both_o after_o the_o set_n and_o before_o the_o rise_n of_o the_o sun_n of_o which_o the_o first_o be_v call_v the_o evening_n twilight_n and_o the_o other_o the_o morning_n now_o the_o beginning_n of_o the_o one_o and_o the_o end_n of_o the_o other_o be_v perceive_v at_o the_o same_o equal_a space_n of_o time_n from_o the_o rise_n and_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n notwithstanding_o the_o continuance_n of_o each_o of_o they_o be_v sometime_o great_a and_o sometime_o less_o for_o in_o summer_n the_o twilight_n be_v much_o long_o then_o in_o the_o winter_n the_o measure_n of_o they_o they_o common_o make_v to_o be_v whenas_o the_o sun_n be_v depress_v 18_o degree_n under_o the_o horizon_n but_o as_o p._n nonius_n right_o observe_v there_o can_v be_v any_o certain_a measure_n or_o term_n assign_v they_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o various_a disposition_n of_o the_o air_n and_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o vapour_n that_o be_v exhale_v out_o of_o the_o earth_n which_o the_o same_o author_n say_v he_o find_v to_o be_v also_o diverse_a sometime_o high_o and_o sometime_o low_o vitelio_n and_o alhazenus_n before_o he_o will_v have_v it_o to_o be_v when_o the_o sun_n be_v depress_v under_o the_o horizon_n nineteen_o degree_n but_o how_o ever_o the_o truth_n be_v we_o shall_v follow_v the_o common_a rceived_a opinion_n herein_o now_o therefore_o if_o you_o desire_v to_o know_v upon_o these_o ground_n here_o lay_v down_o at_o what_o hour_n the_o twilight_n begin_v and_o end_v at_o any_o time_n or_o latitude_n of_o place_n you_o must_v do_v thus_o first_o set_v your_o globe_n to_o the_o latitude_n of_o that_o place_n and_o apply_v that_o degree_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a wherein_o the_o sun_n be_v at_o that_o time_n to_o the_o meridian_n and_o withal_o direct_v the_o point_n of_o the_o index_n to_o twelve_o in_o the_o hour-circle_n then_o mark_v the_o degree_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a that_o be_v direct_o opposite_a to_o the_o place_n of_o the_o sun_n turn_v about_o your_o globe_n till_o such_o time_n as_o the_o opposite_a degree_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v elevate_v eighteen_o gr_n above_o the_o horizon_n towards_o the_o west_n part_n of_o it_o and_o forthwith_o the_o index_n will_v show_v in_o the_o houre-circle_n the_o beginning_n of_o the_o morning_n twilight_n and_o if_o you_o turn_v about_o your_o globe_n in_o like_a manner_n to_o the_o east_n you_o shall_v also_o have_v the_o hour_n when_o the_o evening_n twilight_n end_v pont_n our_o northern_a region_n have_v their_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d or_o twilight_n of_o above_o a_o hour_n long_o but_o those_o country_n where_o the_o tropicke_n be_v very_o far_o beneath_o their_o horizon_n have_v in_o a_o manner_n no_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d no_o twilight_n or_o break_v of_o day_n and_o therefore_o those_o that_o inhabit_v near_o the_o aequator_fw-la have_v not_o the_o beginning_n nor_o late_a part_n of_o the_o night_n enlighten_v at_o all_o neither_o be_v there_o any_o appearance_n of_o light_n before_o the_o sun_n be_v rise_v whereas_o on_o the_o contrary_a side_n those_o that_o have_v the_o tropic_n very_o near_o their_o horizon_n must_v necessary_o have_v twilight_n almost_o all_o the_o night_n long_o in_o summer_n and_o therefore_o when_o the_o roman_n come_v into_o britain_n and_o perceive_v that_o at_o the_o summer_n sostice_n their_o night_n be_v light_a almost_o all_o the_o night_n long_o they_o do_v not_o ac_fw-la ount_n this_o twilight_n to_o be_v night_n but_o say_v minimâ_fw-la nocte_fw-la contentos_fw-la britannos_fw-la that_o the_o britain_n be_v content_v with_o a_o very_a short_a night_n now_o this_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d as_o it_o be_v define_v by_o joseph_n scaliger_n upon_o manilius_n be_v nothing_o else_o but_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d a_o kind_n of_o antiperistasis_n or_o circumstipation_n as_o we_o may_v call_v it_o of_o the_o light_n which_o can_v be_v none_o at_o all_o in_o those_o place_n where_o the_o tropic_n and_o horizon_n be_v far_o distant_a for_o this_o 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d as_o scaliger_n in_o that_o place_n accurate_o observe_v be_v only_o find_v under_o those_o sign_n which_o be_v near_o the_o solsticiall_a point_n as_o gemini_fw-la and_o cancer_n and_o that_o in_o those_o country_n too_o where_o the_o night_n be_v somewhat_o large_a than_o it_o be_v under_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a as_o for_o example_n to_o use_v scaliger_n own_o word_n those_o that_o have_v not_o the_o tropic_n for_o their_o arctic_a circle_n nor_o where_o it_o touch_v the_o north_n point_n of_o the_o horizou_fw-mi with_o they_o the_o night_n be_v so_o long_o dark_a as_o while_o the_o tropic_n come_v to_o strike_v upon_o the_o north_n point_n of_o the_o horizon_n as_o we_o know_v it_o happen_v a_o scotland_n where_o our_o country_n man_n that_o be_v soldier_n there_o can_v see_v to_o play_v at_o dice_n all_o night_n long_o without_o any_o candle_n about_o the_o time_n that_o the_o day_n be_v at_o the_o long_a now_o the_o tropic_a be_v distant_a from_o the_o horzizon_n at_o edenburge_n 9_o gr_n 17._o m._n or_o thereabouts_o and_o therefore_o so_o much_o be_v the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o sun_n and_o their_o horizon_n at_o midnight_n in_o the_o summer_n solstice_n so_o that_o necessary_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o night_n must_v be_v twilight_n and_o of_o 6._o hour_n 23._o minute_n which_o be_v the_o length_n of_o their_o night_n not_o above_o 37_o m._n which_o be_v not_o much_o above_o half_a a_o hour_n be_v quite_o dark_a and_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o night_n be_v light_a whence_o you_o may_v perceive_v the_o reason_n of_o the_o long_a continuance_n of_o the_o day_n in_o those_o region_n that_o have_v the_o tropic_n near_o border_v on_o their_o horizon_n and_o therefore_o the_o roman_n be_v not_o well_o acquaint_v with_o this_o antiperistasis_n of_o the_o light_n think_v that_o in_o those_o part_n they_o have_v have_v scarce_o any_o night_n at_o all_o and_o hence_o it_o necessary_o follow_v that_o by_o how_o much_o the_o tropic_n be_v more_o remote_a from_o the_o horizon_n by_o so_o much_o be_v the_o night_n less_o enlighten_v and_o those_o that_o inhabit_v near_o the_o equinoctial_a be_v so_o far_o from_o have_v their_o day_n extend_v far_o either_o before_o the_o sun_n rise_v or_o after_o it_o set_v as_o that_o with_o they_o there_o be_v no_o appearance_n of_o light_n at_o all_o before_o the_o sun_n be_v up_o and_o there_o be_v scarce_o any_o twilight_n or_o dawn_n of_o the_o day_n at_o all_o in_o those_o region_n that_o lie_v within_o ten_o degree_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a for_o which_o there_o can_v bâ—…_n no_o other_o reason_n give_v but_o only_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o tropic_n and_o their_o horizon_n and_o if_o they_o have_v no_o twilight_n in_o the_o summer_n how_o much_o less_o will_v there_o be_v any_o when_o the_o sun_n be_v in_o the_o other_o tropic_n so_o that_o we_o have_v no_o reason_n to_o give_v any_o credit_n to_o alosiyus_fw-la cadamustus_fw-la who_o when_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o write_v of_o this_o argument_n give_v this_o to_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o it_o because_o there_o be_v no_o mountain_n there_o to_o hinder_v but_o that_o the_o sun_n may_v be_v see_v at_o the_o instant_n of_o his_o rise_n but_o this_o be_v a_o ridiculous_a reason_n and_o not_o worthy_a a_o consutation_n thus_o scaliger_n chap._n xii_o how_o to_o find_v the_o length_n of_o the_o artificial_a day_n or_o night_n or_o quantity_n of_o the_o sun_n parallel_n that_o remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o that_o be_v hide_v beneath_o it_o for_o any_o latitude_n of_o place_n and_o time_n assign_v as_o also_o to_o find_v the_o same_o of_o any_o other_o star_n the_o day_n we_o have_v already_o show_v to_o to_o be_v twofold_a either_o natural_a or_o artificial_a the_o natural_a day_n be_v define_v by_o the_o whole_a revolution_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la with_o that_o portion_n also_o of_o the_o same_o that_o answer_v to_o such_o a_o arch_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a which_o the_o sun_n pass_v over_o in_o one_o day_n now_o the_o whole_a revolution_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la beside_o that_o portion_n which_o answer_v to_o the_o sun_n proper_a motion_n be_v divide_v into_o twenty_o four_o equal_a part_n which_o they_o call_v equal_a hour_n because_o they_o be_v all_o of_o equal_a length_n fifteen_o degree_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la rise_v and_o as_o many_o set_n every_o hour_n space_n now_o the_o beginning_n of_o this_o day_n be_v diverse_a according_a to_o the_o diversity_n of_o country_n some_o beginning_n iâ—…_n at_o sunset_n as_o the_o athenian_n and_o jew_n soâ—…e_v at_o midnight_n as_o the_o egyptian_n and_o roman_n other_o at_o sunrising_n as_o the_o chaldean_n or_o at_o noon_n as_o the_o umbrian_n and_o common_o our_o astronomer_n do_v at_o this_o day_n this_o be_v
with_o the_o change_n of_o their_o declination_n what_o the_o arctic_a and_o antarctick_a circle_n be_v of_o the_o vertical_a circle_n and_o quadrant_n of_o altitude_n chap._n 3._o of_o the_o three_o position_n of_o sphere_n right_o parallel_n and_o oblique_a with_o their_o several_a affection_n chap._n 4._o of_o the_o zone_n and_o their_o number_n the_o vain_a opinion_n of_o the_o ancient_n concern_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o zone_n be_v reject_v both_o by_o the_o testemony_n of_o some_o of_o the_o ancient_n themselves_o as_o also_o by_o the_o experience_n of_o late_a time_n chap._n 5._o of_o the_o amphiscij_fw-la periscij_fw-la and_o heteroscij_fw-la chap._n 6._o of_o the_o perioeci_n antoeci_n and_o antipode_n compare_v to_o each_o other_o chap._n 7._o of_o climate_n and_o parallel_n the_o second_o part_n chap._n 1._o of_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o celestial_a globe_n as_o namely_o of_o the_o star_n and_o first_o of_o the_o planet_n or_o wander_a star_n chap._n 2._o of_o the_o fix_a star_n and_o their_o constellation_n chap_n 3._o of_o the_o constellation_n of_o the_o northern_a hemisphere_n chap._n 4._o the_o sign_n of_o the_o zodiac_n and_o first_o of_o the_o northern_a chap._n 5._o the_o constellation_n of_o the_o southern_a hemisphere_n and_o first_o of_o those_o in_o the_o zodiac_n chap._n 6._o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o constellation_n of_o the_o southern_a hemisphere_n chap._n 7._o of_o the_o other_o star_n which_o be_v not_o express_v in_o globe_n why_o the_o star_n appear_v sometime_o in_o great_a number_n then_o at_o other_o time_n and_o sometime_o great_a and_o at_o other_o time_n less_o with_o the_o confutation_n of_o some_o vain_a opinion_n concern_v the_o same_o the_o idle_a relation_n of_o americus_n vespasius_n cardan_n and_o partcis_n concern_v the_o extraordinary_a greatness_n of_o the_o star_n about_o the_o south_n pole_n be_v refute_v out_o of_o the_o author_n own_o experience_n the_o three_o part_n chap._n 1._o the_o geographical_a description_n of_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n with_o the_o part_n of_o the_o world_n that_o be_v yet_o know_v the_o error_n of_o ptolemy_n concern_v the_o southern_a bound_n of_o africa_n and_o asia_n as_o also_o of_o the_o northern_a limit_n of_o europe_n be_v condemn_v out_o of_o the_o write_n of_o the_o ancient_n and_o various_a experience_n of_o late_a writer_n chap._n 2._o of_o the_o compass_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o measure_n of_o a_o degree_n with_o divers_a opinion_n concern_v the_o same_o of_o the_o greek_n as_o namely_o eratosthenes_n hipparchus_n posidonius_n cleomedes_n and_o ptolemy_n as_o also_o of_o the_o arabian_n jtalian_o german_n english_a and_o spanish_n posidonius_n and_o eratosthenes_n be_v confute_v out_o of_o their_o own_o observation_n and_o proposition_n ptolemy_n opinion_n be_v prefer_v before_o the_o rest_n and_o he_o free_v from_o the_o calumny_n of_o maurolycus_n who_o be_v also_o tax_v in_o that_o without_o cause_n favour_v posidonius_n he_o unjust_o condemn_v ptolemy_n the_o four_o part_n chap._n 1._o how_o to_o find_v out_o the_o longitude_n latitude_n distance_n and_o angle_n of_o position_n or_o situation_n of_o any_o place_n express_v in_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n chap._n 2._o of_o the_o latitude_n of_o any_o place_n chap._n 3._o how_o to_o find_v the_o distance_n and_o angle_n of_o position_n of_o any_o two_o place_n chap._n 4._o to_o find_v the_o altitude_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o star_n chap._n 5._o to_o find_v the_o place_n and_o declination_n of_o the_o sun_n for_o any_o day_n give_v chap._n 6._o to_o find_v the_o latitude_n of_o any_o place_n by_o observe_v the_o meridian_n altitude_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o star_n chap._n 7._o how_o to_o find_v the_o right_n and_o oblique_a ascension_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o star_n for_o any_o latitude_n of_o place_n and_o time_n chap._n 8._o how_o to_o find_v the_o horizontall_a difference_n betwixt_o the_o meridian_n and_o the_o vertical_a circle_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o any_o other_o star_n which_o they_o call_v the_o azimuth_n for_o any_o time_n or_o place_n assign_v chap._n 9_o to_o find_v the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n as_o also_o the_o amplitude_n of_o rise_v and_o set_v of_o the_o sun_n and_o star_n at_o any_o time_n and_o latitude_n of_o place_n chap._n 10._o of_o the_o threefold_a rise_n and_o set_v of_o star_n chap._n 11._o how_o to_o find_v the_o beginning_n and_o end_n of_o the_o twilight_n for_o any_o latitude_n of_o place_n and_o time_n chap._n 12._o to_o find_v for_o any_o latitude_n of_o place_n and_o time_n the_o length_n of_o the_o artificial_a day_n or_o night_n or_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o sun_n parallel_n that_o remain_v above_o the_o horizon_n and_o that_o be_v hide_v beneath_o it_o and_o to_o perform_v the_o same_o by_o any_o other_o star_n chap._n 13_o to_o find_v the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n and_o night_n both_o equal_a and_o unequal_a for_o any_o time_n &_o latitude_n of_o place_n chap._n 14._o to_o find_v the_o longitude_n latitude_n and_o declination_n of_o the_o fix_a star_n as_o they_o be_v express_v in_o the_o globe_n chap._n 15._o to_o find_v the_o declination_n of_o the_o needle_n from_o the_o true_a meridian_n which_o they_o common_o call_v the_o variation_n of_o the_o compass_n for_o any_o latitude_n assign_v where_o the_o error_n of_o those_o be_v discover_v who_o assign_v to_o the_o magnetical_a needle_n a_o certain_a meridian_n and_o fix_a poâ—…nt_n which_o it_o always_o respect_n and_o that_o affirm_v this_o change_n of_o variation_n to_o be_v regular_a all_o which_o vain_a conjecture_n of_o they_o and_o ungrounded_a hypothesis_n be_v refute_v both_o by_o more_o certain_a observation_n of_o other_o as_o also_o of_o the_o author_n himself_o chap._n 16._o how_o to_o make_v a_o sun_n dial_n by_o the_o help_n of_o the_o globe_n for_o any_o latitude_n of_o place_n the_o five_o and_o last_o part_n of_o the_o rumbe_n that_o be_v describe_v upon_o the_o terrestrial_a globe_n wherein_o their_o nature_n original_a and_o use_v in_o navigation_n be_v declare_v the_o preface_n there_o be_v two_o kind_n of_o instrument_n by_o which_o artificer_n have_v conceive_v that_o the_o figure_n of_o this_o so_o beautiful_a and_o various_a fabric_n of_o the_o whole_a universe_n may_v most_o apt_o be_v express_v and_o as_o it_o be_v at_o once_o present_v to_o the_o view_n the_o one_o exhibit_v this_o idea_n in_o a_o round_a solid_a be_v call_v a_o globe_n or_o sphere_n the_o other_o express_v the_o same_o in_o a_o plain_a they_o term_v a_o planisphaere_n or_o map_n both_o of_o which_o have_v be_v long_o since_o invent_v by_o the_o ancient_n have_v yet_o even_o to_o our_o time_n in_o a_o continue_a succession_n receive_v still_o more_o ripeness_n and_o perfection_n the_o sphere_n or_o globe_n and_o the_o use_n thereof_o be_v report_v by_o diodorus_n siculus_n to_o have_v be_v first_o find_v out_o by_o atlas_n of_o libya_n whence_o afterward_o spring_v the_o fable_n of_o his_o bear_n up_o the_o heaven_n with_o his_o shoulder_n other_o attribute_v the_o invention_n of_o the_o same_o to_o thales_n and_o it_o be_v afterward_o bring_v to_o perfection_n by_o crates_n of_o who_o strabo_n make_v mention_v archimedes_n and_o proclus_n but_o most_o of_o all_o by_o ptolemy_n according_a to_o who_o rule_n and_o observation_n especial_o succeed_a time_n compose_v their_o globe_n as_o leontius_n mechanicus_fw-la affirm_v and_o now_o there_o have_v be_v much_o perfection_n add_v to_o the_o same_o in_o these_o our_o late_a time_n by_o the_o industry_n and_o diligence_n gemma_fw-la frisius_n and_o gerardus_n mercator_n as_o it_o may_v appear_v by_o those_o globe_n that_o be_v set_v forth_o at_o london_n anno_fw-la 1593._o so_o that_o now_o there_o seem_v not_o to_o be_v any_o thing_n that_o may_v be_v add_v to_o they_o the_o planisphaere_n indeed_o be_v a_o fine_a invention_n and_o have_v in_o it_o wonderful_a variety_n of_o workmâ—…nship_n if_o so_o be_v that_o the_o composition_n of_o it_o be_v right_o deduce_v out_o of_o geometrical_a and_o opticall_a principle_n and_o it_o want_v not_o its_o great_a delightfullnesse_n and_o beauty_n also_o but_o yet_o that_o other_o be_v tbe_n more_o ancient_a have_v also_o the_o priority_n in_o nature_n and_o be_v of_o the_o most_o convenient_a form_n and_o therefore_o more_o apt_o accommodate_v for_o the_o understanding_n and_o fancy_n not_o to_o speak_v any_o thing_n of_o the_o beauty_n and_o gracefulness_n of_o it_o for_o it_o represent_v the_o thing_n themselves_o in_o proper_a genuive_v figur_n for_o as_o concern_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o heaven_n whether_o it_o be_v round_o be_v scarce_o e-eve_a question_v by_o any_o so_o likewise_o touch_v the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n notwithstanding_o many_o and_o sundry_a opinion_n have_v be_v broach_v among_o the_o ancient_a philosopher_n some_o of_o they_o contend_v for_o a_o plain_a other_o a_o hollow_a other_o
the_o sun_n in_o the_o equinoctial_a from_o 90._o degree_n the_o remainder_n show_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n as_o for_o example_n the_o elevation_n of_o the_o sun_n at_o noon_n when_o it_o be_v in_o the_o aequinoxe_n be_v about_o 38._o degree_n with_o we_o here_o at_o london_n which_o be_v deduct_v out_o of_o 90._o there_o remain_v 52._o which_o be_v the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n with_o we_o so_o at_o rome_n the_o equinoctial_a altitude_n of_o the_o sun_n be_v about_o 48._o degree_n which_o be_v substract_v from_o 90_o degree_n which_o be_v a_o quadrant_n there_o remain_v 42._o for_o the_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o two_o opposite_a point_n of_o this_o meridian_n be_v fasten_v the_o two_o end_n of_o aâ—…_n iron_n pin_n pass_v through_o the_o body_n of_o the_o globe_n and_o its_o centre_n axis_n one_o of_o which_o end_n be_v call_v the_o arctic_a oâ—…_n north_n pole_n of_o the_o world_n and_o the_o other_o the_o antarctick_a or_o south_n pole_n and_o the_o pin_n itself_o be_v call_v the_o axis_n for_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o world_n be_v the_o diameter_n about_o which_o it_o be_v turn_v and_o the_o extreme_a end_n of_o the_o axis_n be_v call_v the_o pole_n to_o either_o of_o these_o pole_n when_o need_n shall_v require_v there_o be_v a_o certain_a brass_n circle_n or_o ring_n of_o a_o reasonable_a strong_a make_n to_o be_v fasten_v which_o circle_n be_v divide_v into_o 24._o equal_a part_n according_a to_o the_o number_n of_o the_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n &_o night_n and_o it_o be_v therefore_o call_v the_o houre-circle_n and_o this_o circle_n be_v to_o be_v apply_v to_o either_o of_o the_o pole_n houre-circle_n in_o such_o sort_n as_o that_o the_o section_n where_o 12._o be_v describe_v â—…ay_o precise_o agree_v with_o the_o point_n of_o mid_a day_n and_o midnight_n in_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o tâ—…ue_a meridian_n there_o be_v also_o another_o little_a pin_n or_o stile_n to_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o axis_n in_o the_o 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be_v come_v to_o the_o eastern_a side_n of_o the_o horizon_n which_o do_v the_o index_n will_v point_v out_o the_o hour_n of_o his_o rise_n and_o if_o you_o turn_v it_o about_o to_o the_o west_n side_n you_o shall_v in_o like_a manner_n have_v the_o hour_n of_o his_o set_n there_o be_v also_o belong_v to_o the_o meridian_n a_o quadrant_n of_o altitude_n be_v make_v of_o a_o long_a thin_a plate_n of_o steel_n or_o brass_n and_o fashion_v crooked_a so_o that_o it_o may_v be_v apply_v to_o the_o convexs_n superficies_n of_o the_o globe_n and_o have_v the_o four_o part_n of_o the_o circle_n in_o length_n and_o this_o quadrant_n be_v make_v in_o such_o a_o sort_n as_o that_o altitude_n it_o may_v be_v fasten_v on_o the_o meridian_n and_o so_o be_v apply_v to_o the_o zenith_n of_o any_o place_n whatsoever_o be_v divide_v from_o one_o end_n to_o the_o other_o into_o 90._o equal_a part_n or_o degree_n there_o be_v beside_o at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o globe_n a_o mariner_n compass_n place_v 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whole_a aequator_fw-la artificial_a make_v a_o full_a revolution_n and_o this_o be_v do_v in_o 24._o hour_n a_o artificâ—…all_a day_n be_v the_o space_n wherein_o the_o sun_n be_v passiâ—…g_v through_o our_o upper_a hemisphere_n to_o which_o be_v oppose_v the_o artificial_a night_n while_o thâ—…_n sun_n be_v carry_v about_o in_o the_o low_a hemisphere_n so_o that_o a_o artificial_a day_n and_o night_n be_v comprehenâ—…ed_v within_o a_o natural_a day_n the_o part_n of_o a_o dav_fw-mi be_v call_v hour_n which_o be_v either_o equal_a or_o unequal_a a_o equal_a hour_n be_v the_o 24._o part_n of_o a_o natural_a day_n in_o which_o unâ—…quall_a space_n 15._o dâ—…grees_n of_o the_o aequator_fw-la do_v always_o rise_v and_o as_o mâ—…ny_n be_v depreâ—…ied_v on_o the_o opposite_a part_n a_o unequal_a hour_n be_v the_o 12._o part_n of_o a_o artificial_a day_n betwâ—…xt_v the_o â—…ime_n of_o the_o sun_n rise_v and_o set_v again_o thâ—…se_a hour_n be_v again_o divide_v into_o minute_n now_o a_o minute_n be_v the_o 60._o part_n of_o a_o hour_n in_o which_o space_n of_o time_n a_o quarter_n of_o a_o degree_n in_o the_o aequator_fw-la that_o be_v 15._o minute_n do_v â—…ise_a and_o aâ—…_n many_o set_v pont_n the_o use_n of_o the_o aequâ—…tor_n consist_v chief_o in_o these_o thing_n first_o it_o show_v the_o time_n of_o the_o aequinox_n which_o be_v always_o when_o the_o sun_n faly_n upon_o the_o equinoctial_a circle_n and_o this_o be_v when_o as_o the_o sun_n enter_v into_o the_o first_o degree_n of_o aries_n and_o libra_n according_a to_o that_o of_o manilâ—…us_n libra_n ariesque_fw-la parem_fw-la reddunt_fw-la noctemque_fw-la diemque_fw-la in_o english_a thus_o the_o sun_n in_o libra_n and_o aries_n place_v each_o year_n the_o day_n and_o night_n be_v equal_a every_o where_o second_o â—…he_v aequator_fw-la divide_v the_o heaven_n into_o two_o equal_a part_n or_o hemisphaere_n whereof_o one_o be_v call_v the_o septeutrionall_a or_o northern_a hemisphere_n the_o other_o the_o meridional_a or_o southern_a three_o it_o show_v the_o ascension_n and_o descension_n of_o the_o part_n of_o the_o zodiac_n whence_o the_o length_n of_o the_o artificial_a day_n and_o night_n for_o any_o position_n of_o sphere_n may_v be_v know_v fouâ—…thly_a 〈◊〉_d show_v what_o star_n and_o part_n of_o the_o ecliptic_a have_v any_o declination_n the_o aequator_fw-la be_v cross_v or_o cut_v in_o two_o opposite_a point_n by_o a_o oblique_a circle_n which_o be_v call_v the_o zodiac_n the_o obliquity_n of_o this_o circle_n be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v first_o observe_v by_o anaximander_n milesius_n in_o the_o 58._o olympiad_n as_o pliny_n write_v in_o hiâ—…_n lib._n 2._o cap._n 8_o who_o also_o in_o the_o same_o place_n affiâ—…mes_v that_o it_o be_v first_o divide_v into_o 12_o part_n which_o they_o call_v sign_n by_o cleostretus_fw-la tenedius_n in_o like_a manner_n as_o we_o see_v it_o at_o this_o day_n each_o of_o these_o sign_n be_v again_o subdivide_v into_o 30._o part_n so_o that_o the_o whole_a zodiac_n be_v divide_v in_o all_o into_o 360._o part_n like_v as_o the_o orhe_a circle_n be_v the_o first_o twelve_o part_n whereof_o beginning_n at_o the_o vernal_a intersection_n when_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o zodiack_n cross_v each_o other_o it_o assign_v to_o aries_n the_o second_o to_o taurus_n etc._n etc._n reckon_n from_o west_n to_o east_n but_o here_o a_o young_a beginner_n in_o astronomy_n may_v just_o doubt_v what_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o the_o first_o 30._o degree_n or_o 12_o part_n of_o the_o zodiac_n be_v attribute_v to_o aries_n whereas_o the_o first_o star_n of_o aries_n fall_v short_a of_o the_o intersection_n of_o the_o equinoctial_a and_o zodiac_n no_o less_o than_o 27._o degree_n the_o reason_n of_o this_o be_v because_o that_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o
and_o ptolemy_n doâ—…_n evince_n the_o contrary_n the_o indian_n and_o jew_n subtract_v the_o 110._o part_n of_o a_o day_n albategnius_n the_o 600._o part_n the_o persian_n the_o 115._o part_n according_a to_o who_o account_n messahalah_n and_o albumasar_n write_v the_o table_n of_o the_o mean_a motion_n of_o the_o sun_n azaphius_fw-la avarius_fw-la and_o arzachel_n affirm_v that_o the_o quantity_n assign_v be_v too_o mcch_n by_o the_o 126._o part_n of_o a_o day_n alphonsus_n abate_v the_o 122._o part_n of_o a_o day_n some_o other_o the_o 128._o and_o some_o the_o 130._o part_n of_o a_o day_n those_o that_o be_v late_o employ_v in_o the_o restitution_n of_o the_o roman_a calendar_n will_v have_v almost_o the_o 133._o part_n of_o 1._o day_n to_o be_v substract_v which_o they_o conceive_v in_o 400._o year_n will_v come_v to_o three_o whole_a day_n but_o copernicus_n observe_v that_o this_o quantity_n fall_v short_a by_o the_o 115._o part_n of_o a_o day_n most_o true_a therefore_o be_v that_o conclusion_n of_o censorinus_n that_o a_o year_n consist_v of_o 365._o day_n and_o i_o know_v not_o what_o certain_a portion_n not_o yet_o discover_v by_o astrologer_n by_o these_o divers_a opinion_n here_o allege_v be_v manifest_o discover_v the_o error_n of_o dion_n which_o be_v indeed_o a_o very_a ridiculous_a one_o for_o he_o have_v a_o conceit_n that_o in_o the_o space_n of_o 1461._o julian_n year_n there_o will_v be_v want_v a_o whole_a day_n for_o the_o just_a measure_n of_o a_o year_n which_o he_o will_v have_v to_o be_v intercale_v and_o so_o the_o civil_a julian_n year_n will_v accurate_o agree_v with_o the_o revolution_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o galen_n also_o the_o prince_n of_o physician_n be_v gross_o deceive_v when_o he_o think_v that_o the_o year_n consist_v of_o 365_o day_n 6._o hour_n and_o beside_o almost_o the_o 100_o part_n of_o a_o day_n so_o that_o at_o every_o hundred_o year_n end_n there_o must_v be_v a_o new_a intercalation_n of_o a_o whole_a day_n now_o because_o the_o julian_n year_n which_o be_v institute_v by_o julius_n caesar_n and_o afterward_o receive_v and_o be_v still_o in_o 〈◊〉_d be_v somewhat_o long_o than_o it_o ought_v to_o have_v be_v henâ—…e_v it_o be_v that_o the_o aequinox_n and_o solstice_n have_v get_v before_o their_o ancient_a situation_n in_o the_o calendar_n solstice_n for_o about_o 432._o year_n before_o the_o incaâ—…nation_n of_o our_o saviour_n christ_n the_o vernal_a aequinoxe_n be_v observe_v by_o meton_n and_o euctâ—…mon_n to_o fall_v on_o the_o eight_o of_o the_o kalend_n of_o april_n which_o be_v the_o 25._o of_o march_n according_a to_o the_o computation_n of_o the_o julian_n year_n in_o the_o year_n 146._o besore_n christ_n it_o appear_v by_o the_o observation_n of_o hipparchus_n that_o it_o be_v to_o be_v place_v on_o the_o 24._o of_o the_o same_o month_n that_o be_v the_o 9_o of_o the_o kalend_n of_o april_n so_o that_o from_o hence_o we_o may_v observe_v the_o error_n of_o sosigenes_n notwithstanding_o he_o be_v a_o great_a mathematician_n in_o that_o above_o 100_o year_n after_o hipparchus_n in_o institute_v the_o julian_n calendar_n he_o assign_v the_o equinoxâ—…_n to_o be_v on_o the_o 25._o of_o march_n or_o the_o eight_o oâ—…_n thâ—…_n kalend_n of_o april_n which_o be_v the_o place_n it_o ought_v to_o have_v have_v almost_o 400._o year_n before_o his_o time_n this_o error_n of_o sosigenes_n be_v derive_v to_o succeed_a age_n also_o in_o so_o much_o that_o in_o gallen_n time_n which_o be_v almost_o 200._o year_n after_o julius_n caesar_n the_o aequinox_n be_v wont_a to_o be_v place_v on_o the_o 24._o day_n of_o march_n and_o september_n as_o theodorus_n gaza_n report_v in_o the_o year_n of_o our_o saviour_n incarnation_n it_o happen_v on_o the_o 10._o of_o the_o kalendâ—…_n of_o april_n or_o the_o 23_o of_o march._n and_o 140._o year_n after_o ptolemy_n observe_v it_o to_o fall_v on_o the_o 11._o of_o the_o kalend_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o council_n of_o nice_a about_o the_o year_n of_o our_o lord_n 328._o it_o be_v find_v to_o be_v on_o the_o 21._o of_o march_n or_o the_o 12._o of_o the_o calends_o of_o april_n in_o the_o year_n 831._o thebit_fw-la ben_n chorah_n observe_v the_o vernal_a aequinoxe_n to_o fall_v on_o the_o 17._o day_n of_o march_n in_o alfraganus_n his_o time_n it_o come_v to_o the_o 16._o of_o march_n arzachel_n a_o spaniard_n in_o the_o year_n 1090._o observe_v to_o fall_v on_o the_o ides_n of_o march_n that_o be_v the_o 15._o day_n in_o the_o year_n 1316._o it_o be_v observe_v to_o be_v on_o the_o 13._o day_n of_o march._n and_o in_o in_o our_o time_n it_o be_v come_v to_o â—…he_v 11._o and_o 10._o of_o the_o same_o month_n so_o that_o in_o â—…he_a space_n of_o 1020._o yeaâ—…s_n or_o thereabouts_o the_o equinoctial_a point_n be_v get_v forward_o no_o less_o than_o 14._o day_n the_o time_n of_o the_o solstice_n also_o about_o 388._o year_n before_o christ_n be_v observe_v by_o meton_n and_o euctemon_n to_o fall_v â—…pon_o the_o 18._o dav_v of_o june_n as_o joseph_n scaliger_n and_o jacobus_n christmannus_n have_v observe_v but_o the_o same_o in_o our_o time_n be_v find_v to_o be_v on_o the_o 12._o of_o the_o same_o month_n the_o ecliptic_a and_o aequator_fw-la be_v cross_v by_o two_o great_a circle_n also_o which_o be_v call_v colour_n both_o which_o be_v draw_v through_o the_o pole_n oâ—…_n colour_n the_o world_n and_o cut_v the_o aequator_fw-la at_o â—…ght_a angle_n the_o one_o of_o they_o pass_v through_o the_o point_n of_o both_o the_o intersection_n and_o be_v call_v the_o equinoctial_a colour_n the_o other_o pass_v through_o the_o point_n of_o the_o great_a distance_n of_o the_o zodiac_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v therefore_o call_v the_o solsticiall_a colour_n pont_n the_o office_n of_o the_o colour_n in_o general_n be_v first_o to_o show_v the_o four_o principal_a point_n of_o the_o zodiac_n in_o which_o by_o reason_n of_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sun_n there_o be_v cause_v the_o great_a change_n of_o the_o season_n of_o the_o year_n of_o which_o point_n two_o be_v in_o the_o aequator_fw-la at_o aries_n and_o libra_n determine_v the_o place_n of_o the_o aequinoctial_a colour_n and_o capricorn_n which_o constitute_v the_o solsticiall_a colour_n second_o to_o distinguish_v the_o aequator_fw-la zodiac_n and_o the_o whole_a sphere_n of_o the_o heaven_n into_o four_o equal_a part_n the_o use_n of_o which_o be_v principal_o see_v in_o examine_v the_o ascension_n of_o the_o sign_n these_o colour_n differ_v from_o each_o other_o in_o that_o the_o solsticiall_a colour_n pass_v through_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n and_o also_o of_o the_o zodiac_n but_o the_o equinoctial_a colour_n pass_v through_o the_o pole_n of_o the_o world_n only_o now_o that_o both_o the_o colour_n as_o also_o the_o equinoctial_a point_n have_v leave_v the_o place_n where_o they_o be_v ancient_o sound_a to_o be_v in_o the_o heaven_n be_v a_o matter_n agree_v upon_o by_o all_o 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arbitrator_n which_o epistle_n of_o he_o be_v afterward_o print_v among_o some_o other_o of_o his_o epistle_n at_o paris_n what_o the_o illustrious_a tycho_n also_o think_v concern_v this_o point_n you_o have_v in_o his_o progymâ—…asmata_fw-la instaur_n astron._n p._n 255._o but_o i_o will_v first_o set_v down_o scaliger_n opinion_n and_o afterward_o add_v tychoe_n and_o some_o other_o also_o scaliger_n speak_v thus_o alterae_fw-la literaetuae_fw-la etc._n etc._n i_o receive_v say_v he_o â—…eur_n second_o letter_n the_o next_o day_n aster_n your_o former_a in_o which_o you_o make_v mention_n of_o one_o that_o undertake_v â—…o_o discourse_n of_o the_o magnetical_a direction_n of_o the_o needle_n many_o indeed_o have_v endeavour_v in_o this_o matter_n and_o doc_fw-fr daily_a endeavour_n be_v thereto_o encourage_v by_o the_o reward_v propose_v by_o the_o illustrious_a state_n to_o who_o hand_n some_o have_v deliver_v
accident_n common_a with_o our_o perioeci_n for_o we_o both_o inhabit_v the_o same_o temperate_a zone_n and_o have_v summer_n winter_n increase_n and_o decrease_v of_o day_n and_o night_n at_o the_o same_o time_n only_o this_o difference_n be_v betwixt_o we_o that_o when_o it_o be_v noon_n with_o we_o it_o be_v midnight_n with_o they_o those_o author_n that_o have_v add_v this_o differnce_n also_o that_o when_o the_o sun_n rise_v with_o we_o it_o set_v with_o those_o that_o be_v our_o perioecij_fw-la have_v betray_v their_o own_o ignorance_n for_o if_o this_o be_v so_o it_o will_v then_o follow_v that_o when_o the_o day_n be_v long_a with_o we_o it_o shall_v be_v at_o the_o short_a with_o they_o but_o this_o be_v most_o false_a they_o have_v commit_v the_o like_a error_n concern_v our_o antoeci_n also_o when_o as_o they_o will_v have_v the_o sun_n to_o rise_v with_o we_o and_o they_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o ground_n of_o which_o their_o error_n perhaps_o may_v be_v in_o that_o 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every_o climate_n contain_v two_o parallel_n those_o climate_n as_o also_o the_o parallel_n themselves_o be_v not_o all_o of_o equal_a quantity_n for_o the_o fiâ—…st_a clime_n as_o also_o the_o parallel_n begin_v at_o the_o aequator_fw-la be_v large_a thâ—…n_n the_o second_o and_o the_o second_o be_v likewise_o great_a thâ—…n_o the_o three_o only_o herein_o they_o all_o agree_v that_o they_o differ_v equal_o in_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n the_o ancient_n reckon_v but_o 7_o climate_n at_o the_o first_o to_o which_o number_n be_v afterward_o add_v two_o more_o so_o that_o in_o the_o first_o of_o these_o number_n be_v comprehend_v 14_o parallel_n but_o in_o the_o late_a 18._o ptolemy_n account_v the_o parallel_n by_o the_o difference_n of_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o hour_n reckon_v in_o all_o 24._o by_o whole_a hour_n difference_n 4_o by_o whole_a month_n 6_o so_o that_o bâ—…ides_v the_o aequator_fw-la reckon_v he_o whole_a number_n of_o parallel_n on_o each_o side_n they_o a_o mount_n to_o 38._o in_o the_o meridian_n of_o a_o material_a globe_n there_o be_v describe_v nine_o climate_n differ_v from_o each_o other_o by_o the_o quantity_n of_o half_a a_o hour_n after_o these_o there_o be_v other_z also_o set_v according_a to_o the_o difference_n of_o a_o whole_a hour_n and_o last_o of_o all_o those_o that_o differ_v in_o whole_a monthâ—…_n be_v continue_v to_o the_o very_a pole_n each_o of_o they_o express_v in_o their_o several_a latitude_n the_o distance_n of_o all_o both_o climate_n and_o parrallelâ—…_n together_o with_o their_o latitude_n from_o the_o aequator_fw-la and_o difference_n of_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o long_a day_n be_v here_o full_o express_v it_o this_o table_n follow_v ampihscij_fw-la climate_n parallel_n the_o long_a summer_n day_n hour_n scr._n latitude_n and_o elevation_n of_o pole_n hour_n scr._n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o climate_n deg._n scrup._n 0_o 0_o 12_o 0_o 0_o 0_o 4_o 18_o 1_o 12_o 15_o 4_o 18_o 1_o 〈◊〉_d 12_o 30_o 8_o 34_o 8_o 25_o 〈◊〉_d 12_o 45_o 1â—…_n 43_o 2_o 4_o 13_o 0_o 16_o 43_o 7_o 50_o 5_o 13_o 15_o 20_o 33_o 3_o 6_o 13_o 30_o 23_o 10_o 7_o 3_o 7_o 13_o 45_o 27_o 36_o heteroscij_fw-la 4_o 8_o 14_o 0_o 30_o 47_o 6_o 9_o 〈◊〉_d 14_o 15_o 33_o 45_o 5_o 10_o 14_o 30_o 30_o 30_o 5_o 17_o 11_o 14_o 45_o 39_o 2_o 6_o 12_o 15_o 0_o 41_o 22_o 4_o 30_o 13_o 15_o 15_o 43_o 32_o 7_o 14_o 15_o 30_o 45_o 29_o 3_o 48_o 15_o 15_o 45_o 47_o 20_o heteroscij_fw-la climate_n parallel_n the_o long_a summer_n day_n hour_n scr._n latitude_n and_o elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n degr._fw-la scr_n the_o breadth_n of_o the_o climate_n degr._fw-la scr._n 8_o 16_o 16_o â—…0_n 49_o 1_o 3_o 13_o 17_o 16_o 15_o 50_o 33_o 9_o 18_o 16_o 30_o 51_o 58_o 2_o 44_o 19_o 16_o 45_o 53_o 1â—…_n 10_o 20_o 17_o 0_o 54_o 29_o 2_o 17_o 21_o 17_o 15_o 55_o 34_o 11_o 22_o 17_o 30_o 56_o 37_o 2_o 0_o 23_o 17_o 45_o 57_o 34_o 12_o 24_o 18_o 0_o 58_o 26_o 1_o 40_o 25_o 18_o 15_o 59_o 14_o 13_o 26_o 18_o 30_o 59_o 5â—…_n 1_o 26_o 27_o 18_o 45_o 60_o 40_o 14_o 28_o 19_o 0_o 61_o 18_o 1_o 13_o 29_o 19_o 15_o 61_o 53_o 15_o 30_o 19_o 30_o 62_o 25_o 1_o 1_o 31_o 19_o 45_o 62_o 54_o 16_o 32_o 20_o 0_o 63_o 22_o 0_o 52_o 33_o 20_o 15_o 63_o 46_o 17_o 34_o 20_o 30_o 64_o 〈◊〉_d 0_o 46_o 35_o 20_o 45_o 64_o 3â—…_n 18_o 36_o 21_o 0_o 69_o 49_o 0_o 36_o 37_o 21_o 15_o 65_o 6_o 19_o 38_o 21_o 30_o 65_o 21_o 0_o 29_o 39_o 21_o 45_o 65_o 35_o 20_o 40_o 22_o 0_o 65_o 47_o 0_o 22_o 41_o 22_o 1â—…_n 65_o 57_o 21_o 42_o 22_o 30_o 66_o 6_o 0_o 17_o 43_o 22_o 45_o 66_o 14_o 22_o 44_o 23_o 0_o 66_o 20_o 0_o 11_o 45_o 23_o 15_o 66_o 25_o 23_o 46_o 23_o 30_o 66_o â—…8_n 0_o 5_o 47_o 23_o 45_o 66_o â—…0_n 24_o 48_o 24_o 0_o 66_o 31_o 0_o 0_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr month_n periscij_fw-la here_o the_o climate_n begin_v to_o be_v accounâ—…_n t_v by_o month_n from_o 66_o gr_n 3â—…_n 〈◊〉_d where_o the_o day_n be_v 24_o hour_n lonâ—…_n to_o the_o pole_n itself_o whoâ—…e_v it_o be_v 6._o month_n in_o length_n 1_o 67_o 15_o 2_o 69_o 30_o 3_o 73_o 20_o 4_o 78_o 20_o 5_o 84_o 0_o 6_o 90_o 0_o the_o second_o part_n chap._n i._o of_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v proper_a to_o the_o celestial_a globe_n and_o first_o of_o the_o planet_n hitherto_o have_v our_o discourse_n be_v concern_v those_o thing_n which_o be_v common_a to_o both_o globe_n we_o will_v now_o descend_v to_o speak_v of_o those_o that_o proper_o belong_v to_o each_o of_o they_o in_o particular_a and_o first_o of_o those_o thing_n that_o only_o concern_v the_o celestial_a globe_n as_o namely_o the_o star_n with_o their_o several_a configuration_n the_o whole_a number_n of_o star_n have_v be_v divide_v by_o the_o ancient_a astronomer_n who_o first_o apply_v themselves_o to_o the_o diligent_a observe_v of_o the_o same_o into_o two_o kind_n the_o first_o be_v of_o the_o planet_n or_o wander_a star_n the_o other_o of_o the_o fix_a the_o first_o of_o which_o they_o therefore_o call_v planet_n or_o wanderer_n because_o they_o observe_v no_o constant_a distance_n or_o situation_n neither_o in_o respect_n of_o each_o other_o nor_o in_o respect_n of_o those_o that_o be_v call_v fix_v star_n and_o these_o be_v so_o call_v because_o that_o they_o be_v observe_v always_o to_o keep_v the_o same_o situation_n and_o distance_n from_o one_o another_o as_o be_v at_o large_a prove_v ptolemy_n in_o his_o almage_a lib._n 7._o cap._n 1._o out_o of_o his_o own_o observation_n diligent_o compare_v with_o those_o deliver_v by_o hipparchus_n pont_n the_o star_n be_v divide_v into_o planet_n or_o wander_a
mela_n also_o after_o he_o this_o vast_a island_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n they_o will_v have_v to_o be_v terminate_v on_o the_o north_n side_n with_o the_o freeze_a sea_n which_o be_v call_v by_o dionysius_n mare_fw-la saturninum_fw-la and_o mâ—…rtuum_n â—…n_o the_o east_n with_o the_o eastern_a sea_n which_o be_v also_o call_v mare_n seâ—…_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o red_a sea_n whiâ—…h_o ptolemy_n call_v the_o indian_a sea_n and_o the_o aethyopian_a and_o on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n out_o of_o this_o ocean_n also_o there_o be_v four_o particular_a gulf_n as_o the_o ancient_a geographer_n conceive_v which_o embosomed_a themselves_o into_o the_o main_a land_n two_o of_o which_o derive_v their_o course_n out_o of_o the_o erythraean_a or_o red_a sea_n to_o wit_n the_o persian_a and_o arabian_a gulf_n from_o the_o west_n there_o be_v send_v out_o of_o the_o atlantic_a ocean_n a_o vast_a gulf_n which_o be_v call_v the_o mediterranean_a sea_n and_o out_o of_o the_o north_n they_o will_v have_v the_o scythian_a ocean_n to_o send_v in_o the_o caspian_a sea_n which_o be_v shut_v in_o almost_o on_o every_o side_n with_o high_a craggy_a rock_n from_o whence_o the_o stream_n flow_v with_o suâ—…h_a violence_n that_o when_o they_o be_v come_v to_o the_o very_a fall_n they_o cast_v forth_o their_o water_n so_o far_o into_o the_o sea_n without_o so_o much_o as_o once_o touch_v upon_o the_o shore_n that_o the_o ground_n be_v leave_v dry_a and_o passable_a for_o whole_a army_n under_o the_o bank_n the_o stream_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n be_v carry_v over_o tâ—…r_a headâ—…s_n as_o it_o be_v report_v by_o eudoxus_n in_o strabo_n this_o sea_n both_o strabo_n pliny_n mela_n â—…nd_n solinus_n will_v have_v to_o come_v out_o of_o the_o scythian_a ocean_n as_o we_o have_v say_v but_o this_o eâ—…rour_n of_o they_o bâ—…sides_v the_o experience_n of_o these_o late_a time_n be_v manifest_o convince_v by_o this_o one_o testimony_n of_o antiquity_n which_o be_v that_o the_o water_n of_o this_o sea_n be_v find_v to_o be_v freâ—…h_n and_o sweet_a as_o be_v first_o observe_v by_o alexander_n the_o great_a and_o afterward_o by_o pompey_n as_o m._n varro_n in_o solinus_n tâ—…stifieth_v who_o at_o that_o â—…ime_n himself_o serve_v under_o ptompey_n in_o his_o war_n and_o this_o be_v the_o chief_a reason_n which_o polycletus_n in_o straboâ—…lledged_a â—…lledged_z for_o the_o proof_n of_o the_o same_o now_o all_o this_o tract_n of_o land_n the_o ancient_n divide_v at_o first_o into_o two_o part_n only_o namely_o asia_n and_o europe_n to_o which_o succeed_v time_n aâ—…ded_v a_o three_o which_o they_o call_v africa_n and_o sometime_o also_o lybia_n and_o of_o these_o asia_n be_v the_o great_a africa_n the_o next_o but_o europe_n the_o last_o of_o all_o according_a as_o ptolemy_n determine_v it_o in_o the_o 7._o book_n of_o his_o geography_n europe_n be_v divide_v on_o the_o east_n from_o asia_n by_o the_o aegaean_a sea_n which_o be_v now_o call_v the_o archipelago_n and_o the_o euxine_a sea_n which_o be_v at_o first_o as_o strato_z in_o strabo_n thoâ—…ght_v encompass_v about_o on_o all_o side_n in_o manner_n of_o a_o great_a lake_n till_o at_o last_o by_o the_o great_a accession_n of_o other_o riverâ—…_n and_o water_n it_o so_o far_o increase_v as_o that_o the_o bank_n be_v unable_a to_o contain_v it_o it_o violent_o make_v its_o way_n into_o the_o propontis_n and_o the_o hellespont_n the_o euxine_a sea_n be_v now_o call_v mare_n maggiore_n it_o be_v also_o bound_v on_o the_o same_o side_n by_o the_o like_a of_o maeotis_n now_o call_v mare_fw-la dellezahacche_fw-it the_o river_n tanais_n common_o call_v don_n and_o the_o meridian_n which_o extend_v itself_o from_o thence_o to_o the_o scythian_a or_o freeze_v sea_n on_o all_o other_o side_n it_o be_v encompass_v with_o the_o sea_n for_o towards_o the_o south_n it_o be_v divide_v from_o africa_n by_o the_o strait_o of_o gibraltar_n and_o part_n of_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n the_o 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