is very good for them that are Masters or Pylotes of shippes to note when they doe fall with any lande where the Compasse is varied to make a remembrance in a booke howe many poyntes and degrees the CoÌ„passe is varied in euery place where they come vnto which will be a great helpe for them to finde that place agayne And to finde the variation it is declared in the 6. Chapter And héere I leaue to trouble thée any further for this time but shortly after this looke for two other workes of myne the one called The shoting in great Ordinance an other named A Treasure for Trauellers which two Bookes will be profitable I trust for all men If these my labours may profite my Countrey then haue I my desire And thus I bid thee moste hartily farewell 8. Capitall or head pointes 8. Inferior pointes or winds 16. by pointes or windes Thenames of the .32 pointes of the coÌ„paâ—se The contents of the Equinoctiall circle 360. degres one point of the coÌ„passe contayneth 11. degrees and a quarter The .32 pointes brought into .24 houres The cause why that it was called the Pryme or Golden number To knowe howe many the Epact is The pryme is the time of .19 yeres To knowe the age of the Moone by the number of the Epact To knowe the alteration of the â—ides in .24 houres An ensample for the full Sea vppon the â—â—nds end â–ª for euery day of the age of the Moone To shift the Sunne and Moone by the points of the compasse The contente of the numbre of dayes and houres in one moone the houres in euery mone be .708.44 minuts The contente of a year is .365 dayes .5 hours .55 Minuts How the mooneths tooke their names The Zodiack conteyneth .360 degrees The moouing of .24 houres The tyme that the Moone goeth thorow the .12 signes The .3 motions of the Moone Of Auge The cause why the Moone chaungeth rather or later The mone goeth in .24 hours somtimes more degrees and sometime fewer degrees The moue is not one point asunder from the Sunne in .24 houres The mone is in .24 houres a point and .11 minuts asunder froÌ„ the Sunne Error of Marriners It will now a point of the compasse more in the spring tides than in the neap tides in a Riuer that hath any distance vnto the Sea. To know how long the Mone shineth To knowe what houre or point the Moone ryseth or setteth To knowe what houre the Moone is South for euery day of the age of the Moone Of the chaunge Of the full Moone Quarter of the Moon Ensample of the moones rysing setting The Mone hath latitude You cannot know what a clock it is by the compasse the Sun being in the north signes Error of the shadow of the Moonâ— The Equinoctiall dyals be very good As touching the length and shortnesse of the day and night Euery person cannot calculate the Sunnes declination Two times in the yeare the Sunne hath no declination 1573. How to obserue the sun To take the heigth of the Sunne with the crosse staffe The cause why the crosse staffe is best to take the heigth of the Sun vnto 50 degrees To take the heigth of the Sun with the Astrolobe Howe to correct your Astrolobe if it dothe nor hang vpright The Astrolobe is best to take the heigth of the Sunne at .60.70 or .80 degrees in heigth How to preserue your eyes when you touch the Sunne with the crosse staffe and haue no glasses The diameter of the Sunne is 30. or .31 minuts Some error in the crosse staffe and how to reforme it To get the true Meridian vpon the Land. To knowe the true Meridian at the Sea and also if your compas be varied and to know how much they be varied To find the variation of the compas in the night by the Starres but not by the Moone â–ª Medell not with your compasse al though it be varied To saile by the compas that is varied As touching Longitude to be found by the Northeasting or Northwesting of the compasse The greatest declination of the Sunne Equinoctiall of Autumne The greatest declination to the South The yeare is compared vnto a ring or an adder biting his tayle The heigth of the Sun being taken and knoweÌ„ then how to handle the declinatioÌ„ to know the heigth of the pole Things to be noted as touching the taking of the altitude of the pole A thing to be noted Altitude or Latitude is all one question in effect Being vnder the Equinoctiall you haue neither Latitude nor altitude for that the Equinoctiall is your Zenith and the Poles your Horizon Of your zenith being betweene the Equinoctiall and the Sunne An ensaÌ„ple An ensaÌ„ple where the pole is .10 degrees aboue the Horizon An ensaÌ„ple To take the Sun to the Northwardes you being betweene the south Pole and the Equinoctiall An ensaÌ„ple by taking the South pole 41. degrees aboue the Horizon An ensaÌ„ple by taking the north pole 60. degrees aboue the Horizon A thing to be noted in the handling of the SuÌ„nes declination Howe to know whiche of the .2 poles be vnder the horizon The cause why english meÌ„ haue not traueled far beyonde the Equinoctiall An vntemperat place for extreme heate Temperate clymate Of being vnder either of the poles Of taking the heigth of the sun due north at the lowest A thing worthy to be noted as touching the sunnes declination A thing to be noted of the pole and the Equinoctiall the Zenith and the Horizon The Sun taken due North at .6 degrees Of viages for discouery to the Northwards eyther to the Eastward by Noua Zemla or to the West ward by cape de Paramantia Of temperatenesse the pole being raysed 80. degrees The length of the paralele at .80 degrees is but .1250 english leagues How necessary it is for a Seafaring man to know the leÌ„gth of the day Vnder the Equinoctial the day is always .12 houres loÌ„g The pole 16. degrees 44. minuts the day .13 houres long when it is at the loÌ„gest â–ª The pole 30. degrees 48. minuts the longest day .14 houres loÌ„g The pole 41. degrees 23. minutes the longest day .15 houres loÌ„g The pole raised .49 deg 1. mi. then the longest day is 16. houres long The pole raised .54 deg 30. mi. then the longest daye is 17. houres long The pole raysed .58 deg 27. mi. the longest day is .18 houres long The pole raysed .61 deg 18. mi. the longest day is .19 houres long The Pole 63. deg 2. mi. the longest day .20 hours long The pole raysed .64 degrees .49 minutes the longest day 11. houres long The pole 65. degrees the longest day .22 houres loÌ„g The pole 66. degrees 20. minutes the longest day .23 houres loÌ„g The pole 66. degrees 32. minutes then the Sun shall not set vnto them The Sun clean aboue the Horizon due North and not to appeare aboue the Horizon South at noone To knowe the length of the
men are very many times deceyued where it dothe flowe an East and West Moone or any poynt betwéene the Southeast and Northeast Bicause in setting the Moone with their compasse beeing in the North signes she séemeth to be East by the Compasse when she is neare the East Southeast in hir course and in like manner when the Moone seemeeth West by the compasse she shall be a little more than West Southwest in hir course which is a very perilous matter vnto them that should put into a tide harborowe or hauen where he knoweth there is water inough for him if that he dothe come at a full Sea and then by the error of the Moones shadowe of the compasse he is deceyued and when he findeth the error he thinketh that the cause thereof commeth by the occasion of some storme of wynde that is lyke to followe imputing vnto it that the tyde dothe not kéepe hys course whereas the very cause groweth by no other meanes but of receyuing a false shadowe by the Horizontall compasse and especially if the Moone be neare hir greatest declination vnto the North partes that is in the signe of Gemini and Cancer And also that effect is most preferred if the Dragons head be in the beginning of the signe of Aries for that then if the Moone be in the beginning of Cancer she shall haue .5 degrées more in declination from the Equinoctiall than the sunne shall haue at their greatest declination vnto the North partes so that reseruing the Moones Paralex which is according vnto the Latitude of any place that the Moone shal be declined .28 degrées and a halfe vnto the North part of the Equinoctiall so that for auoyding of these infirmities I woulde wishe them to vse the Equinoctiall dials And furthermore I do thinke that the Equinoctiall dials be not vsed amongst our Mariners héere in Englande for that the charges is so muche in the making of them yet it serueth no other turne but to know the houre of the day to shew the true shadowe of the Moone I haue not knowne theÌ„ vsed by any English Master or Pylot but only by one man which person had not it for the proper vse therof but rather had it to say that he had suche an instrument as no English man had the like to bragge that he had such an instrument that he could do great feates therewith in the going of long viages c. I would haue no man offended with me I know the nature and qualitie of some that take charge they will haue instruments other things thervnto apperteyning yet they theÌ„ selues do not know the vse of theÌ„ yet they will seeme to be cunning that they néede no instructioÌ„s of any man for that they know all things yet in respect know nothing But notwithstanding I would wish them that be Sea faring men to vse them selues to the Equinoctiall dials for that they doe serue two notable turnes as well at home in these our chanels as also in long viages they may make them with a very easie charge for whereas in the Arte of Nauigation it is shewed howe to make them in brasse they may make them with wood in this manner take a péece of bordes ende of sixe inches broad more or lesse at your discretion and halfe an inche in thicknesse then hauing cutte it rounde and playned it smoothe you maye eyther graue in it the .32 poyntes of the compasse or else paynt them vpon it with some colours with the .24 houres vpon bothe the sides as this figure sheweth The Equinoctiall Diall The vse of this Diall is moste necessarie in a shippe for that you haue occasions to transporte your selues into all the clymates And to know the true houre of the day doe this set this Diall by your compasse the Directer vnto the Southewardes and then you knowing how hie the pole is aboue the Horizon set the ende of the wyer right against that degrée in the directer and the other ende of the wier will poynt iuste vnto the pole then looke what shadowe the wyer doth giue by the Sunne that is the true houre of the daye In lyke manner you may know the true houre of the night by the Moones shadowe and also the Moone will giue a true shadowe of hir place c. ¶ The .22 Chapter treateth of the soundings commyng from any place out of the Occident Sea to seeke Vshant or the Lyzarde and so all alongst till you come to the coaste of Flaunders with other necessarie matters to be knowne to them that be Channellers that doth occupie or deale amongst sandes bankes or such other like BIcause it is necessarie to be had in memorie for that it is a dauÌ„gerous place to hitte or fall with to enter into the Sleue comming homewardes out of Spaine or Portugall or from Barbarie or any other place from the Southwards a shippe that commeth froÌ„ any such place to séeke the I le of Vshant or the Lizarde in this roote of sounding of a â—00 or .90 fadoms shall finde bigge soundings and shall be neare aboute to the seames In the roote of .80 fadoms you shal find cockle shelles and dentes in the talow of the leade in this sounding holde on your course to the North till you chaunge sounding then if you be at .60 or .64 fadom you shall finde small sand and Mathey grounde and shall be neare the coaste of Vshant If you haue time and day goe séeke it in the Northeast and you shall be aboute .10 leagues from the I le If you come making your course aboute Basefréede you shall finde course sande red and browne and you shall haue sounding at .40 fadom if you be towardes the banke of Silley you shall haue soundings at 86. or .90 fadom you shall finde in the tallow stonie ground and shall be well shotte towards the banke of Silley When you be at .80 fadome you shall finde small blacke sande and shall be well towardes the Lizarde When you be at .60 or 64. fadome you shall finde white sande white softe wormes and shall be verie nie to the Lizarde Betwéene the cape of Cornewall and Vshant amidde the channell you shall finde 70. fadome neare inough Betwéene Dodman the Forne in the channell you shall haue .40 or .50 fadome If you be thwarte of Plimmouth or the Starte you shal finde streamie ground dentes in the tallowe soundings .41 or .42 fadoms At the coÌ„ming from Portland you shall haue .35 fadoms and small shingels And when you be nie to Portland .30 fadoms stones like beanes this sounding will last till S. Aldam in the sayd soundings you shall find white stones like brokeÌ„ Aules other that be bigger then you shal be thwarte of S. Aldam or of the I le of Wight Two or 3. leagues froÌ„ the I le of Wight you shall finde .25 fadome with dentes
FINIS The Kalender Ianuary hath .xxxj. dayes 3 1 A Newyeres day  2 b Octa. Stepha 11 3 c Octa. Iohn  4 d Octa. Inno. 19 5 e Thelosopho vi 8 6 f Twelfth day  7 g Iulian mart 16 8 A Seuerine bish 5 9 b Martian Virg.  10 c Paule first â—er 13 11 d Sun in Aquari 2 12 e Satire Mar.  13 f Oct. Epiphani 10 14 g Isidore martyr  15 A Maurice 18 16 b Anthonie Abbot 7 17 c Marcelle bish  18 d Prisce Virg. 15 19 e Mari. and his fel. 4 20 f Fabian and Sa.  21 g Agnus virg 12 22 A Vincent mar 1 23 b Emerice  24 c Timothie disci 9 25 d Con. of Paule  26 e Policarp mart 17 27 f Chrysost Doct. 6 28 g Theodore  29 A Valerie bish 14 30 b Tran. S. Mark. 3 31 c Ciri and Ian. February hath .xxviij. dayes and in the yere of Bissextilis .xxix. dayes  1 d Briget Fast 11 2 e Purific of Mary 19 3 f Blase mart 8 4 g Gilbert confes  5 A Agathe virgin 16 6 b Dorothe virgin 5 7 c Amandus bish  8 d Salomon 13 9 e Sun in Pisces 2 10 f Sother bishop  11 g  10 12 A Eufrase virgin  13 b Valentine bishop 18 14 c Faustine bishop 7 15 d Iulian virg  16 e Constance virgin 15 17 f Simeon martyr 4 18 g Gabine Priest  9 A  12 20 b 60. Martyres 1 21 c 70. Martyres  22 d Peters chayre 9 23 e Sirener Fast  24 f Mathie Apostle 17 25 g Policar bishop 6 26 A Victor and his fel.  27 b Augustine bishop 14 28 c Oswald bishop Marche hath .xxxj. dayes 3 1 d Dauid bishop  2 e Basilic mart 11 3 f Maxime mart  4 g Lucius mart 19 5 A Focius mart 8 6 b Vict. and Venin  7 c Tho. de Aquin. 16 8 d Apoline mart 5 9 e 40. Martyres  â—0 f Gregorie bishop 13 11 g Sun in Aries 2 12 A Zacharie bish  13 b Longine mart 10 14 c Patricius bish  15 d Gertrude vir 18 16 e Anselme 7 17 f Edward king  18 g Ioseph spon 15 19 A Cutbert bishop 4 20 b Benedict Ab.  21 c Astrodose bishop 12 22 d Pigâ—ent bish 1 23 e Theodore  24 f Fast 9 25 g Annun of Mary  26 A Castore mart 17 27 b Iohn Heremi 6 28 c Dorothe mart  29 d Eustace 14 30 e Sabine vir 3 31 f Balbine vir Aprill hath .xxx dayes  1 g Theodore virg 11 2 A Mary Egypti 19 3 b Richarde bish 8 4 c Ambrose bish  5 d Marci and Ma. 16 6 e Sextus mart 5 7 f Euphemi vir  8 g Denise mart 13 9 A Perpetuns bish 2 10 b Marcus mart  11 c Sun in Taurus 10 12 d Appoline mart  13 e Sother martyr 18 14 f Tyburt mart 7 15 g Osmond bishop  16 A Isidore bishop 15 17 b Anicete bishop 4 18 c Eluther bishop  19 d Tiburtius con 12 20 e Hermâ—genes 1 21 f Quintine  22 g Clete bishop 9 23 A Gorge mart  24 b Wilfride cen 17 25 c Marke Euan. 6 26 d Anastate bish  27 e Vitalis mart 14 28 f Peter of Mi. 3 29 g Clete bishop  30 A Dep. of Erker May hath .xxxj. dayes 11 1 b Philip and Iacob  2 c Athanasius bish 19 3 d Inu of the crosse 8 4 e Christopher  5 f S. Augustine 16 6 g Iohn port lat 5 7 A Iohn of Beuer.  8 b Appe of Mich. 13 9 c Trans of Ni. 2 10 d Gordiane  11 e Sun in Gemini 10 12 f Victorius mart  13 g Seruacius conf 18 14 A Boniface mart 7 15 b Sophia virgin  16 c Brandon bishop 15 17 d Trans of Bar. 4 18 e Dioscor mart  19 f  12 20 g Dunstan con 1 21 A Barnardine  22 b Helene queene 9 23 c Petronill  24 d Iulian virg 17 25 e Desiderie mart 6 26 f Adelme conf  27 g  14 28 A Germaine bish 3 29 b Necomede  30 c Corone martyr 11 31 d Felix bishop Iune hath xxx dayes 19 1 e Nicodeme 8 2 f Erasmus  3 g Basill 16 4 A Marcel martyr 5 5 b Petrocius con  6 c Boniface bish 13 7 d Medard and Gil. 2 8 e Trans Edmond  9 f Yuan conf 10 10 g Tran. of Wol.  11 A Barnabe Apo. 18 12 b Sun in Taurus 7 13 c Anthonie conf  14 d Basilides conf 15 15 e Vate modeste 4 16 f Trans Richar.  17 g Botulphe conf 12 18 A Exuperie bish 1 19 b Geruasius mar  20 c Trans Edwar. 9 21 d Walburge virg  22 e Albane mart 17 23 f Fast 6 24 g Iohn baptist  25 A Trans of Elig 14 26 b Iohn and Pa. 3 27 c Crescent mart  28 d Fast 11 29 e Peter and Paule  30 f  Iuly hath .xxxj. dayes 19 1 g Octa. Iohn Bap. 8 2 A Visit of Mary  3 b Gregerie bishop 16 4 c Domitius mart 5 5 d Parthene con  6 e Procope mart 13 7 f Zenone mart 2 8 g Paternian Bish  9 A Pius bishop 10 10 b Dog dayes be  11 c Hexâ—aco sor 18 12 d Anaclete bishop 7 13 e Quirine and Iu.  14 f Sun in Leâ— 15 15 g Marine Vir. 4 16 A Symph cum 7.  17 b Arlene herem 12 18 c Praxede vir 1 19 d Margar. vir  20 e Praxede vir 9 21 f Appoline bishop  22 g Mary Magda 17 23 A Christian 6 24 b Fast  25 t Iames Apostle 14 26 d Anne mo of Ma. 3 27 e Panthaleon  28 f Sampson bish 11 29 g Marie virgin  30 A Abbon and Sen. 19 31 b German bishop August hath .xxxj dayes 8 1 c Lammas 16 2 d Steuen bishop 5 3 e Finding of Ste.  4 f Iustine Priest 13 5 g Festum niuis 2 6 A Trans domi  7 b Feast of Iesu 10 8 c Cirack his fel.  9 d Roman mart 18 10 e Laurence mart 7 11 f Tiburt and Su.  12 g Clare virgin 15 13 A Ypolite virgin 4 14 b Sun in Virgo  15 c Assump of Mary 12 16 d Roche confess 1 17 e Octa. Laurence  18 f Agapite mart 9 19 g Lewes bishop  20 A Dog dayes ende 17 21 b Anastase mart 6 22 c Timo. and Hip.  23 d Eleazor Fast 14 24 e Barthol Apostle 3 25 f Lewes king  26 g Zepherine bish 11 27 A Rusus mar 19 28 b Augustine bish  29 c Iohns behead 8 30 d Felix and Audact  31 e Cuthbur virg September hath .xxx dayes 16 1 f Giles Abbot 5 2 g Anthony mart  3 A Eupheme 13 4 b Moyses Pro. 2 5 c Venturine  6 d Zacharie pro. 10 7 e Enurce bishop  8 f Natiuitie of Ma. 18 9 g Gorgone mart 7 10 A Nicholas de
this manner Holde the King of the Astrolobe vpon one of your fingers and turne the Alhidada vppe and downe vntill you see the shadowe of the Sunne pearse or passe thorough bothe the sightes thereof being sure that the Astrolobe dothe hang vpryght whiche you may proue in this manner Looke at howe many degrées and minutes the Alhidada dothe stande vppon the Astrolobe then turne the Alhidada vnto the same number of the degrées and minutes on the other side of the Astrolobe and then taking the heigth of the Sunne againe if it doe agree as it did before then the Astrolobe dothe hang vpright but if it doe not then it dothe not hang vpright For knowledge of the true heigth of the Sun the Astrolobe not hanging vpright do thus if the Astrolobe be truely marked marke the diuersitie that being knowne rebate from the greatest heigth halfe the diuersitie or else adde vnto the lesser heigth halfe the diuersitie and that shall be the true heigth of the Sunne although that the Astrolobe doth not hang vpright The Astrolobe is best to take the heigth of the Sun if the Sunne be very high at .60.70 or .80 degrées and the cause is this the Sunne comming so néere vnto your Zenith hathe great power of light for to pearce the .2 sights of the Alhidada of the Astrolobe and then it is not good to vse the crosse staffe for that the Sunne hurteth the eyes of a man and besides that it is to high to occupy the crosse staffe as before is declared so that this way you may very much preserue your eyes If you haue not glasses vpon your staffe to saue your eyes in taking the heigth of the Sunne but be vnprouided of them do thus take and couer the Sunne with the end of the transitorie of the crosse staffe vnto the very vpper edge or brinke of the Sunne so shall you not néede to beholde the brightnesse of it and with the other end of the transitorie to take the horizon truely and that being done for that the Sunne is .30 or .31 minuts in diameter or bredth therefore you shall rebate .15 minutes from the altitude or heigthe of the Sunne and then that whiche shall remaine shall be the true heigth of the Sunne from the center or middle of the Sunne And furthermore there is some error in the taking the Sunne or Starre with the Ballastel or crosse staffe and that groweth by this meanes for that the true center which is the sight of the eye is within in the middle of the eye and not in the outside of the eye so that the end of the long staffe in the setting of it vnto the corner of your eye dothe stande somewhat further out than the sight of your eye that is too saye that the sighte of the eye is somewhat further into the head than the ende of the staffe dothe come wherefore you must pare away a little of the ende of the staffe for some mens vses more and some mens vses lesse for that it is according as you may set the staffe vnto your eye for some mē neede pare away little or nothing and some men must pare away .14 or .15 minutes as you may set the staffe bycause some mens eyes be further into their head than other some mens are and the bones of some mens face stand further out than other some do It is moreouer conuenient to know the true meridian or South whiche you must do either with a good compasse or with a perfyte diall or Néedel but if you be on the land this you may do on a péece of timber or any other thing that standeth fast with a paire of compasses make a circle then in the midle or center where the foote of the compasse did stand set a wire vpright as circumspectly as you can and then you may do this looke in the morning so it be on plaine ground that you may sée the horizon circle without any let at the Sunne rising for the shadow of the wier and there set a pricke then at the setting of the Sunne you shall set another pricke euen at the circumference of the circle then deuide that with your compasses euen in .2 peeces and strike a straight line from the wier or center of the circle to the middle or deuided prick that shal be true meridian Or else the wier standing vpright first in the fore noone when the top of the wier doth touch or is ready to come into the circumference or edge of the circle there make a pricke then in the after noone in like manner at the very comming out or touching of the wyer of the edge of the circle there make an other pricke euen with the comming out of the shadow this done as circumspectly as you can deuide these 2. prickes in the midle then as before is said drawe a line frō the center or wier to the midle pricke and that shadow shal be your true meridian After another manner you may doe this looke and watch when the wyer giueth the shortest shadowe and there make a pricke then draw a line from that prick to the wyer which shadow shall be the true meridian And yet furthermore for that it is most cōuenient to know the true Meridian at the Sea bicause in long viages going far vnto the Westward or Eastward the compasse doth varie to find the true Meridian do this Set the Sunne with your compasse at hir rising or appearing aboue the horizon then knowing what point part the Sunne doth rise at set the Sun with your compas at hir setting or departing vnder the horizō that being known you shal perfitly know whether the compas be varied how much for ensample this I doe set the Sun at hir rising with the compas she doth rise vpō the East point in like maner also I do set the Sun with hir compas at hir setting do find hir to set West Northwest so I do sée the compas to be varied one pointe that is to say the North point doth stand North and by East c. And furthermore for that seldome times the Sun dothe rise and set cleere by the meanes of the cloudes and other impediments néere the horizon you may get the true Meridian thus at any time in the fore noone first set the Sunne with your compas and then take the true heigth of the Sunne Now you knowing how many degrées the Sun was high at that point of the compas may in like maner obserue the Sunne in the afternoone vntill you do find the Sun iust at that heigth that it was in the forenoone marking at what point of the compas the Sunne is and so shall you see perfitely whether the compas be varied or no and also howe much for ensample thus I take the Sun vpon the Southest poynt .20 degrees aboue the horison then in the after noone I do obserue the Sun vntil such time as
declination to knowe the heigth of the Pole to take the Sun North at the lowest do this First with your crosse staffe obserue the Sun at the lowest taking the true distance betwéene the Horizon and the Sunne that being truely done looke what declination the Sunne hath then haue you to consider that except the Sunne be neare vnto hir greatest declination that is to say in the latter end of Gemini or the beginning of Cancer the Sunne dothe decline little in .24 houres but if the declination be very swift you must séeke the Sunnes declination vpon the day before and the daye after halfe the diuersitie of whych shall be the Sunnes declination for that the sunne is at the angle of mydnight The Sunnes true declination being knowne rebate the heigth of the same from the declination of the Sunne so shal you haue the true contente in degrées and minuts that the Equinoctiall is vnder the Horizon due North and then pulling that sum from .90 that which remaineth shal be the heigth of the pole aboue the Horizon for as it is before declared looke what heigth the Equinoctial is aboue the Horizon that is equal the distance betweene the Pole and the Zenith and looke what distance is betwéene the Equinoctiall and the Zenith the same distaunce is betwéene the Pole and the Horizon in like manner looke howe deepe vnder the Horizon the Equinoctiall is vnto the Northwards so far equall is the heigth of the Equinoctial vnto the southwards As for ensample admit I were vnto the Northwards of the North cape the Sun being in hir greatest declination vnto the Northwards whiche is about the .11 day of Iune .23 degrees and neere a halfe this being knowen I take the Sunne due North at the lowest iust .6 degrées aboue the Horizon the declination being .23 degrees and .28 minutes Wherefore I rebate from that .6 degrees and so there remayneth .17 degrées and .28 minutes For the depth of the Equinoctiall vnder the Horizon and then do I pull that summe from .90 and there remayneth 72. degrées .32 minutes for the true heigth of the North pole aboue the Horizon as by this ensample it is declared By this ensample you may also know the true heigth of any of the .2 poles and how to obserue the Sunne at the lowest when the Sunne commeth neerest vnto the Horizon as well as you may when the Sunne is vpon the Meridian at the greatest heigth from the Horizon which is very necessary for them that do occupy vnto the Northwardes of Sainct Nicholas in Rousey it is also very necessary for them that would attempt any viages of discouery vnto the Northwards as into the East by Noua Zemla or to the West by cape de Paramantia on the backe side of the North part of the tayle of America other wise called the backe side of Vacula whiche if it were attempted there is no doubt but they shoulde finde it nauigable eyther to the East parte or to the West part and I am of this opinion that the thing moste feared in making their discoucry vnto the Northward deserueth not so greatly to be feared as they do make it the cause why they are so loth to go very farre vnto the Northwards is for that it is the frosen zone but my opinion is that in sommer tyme it is not to be feared but the further vnto the Northwardes the more temperate warme by meanes of the long continuaunce of the Sunne for as we sée by common experience that a thing once being made warme cannot sodenly be made cold neither is there doubt of any great cold vntill the Sunne be vnto the Southwards of the Equinoctiall for I admit that a ship should sayle vnto the Northward and not stay vntill the North pole were eleuated .80 degrees aboue the Horizon I do thinke then they should find it very temperate and warme vnto the midle of September for that by the space of .9 wéekes togyther that is to say from the .10 day of May vnto the 12. day of Iuly the Sun should come no neerer vnto the Horizon due North than .10 degrees or .30 degrees vnto the South part aboue the Horizon and yet it is possible that it may be cold there vntill the ende of May for that the Sunne must haue a time to make the aire warme For like as a thing once béeing colde cannot bée sodaynely made warme so in like manner a place being once made warme cannot bée sodainely made colde And furthermore he that were in the Latitude of .80 degrées shoulde haue but a short paralele for the whole compasse of the earth and Sea going East and West too come rounde about to that place agayne in the same paralele is but .1250 english leagues euery league conteining .3 englishe miles So that in sayling of lesse than 500. or .600 leagues they myght sée whether it were nauigable or not The eleuenth Chapter doth shew hovv you shall knovve the length of the day and to knowe how much the day is shortened or lengthened by the Sunnes declination NOwe I thinke it conuenient for Seafaring men too knowe the length of the daye in anye place that they haue occasion too go vntoo for that they haue occasion too trauell intoo all the climates and places transporting them selues manye tymes quickly from one place vntoo another and although the aunciente writers haue appoynted certayne climates and other late writers in lyke manner haue made tables very exact for the longest or shortest day in anye of those climates and other places according to the eleuation of the pole yet haue they not opened anye waye vntoo them in gyuing anye order for them to knowe when the days is an houre longer or shorter whereby they might at all times knowe the length of the day which notwithstanding is very necessary for them for that they be abroade vnder sayle bothe night and day and in like manner for that they must kéepe account of houres and times exactly in as muche as they ought to kéepe an account of the shippes way wherefore it must néedes be most necessary for nauigation to knowe the true time of the Sunne rising and setting whiche you shall knowe by this meanes first this is not vnknowne that vnder the Equinoctiall the Sunne is .12 houres aboue the Horizon and .12 houres vnder the Horizon what declination soeuer the Sunne hath so that there the Sunne ryseth at .6 of the clocke and setteth at .6 of the clocke for euer And where the pole is raysed .16 degrees and .44 minutes there the longest day is .13 houres the Sunne hauing hir greatest declination at .23 degrées .28 minutes and the shortest day is 11. houres long and then looke when the Sunne hath declined .23 degrées and a halfe eyther backwards or forwardes for then the day is an houre longer or shorter and proportionably when the Sunne hath declined .11 degrées .44 minutes then it