begineth and is more nigh the Aequator The end of a Climate is called a Parallel terminating the Climate The middle of a Climate is called a Parallel drawn almost through the middle Superficies of a Climate so that in that the longest day exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate by a quarter of an hour or an half difference wherein the longest day of the end of a Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining of a Climate A Parrallel space is said to be that which the middle Parrallel of a Climate comprehendeth with the begining or end of a Climate Proposition IX If more places of the Earth be taken from the Aequator towards the Pole whose distance from the Aequator equally augmenteth from one degree to 10 20 30 40 degrees The longest days in these places shall not be equally greater or not equally augment but they shall more augment in places more remote and where the place is more near to the Pole Touching the length of daies of Places taken from the Aequator towards the Pole To shew the Verity of this Proposition by the Globe let places be taken remote from the Aequator towards the Pole by an equal encrease of distance viz. for conveniency Parallels of 10 20 30 40 50 60 degrees of Latitude For these Parallels in the Globe let the Pole be Elevated to the Latitude of 10 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being brought to the Oriental Horizon and that being noted let the point of the Tropick be also noted which then is in the Occidental Horizon For the Arch of the Tropick then being above the Horizon sheweth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place 10 degrees of Latitude The hours of this his stay may also be known by the Index and Horary Circle Then let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the second place 20 degrees and the first degree of Cancer being again brought to the Oriental Horizon let the point of the Tropick be noted in the Occidental for the Arch above the Horizon will again note the stay which also may be known by the Index and the Circle in the Hours The same may be used with places whose Latitude is 40 50 60 70 degrees and the like which being done let the Diurual hours of the Suns stay above the the Horizon or the Arch of the Tropick be compared and it will be manifest that the quantity of the longest day doth much more increase in places more remote than in the places more adjacent to the Aequator and therefore the encrease of the longest day doth more augment than the encrease of the distance of the places from the Aequator Note what hath been said and shewed concerning the longest day that is true of all the daies of one half of the year and is demonstrated after the same manner if instead of the Tropick of Cancer the Parallel of the place be taken And therefore although Generals must be delivered generally yet because the Doctrine of Climates especially requireth the Explication of the increase of the longest day therefore we do not observe in this Doctrine that Law 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Proposition X. If so many places or Parallels are so taken between the Aequator and
the Pole that the longest day of one place exceedeth the longest day of the Vicine place which is more nigh the Aequator every where equal in excess or that the longest day equally may encrease Of Parallels between the Aequator and the Pole these Parallels shall not equally be distant one from another viz every vicine Couple but these which are more remote from the Aequator shall have a less distance than those more near the Aequator The truth of this Proposition is shewed from the precedent for if these Parallels should be equally distant from one another viz. every two Vicine the quantity of the longest day in these Parallels would not Augment by an equal encrease as we have here shewed And it is now laid down that the places or Parallels so taken equally encrease that the longest day may equally increase in them wherefore every two Vicine or near Parallels shall not so equally be distant one from another but many Parallels being taken from the Aequator towards the Pole on this condition that the longest day may equally encrease These Parallels shall not be equally distant from one another but the distance of the third from the second shall be lesser than the second from the first that of the fourth less from the third that of the fifth lesser from the fourth and so forwards Corollary and because that many of the Climates are so taken that the longest day in the final Parallel of the Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining at the Climate by half an hour it followeth from this Proposition that the Climates more remote from the Aequator are less broad or more narrow then these more near the Aequator and therefore the Latitude and Magnitude of the Climates decreaseth towards the Pole Hence it cometh to pass seeing that the Climates at length would become very narrow towards the Pole if that the same excess should be kept viz. the excess of half an hour so that Geographers define the bounds of the Northern Climates not by half an hour but first by whole hours and then by whole daies Proposition XI The number of the hours of the longest day being given in any place or Parallel of the Earth to find the Latitude of the place or Elevation of the Pole of this Parallel and to exhibit the Parallel it self in the Globe or to exhibit those places where the longest day is so great For the finding the Latitude of a place c. The longest day in all Northern places is when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer Let the place of the Sun of the longest day be brought to the Meridian Let the Index be brought to the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour of the Cycle from which the given number of the longest day is denominated and then let the point of the Tropick in the Meridian be noted Then let the first degree of Cancer be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Meridian in the Crena be so moved to the Pole Elevated or depressed until the other noted point of the Tropick be in the Occidental Horizon but so that the first degree of Cancer be yet in the East which being done number the Degrees of the Elevation of the Pole For that is the sought for Elevation or Latitude of the Parallel which you shall find in the very Globe it self if you number so many Degrees in the Meridian from the Aequator towards the Pole and a Chalk being applyed you may turn round the Globe to the term of the Numeration For the described Parallel is that which is sought The Probation of the Method is easie Proposition XII The number of some days being given to find out the Latitude of the places or Parallels and to exhibit the place of the Frigid Zone on the Earth when the Sun for so many days setteth not and for so many more ariseth not Further concerning the Latitudes of places Let the number of the daies be divided in half and let so many Degrees be numbred in the Ecliptick from the first Degree of Cancer as that divided or half number is or as many Unites as this hath the Numeration may be made from both parts of this begining Let the term be be noted with Chalk if the daies be more than thirty the number of the Degrees must be taken lesser than an Unite Then let this noted point be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees interrupted between that and the Pole be numbred For these are the sought for Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the places wherein so many daies as are given the Sun setteth not and in so many daies riseth not You shall find the very places and Parallels in the Globe if that you number the found out Latitude from the Aequator towards the Pole in the Meridian and design the Parallel by Chaulk applyed to the Term. For this is that sought for and it containeth all the places sought for For the Demonstration of this Solution let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the places found out and it will be manifest that the noted Degrees of the Ecliptick about the first Degree of Cancer set not beneath the Horizon but remain above it The Sun therefore passing over these points of the Ecliptick setteth not now he passeth through these points in so many days as are given as is apparent by the connstruction After the same manner we shall shew the truth of this Solution concernig the daies in which the Sun doth not arise at all in the places Parallel found Corollary It is easie therefore to find the Elevation of the Pole of those places or Climates which lie in the Frigid Zone where the longest day encreaseth not by hours but by a number of whole daies Proposition XIII To frame or compose a Table of the Climates Of the making a Table of the Climates This is called a Table of Climates in which at the beginning middle and end of every Climate the Elevation of the Pole or Là titude of the Parallel and the very quantity of the longest day is found noted as also the interval of the Climates or distance of the Parallels The Construction is easie for from the order of the Climates the quantity for the longest day for the beginning middle or end of every Climate is found by adding ¼ of an hour to twelve hours by a continual Succession Then from the quantity of the longest day of every Parallel is found out the Elevation or Latitude of the Pole of every one of them according to the XI Proposition Lastly you have the interval or Latitude of the Climates if you take the Latitude of the beginning Parallel from the Latitude of the ending Parallel All these being noted in the Table we shall have a Table of the Climates which I have hereunto annexed A Table of the Climates and Parallels Climates
Parallels Longest days Elevation of the Pole The Interval   hours min. deg min.   The first The begining middle end begining of the 2. 12 0 0 0     12 15 4 15 0 1   12 30 8 25 8 25   12 45 12 30   The second The middle the end 13 0 16 25 8    13 15 20 15   The third The middle the end 13 30 23 50 7 25   13 45 27 40   The fourth The middle the end 14 0 30 20 6 30   14 15 33 40   The fifth The middle the end 14 30 36 28 6 8   14 45 39 2   The sixth The middle the end 15 0 41 22 4 52   15 15 43 32   The seventh The middle the end 15 30 45 29 4 7   15 45 47 20   The eighth The middle the end 16 0 49 1 3 31   16 15 50 33   The ninth The middle the end 16 30 51 58 2 7   16 45 53 17   The tenth The middle the end 17 0 54 27 2 49   17 15 55 34   The eleventh The middle the end 17 30 56 37 2 10   17 45 57 32   The twelfth The middle the end 18 0 58 29     18 15 59 14   The thirteenth The middle the end 18 30 59 58     18 45 60 40   The fourteenth The middle the end 19 0 61 18     19 15 61 55   The fifteenth The middle the end 19 30 62 25     19 45 62 54   The sixteenth The middle the end 20 0 63 22     20 15 64 40   The seventeenth The middle the end 20 30 64 6     20 45 64 30   The eighteenth The middle the end 21 0 65 49     21 15 65 6   The nineteenth The middle the end 21 30 65 21     21 45 65 35   The twentieth The middle the end 22 0 65 47     22 15 66 57   The 21st The middle the end 22 30 66 6     22 45 66 14   The 22d The middle the end 23 0 66 20     23 15 66 25   The 23d The middle the end 23 30 66 28     23 45 66 30   The 24th The middle the end 24 0 66 31   The Climates were wont to be extended no further because that in the following places the Longest day doth not increase by hours but by whole Days or Diurnal revolutions and it is lost labour to compute them Notwithstanding the following Canon will shew the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the Places where the Longest days increase by whole Months Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Latitude of the places deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min.  67 20 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 0 90 0 Proposition XIV To explain the method of other Geographers in reckoning of the Climates and making the Table of the Climates The division of the Earth into Climates by the Ancient Geographers The Ancient Geographers especially the Grecians who supposed only a small portion of the Earth to be inhabited because that as well the places Northernly as those of the Torrid Zone they denied as impossible to be inhabited therefore they divided only that portion of the Earth which they knew into Climates and so only numbred seven Climates from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and named them from some noted place through which the Parallel of the Climates passed viz. The first Climate they called the Climate through Meroe which is an Island and City in Africa encompassed by the Nile The second through Syene a City of Aegypt The third through Alexandria in Aegypt The fourth through the Island of Rhodes The fifth through the Hellespont Others through Rome The sixth through Borysthenes a famous River of the European Sarmatia The seventh through the Riphaean Mountains of Sarmatia The Ancients numbred not the other Climates from the other side of the Aequator towards the South because all those places were unknown to them and many thought that the Sea possessed all the superficies of the Earth Which seeing it seemed somewhat improbable to the latter these also numbred the Climates from the other side of the Aequator and they named them not from any noted places for they had no knowledge of any but by the same appellations with those of the Northern only preposing the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Climate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say the Climate opposite to the Climate through Meroe or Syene c. Other Climates added by the Ancients But when through progress of time they discovered many parts of the Earth lying towards the South Pole to be inhabited many more Climates were numbred and constituted Some named the eighth Clime from the Palus Maeotis the ninth from the Baltick Sea the tenth the eleventh and the rest from other places Which denominations although not necessary for the construction of a Table yet they may be added unto our Table in those Areae where we have placed the number of the Climates for so the Climates will stick closer in our memory as also the Places in every Climate and we may be able to make a better comparison between the difference of Cold and Heat But this is better to leave to the Industry of the Reader and to those that are Studious than to add it to it that so we may afford them a greater occasion of contemplating the Terrestrial Globe and by this means may more easily commit them to Memory Where the Ancients began the Climates You must also take notice that the Ancients did not begin the Numeration of the Climates from the Aequator it self as our Table doth but from the Place or Parallel where the Longest day consisteth of 12¾ hours and therefore their first Climate is the second in our Table their second our third and so on for they supposed those places which we ascribe to the first Climate could not possibly be inhabited by men by reason of the excessive heat of the Sun The first Climate of 9 degrees of Latitude that therefore they judged it not meet to reckon those places but seeing that Experience hath demonstrated the contrary we would observe their Mode of naming and constituting of those Climates Ptolomy beginneth the first Climate from the Parallel where the Longest day is 12¼ hours or where the Latitude or distance from the Aequator is four degrees 15 minutes The matter is of no
more remote Semicircle of the Zodiack he first setteth to one place before he riseth to another viz. the Perioeci and therefore they have no part of the day but some part of the night common and the Sun for some hours or for some parts of the hours depressed beneath the Horizon so that to one place it is the end of the night to the other the beginning 4. After the same Mode those Stars which decline from the Aequator towards the Pole elevated to the Perioeci may be seen for some hours or for some parts of hours at once viz. before they are set to one place they are risen to another and on the contrary before they are risen to that they are not set to this and in this for so much the longer time by how much the Star is more remote from the Aequator towards the Pole elevated On the contrary they never see those Stars together which decline from the Aequator towards the Pole depressed to the Perioeci but they first set to one place before they arise to another and therefore for some time or for some hours or parts of the hours of the day they are conspicuous to neither of the Perioeci and for so much the longer time by how much the Star is more near the Pole and those Stars which remain continually to the Antoeci above the Horizon are perpetually obscured to the Perioeci 5. What place of the Earth one of the Perioeci hath in the setting Aequinoctial or to the West the same the other of the Perioeci being about to shew directs the digit to the Oriental quarter whereof one part is common to the Antoeci the rest to the Perioeci Proposition IX The Celestial Affections of the Antipodes compared one with another are thus The Celestial Affections of the Antipodes 1. In all the days of the year the Sun and the Stars rise to one place whilst they set to another for they have the same Horizon although a different face 2. The day of one is the night of another 3. They have opposite equal days of the year as also nights so that the longest day of the one place is the shortest of the other 4. They have contrary seasons of the year at the same time and the same seasons in an opposite time viz. some have Spring whilst the other hath Autumn the one Summer whilst the other hath Winter and contrariwise 5. They have the different Poles elevated by an equal Elevation they are equally distant from the Aequator but that from the diverse quarters of it they are seated in the same Meridian but that is in its different Semicircles 6. They reckon indeed the contrary hours of the day but the same in name viz. it is Noon to one place whilst it is Midnight to the other 7. What Stars continually appear to one place or do remain above the Horizon they perpetually remain beneath the Horizon of the other place Also what Stars remain a long space above the Horizon of one place they remain but a short time above the Horizon of the other place 8. The Sun and Stars seem to rise to the Inhabitants of one place on the right hand to the Inhabitants of the other on the left if that both shall turn their faces to the Aequator Proposition X. The Perioeci of one place are the Antipodes of the Antoeci of that place and the Antoeci of the Antipodes of that place So the Antipodes of one place are the Perioeci of the Antoeci of that place and the Antoeci of the Perioeci These are plain from the Definitions neither do they need probation Proposition XI A place in the Globe being given to find those places which have the same Hours and Meridies with the place given also those places which reckon contrary hours and Midnight when it is Midday in the place given Sundry Questions wrought and performed by the Glâ—be Let the place given be brought to the Brazen Meridian so all the places which are subject to the same Semicircle of the Meridian of this or those places which number at once all the same hours then let the Index be placed at the 12th hour of the Cycle and let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the other 12th hour so the places which are subject to the same Semicircle of the Brazen Meridian are those reckon'd hours contrary to the hours of the place given Proposition XII A place being given in the Globe to fiad those places in which all the days of the year are equal to the nights of the former place Let the place given be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of its Antoeci be found All the places scituated in this Parallel satisfie the demand But if that a place be required whose days are equal to the nights of the place given and all the hours of the same then the place of the Antoeci is only that sought for But if all the hours be contrary the place of the Antipodes only satisfieth the demand Proposition XIII A place in the Globe and the day of the year being given to find the hours in which the Inhabitants of that place and its Antoeci both together may see the Sun or in what hour the Sun is above the Horizon of both places also the hour in which he is sooner seen in one place than in another Let the Longitude or time of the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given See Propos 4. Chap. 25. at the day given according to the fourth Proposition of the 25th Chapter be found the hours in which this time is deficient from 24 hours are the hours of the day in the place of the Antoeci For these two places have the Sun elevated together so many hours as the day of the place given consisteth of hours or the day of the Antoeci viz. of that day which hath no more than 12 hours as he is in the days of the Aequinoxes but lesser than other days Or that I may speak more plainly if the day of the place given is less than 12 hours then the Antoeci shall see the Sun on the same hours but yet in more to wit before and after that time But if the day of the place given be more than 12 hours the number of the hours of the night must be taken for so many hours together the Antoeci shall see the Sun and no more and these hours are to be reckoned about the Meridies because they have their Meridies together Then half of the difference of the days or the difference between the day and night of the same place will shew the hours in which the Sun ariseth sooner above the Horizon of one place and also setteth later than to the other place of the Antoeci Proposition XIV A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the hours in which the Inhabitants of that place together see the Sun with their
Perioeci and what hours they do not see it together Let the place of the stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place given be found at the day given and let the time of his stay beneath the Horizon that is the quantity of the day and the night be found half the difference between the quantity of the day and the night will shew the hours or part of the hours in which the Sun first riseth to one place before he setteth to another and setteth later also to that place than he ariseth to this CHAP. XXIX Of the Computation of time in the divers places of the Earth Proposition I. The Hour of one place being given in the Globe to find the hour of another place given By the Globe the hours of the places are found out LEt the place whose hour is given be brought to the Brazen Meridian the Index to that hour of the Horary Cycle such as is given Let the Globe be turned round until the other given place come under the Meridian the Index in that scituation of the Globe will shew the hour demanded of this other place Proposition II. The hour of our place being given or of some other place in the Globe to exhibit on the Globe all those places in which at that hour the Meridies is also those in which it is Midnight also those in which is what hour we please The Problem should be propounded concerning the Earth if we would act Scientifically for it is an affection of the Earth Vnderstand the same concerning many other following Problems Let the place given be brought to the Meridian the Index to the given hour of the horary Cycle Let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the 12th hour of the Meridies so the places which are discovered to be subject to the superiour Semicircle of the Meridian from the elevated Pole to the Pole depressed are those which have the Meridies at the time given But if the Globe be turned round that the Index may shew the 12th inferiour hour the places which are discovered to be subject to the same Semicircle of the Meridian are those in which the Midnight then shall be If we desire places in which is any hour let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour if the places subject to the Semicircle of the Meridian be those that are sought Proposition III. The Altitude of the Sun being given the day of the year and the Latitude of the place to find the hour at the time of that altitude Rules for the finding the hour of the day Let the Pole be elevated for the given Latitude of the place from the given day let the place of the Sun be found in the Ecliptick and let that be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe and brought to the Meridian Then let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and let the degrees of the given Altitude be noted in it and let the Index be placed at the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle Then let the Globe and the Quadrant be moved until the noted place of the Sun agree with the noted point of the Quadrant In that scituation the Sun will shew the hour demanded Proposition IV. A Quarter being given in which the Sun is beheld sometime of the day given and the Latitude of a place being given to find the hour of the day Mariners observe the quarter of the Sun on the Compass Let all be done as in the preceding Proposition that the Quadrant may be applied to the Vertex let his end or extremity be brought to that quarter of the Horizon which was observed and let the Globe be turned round until that point of the Sun come to the Quadrant In this scituation the Index will shew the hour of the day Proposition V. The Sun shining by the benefit of the Globe to know the hour of the place given or the Latitude thereof which is given Let the Pole be elevated for the given Latitude of the place and let the Globe be placed at the four quarters of the World then let a Needle be fixed perpendicularly at the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or which is better let the Spherical Gnomon be applied to the Ecliptick so that the Apex of the Gnomon fix on the place of the Sun and so let it be brought to the Meridian and the Index to the 12th hour let the Globe be turned until the Needle make no shadow on the Globe In this scituation the Index will shew the demanded hour Proposition VI. An hour of our Numeration being given to find what hour it is from the rising of the Sun that is the Babylonish or Norimbergian hour In time past the Babylonians and now the Inhabitants of Norimberg and some other People reckon 24 hours from one rising of the Sun to the rising of the Sun the next day Let the Pole be elevated from the Latitude of the place given and the place of the Sun being found from the day given let it be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour given Then the Globe remaining immovable let the Index be reduced to 12 which being done let the Globe be turned from the setting to the rising until the place of the Sun appear in the Oriental Horizon and in the horary Cycle let the hours be reckoned from 12 toward the East or rising even to the Index for these are the Babylonish or Norimberg hours sought for Proposition VII On the contrary The hour being given from the Babylonish rising to find out the hour of our Numeration which is from Midnight or Midnoon Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun be noted in the Ecliptick and brought to the Oriental Horizon the Index to the 12th hour let the Globe be turned towards the West until the Index shew the hour given on the Cycle from the East Which being done let the Index be reduced to the 12th hour and then let the Globe again be moved until the place of the Sun be brought back to the Semicircle of the Meridian which is next passed through and let the hours be numbred from 12 to the Index towards that quarter unto which the motion of the Globe was made so shall be found the hour of our numbring from the Meridies or Midnight Proposition VIII An hour of our reckoning being given to find what hour it is from the preceding setting of the Sun that is the Italian hours Of Italian hours At this day in many places of Italy and in times past in Greece they numbred 24 hours from one setting of the Sun to the following or next setting to find out which we must thus do from the hours of our Numeration Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the
of the Planets as the beginning the middle the end of an Eclipse also the Conjunction of the Moon with other Planets her entrance into the Ecliptick Therefore being in the place of an unknown Longitude if we enquire the hour in which we behold the same Phoenomena in this place we shall thence find the difference of our hour from the hour of that place unto which the Tables are Calculated and hence moreover the distance of the Meridian from the Meridian in which we are or whose hours the Table sheweth and so we have the demanded Longitude of the place Neither doth the difficulty consist in the finding of the hour and Horary scruples for they are easily known from the quarter on Altitude of the Sun or Stars but the difficulty is in the defect of such Celestial appearances which may be so observed Now although there be also other Modes by which without the knowledge of the hours and consideration of the Planetary motions the Longitude of a place may be inquired yet they have no place here by reason that they do not first shew the Longitude but the place it self and require other things which are equally unknown in those cases with the Longitude which Modes we shall explain in the following discourse But now we seek such Modes in which that Longitude of the place may be found where the scituation of the place is unknown All which Modes presuppose a knowledge and comparison of the time in which any appearance of the Planetary motion is beheld in divers places But those Motions are unfit for this business which are very slow so that in many hours none or little difference is found in the place of those Planets For Example Saturn maketh his Progress in the Ecliptick in the space of one hour Therefore although from the Ephemerides we may have the time and the hour which is in that place when that Saturn is in the Ecliptick yet because that he moveth very slowly thence it cometh to pass that if you observe he seemeth to stay many hours in the same place and therefore that Moment of the hour cannot be known in the place where we are seeing that they stay in the very minute and therefore they cannot also compare the hour of our place with the hour of the place of the Tables The Motion of the Sun in the Ecliptick So the Sun goeth forwards every hour in the Ecliptick about 2 ½ first minutes because in an whole day it goeth forwards about one degree which Motion is over flow for this business by reason that although observations may be very accurately made at the beginning and end of the hour yet the same place of the Sun shall be found and therefore the Error of two or three hours may easily happen For you must know that the Modes ought to be such that in the very search of the 15th part of an hour an error may be avoyded that is that that Celestial Phoenomenon which is made use of for the finding of the same may sensibly be varied within two scruples of an hour for if at or between two scruples of an hour it remaineth altogether the same both as to sense and diligent observation we cannot be certain of that part of an hour in which that happeneth truly in the Heaven and if we err two scruples of an hour in the observation then an errour of half a degree will slip into the Longitude so that we will suppose that our Meridian in which we are and note it in the Maps and Globes which is not the true one but removed from the true one in the Aequator half a deg Therefore they are such Phoenomenons of the Planets which within two scruples of an hour or else at one scruple or if possible at half a scruple may be varied But of such there are none but these 1. The beginning of the Eclipse of the Moon the middle and the end 2. The Longitude or place of the Moon in the Zodiack 3. The distance of the Moon from the fixed Stars or her appulse towards them 4. The ingress of the Moon into the Ecliptick or into the Points of her Circle where this cutteth the Ecliptick And 5. The Conjunction Distance and Eclipses of the Jovial Planets viz. of those Four Planets which are found in this our Age to make a Circuit about Jupiter Whence the Copernican Hypothesis hath obtained a great deal of Confirmation The first Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon Of the Eclipse of the Moon First Mode This Mode is very accurate if that their could happen but Eclipses every night At the time wherein we behold the beginning or end of the Lunary Eclipse by the help of the Telescope then I say let the Altitude or Plaga of any fixed Star be observed and also let the Elevation of the Pole be before found out or let it together be sought for from some Star in the Meridian From the Altitude of the Star the hour with the scruples is accurately enough found as we shall shew from Astronomy and more easily without the invention of Altitude if the Star be in the Meridian Let this hour so found out with the scruples be compared with the hour and scruples in which the Ephemerides exhibit the beginning of the Eclipse or the middle which hours respect the Meridian unto which the Ephimerides are Calculated for so the hour of two places is found at the same time or at the same Celestial appearance viz. the hour of our place and of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian of the Ephemerides is known Therefore we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides if we change the difference of the hours of both places into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator as we have said in the V. Proposition And because in Maps given and in the Globe the given Meridian of the Ephemerides is known or may be shewed with little labour therefore we must reckon the degrees found out from it in the transverse lines of the Maps towards the West or East as the hour of our place or of the place unknown shall be more or sewer than the hours of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian Line shall be brought through the term of the Numeration That is the Meridian of the place in which we then are or in which the observation of the Ecliptick was made The second Mode by the place of the Moon in the Zodiack Although the preceeding Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon performing the business The second Mode be most accurate yet because those Eclipses are very rare neither are all conspicuous in all places therefore this Mode doth not resolve the business sufficiently neither can it help the Mariners in the wide Ocean but it is more convenient to the constituting and finding out the hours of the Terrestrial places where Mathematicians are or may go and the
from the middle and sendeth forth rays it signifieth a moist and windy season 3. If that the Sun be pale in his setting but if it be red the Air will be quiet and serene the next day 4. If the Sun being pale setteth in black Clouds it signifieth a North-wind 5. If that the Moon be red like unto gold it is deemed a certain sign of a Wind according to the Verse Pallida Luna pluit rubicunda fiat alba serenat 6. A circle about the Moon 7. If that the Northern-horn or corner of the Moon appear more extended a North-wind is approaching 8. If that the Southern a South-wind is at hand 9. The rising of the Moon and the more noted Stars as of the Bear Orion and especially the Goats with the Sun 10. If the small Stars in Cancer termed Asellos be covered with a Cloud if the Northern of them be covered the Wind will be South if the Southern be covered it will be North. 11. For the most part Winds begin to blow when that the Wind ceaseth 12. When a certain noise and murmur like to an Ebullition is heard in the Sea 13. The Ancients also prognosticated from the Raven the Dolphin and other Animals 14. From fiery Meteors as from Lightning and Falling-Stars but not from the Ignes fatui Proposition XVIII Why in the Spring and Autumn the Winds are more frequent and blow with greater force than in the hot Summer or cold Winter Greater and more frequent Winds in Spring and Autumn than in Summer and cold VVinter In the Spring it is supposed to be partly by reason of the dissolving of Snow especially in Mountainous places partly because that the Pores of the Earth are then opened and send forth many exhalations partly because that the Air and Vapours are then more thin when that they were condensed in the Winter Add that for the most part in the Month before the beginning of the Spring and in the very Spring many Rays do fall by reason that humid Constellations then have possessed those houses of the Zodiack into which on the entrance of the Sun we account the beginning of the Spring and also in Autumn the frequent Rays and Exhalations are to be accounted the cause of the Winds as well as in the Spring by reason that a moderate heat proceeding from the Sun advanceth the Vapours and Exhalations yet such as are more thick and less attenuated But in the heat of Summer there are no Winds for the most part for the same reason by reason of which Rays are very seldom seen at that Season viz. because that the Sun overmuch attenuateth the Exhalations and doth not permit them so to conjoyn or meet in such a quantity as is required to the generation of the Winds Which cause is not general or always true and neither is it generally true that in the heat of Summer there are no Winds for here we are only to understand it concerning that which oftentimes happeneth But in the sharp Winter the winds are more rare and that by reason that both fewer Vapours are raised from the Earth and those also that are elevated are either condensed into Clouds or are so dissipated by Frost that they cause no wind Proposition XIX In what Altitude of the Air or in what Region of the Air the Winds begin to blow In what Region the Winds begin to blow There are some that suppose the winds not to exceed the lower Region of the Air because that they discover that the tops of the high Mountains as Olympus feel no Blasts But I question the Observation seeing that the Smoak cast forth from the top of Mount Aetna is discerned to be moved to and fro by the wind therefore I suppose that such a windy commotion may be caused also in the upper Region of the Air. Proposition XX. Vnto what space one and the same Wind may extend it self How far one and the same Wind may extend it self There is great diversity in this matter for the winds blowing from the East to the West under the torrid Zone seem to encompass the whole Earth and those also that blow either from the North or South for many days and long spaces are wont to accompany and follow Mariners The same seemeth true concerning collateral Lines but this diversity is because that the same wind is different in divers places as we have shewed in the Tenth Proposition in the end of the explication of the first cause CHAP. XXI Of the Winds in particular and Tempests IN the foregoing Chapter we have alledged the distribution and differences or rather the denominations of the Winds which they receive from the quarter from whence they blow or seem to blow which division also is accidental by reason that they are taken in respect of a certain place of the Earth unto which those Quarters are related Now in this Chapter we shall alledge the divisions and Phaenomena which are in a certain time of the year or else are proper to certain tracts of the Earth although that we desire to have more and those likewise more accurate Observations concerning these things But we will produce what we have collected with much labour from the Diaries of the Seamen Proposition I. One Wind is constant and another inconstant Of Winds constant and inconstant That is a constant wind which at the least for one or two hours bloweth from the same quarter That is an inconstant wind which sometimes bloweth and other some is changed into other winds blowing from other quarters The causes of the more or less duration of the same wind also of the swift immutation seemeth to be 1. if that it be from a general cause or from a cause less constant So Winds proceeding from the motion of the Air with the motion of the Sun in the torrid Zone are constant so those also that blow from the dissolving of the Snow especially in the Mountains 2. If that by chance there be no such vapours in other quarters which are apt to generate Winds 3. If that the circumambient Air about the Cloud of which the Winds are generated be more thick and granteth no passage to the Exhalations but if that the Air be not so thick or more relaxed and that few Vapours be here and there in divers places and quarters and lastly if that the general causes do cease then indeed the Winds are found variable which are for the most part gentle Proposition II. One Wind is general and another particular Of general and particular Winds The general Wind is termed by Mâ—riners a Passant wind which at many places at once in a long tract of Earth bloweth on the Sea almost for a whole year That is termed a particular on the contrary which bloweth not at once in many places for a whole year Now a general Wind is hindred 1. In the parts of the Sea near the Earth for here Vapours from other quarters do interpose
for when the Sun passeth through the Vertex of those places then every one will then confess that there ought to be Summer except some other cause obstructed in respect of the Celestial cause and so in places scituated in the Aequator the Spring or Summer ought not to be in the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Aries or Libra but rather the Summer because then he passeth through the Vertex of those places and causeth great heat except some other cause hinders Neither can the Summer be transferred unto the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn The same also holdeth concerning places scituated between the Aequator and the Tropicks because the Sun passeth through their Vertex before that he draweth near to the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and therefore first causeth the Summer there For we must know that although Definitions may be free yet seeing that by the common notions of all Nations they define the Summer by Heat and the Winter by Cold or at least by a lesser degree of Heat and so the Definitions ought to be made that they may render as little as may be from these Notions and in no sort be contrary to them The same difficulty is concerning the Spring and Autum of the places of the Torrid Zone yea they do not seem to have place here especially in places which lye in the Aequator Of Heats and Cold. The second difficulty for which this Question is proposed is this Whether the Seasons are to be defined from the very degree of heat and cold viz. the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter or from the access or recess of the Sun For the common notion of the Men of Europe which they form concerning those Seasons or in which they do conceive them comprehendeth both although they have more respect to heat than cold But Astronomers are more attentive to the access and recess or entrance of the Sun into certain Signs of the Zodiack as we have said before Moreover it is observed in many places of the Torrid Zone that those Seasons answer not the access and recess of the Sun but that contrary to the Celestial motion of the Sun they are tried by a Winter raging not with cold but with storms and rains when they should have Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun and on the contrary they have Summer when the Sun is remote when they should have Winter of which more anon and so those People define not the Summer and Winter by the access of the Sun and his entrance into certain Signs but they define the Summer by its serenity and the Winter by its rain and somewhat cold Air. And so it is impossible to make definitions of the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter as to be general and agreeable to all these places according to the notions of the People These difficulties thus considered I thus think First seeing that in many places of the Torrid Zone as we have spoken in the second difficulty and also some certain places of the Temperate Zones Heat and Cold happen contrary to the Celestial mode or motion of the Sun yet notwithstanding those definitions cannot be made accurately by Heat and Cold therefore these terms of the Seasons must be distinguished as being Homonymical so that we must make some Seasons to be Celestial and others Terrestrial I confess these terms to be less fit but the want of better doth compel me to use them so that it is termed the Terrestrial Summer of any place in which in that place a great heat is caused every year by the Sun but the Celestial Summer is termed that season of the year wherein a great heat ought to be in that place by reason of the vicinity of the Sun So that is termed the Celestial Winter of a place in which season Cold should be in that place by reason of the great distance of the Sun but that season is termed the Terrestrial Winter of any place in which there is very great Cold in that place every year And although in many places the Celestial and Terrestrial Winter happen in one season of the year as also the Celestial and Terrestrial Summer yet there are some places of the Torrid Zone where they observe divers seasons of the year as we shall shew in the following discourse The same should be said of the Celestial and Terrestrial Spring and likewise of the Autumn Secondly Seeing that there are few places where the Terrestrial Summer and Winter differ from the Celestial in the season of the year but in most places fall in with the same time of the year therefore the Celestial Summer may be absolutely termed the Summer so also the Winter the Spring and the Autumn But when we speak of the Terrestrial we must add the word Terrestrial but where we simply say the Summer the Winter Spring and Autumn we are to understand the Celestial seasons agreeing with the Terrestrial But how shall we make distinct and accurate definitions of the Summer viz. the Celestial the Winter the Spring and the Autumn so that they may be general for all places and also take place in the Torrid Zone I know no other Mode whereby such definitions may be made but only this The definitions of the sous Seasons of the year 1. The Celestial Summer of any place is that season of the year whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertex of the place and that in the first season if the Sun become vertical to that place in two seasons The end that day in whose Meridies the Sun receiveth a moderate distance from the first Vertex of that place or whether it be lesser than that of all other days of the year 2. That is termed the Winter of any place the beginning of which is that day in whose Meridies the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance from the Vertex of that place And the end that day in whose Meridies the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from the Vertex of that place 3. That season is termed the Spring of any place which falleth between the end of the Winter and the beginning of the Summer or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath acquired a moderate distance from the Vertex when he hath come from a great distance And the end is that day where in whose Meridies the Sun hath acquired a very small distance from the first Vertex of the place 4. The Autumn of any place is termed that season of the year falling between the end of Summer and the beginning of Winter or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun receiveth a mean distance from the Vertex of the place coming from a lesser And the end that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath obtained a very great distance from the Vertex of the place According to these
Definitions Spring Summer Autumn and Winter may be attributed to all places of the Earth Neither is it easie to find out any other Mode of defining them so that they may agree with all places Now these Definitions being laid down let us come to the matter it self Proposition III. The Celestial Summer of the places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Cancer and the Pole Artick beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Cancer viz. the 21 of June and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Libra viz. the 21 of September and that together at once in all those places So that Autumn is in those places the Sun going from the first of Libra unto the first of Capricorn the Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries unto the first of Cancer Further concerning the Seasons of the Year The truth of this Proposition is easily shewed by the antecedent Definitions and may be demonstrated on the Globe and in Universal Maps For the Sun coming to the first degree of Cancer hath the least distance in the Meridies from the Vertexes of every one of the places of the Northern Temperate and Frigid Zone After the same Mode the Sun in the first degree of Libra hath a moderate distance from those Vertexes In the first of Capricorn a greater In the first of Aries a moderate and he ascendeth to a more great which is apparent both from the declination of the Sun and from the Globes and Maps Therefore it is inferred by the Definitions laid down before that the Summer the Winter and the Spring of those places begin and end in those days we have spoken of The Summer of those places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Pole or those of the Southern Zone temperate and frigid beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries viz. the 21 of March. The Autumn of those places beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Cancer viz. the 21 of June With this the Winter of those places beginneth which endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Libra viz. 21 of September And with this their Spring beginneth and endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December where the Summer beginneth again These are shewed after the same Mode by the Definitions delivered and by the Globe or Maps by which we shewed the former because in the first degree of Capricorn the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertexes of those places In the first of Aries a moderate and descends to the less In the first of Cancer the greatest In the first of Libra a moderate and ascendeth to a greater But the Celestial Summer Spring Autumn and Winter of the places of the Earth which lie in the Torrid Zone between the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn do not begin on one and the same day of the year but on divers days in every place of diverse Parallels or of a diverse Latitude of this Zone Now the places of the Torrid Zone are threefold viz. the places of the Aequator the Northern places of the Torrid Zone and the Southern places of the Torrid Zone 1. The Places lying in the Aequator have this peculiar to them that they enjoy two Summers two Winters two Spring seasons and two Autumns and that in every Year so that in half a year they have or ought to have those four Seasons according to our Definitions and the Celestial Law They have again the same four Seasons from the 21 of September to the 21 of March Half a year is from the 21 of March to the 21 of September viz. one Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the second of Taurus from the 21 of March to the 22 of April Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Taurus to the first of Cancer from the 22 of April to the 21 of June The motion of â—he Sun in the 12 Signs of the Zodiack Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Cancer to the second of Leo from the 21 of June to the 19 of August The Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the 28th degree of Leo to the first of Libra from the 19 of August to the 21 of September The other Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Libra to the second of Scorpio from the 21 of September to the 22 of October The other Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Scorpio to the first of Capricorn from the 22 of October to the 21 of December The other Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the 28th of Aquarius from the 21 of December to the 19 of February The other Spring is whilst the Sun doth move from the 28th degree of Aquarius to the first of Aries from the 19th of February to the 21 of March. All these are easily demonstrated from the Definitions laid down because that the Sun in the first degree of Aries and in the first of Libra hath the less distance in the Meridies from the Vertices of the places lying under the Aequator for it hath none because it is vertical unto them therefore then do the Summers begin Then in the second degree of Taurus and the second of Scorpio where the declination of the Sun is 11 degrees 45 minutes it acquireth a mean distance departing to a greater then therefore the Autumns do begin Moreover when he is in the first degree of Cancer and the first of Capricorn he hath a greater distance from the places of the Aequator therefore then do the Winters begin Finally on the 28th degree of Leo and the 28th of Aquarius he receiveth a moderate distance from the places of the Aequator 10 degrees 45 minutes ascending towards the least and therefore then doth the Spring seasons begin These are understood more perspicuously from the Globe therefore here these Seasons may be distinguished thus according to the Celestial Laws notwithstanding the Terrestrial Seasons are in many places of the Aequator otherwise observed as we shall shew in the following Propositions 2. All the Places of the Earth lying under the Torrid Northern Zone have the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together both at one time viz. the 21 of December but they have not together the beginning and end of the Summer and Spring as also the Autumn but different places have them in several days Other Observations about the beginning of the Seasons For the end of the
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
again opposite four days of the year in two of which the Sun shall obtain a middle distance from the place given if therefore the place given be North take two of those four days whereof one happeneth between the 21 of December and the 21 of March this shall be the entrance of the Spring the other between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this shall be the entrance of Autumn But if the place given be South from those four days you must take the day between the 21 of June and the 21 of September for the entrance of the Spring and for the beginning of Autumn that which happeneth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The beginning of Winter shall be the 21 of June if the place be South but if North the 21 of December 3. If the place given be between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude it shall have two Summers and two Spring seasons besides Autumn and Winter except peradventure we will cast away that second Spring which is intermedial between the two Summers as we said in the end of the preceeding Proposition and attribute a continual Summer to that time which if you do we must act no otherwise with the given place than in the former Mode If we will attribute two Summers and two Springs to it as the definitions of Summer and Spring accurately observed do require we shall first act by the first Mode as in the former Theorems viz. we shall find the entrance of Summer and Winter and except the four days of moderate distance found in the Table of those four those two which we advised to take in the former Mode for the entrance of the Spring and Autumn here again we shall take on the same conditions but of the other two days that only which is proximate to the day of the Summer shall be taken For this will shew the end of the Summer and the beginning of the second Spring but for the day of the second Summer another day of the three remaining shall be taken in that Area from which the beginning of the first Summer was taken viz. that which is distant by an equal number of days from the 21 of June and the 21 of Capricorn if the place be South the first day of the Summer So the days shall be found in which the Summer the Spring Autumn and the Winter do begin and end in the places of the Torrid Stone Proposition V. In the places in the temperate and frigid Zones the four seasons of the year are almost equal or consist of an equal number of days But in the places of the Torrid Zone they are unequal Neither are only the times of the divers seasons unequal but also the time of the season in the divers places of the Zones is unequal The seasons of the year in the places in the Temperate and Frigid Zone are equal 1. For the places of the temperate and frigid Zones what I have said is easily demonstrated For seeing that the Sun in every time of those four quarters of the Year runs through three Signs therefore the times of the Spring Summer Autumn and the Winter shall be equal or of equal days except some days viz. five in which the Summer and four in which the Spring of the Northern places exceed the Autumn and the Winter but in the Southern places it is otherwise for Autumn and Winter exceed the Spring and Summer which as we have shewed before proceedeth from the excentricity of the Sun 2. In places lying under the Aequator there are two Summers as also other Seasons but hoth short as also both the Springs viz. each Summer and each Spring hath only 32 days which is 64 days but the Autumns and Winters are longer viz. 55 days which is 110 days 3. In the places of the Torrid Zone by how much the less they are remote from the Aequator by so much the more they have the longer Summer the less Winter and more or less moderate Autumn and Spring for in places not remote above 10 degrees from the Aequator the Summer continueth six Months Now the greatness of the Summer Autumn Winter and Spring is known by the preceeding Proposition What hath hitherto been said is only to be understood concerning the Celestial Seasons that is those which depend on a Celestial Cause or from the access or recess of the Sun for from this alone cometh not light heat and cold as we have said in some places before therefore we shall consider the other causes in the following Propositions Proposition VI. In places of the Tornid Zone as the Sun by day is very near the Vertex so on the contrary by night he is beneath the Horizon Of the Motion of the Sun in places of the Torrid Frigid and Temperate Zones and very much removed from the Vertex of those places so that those places by night lye almost in the middle shadow of the Earth neither can the Air possibly any wayes be warmed by the Suns rayes by frequent reflection In places of the Frigid Zone as the Sun by day is not very nigh the Vertex so by night he doth not profoundly remain beneath the Horizon but for the greatest part of the night doth so turn round beneath the Horizon that many rayes from him by reflection do penetrate into the Air. In places of the Temperate Zone as the Sun by day cometh to the Vertex of those places by a moderate Vicinity so by night by an easie distance he is depressed beneath the Horizon so that some rayes at least are in the Air. To shew this by the Globe first let the Pole be elevated for some place scituated in the Torrid Zone or rather let the Pole be placed in the Horizon it self that the places of the Aequator may be in the Vertex of the Horizon or that the wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of the places of the Aequator then consider the depression of the Parallels which the Sun describeth by his circumrotation beneath the Horizon and the truth of the member of this Proposition will appear Then let the Pole be elevated for the places of the Frigid Zone or let the Poles be placed in the Vertex of the Horizon and the Parallels of the Sun beneath the Horizon from the first degree of Libra to the first of Aries being considered it will again be manifest that they are very little depressed below the Horizon And so we have shewed the second member or part of this Proposition Lastly let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any place scituated in the Temperate Zone and the depression of the Parallels beneath the Horizon again being considered the third part of this Proposition will be proved Proposition VII A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the Longitude of the Crepusculum or Twilight in the place given at the day given That time is
above almost maketh up and moderateth them To wit in the Regions of the Northern Temperate Zone it is Spring and Summer the Sun going from Aries by Cancer to Libra because then he is more near them Then the Sun going from Libra through Capricorn to Aries it is Autumn and Winter But in the Southern Temperate Zone the matter is contrary neither can those other causes altogether disable the force of this first and induce a new course of the seasons and be able to alter the times as in the Torrid Zone 2. Yet those Seasons of divers places vary so that in one place there may be more Heat or Cold or Rain than in another although the places lie in the same Climate but yet they cause not the Winter to be changed into Summer or Summer into Winter A Rocky Marshish and Maritim Land findeth somewhat another degree of heat or cold than Vallies or a Chalk and Maritim Land 3. The places in the Tropicks for the most part in the Summer have an excessive heat others a Pluvial Season so that they almost approach to the nature of the places of the Torrid Zone So in the part of the Kingdom of Guzarat lying without the Tropick at the same time the wet and dry months are observed which in the part lying beyond the Aequator the Summer is changed into a Pluvial Season yet then there is greater heat than the dry part of the year where they have a moderate cold and in truth in the places of the Temperate Zones we judg the Summer and Winter not from the drought and rains but from the heat and cold Now in the Coasts of Persia and Ormus there is so great heat without Rains in the Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun rhat both the Men and their Wives ly in Cisterns full of Water The like heat is in Arabia The Regions of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea are called the coast of Barbary Throughout all Barbary the middle of October being past Showers and Cold begin to increase and in December and January the cold is perceived more intense and that only in the morning and withal so remiss that the Fire is not desired February taketh away the greatest part of the cold from the Winter but yet it is so inconstant that sometimes 5 or 6 times in one day the Air changeth In the month of March the North and West Winds blow violently and cause whole trees to be vested with blossoms April giveth form almost to all Fruits so that the entrance of May and the end of April is wont naturally to produce Cherries In the middle of May they gather Figs and in the middle of June in some places are ripe Grapes Of the seasons of the year of Barbary the Figs or Autumn are gathered in August and there is no greater plenty of Figs and Pears than in September There is not so great intemperies of the year in those places but that the three months of the Spring are always temperate The entrance of the Spring that is the Terrestrial not the Celestial is as they reckon on the 15th of February and the end the 18th of May in all which time the Air is most grateful to them If from the 25th of April to the 5 of May they have no Rain they esteem the same as ominous They count their Summer even to the 16th of August at which time they have a very hot and serene Air. Their Autumn from the 17 of August to the 16 of November and they have that for two months to wit August and September yet not great That which is included between the 15 of August and the 15 of September was wont to be termed by the Antients the Furnace of the whole year and that because it produced Figs Pears and that kind of Fruit to maturity From the 15 of November they reckoned their Winter which they extend to the 14 of February At the entrance of this they begin to till their Land which is the plain but the mountainous in the month of October The Africans have a certain perswasion that the year hath 40 very hot days and on the other side so many cold The Opinion of the Arabians days which they say begin from the 12 of December They begin the Aequinoxes on the 16 of March and on the 16 of September Their Solstices on the 16 of June and the 16 of December The end of their Autumn all their Winter and a good part of their Spring is full of violent Winds accompanied with Hail Lightnings and dreadful Thunders neither is there wanting in many places of Barbary an abundance of Snow In Mount Atlas 7 degrees distant from the Tropick of Cancer they divide the year only into two parts for from October even to April they have a continual Winter and from April again to October they have Summer In this there is no day in which the Mountains tops glitter with Snow The seasons of Numidia In Numidia the parts of the year swiftly pass away for in May they reap their Corn in October they gather their Dates but from the middle of September to January a violent Frost continueth October abstaining from Rains all hopes of Sowing is taken from the Husbandman the same hapneth if that April produceth not Pluvial Water Leo Astricanus remembreth many Mountains of Snow in Africa not far from the Tropick of Cancer Of China The North part of China although no more remote from the Aequator than Italy yet it hath a cold more sharp for great Rivers and Lakes are congealed up with Frost the cause of which is not yet sufficiently known except we should refer it to the Snowy Mountains of Tartaria not far remote to the avoyding of which cold they abound with the Skins of Foxes and Scythilian Rats New England New England although it lie in 42 degrees of North Latitude and therefore no more removed from the Aequator than Italy yet in the month of June when Sir Francis Drake was there the Air was so vehement cold that he was compelled to sayl back to the South for the Mountains were then covered with Snow The cause is the Frigid temperature of the Earth being Stony The seasons of Aegypt In Aegypt which is bounded with the Tropick of Cancer the Spring and Temperate Season of the year is observed about January and February The Summer beginneth with March and April and continueth June July and August The Autumn possesseth September and October The Winter hath November and December About the beginning of April they Reap their Corn and presently thresh it After the 20 of May not an Ear of Corn is to be seen in the Fields no Fruits on the trees On the Ides of June the inundation of the Nilus beginneth The seasons in the streights of Magellan In the Streights of Magellan and the adjacent Regions although they be no more distant from the Aequator than our parts
degrees and B N L is equal to the Angle A S L or B A R. Therefore the Arch of the Angle N B L is equal to the Arch B M by which P B is greater than 90 degrees or than P M so also the Arch P C. If we take the Semidiameter of the Sun according unto Ptolomy of 5 2 Semidiameters of the Earth but the distance A S 1168 Semidiameters these I say being laid down the Arch M B will be found 13 minutes in which the Sun illustrateth the Earth more than half M P Q. Corollary When therefore the Center of the Sun riseth to some places then his limbus or edge riseth to the People which inhabit in the parallel of the Horizon scituated 13 minutes beneath the Horizon also after the same Mode to those to whom he setteth And when his Center setteth then his limbus yet remaineth conspicuous until the Center setteth to the People which are remote 13 minutes from our Horizon Proposition XIII The height of a Mountain being given to find how much sooner the Sun seemeth to rise in the Vertex of the same than at the foot or root of the Mountain and how much later it setteth From the given Altitude See Chap. 9. Proposit 5. by the fifth Proposition in the ninth Chapter let the interval or Arch from which the Vertex of the Mountain may be discovered or in the bound of which a line so drawn from the Vertex of the Mountain that it may be the Tangent of the Earth refracteth the same for this line sheweth the first ray which may come from a direct passage from the Sun to the Vertex of the Mountain Moreover the point of the Earth in which this is touched by the line is the place to which the Sun ariseth when he beginneth to be seen on the Vertex of the Mountain and the Arch interrupted between that point and the foot of the Mountain is equal to that in which the Sun is depressed as yet beneath the Horizon of the foot of the Mountain when he is apparent in the Vertex Therefore the Problem is reduced hither The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being given to find the time which is spent whilst the Sun moveth from the depression to the Horizon whence also it will be manifest that this time is also diverse in the divers days of the year Therefore let the place of the root of the Mountain be noted on the Globe and let the Pole be clevated for the Latitude of the same let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex The place of the Sun being found in the Ecliptick from any day taken let it be noted also the Point of the Ecliptick opposite to the place of the Sun Then let this opposite Point be brought to the Occidental Horizon and let the Index be placed at the hour 12. This being done let the Degree of depression before found be noted in the Quadrant and the opposite Point be turned above the Horizon until it hath an Altitude equal to the Arch of the depression which will be discovered from the application of the Quadrant so the place of the Sun beneath the Oriental Horizon will have that Depression And the Index in the Horaty Circle will shew the time intercopted between that depression of him and his emersion above the Horizon But because in this case we do almost work only by Minutes therefore it is better to calculate it than to search after it on the Globe Now you shall find it If that the Altitude of the Mountain be placed 3 stadias or ¾ of a German mile because the Arch of the depression is about three Degrees The Mountains of Caucasus and Casius according to Aristotle and Pliny are â—llustrated with the Suns rayes to the third part of the night and if the Latitude of the Foot of the Mountain be 38 Degrees and the place of the Sun about the middle of Leo the time in which the Sun is beheld is sooner in the Vertex than at the Foot of the Mountain by 13 Minutes Hence it is manifest that that is not so probable which Aristotle relateth of the highest parts of Caucasus and Pliny of the top of Mount Casius that they before the rising and after the setting of the Sun are illustrated with the Sun Beams even to the third part of the night Now how great an Altitude is required for this shall be shewed in the following Proposition Proposition XIV The time being given in which the Sun is sooner discerned on the Vertex of the Mountain than at the foot of the same to find the Altitude of the Mountain Let the Pole be Elevated on the Globe for the Latitude of the Root of the Mountain and the Point being noted which is opposed to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Arch of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon for the given time be found Then from this Arch as from an interval from whence the Vertex of the Mountain is discovered the Altitude of the Mountain must be searched after by the Fourth Proposition of the Ninth Chapter Proposition XV. The places of the Moon being given in the Zodiack together with its Latitude to find out or shew all those Places on the Globe to which the Moon is Vertical in the Circumrotation of that day Let the place of the Moon taken from the Ephemerides be noted in the Ecliptick then let one end of the Quadrant be applyed to the Pole of the Ecliptick the other to the Point noted in the Ecliptick or to the place of the Moon and let the Degrees of the Latitude of the Moon be accounted on the Quadrant and let a mark be made at the term of the Numeration on the Globe then this being brought to the Meridian and a Chalk applyed let a Parallel be described which the Moon that day doth describe by her Circumvolution and all the places scituated in this Parallel are those demanded After the same Mode we act with the other Planers if their Longitude and Latitude be given Proposition XVI The place of the Moon being given in the Zodiack and its Latitude and the day of the year to find the hour in which she ariseth in any place given and in which she setteth also in which she maketh midnight Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Earth given let the place of the Sun found from the day of the year be noted on the Ecliptick Then let a point also be noted on the Globe for the place of the Moon as we have shewed in the preceeding Proposition See Proposition 15. This being done let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the Moon arise or be in the Meridian or set For the Index in the Circle will shew the hour of her rising or setting or being in
Mode we shall find the same in any Parallel which the Sun and Stars do describe by a Diurnal Motion without the Aequator Proposition V. The given hours being given at one and the same time or at one and the same Celestial appearance as also the Horary minutes of our place and that of the other place to find out how many degrees the Meridian of our place is distant from the Meridian of the other place that is to find the Longitude of our place from that place The solution is easy from what hath been said already by reason that it hath been shewed that if one place anticipateth one hour of the account of the other place the Meridian of that is more Oriental than the Meridian of this by 15 degrees if two hours by 30 degrees if three hours by 45 degrees Let therefore the difference of the given hours be changed into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator viz. reckoning for every hour 15 degrees for ¾ of an hour 3 degrees 45 Minuâ—es for one scruple of an hour 1 degree The found out degrees and Minutes will shew the distance of the Meridians viz. if that the hours of our place be more than the hours of the other place our Meridian shall be scituated towards the East from the other if fewer towards the West Proposition VI. Again hours and scruples of hours of divers places being given at one and the same time or at the time of one and the same Celestial appearance and one place or one Meridian of one place being given in the Maps or Globes to exhibit also the Meridian or Longitude of another place on the Globe or Maps Let the difference of hours and scruples of hours be changed into the Degrees and Minutes of the Aequator Further concerning the Longitude of places Then consider whether the hours of this place whose Meridian is given on the Globe and the Maps be fewer or more than that of the other place whose Meridian is sought for If fewer this other Meridian shall be scituated from the given Meridian towards the East if more towards the West Let it be brought to the Brazen Meridian except some other Meridian pass through it and let the Degrees and Minutes found from the difference of the hours be numbred from the Point of the Aequator together being in the Meridian and that towards the West or East as we collect the scituation of the other place it is more easily done by the Horary Index applyed to 12 and the Globe being turned round until the Index shew the difference of the hours Let the term of the account be noted with Chalk and brought under the Meridian so this Brazen Meridian shall be the Meridian sought and the Point of the Aequator shall shew its Longitude In Maps let the same Degrees and Minutes be numbred from the given Meridian in tranverse lines above and below and the Rule being applyed let the Line be drawn for in right lined Maps as such as those of Mariners is the chief of this Problem this Line shall be the sought for Meridian Proposition VII To find the Longitude of an unknown place in which we are or to find the distance of the Meridian in which we are from some known Meridian or whose scituation is or may be expressed on the Maps or Globes Of the finding out of the Longitude of an unknown place in which we are This is that Problem whose solution Seamen so much expect from the Mathematicians which would render the Art of Navigation almost perfect and subject to no Errour which hath exercised for this two Ages the wits of so many great persons for the resolving of which the English French Dutch have every one appointed a donative of 50000 Florens to him who shall exhibit a resolution the Dutch and German Mariners are wont sometimes to expound the Problem according to the Latine phrase but sometimes they use another as if you should say to seek the Oriental and Occidental quarter which phrase is very void of the matter so that it is manifest what a power the Vulgar have taken in introducing new phrases though very improper For by this phrase it cometh to pass that persons unskilful in Geography and Navigation are ignorant what the Mariners mean when they speak of finding out the East and West for most think that they seek what the words import viz. the Eastern and Western quarter which yet is false and unworthy the demand For they know these quarters when they are in any place of the Sea by the benefit of the same Magnetick Needle which sheweth the North and South Because in the Mariners Compass all the quarters are noted and without the Compass the Plaga of the North and South being known it is most easy to shew the quarter of the East and West for the face being turned towards the North the East is on the right hand the West on the left on the contrary the face being turned towards the South the East is on the left hand and the West on the right But this is not the demand but the Longitude of the place is that required that is how much in the Arch of the Aequator the Meridian of this place is removed towards the West or East from any certain Meridian But why may some say do Mariners assume so improper a phrase The reason is that the Vulgar do conceive almost all things confusedly and only Superficially and from a small similitude with other things impose Names and Phrases as is manifest from the appellation of America which they Vulgarly term the West Indies because that after the discovery of India properly so called that was also found This might be instanced by many more Examples and so it is with this phrase to seek the East and West But seeing that this Problem to find out the North and South is resolved by the Magnetick Needle and also the Problem of finding out the Longitude of a place is of very great Moment and Mariners desire to have as easy a Method to know the same as that of the Latitude of a place and moreover that Longitude is reckoned from the West to the East in the Aequator Longitude reckoned from the West to the East in the Aequator therefore by reason of this slight similitude and account they have taken up this phrase to find the East and West when here no quarter is sought for but only the distance of the Meridians This is convenient to explain by reason that many were brought into an Error and false Conception of the same or at least were ignorant what was signifyed by the phrase It is easy as is shewed aforesaid from the difference of hours to shew or find out the Longitude of one place from another Therefore in Calendars and Ephemerides by the signal Benefit and liberality of Astronomy we have set down for every day and hour all the Phoenomena of any place and the Motions
See and a famous Vniversity 7. Porto seated at the mouth of the Duero now called Portuport a Town of good Trade and affords an excellent strong Wine 8. Bragansa 9. Lamego 10. Guarda 11. Evora 11. Portalegre and 13. Leiria South of Portugal is ALGARVE which was united by the Marriage of Alphonso the Third of Portugal who had it in Dowry with his wife Beatrix Daughter to Alphonso the Fourth of Castile and Tenth of Leon. It s chief places are 1. Pharo a Port-Town towards the Streights of Gibraltar and Silvis anciently the Seat of its Kings within Land The utmost end 〈◊〉 this Country is called the Cape of St. Vincent because the Bones of St. Vincent which the Christians kept sacred were by the Saracens the then Masters of the Country burnt and scattered about the Earth This Kingdom of Portugal is much coveted by the King of Spain who esteems it the chiefest Pearl of his Cabinet and as the chiefest Flower in his Garland and which to regain he hath oft times waged War against them but to no purpose Kingdom of Andalousia ANDALOVSIA the most rich and fruitful Country in all Spain and well watered with Rivers It hath on the East and South Granada and the Sea and adding the Country of Estremadura it reacheth Northwards to the Castiles The chief Places are Sevilla or Sevil the most beautiful of all this Continent It is in compass six Miles and environed with stately Walls and adorned with no less magnificent Buildings as Palaces Churches and Monasteries It is severed in two parts by the River Boetis which are joyned together by a stately Bridge From this place the Spaniards set forth their West-India Fleet and do hither return to unlade and the Trade of this City is of that greatness that some have dared to say that the Customs are worth to the King of Spain the yearly Revenue of about half a Million of Gold and indeed this City and Lisbon in Portugal may be said to be the chief Cities for Trade in this Continent this for the West-Indies and Lisbon for the East It is dignified with a flourishing Vniversity and the See of an Archbishop whose Revenue is said to be 100000 Crowns yearly and is esteemed the next to him of Toledo In this City are said to be kept 30000 Genets for the service of the King of Spain which are ready upon all occasions And here resteth the body of Christopher Columbus famous for his Navigations and discoveries of the New World 2. Cordova once the Royal Seat of the Moorish Kings from hence cometh that excellent Cordovant-Leather Not far from this City was fought that famous Battle between Coesar and the Sons of Pompey where Caesar gained the day and made an end of the Civil Wars 3. Marchena famous for its Genets 4. Medina Sidonia whose Duke was General of the Invincible Armado in Anno 1588. 5. Xeres de la Fontera a Sea-port Town from whence comes our Sherry Sack and 6. Cadiz seated in an Isle below Sevil a Colony of the Carthagenians Country of Estremadura ESTREMADVRA Whis is part of Andalousia hath for its Chief places 1. Merida built and made a Colony by Augustus and 2. Guadalcanal famous for its Mines of Silver Kingdom of Granada GRANADA bounded on the South with the Mediterranean Sea It s Chief places are Granada a stately City where is yet to be seen the Palace of the Moorish Kings indented with Mosaical work and guilt its Buildings are of Freestone fenced about with a strong Wall on which are 130 Turrets It is an Inland Town yet famous for being the residence of the Parliament and Court of Justice for all the Southern parts of Spain as Valadolid is for the North. 2. Malaga a famous Sea-port Town seated on the Mediterranean abounding in Raisins and a rich Wine called Malaga Sack 3. Almeria seated on the Sea-shoar This Country was the last that the Moors were expelled out of which may be attributed to its barrenness and being so Mountainous Kingdom of Murcia MVRCIA bounded on the East with the Mediterranean Sea a fertile Country and well stored with Fruits It s Chief places are 1. Alicant seated on the Mediterranean where it enjoyeth a commodious road for Shipping is a place well frequented enjoyeth a good Trade and affordeth for Merchandize great quantities of excellent Wines and several good Commodities 2. Cartagena seated also on the Mediterranean Sea built by Asdrubal of Carthage at present one of the most famous Havens in Spain and 3. Murcia which takes its name from the Country a City of good account Kingdom of Navarre ARRAGON divided in the midst by the River Iberus the Chief places are 1. Caragosa or Saragoz seated on the Iberus or Ebro anciently called Caesar Augustus by whom it was first founded It is a famous Vniversity and once the Seat of the Moorish Kings 1. Lerida seated on the River Cinga which hath its Spring-head in the Pyrenaean Hills it is an Vniversity 3. Huesca also an Vniversity 4. Mosons which gives entertainment to the King of Spain every third year at which time the People of Arragon Valentia and Catalonia make the King a Present of 600000 Crowns and this is all the Taxes or Moneys they pay to the King for three years 5. Jacca 6. Borio 7. Galajud and 8. Daroca Kingdom of Catalonia CATALONIA near the Pyrenaean Mountains on the North It s chief places are 1. Barcelona seated on the Mediterranean shoar a place of good strength and Antiquity being built out of the ruins of Rubicata an old Colony of the Africans and now dignified with the Seat of the Vicegerent 2. Girona seated on the River Baetulus the ancient Seat of the Arragon Princes Kingdom of Valence VALENCE or VALENCIA encompassed with Murcia Castile Arragon and the Sea It s chief places are 1. Valencia scituate near the mouth of the River Guadalangar and about two miles from the Sea where there is an open but ill commodious road for Ships called la Greno yet as being the chief City in the Country enjoyeth a good Trade Here is an University in which St. Dominic the Institutor of the Dominican Order studied 2. Morvedre 3. Segobre and 4. Zativa The BALEARE ISLES The Islands of the Baleares or Kingdom of Majorca comprehend that of Majorca and Minorca both seated in the Mediterranean Sea Island of Majorca MAJORCA about sixty miles from Spain It is about 300 miles in circuit and hath for its chief places Majorca where there is a University and Palomera which gave birth to Raymundus Lullius Isle of Minorca MINORCA distant from Majorca nine miles and is about half the extent of Majorca It s chief place is Citadelli and its chief Port Mahon which is very large and commodious These Isles are indifferent fertil in Corn Wine and Oil which are three good Commodities Nigh to these Isles are two other small ones Isle of Yvisa YVISA or
to Fire They are exceeding cleanly in all things and wash often in Cows-piss which they hold to be a good purification Upon confession of their Sins to their Priests they are constrained to Penance in which several Ceremonies are observed They have so great esteem for Doggs that when any die they are carried out and prayers are made for them They have great quantity of all sorts of Cattle Grain and Fruits Amongst their Fruit-trees they have great quantities of white and black Mulberry-trees which grow not above 5 or 6 foot high so that one may easily reach up to the branches and in the Spring time when these Trees begin to shoot forth their leaves A discourse of Silk-worms and making of Silk they begin to hatch their Silk-worms which they do by carrying the seed under their arm-pits in little baggs which in seven or eight days will receive life then they put them into a wooden dish upon the Mulberry-leaves which they once a day change and take a great care that they be not wet at the end of five days they sleep three after which they dispose of them into Rooms or Barns prepared for the same purpose upon the beams of these buildings they fasten laths or such like pieces of wood upon which they lay Mulberry-branches which hath the leaves on whereon they put the Silk-worms shifting them every day and as they grow in bigness so oftner to twice or thrice a day before they begin to spin they sleep about eight days more after which they begin and in 12 days they have finished their Cod the biggest they make choise of for seed all the rest they cast into a Kettle of boyling Water into which they often put a whisk made for the purpose to which the Silk sticks which they immediately wind up and that which they keep for Seed they lay upon a Table out of which in the space of fifteen days comes forth great Buggs which afterwards turn to things like Butter-flies which in a few days they gender and lay Eggs and then die not eating any thing from their first spinning which is much for things to live so great a while without eating any thing And of these Silk-worms thus ordered they make a great Revenue INDIA or the EAST INDIES which according to its form and disposition of its Estates may be divided into three several Parts to wit The Empire of the GREAT MOGOLL which comprehendeth that which is upon the Main Land wherein are contained several Kingdoms or Provinces the chief of which are Cabul Cabul Attock Attock Multan Multan Candahar Candahar Buckor Buckor-Suckor Tatta Tatta Diul Soxet Janagar Cassimere Sirinaker Bankish Beishar Kabares Dankalar Naugracut Naugracut Siba Serenegar Jamba Jamba Bakar Bikaner Samball Samball Gor Gor. Kanduana Barabantaka Patna Patna Jesual Rajapore Udessa Jekanac Mevat Narvall Pitan Pitan Guzurate or Cambaya Surat Baroche Cambaya Armadabad Diu. Chitor Chitor Malway Rantipore Candis Brampore Berar Shapor Gualeor Gualeor Narrar Gehud Bengala Bengala Chatigan Goura Halabass Satigan Lahor Lahor Jenupar Jenupar Jesselmere Gislemere Bando Bando Delly Delly Agra Agra The Peninsula of INDIA without the GANGES and Westwards and between the Mouths of the INDUS and the GANGES with its several Kingdoms or Countries of DECAN Amedanager Chaul Visapor Paranda Goa Doltabad GOLCONDA Golconda Musulipatan BISNAGAR or NARSINGUE Onor Bisnagar Trivalur Gingi Negapatan Sadrapatan or Fort St. George Maliapur Geldâ—ia Madure Tutucori and Manancor MALABAR Calicut Cochin Cananor Coulan Cranganor Cotate Cota Changanara The Peninsula of INDIA within the GANGES and Eastwards wherein are contained several Kingdoms Countries Isles c. the chief among which are PEGU Pegu Brema Canarane Ava Tinco and Prom. SIAN Odiaa Banckock Lugor Martaban Camboya Sacortay Peninsula of MALACCA Tanasserin Juncalaon Queda Pera Malacca Ihor Patane COCHIN-CHINA Palocacein Keccio ISLES in the Gulph of SIAN among which are Macara Panian Goeteinficos ISLES in the Gulph of BENGALA among which are Chubedu Chudube Durondiva Dos Cocos Andemaan The Empire of the GREAT MOGOLL with its several Kingdoms or Provinces as they lie Westwards and towards PERSIA from the first Streams of the INDUS unto its falling into the Sea are those of Cabul Cabul Gaidel Attock Attock Pucko Multan Multan Seerpore Candahar Candahar Gusbecunna Buckor Buckor-Suckor Rauree Tatta Tatta Diul Lourebander Hajacan Chatzan Dunki Soret Janagar Cacha On the North and between the Mountains which divide this Empire from TARTARIA or between the Springs of the GANGES and the INDUS are Cassimere Syrinakar Chonab Bankish Beithar Kakares Dankalar Purhola Naugracut Naugracut Callamaka On this side or without the GANGES where are those of Siba Hardware Serenegar Jamba Jamba Balcery Bakar Bikaner Samball Samball Menepore Chappergat Within the GANGES are those of Gor Gor. Kanduana Barakantaka Patna Patna Jesual Rajapore Udessa Jekanac Mevat Narvall Pitan Pitan Camojo Southernly and towards the Gulphs of BENGALA and CAMBAYA and the Peninsula of INDIA within the GANGES are those of Guzurate or Chambaya Surat Baroche Cambaya Armadabad Agra Diu Brodra Cheytepour Bisantagan Mangalor Jaquete Chitor Chitor Chitapur Malway Rantipore Ougel Narvar Candis Brampore Mandow Pala. Ranas Gurchitto Berar Shapor Gualeor Gualeor War Narvar Gehud Bengala with its Parts of Patan Bengala Chatigan Goura Patana Tanda Daca and Bannara Prurop Ragmehel Holobass Bengala Satigan Mandaran Ougely Xore Bellesor and Angara In the Middle of the EMPIRE and are those of Lahor Lahor Fetipore Temmeri and Guzurat Jenupar Jenupar Sirima Tanasser Hendowns Hendowne Mearta Jesselmere Gislemere Moulto Radinpore Bando Bando Toury Asmere Delly Delly Acarnapori Agra Agra Secandra Fetipore Scanderbade and Ilay The Peninsula of INDIA without the Ganges In which are the several Kingdoms or Countries of DECAN with its Parts of Decan particularly so called Amedanager Chaul Dabul Cunkan Visapor Soliapor Paranda Goa Pagode Zanguizara Balaguate Lispor Beder Doltabad GOLCONDA Golconda Musulipatan Guadavari Vixaopatan Narsingupatan Orixa Palhor Calecote BISNAGAR or NARSINGUE with its Estates and Coasts of Canara Onor Gorcopa Barcelor Baticala Magalor Bacanor Bisnagar particularly so called Bisnagar Narsingue Vellur Cangevaran Cirangapatan Trivalur Tripity Gingi Gingi Cindambaram Chistapatama Tanjaor Tanjaor Castan Trinidi Maritim Places in BISNAGAR GINGI and TANJAOR bearing and known by the name of the Coast of Choromandel Negapatan Triminapatan Trangabar Coloran Fort St. George or Sadrapatan Maliapur Paliacate Chiricole Musulipatan Caletur Gueldria Pentapouâ—â— Madure Madure Brimaon Periapataâ— Punicale Maritim Places of MADURE and called the Coast of Pescheria Jacancury Manapar Vaipar Trichandur Chereacale Tutucori Isle of Kings Bembar Calecure Mananco Câ—â—â—mcirâ— MALABAR with its serveral Kingdoms or Provinces to wit On the Sea or Coast of Malabar as Calicut Calicut Cochin Cochin Cananor Cananor Coulan Coulan Chambais Chambais Montigue Montigue Badara Badara Tanor Tanor Cranganor Cranganor Porca Porca Calecoulan Calecoulan Travancor Travancor Cotate Cotate In the High Land as Cota Cota Auriola Auriola Cottagan Cottagan Bipur Bipur Coucura Coucura Panur Panur Curiga
from the Sea seated strongly on a Mountain with Walls of Free-stone it is well Peopled most following Dying Weaving and making of Cottons as they do at Brodra About this City are very fertil Fields which bring forth Wheat Barly Rice and Cotton in great abundance and out of the Mountains they find the Agats Cambaya 3. Cambaya seated on a River and on a Sandy place encompassed with a Wall of Free-stone about 10 Leagues in circuit its Streets are strait and broad its Houses fair and large having 12 Gates for entrance 3 large Market-places and 4 stately Cisterns large enough to keep Water for the Inhabitants all the year long They have also about this City 15 or 16 publick Gardens for the recreation of the Inhabitants being places of great pleasure and delight The Inhabitants are for the most part Pagans Benjans or Rasboutes This City is at the bottom of its Gulph and so famous and of so great Traffick that the Kingdom sometimes bears its name being frequented by most Nations where the English and Dutch keep a Factory Amadabad the Metropolis of Guazarete 4. Amadabad is the Metropolis of Guzurate being about 7 Leagues in compass a place of good strength the Buildings are very stately and fair especially the Mosques the Governours House and other publick Places the Streets are large and many is very populous and of a great Trade abounding in divers Indian Commodities It is seated on a small River which falls into the Indus about 45 Leagues from Surat and is by the English compared to London Here the Merchants pay no Custom the Governour of this City is Vice-Roy of all Guzurate being answerable for what he doth to none but the Great Mogoll he liveth in a greater state than any King in Europe his Court large and stately his attendance great not stirring abroad without great pomp and state as in his attendance of Nobles and others in his Guards of Horse and Foot in his Elephants with brave furniture together with several playing on certain Instruments of Musick His Revenue is exceeding great which by some is accounted to be about Ten Millions of Gold yearly out of which he is at great expences as in the maintaining the charge of the Kingdom his own expences and the keeping 12000 Horse and 50 Elephants for the Mogolls service In and about this City there are great quantities of pleasant Gardens plentifully stored with variety of Fruit-trees 5. Diu is in an Island of the same name The City of Diu its Trade and Commodities and lieth about 20 Leagues from the River Indus and not far distant from the main Land It is now subject to the Portugals who have strongly fortified it This City is well built indifferent big and hath a great and good Haven being a place of great Trade and having a concourse of Merchants of divers Nations by reason of which it brings a great profit to the King of Portugal whose chief Commodities are Cotton-Linnen of sundry sorts which we call Callicoes Cocos-Oil Butter Pitch Tar Sugar-Candy Iron several sorts of curious Desks Chests Boxes Standishes which they make of Wood neatly carved guilded and variously coloured and wrought with Mother of Pearl also excellent fair Leather which is artificially wrought with Silks of all colours both with flowers and figures which is there and elsewhere used instead of Carpets and Coverlids 6. Bisantagan by reason of the fertility of the Country there adjacent is of good repute well peopled having in it about 20000 Houses 7. Cheytepour is seated on a small River the Inhabitants being Benjans who by Profession are Weavers who make great quantities of Cotton-Linnen Here are also several other Cities of less note as Nassary Gaudui and Balsara which are under the jurisdiction of Surat Agra a pleasant City and much frequented by the Mogoll from which they are not far distant 8. Agra seated on the River Gemini which falls into the Ganges of a very large extent and strongly fortified with a Wall and a great Ditch Its Houses are fair it Streets spacious several being inhabited by those of one Trade each Trade having its Street alloted it It hath a fair Market-place and hath for the accommodation of Merchants and Forreigners about 80 Caravanseraes or Inns which are large Houses wherein are good Lodgings and Ware-Houses for their Goods In this City there are about 70 great Mosques or Churches besides divers little ones in the greatest of which are several Tombs of their Saints Here are also a great quantity of Baths or Hot-Houses which are much used amongst them The Great Mogoll doth often change his dwelling so that there is scarce any City of note but what he hath abode in and where he hath not Palaces but there is none which hath his presence so much as this it being the most delightful of all others where he hath a sumptuous Palace as also several Gardens and Houses for his retirement without the City His Palace is seated upon the River Gemini and if some Authors may be credited is about 2 Leagues in compass it is very strong being encompassed with a strong Wall and a great Ditch or Moat having at every Gate a Draw-bridge which are strongly guarded For the description of this Palace I must be beholding to J. Albert de Mandelslo in his Book of Travels where he saith That being entred in at the Gate there is a spacious Street with Shops which leads to the Mogolls Palace to which there is several Gates which are called by several names Under the Gate called Cistery is the place of Judicature to which is adjoyned a place where all Ordinances and other Writs are sealed and where the Records are kept At the entrance of this Gate is the spacious Street aforesaid The Gate called Achobarke Derwage is a place of great respect with them and it is the place that the Singing and Dancing Women are lodged at who are kept for the diversion of the great Mogoll and his Family these Women dance before him naked There is another Gate which they call Dersame which leads to a River to which he comes every morning to worship the Sun at his rising Near this place it is that his Nobles and Officers about his Court come every day to do their submission to him to which place he comes every day except Fridays which is set apart for their Devotions as Sunday is with us to see the fighting of Lions Elephants Bulls and the like fierce Beasts which are here used for his recreation He speaketh of another Gate which leadeth into the Guard-Hall through which at the farther end of a Paved Court under a Portal there is a row of Silver Pillars where there is a continual Guard also kept to hinder all people except great Lords to enter any farther it leading to the Mogolls Lodgings which are exceeding rich and magnificent but above all is his Throne which is made of massie Gold and inriched with
and those Estates which we will comprehend under the name of Sian are to the North of Pegu. We may consider them in two principal parts of which one shall retain the name of Sian and the other that of Malacca This latter is a Peninsula which extends it self from the first degree of Latitude unto the 11 or 12 from whence the first advances it self into the Main Land unto the 19 or 20 degree on this side the Equator It s extent They reach then each 250 and together 4 or 500 Leagues from South to North. But the Peninsula of Malacca is very streight not being above 10 or 12 Leagues broad in the Isthmus which separates it from Sian in other places 20 30 40 and some times 80. Sian is almost of an equal length and breadth Under the name of Sian separated from the Peninsula of Malacca we comprehend the Kingdoms of Sian Martaban Jangoma and Camboya under the name of Malacca those of Tanacerin Juncalaon Singora Queda Pera Patane Pan Malacca Ihor and others as in the Geographical Table The chief places of the particular Sian The Kingdom of Sian especially so called hath several Cities of note viz. First Odiaa which some call Sian the Metropolis being a City of a large extent a place of so great strength that in 1567. they stoutly defended themselves against an Army of 1400000 fighting Men which the King of Pegu brought against them for twenty Months together By reason of which together with several other mutations that have since hapned amongst them the City hath been much eclipsed of its former beauty splendor and riches yet by reason of its commodious scituation on the River Menam is still a place of great Trade and Commerce is rich and populous The Houses are built very high by reason of the annual overflowing of this River about the Month of March So that it covereth the Earth for about 120 Miles in compass which renders these Countries very fruitful as the Nile doth Egypt During this Inundation Its Inhabitants retire to the upper Rooms of their Houses and to every House there is a Boat or other Vessel belonging by which means they negotiate their affairs until the River returns to her usual bounds Its Commodities and Trade The principal Commodities of this City or indeed of the Kingdom are Cotton-Linnens of several sorts Benjamin Lacque of which they make excellent Hard Wax Also that costly Wood which the Portugals call Palo Dangula and Calamba which is weighed against Silver and Gold for 〈◊〉 Perfumes and the Wood Sapon used by Dyers also Spices some Drugs Diamonds Gold Camphora Bezar-Stones Musk Porcelaine and lastly that excellent Wine or Distilled Liquod which they call Nipe which they make of Cocos or Indian Nuts being of great esteem over all India and elsewhere It s other places are Bankock noted for excellent Pepper Lugor seated on the Sea-shore and Socotay famous for having a Temple only made of Metal which is 80 Spans high and answerable in length and breadth being adorned with abundance of Idols built by one of their Kings at his coming to the Crown Martaban its commodities c. The Kingdom of MARTABAN towards the Gulph of Bengala is contiguous to Pegu to which it hath been subject at present is to Sian This Kingdom hath many Ports frequented for Trade for besides its Grains Fruits Oils and Medicinal Herbs it is rich in Mines of Gold Silver Iron Lead Steel and Copper It hath Rubies Lacques and Benjamin c. And they make Vessels of Earth which they call Martabanes of which some are so great that they hold a Bushel This is a kind of Porcelain varnished with black and wherein they keep Water Wine Oil and all sorts of Liquors and for this reason they are esteemed in all the East Jangoma and its commodities JANGOMA on the confines of Pegu Siam and Brama hath been subject or tributary sometimes to one and sometimes to another It hath Gold Silver Copper Musk Cotton of which they make Manufactures Pepper c. It s People are more addicted to Horse than Foot service CAMBOJA is the last and most Southerly part of the Peninsula Camboja which is between the Gulphs of Sian and Cochin-china The principal Cities are Ravecca and Camboja of which the Kingdom takes it name which is under the 10th or 11th degree of Latitude and on the principal and most Easternly branch of the River Menam which as it is believed comes from China but it should be said from some Regions formerly subject to or which were part of China It s People The People in their Manners and Customs resemble those of Sian whose Subjects they have been and whose Tributaries but lately they were MALACCA Peninsula of Malacca its parts commodities c. IN the Peninsula of Malacca are divers Kingdoms which are taken notice of in the Geographical Table which all except the City of Malacca are likewise tributary to that of Sian Tenasserin is a Country of Trade by reason of its Archipelago which contains several Islands and of its Isthmus which facilitates the transportation of Merchants from one Sea to another and of its Ports which are commodious It s other places are Juncalaon Zueda Pera and Malacca all which places afford Nipe of burning Wines Ihor its chief places and commodities IHOR is beyond Cape de Sincapura and on the utmost point of the Peninsula It s chief City was taken and ruined by the Portugals in 1603 who took from thence 1500 Brass Cannons The King of Ihor for revenge besieged Malacca in 1606 with 60000 Men but was constrained to raise his Siege there are some petty Kings which are his Tributaries Pahang hath Lignum Aquila and Calamba near to that of Cochin-china of Camphire like to that of Borneo Gold but of a lower alloy than ours Petra Porea of near as much vertue as the Bezoar against poyson Diamonds Nutmegs Mace c. Patane and its Trade PATANE within few years is grown famous the Kingdom being frequented by divers Nations particularly by the Chinois who bring thither Porcelaine divers Manufactures and Instruments of Husbandry instead of which they carry back Timber for Building Cordage made of Cocos Rice and divers Skins c. The Pepper is excellent but dearer than at Bantam Their Saroy-Boura that is the matter of Swallows Nests which we shall speak of in Cochin-china is much sought after The Soil is good producing Fruit every Month in the year Their Hens Ducks and Geese often lay Eggs twice a day Amongst an infinite number of Fowl they have white Herons and Turtles of various colours like Paroquetoes Patane Singora Brodelong and Ligor are on the same Gulph which may be called also by Patana and makes part of that of Sian Patane and Ligor towards the two ends Singora and Brodelong in the midst and at the bottom of this Gulph and these two last are head Cities of Provinces
Buildings have neither Morter nor Plaister here they build not without both They despise all Precious Stones and esteem more their Vessels of Earth which serve to keep their Drink which we make little esteem of but much value Precious Stones They drink nothing but what is hot those most delicate with us is cool Their Physick is sweet and odoriferous ours bitter and unpleasant They never let their sick Blood which with us is very common upon the least occasion These with several other customs contrary to ours do they observe amongst them which are too long to set down Nor want they fine Reasons to sustain their Customs better then ours they say we must conserve our Blood as one of the principal sustainers of our Life that we must not give a sick person that which is displeasant troublesom and sometimes affrights him to see much more to drink or eat that hot water augments the natural heat opens the conduits and quenches thirst that cold closes the Pores begets the Cough weakens the Stomach and quenches natural heat that their Vessels of which they make such esteem are necessary for many things in a Family which Precious Stones are not that their buildings may be easily taken down carried other where and erected in another manner when they will which ours cannot c. Amongst their Manners there are some very good they hate Games of Hazard they are very patient in bad fortune they maintain themselves honestly in their Poverty suffer hot themselves to be transported with Passion speak not ill of the absent know not what it is to swear lye or steal suffer easily all incommodities of heat cold famine or thirst yet all this rather to get the honor of being esteemed constant and vertuous then being so truly for they are subject to Vices as well as their Neighbors But lot us leave their Manners and speak a word of their Government which of late hath encountred a diversity and deserves to be known The general Estate of all these Isles was not long since divided into 66 Kingdoms of which the Isle of Japan alone had 47 which with some little Neighbouring Isles was made up 53 that of Ximo or Saycok had 9 according to its name and Chicock the other four The Estate of these Isles At present the order is much changed the whole Estates are fallen into the hands of one alone as it hath been formerly and is divided into 7 Provinces or principal parts and those 7 parts subdivided into many others which ought to pass under the name of Lordships some of which yet retain the name of Kingdoms others of Dutchies Principalities c. Those which command in the lesser parts are called generally Tones Caron ranges them in six different degree and calls them Kings Dukes Princes Knight-Barons Barons and Lords which according to our degrees of honour are distinguished by Kings Princes Dukes Marquisses Earls and Barons Caron makes 21 Kings some of which possess 1 or 2 and some 3 and in all 30 and odd of the 66 ancient Kingdoms After the Kings he puts 4 Dukes 6 Princes 17 Knight-Barons 50 Barons and 41 Lords giving each a Revenue of at least 100000 Livers per annum and so augmenting to the greatest to whom he gives 10 Millions and more and makes account that the Cube or Cesar of Japan spends at least 100 Millions of Crowns yearly as well in the expence of his house as in his Militia and what he disburses to the Tones The parts of Japan The names of the 7 principal parts into which the Estate of Japan is divided are Saycock Xicoco Jamasoit Jetsengo Jetsegen Quanto and Ochio Saycock with the Isles which belong to it is the nearest to China Chicock is on the East of Saycock the other five parts are in the great Island and extend themselves advancing from East to West Jamosoit being the most Western part of all and answering to the 12 Kingdoms which the King of Nangato or Amanguci hath formerly possessed Jetsenco and Jetsegen together make the middle of the great Island and apparently that which passed under the name of Tenza and contained 20 others Quanto and Ochio advance themselves from the East unto the streight of Sangaar which divides Japan from the Land of Jesso of which more anon Quanto comprehended 8 Kingdoms and Ochio the rest and in these parts there are abundance of Cities and Towns which I have observed in my Geographical Tables But because the diversity of names of Dayri or Emperor of Cube or Cesar of Tones or Kings Princes Dukes c. may breed some confusion to give a more particular knowledge we will say succinctly that before the year 1500 there was in all Japan only one Soveraign which they called Voo or Dayri that is Emperour The Isle or Land of JESSO The Isle of Jesso AFter the Isles of Japan let us speak a word of the Isle or Land of Jesso Yedzo or Jesso for divers Authors write its name differently some calling it the Isle some the Land abovesaid and to the East of Japan in the manner that the English Portugals and Hollanders deseribe it this Land must extend from Asia to America They say that from Tessoy which is the most Western point of it opposite to Coray and near Tartary advancing towards the East it is 60 days journey to the Province of Matzumay and that from Matzumay unto the most Easterly point and neerest America it is likewise 90 days journey so that it is 150 days journey from one end to the other which after only 8 Leagues a day will be 1200 of our Leagues It s breadth is not spoke of The streight of Tessoy The Streight of TESSOY which separates this Isle from Tartary hath great currents caused by the discharging of several Rivers which come rom the Northern parts and from Tartary and Jesso The other streight which separates it from America may in all likely-hood be that Anian and those two streights limit the two extremities of Jesso towards the midst must be the Province of Matzumay and apparently beyond the Streight which separates the Isle of Japan from the Land of Jesso and this streight may be called the streight of Sangaar which is the utmost East-Land of Japan The traverse or traject of this streight is not above 10 or 12 Leagues others say not above so many miles others there are affirm it no streight but an Isthmus which fixes Japan to Jesso and that both the one and the other together are but one Isle so difficult it is to find the truth of a thing so far distant This Isle or Land of JESSO is so great and vast that the Inhabitants cannot but have different manners those which are nearest Japan resembling the Japanois those which are near Tartary the Tartars and those near America their neighbouring Americans and in all likelihood they are more barbarous then all their neighbours Its Inhabitants They are all Idolaters
Aethiopian Woman which heretofore was adorned as a Rural Deity This Colossus is of a vast bigness and is made out of the natural Rock together with huge flat Stones Also the Isle and Tower of Pharos opposite to Alexandria a place of a great bigness and of great rarity and magnificence its Watch-Tower was of an exceeding great height being ascended by steps and on the top of this Tower there were placed every night abundance of Lanthorns with Lights for the direction of Sailors by reason of the dangerousness of the Sea on that Coast being so full of Flats The Egyptians instead of Letters made use of Hieroglyphicks of which Their several Hieroglyphicks an example or two shall suffice viz. For God they painted a Falcon for Eternity they painted the Sun and Moon for a Year they painted a Snake with his Tail in his Mouth for any thing that was abominable they painted a Fish with a thousand more in the like nature too tedious to name They are said to be the first that invented Arithmetick Geometry Musick Philosophy Physick and by reason of the perpetual serenity of the Air found out the course of the Sun Moon and Stars their Constellations Risings Settings Aspects and Influences dividing by the same Years into Moneths grounding their divinations upon their hidden properties Also the first Necromancers and Sorcerers These People are much given to Luxury prone to Innovations Cowardly Cruel Faithless Crafty and Covetous much addicted to Fortune telling wandring from one Countrey to another by which cheating tricks they get their livelihood But these people are not the same as the ancient Inhabitants were being a Misceline of other Nations as aforesaid these People not addicting themselves to Arts or Letters as the former did They are of a mean stature active of a tawny complexion but indifferently well featured and their Women fruitful in Children sometime bringing two or three at a time Their habit is much after the Turkish dress Their habit in which they are not over curious They have in this Countrey a Race of Horses which for one property may be esteemed the best in the World that is they will run without eating or drinking one jot four daies and nights together And there are some Egyptians which with the help of a Sway bound about their body and carrying with them a little Food to eat are able to ride them For shape these Horses do not surpass others and for this property they are held so rare and esteemed at three years of age to be worth 1000 pieces of Eight and sometimes more And for this breed of Horses there are Officers appointed to look after them and to see the Foles of them and to register them in a book with the colour c. which they receive from the testimony of credible persons to avoid cheats But these Horses are not fit for any other then such a Sandy Countrey by reason of their tender feet But let us come to the Nile which is the principal piece in all Egypt I hold it for one of the most considerable Rivers of the World The length of it course and the divers Mouths by which it discharges it self into the Sea Its inundation at a perfixed time the quality of its Waters and the fertility and richness it leaves where it passes are my inducing Reasons It begins towards the Tropick of Capricorn ends on this side that of Cancer running for the space of above 45 degrees of Latitude which are 11 or 1200 Leagues in a streight line and more then 2000 in its course crosses a great Lake embraces the fairest River Island and waters the richest Valley we have knowledge of Among its Inhabitants this is particular that naturally some are black and some white and that in the same time the one have their Summer or their Winter when the others which is not known elsewhere have their Winter or their Summer It s true Spring is likewise almost unknown it is certain that the River that comes out of the Lake of Zair and takes its course towards the North is that which we call the Nile But this Lake receives a number of Rivers which descend from the Mountains of the Moon To tell whether any of these Rivers bears the name of Nile and which they be cannot be done Though there have been Kings of Egypt Roman Emperors Sultans and Kings of Portugal which have made the search In sum and according to Ptolomy who hath said as much as any hitherto it must be that most advanced towards the South and which washes at present the City of Zambery crosses the Lake of the same name or of Zair the City of Zair being likewise on the same Lake At the coming out of the Lake the Nile passes between the Kingdoms of Damont and Goyame in the Abissines receives a little on this side the Equator the Zafflan which comes out of the Lake of Zafflan near the Isle of Mero or Gueguere the Cabella or Taguezzi which descends from the Lake of Barcena and at the entrance into Egypt of the River Nubia which crosses Nubia and comes from Saara and Billedulgerid and apparently answers to that which Juba believed to be the true Nile These 3 Rivers are the greatest of all those which disburthen themselves in the Nile and carry a great many others But in Egypt the Nile remains alone passes between two ranks of Mountains approaching the Sea the Valley enlarges and the Nile divides it self into many Branches and glides by many Mouths to the Sea The Ancients made account of seven nine or more now except in the time of Inundation there are only two principal ones which pass by Rosetto and Damiata and three lesser by Turbet Bourles and Maala These not being Navigable but during the Inundation the others always This Inundation of the Nile is wonderful some attribute it to certain Etesian winds that is North-West which repulse the current and make it swell Others to the quantity of Snows which melt and to the continual Rains which fall there where the Nile hath its beginnings or there where it passes Others will have the Ocean then to swell and under ground communicate its waters to the Nile c. But there are so many different opinions touching the cause of this Inundation and so many Reasons are given pro and con that a whole treatise might be made of it This Inundation begins about the sixteenth or seventeenth of June It s Inundation and effects increases for the space of forty daies and decreases for other 40 days so that its greatest height is about the end of July and it ends about the beginning of September If it begins sooner or later which is observed by certain Pillars in the Towns and particularly in the Castle of Rhoda which stands in a little Isle opposite to old Cairo and where the Bassa resides during the solemnity of opening the Channel which passes through and fills the Cisterns of
of Ships in like manner are they found in the Gulph or Bay of St. Laurence Besides the Cod-fish here are other sorts of Fish in great plenty as Thornback Ling Salmons Oysters c. The greatest of these Isles and which commonly takes the name of New-found-land is 4 or 5 Leagues circuit It is scituate betwixt the degrees of 46 and 53 of Northern Latitude and is severed from the Continent of America by an Arm of the Sea and is distant from England about 600 Leagues A Country ill-inhabited towards the East and South the Inhabitants being retired farther within Land but the English have of late settled some Colonies to maintain their Fishing-Trade Its Inhabitants The Natives are of a reasonable good Stature and well proportioned but full-ey'd broad-faced beardless and of an Oker complexion not over ingenious their Houses are very mean and their Apparel and Furniture worse The Country being for the generality reputed fertil if well cultivated and would yield good Grains is enriched by Nature with plenty of Fish Fowl and wild Beasts and is blest with a wholsom Air though the rigour of the Winter season and the excess of Heats in Summer do something detract from its due praise East of New-found-land is a great Bank a thing as remarkable as any in all Canada This Bank is much different from those which are covered with Water when the Sea is high uncovered and dry on an Ebb Saylors must shun such Banks like death This which we now speak of is like a Country overflown always covered with the Sea and having at least 20 30 or 40 Fathom water for the depth is unequal Off from this Bank on all sides the Sea is no less than 200 Fathom deep and yet this Bank is 200 Leagues long 20 25 and sometimes 50 broad It is on this Bank that the New-found-landers that is those Ships that go to fish for Cods of New-found-land do for the most part stop and make their freight About this great Bank and more towards the Main Land than the Ocean there are some others much less but of the same nature It is almost incredible how many Nations and of each how many Sail of Ships go yearly to fish for these Cods with the prodigious quantity they take a Man being able to take 100 of them in the space of an hour The manner of Fishing They fish with Hooks which are no sooner thrown into the Sea but the greedy Fish snapping the Bait is taken by the Hook and drawn on Ship-board they lay him presently on a Plank one cuts off his head another guts it and takes out its biggest bones another salts and barrels it c. Which being thus ordered is hence transported by the English and other European Nations into all parts of Europe as also into the other three parts of the World They Fish only in the day time the Cod as they say not biting in the night nor doth this Fishing last all Seasons but begins a little before Summer and ends with September In Winter the Fish retires to the bottom of the deep Sea where Storms and Tempests have no power Another kind of Fishing Near New-found-land there is another kind of fishing for the same Fish which they call dried Fish as the other green Fish The Ships retire into some Port and every Morning send forth their Shallops one two or three Leagues into the Sea which fail not to have their load by Noon or a little after They bring them to Land lay them on Tables or Planks and order it as the other but after the Fish hath been some days in salt they take it forth exposing it to the Air and Wind lay it again in heaps and return it from time to time to the open Air till it be dry That this Fish may be good it must be dried in a good and temperate Air Mists moisten it and make it rot the Sun hardens it and makes it yellow At the same time they fish for Cods green or dry the Fishers have the pleasure of taking Fowl without going forth of their Vessels They take them with a Line as they do fish baiting the Hook with the Cods Liver these Fowl being so greedy that they come by flocks and fight who shall get the Bait first which soon proves its death and one taken the Hook is no sooner thrown out again but another is catch'd in the like nature But enough of these and of Cod-fishing In the year 1623 Sir George Calvert Knight the Principal Secretary of State and afterwards Lord Baltimore obtained a Patent of part of New-found-land which was erected into the Province of Avalon where he settled a Plantation and erected a stately House and Fort at Ferry-land where he dwelt some time And after his death it fell to his Son the Right Honourable Caecilius late Lord Baltimore also Proprietor of Mary-land CANADA taken particularly is on the Right hand and towards the lower part of the great River The River Canada and its name is communicated both to the River and Neighbouring Country This River is the largest of America Septentrionalis and one of the fairest in the World It is about 200 Fathom deep and at its Mouth 30 Leagues broad It s course according to the report of those of the Country is already known for 4 or 500 Leagues and there is some likelyhood that we may in the end discover that the Lake which seems to be its head-Spring disburthens it self into the Sea by two or three different courses one towards us which is that of Canada another towards the West and above California the third towards the North and into the Christian Sea and that the Mouth of this may shew us the way we have so long sought to go to the East-Indies by the West People with whom the French Trade Their Colonies The People with whom the French trade here are the Canadans the Hurons the Algonquins the Attiquameques Nipisiriniens Montagnets those of Saguenay Acadia c. And to this purpose they have divers Colonies on the great River at Tadousac at Quebeck at Three-Rivers at Sillery at Richelieu at Montreal and without the Bay of Chaleur at Miscou at Port-Royal c. This Trade is only managed by Exchange they give the Skins of Bevers Otters Martles Sea-Wolfes c. for Bread Pease Beans Plumbs Kettles Cauldrons Hatchets Arrow-heads Pinchers Coverlids c. But to instruct them in Christianity many Ecclesiasticks of Religious Orders have had divers disbursements and residences likewise an Hospital and Seminary of Vrsilines The Jesuits have the chief care of these Houses North of Canada is ESTOTTILAND Estottiland or TERRADE LABRADOR near Hudsons Streight it is called sometimes the Land of Cortereal and sometimes new Britany however I esteem it a part of new France the Country is Mountainous Woody full of wild Beasts well furnished with Rivers rich in Metals of a fertil Soil in most places and would produce