weigh 6 lb And so diuiding each next Dyametre into 3 parts equall more then the next lesser was diuided into and it will with one part added frame a Dyametre of a shot that will weigh iust one pound more and so you may proceed infinitely increasing or decreasing by taking one part lesse then it is appointed to be diuided into for 1 lb. lesse and the next into 3 lb. lesse to abate one from the remainder infinitely decreasing it A second Geometricall way Hauing exactly the Dyametre of a shot that weigheth one pound first describe a Circle whose Dyametre shall bee iust equall thereunto and diuide it into 4 Quadrants with two Dyametres cutting each other in the Centre Orthogonally then take the Chord of the whole Quadrant or of 90 Degrees that is extend your Compasses from one extreame of a Dyametre to the next as in the figure following Take the distance A. B being supposed the Dyametre of a shot or ball of iust one pound weight which distance being set in the continued right line D. B. f. g. h and from E. to f then will D. f. bee the Dyametre of a shot of 2 lb and then opening the Compasses from A. to f and setting the same from E. to g. Againe taking the distance from A. to g and setting it from E. to h so likewise taking the distance A h. with the Compasses and setting the same from E. to i and so continuing vntill you haue proceeded as farre as you will You shall finde if D. B. were the Dyametre of 1 lb. that D. f. will be the Dyametre of 2 lb and D. g. will be the Dyametre of a shot of 3 lb and D. h. of 4 lb D. i. 5 lb D. k. of 6 lb and D. l. of 7 lb and D. m. of 8 lb c. and lastly D. q. of 12 lb whereby you may proceede in like manner infinitely Or else you hauing a Dyametre of 1 lb double that Dyametre will make a Dyametre of 8 lb and treble the Dyametre of one pound will make a Dyametre of 27 lb. and the quadruple or 4 times the same will make a Dyameter of a shot of 64 lb and 5 Dyametres will make a Dyametre of a ball of 125 lb and fiue times the Dyametre of a shot of 1 lb will make a Dyametre of a shot that will weigh 216 lb. It resteth now to shew how to finde the meane diuisions betweene those extreames as for the Dyametre of a shot of 2 lb 3 lb 4 lb 5 lb 6 lb 7 lb and more so as by such progressions you may proceed from pound to pound vntill you come to the last tearme for extreame of 216 lb. Neuerthelesse the same manner of working will proceed infinitely the former mentioned sixe Dyametres being marked vpon one and the same right line you must at the end of them draw another right line Orthogonally and set therein two such Dyametres as at C and from thence draw another right line paralell to the first from C. to K then put one foote of your Compasses in C and make a quarter of a Circle from B. to D that done plant a pinne or needle in C and then draw from the Center C. lines through all the diuision of the Dyametres marked vpon the right line A. B so shall you haue sixe diuisions to be diuided The first being diuided already abideth as it was and is the Dyametre of a shot or ball of one pound but the second diuision is to bee in the circumference diuided into 7 parts equally because it containeth the second Dyametre vnto 8 from 1 to 8 for adding 1 to 7 it maketh 8 the third diuision is into 19 equall parts which being added to the 8 maketh 27 the fourth shall bee diuided into 37 equall parts which together with the 27 maketh 64 the fift space shall bee diuided into 61 equall parts which together with the 64 amount vnto 125 and lastly the sixt space must be diuided into 91 equall parts vnto which adding the 125 you shall make a Dyametre for a shot of 216 lb. iustly Now for as much as these diuisions are deficill to make well within so small a Quadrant you may therefore describe a greater as the Quadrant K. E wherein the diuisions are more distinct then in the lesser they can bee further you may note that Fire-balls Granadoes and other Globous Artifices must haue the same proportion in their Grandures from their Ball of one pound which may bee exactly considered and so by this method you may make Balls of Lead Brasse Stone Granadoes Fire-balls and all other Sphericall workes of what weight you will hauing one of one pound first to lead you according to the precedent instructions A Table whereby and by the Inch sight-rule any Peece of Ordnance betweene sixe foot and fifteene foot in length may bee mounted to any Degree of the Quadrant vnder twenty Grades as well as by the Quadrant it selfe or by any other Instrument whatsoeuer  6 Foot ½ 7 Foot ½ 8 Foot ½ 9 Foot ½ 10 Foot ½ 11 Foot ½ 12 Foot ½ 13 Foot ½ 14 Foot ½ 15 Foot Gr. Inch.  1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 2 0 2 1 2 2 2 3 2 4 2 5 2 6 2 7 2 8 2 9 3 0 2 2 5 2 7 2 9 3 1 3 3 3 5 3 6 3 8 4 0 4 2 4 5 4 7 5 0 5 2 5 4 5 6 5 8 5 9 6 0 3 3 7 4 0 4 3 4 6 4 9 5 3 5 5 5 7 6 0 6 3 6 7 7 1 7 4 7 7 8 0 8 4 8 8 9 0 9 2 4 5 0 5 4 5 8 6 2 6 5 7 0 7 5 7 9 8 0 8 8 9 2 9 6 10 0 10 4 10 8 11 2 11 6 12 0 12 4 5 6 2 6 8 7 4 7 8 8 2 8 7 9 3 10 0 10 5 11 0 11 5 12 0 12 5 13 0 13 6 14 2 14 8 15 2 15 6 6 7 5 8 2 8 9 9 4 9 9 10 4 11 0 11 9 12 6 13 4 14 6 14 8 15 0 15 7 16 4 17 1 17 8 18 3 18 8 7 8 7 9 5 10 4 10 9 11 7 12 1 12 8 13 8 14 5 15 3 16 0 16 7 17 4 18 2 19 0 19 9 20 8 21 ◠21 8 8 10 0 10 8 11 9 12 3 13 3 13 8 14 2 15 8 16 6 17 5 18 3 19 2 20 0 20 8 21 6 22 7 23 0 24 2 24 6 9 11 3 12 3 12 5 13 7 14 5 15 1 15 5 17 7 18 7 19 7 20 6 21 5 22 4 23 4 24 4 25 0 25 8 26 6 27 ◠10 12 3 13 0 13 8 15 4 16 7 17 7 18 7 19 8 20 8 21 9 22 9 24 0 25 0 26 0 27 0 27 8 27 9 29 2 30 8 11 13 7 14 8 16 3 17 0 18 4 19 4 20 4 21 7 21 7
cord or string by guirding the Peece at the Touch-hole at the Trunnions and at the Necke taking ½ part thereof for the Dyametre of the body of her mettall in each places Thus The Canon or ordinary Culuerings haue about 11 Dyametres of their bore about at the Touch-hole and at the Trunnions 8 Dyametres and at the necke 6 Dyametres in their circumferences But the Common or Ordinary Canons of batterie haue but 9 Dyametres at the Touchhole and at their Trunnions 7 ½ and at their necks 5 2 5 in the circumference of their mettalls there Lastly the Demy Canons are but â…ž of their bores in thicknes of mettall at the Touch-hole I need not to insist vpon the rest of the measures nor of the Re-inforced Ordinary or Lessened onely I may say that as they all tend to none other end but to make knowne the force and feeblenes of any Peece to allow her a conuenient charge of Powder that they may performe their best and vtmost force most safely for if you giue any Peece more then her due charge in powder you indanger the Peece your selfe and the seruice expected but if you giue lesse she cannot doe sufficient execution The force and richnes and the defects and poorenesse of the Powder is likewise to bee well knowne for 10 lb. of one powder may doe more execution then 12 lb. of another wherefore encrease or abatement must bee accordingly made to or from the quantity that is ordinarily allowed according to the strength thereof more or lesse whereof I intend to speake more particularly in the chapter of the making and proouing of Powder But yet I will conclude with a briefe and industrious way to measure a Peece as is by the 19 figure α represented First draw a right line as the line CD then take the widenesse of the bore of the Peece with a paire of straight poynted compasses and set both the poynts in the said right line from C towards D as CF which will be the height or widenesse of the bore of the Peece Then with a paire of Calibre compasses take the Dyametre of the mettall at the breech which being also set in the same right line from C towards D as CE. Lastly diuide EE into two equall parts at A so will FA or EA be the thicknes of the mettall at the breech The like may be done at the Trunnions or Mouth CHAP. XXV To finde whether the Concaue Cillinder of any Peece of Ordnance bee in the midst of her mettall if not where the thickest or thinnest of the Mettall is and the difference thereof and of the longest and shortest distances from the Axis of the mettall to the Axis of the bore with their Larges and Disparts BEfore I proceede any further it will not be amisse here to shew the vse of Paralell Squire described in the 19 figure α which is an instrument requisite to finde examine whether that any Peece hath more mettal vpon one side of her then on the other The same is of two perches or peeces made square of good seasoned wood planed straight and smooth ioyned at the end with two trauers peeces truely let in and well closed in their ioynts so that as one of the pearches may come neerer or goe further off from the other as the Peece to be measured shall require alwayes keeping the two pearches exactly paralell one to the other and so locked with shrew pinnes and nuts as that they may not boudge without his will that vseth them These pearches haue in each of them 5 or 6 skrewes with pins of brusse or Iron that the one pearch being put into the Cillinder of the bore of a Peece of Ordnance the pins and skrewes with their halfe round heads may so beare vpon the lower side of the bore that it may hold vp the pearch close to the vpper side therof all along euen to the Touch-hole Then by the Trauerses locking the Perch that is without that the further end may touch rest vpon the Basering and the vpper pinnes also touch the Cornish frieze and other eminent rings of the outside Then turning the said instrument round about all the concaue or soule within and about the mettall or body without side of the Peece if you finde it to touch all parts equally in such reuolution you may be assured the Peece is truely bored in the midst of the mettall but if it touch not equally but bee stayde or stiffe vpon one side and loose that the pinnes beare or tooch not one the other it is certaine that the side where it is loose is thinner in mettall then the other where it goeth stiffe or stayeth Tract 3. Cap. 2. fig. 2. Kreutzstenglein Croisetta Eschelle pour examin le baâ—â—n de la piece sil et droit ou non Eine leitteren darauff erforschet ob der lauff an einem stuck gleich oder vngleich ist Cecij est explique desoubs chap. 5. Disses i st drunder im 5. Cap. erckläret Comment il fault mesurer vne piece Wie ein stuck soll visieret werden bouche rictal bouche netal la cueilliers de charge â—undloch morâ—luch Die ladschauffel Regla pour signer le lignes droitte Zoll stab daran die serack linien zu zihen The same being done aswell for the Brech as for the Mouth and transferred accordingly vpon a boord with Plumets in the centres of each circle one in the perpendicular Dynametre of the middle line of the boord whose lower end must be somewhat hollowed that it may bee the better applyed vpon the roundnesse of the mettall of the breech and muzzle of the Peece as the figure thereof may sufficiently explaine it would bee too tedious and not opera pretium further to describe the perpendicill or to demonstrate the same although I haue prepared for any friends that defire it Note for as much as it is very difficil to reclaimc such Peeces from shooting awry or ouer or vnder without these curious preparations And because they are not safely to be shot in without very good and mature consideration of their weakenes and danger for if an ordinary charge of powder be fyred in such a Peece the weaker fortified part would not be able to resist the force thereof but be in great danger to breake and split therefore I would aduise euery Gunner that shall be appoynted to serue with such a Peece aswell for his safety as for his credite eyther with or without reclaiming those Errors not to load her with more powder then if shee were no better fortified in any place then she is in the weakest part her surplussage at the thickest being no better helpe to strengthen the thinnest of her mettall then if she were in all places weake alike Yet to examine the mettall of any Peece doe thus also Mount the mouth of the Peece vpon a skidde or peece of Timber and hauing from the vpper part of the mettall made foure markes or diuided
vnto the degree assigned If you bee to imbase the Peece those lynes and number also set aboue the first named marke will performe the like office there in the thing required CHAP. XXXV How to finde the right line or right range of any Shot discharged out of any Peece for euery eleuation by any one Right or dead Range giuen for the Peece assigned IF the Range giuen be the right Range say by the Rule of three if the Tabular number found in the Table of dead Ranges for the degree of the Range giuen giue the number of knowne measures in that Range what shall the Tabular number of the Table of right Ranges proper to the degree assigned giue And hauing multiplied and deuided them duly the fourth number will be the right Range or right line for the Peecesought Example 1. SVppose you are to seeke the right Range of 30 degrees for that Peece whose dead Range for 30 degrees is giuen or knowne to be 2200 paces by it multiply the Tabular number of right Ranges for 30 degrees which is 695 and diuide the product by 2150 the Tabular number for 30 degrees in the Table of dead Ranges and the Quotient will bee 711 paces for the line or right Range of that Peece mounted and discharged at 30 degrees eleuation Example 2. SVppose the leuell right Range is giuen and the right Range for 30 degrees mounture bee sought say if 192 the first number in the Table of right Ranges giue 695 the Tabular number thereof for 30 degrees what shall 197 paces the leuell right Range giuen giue multiply the third by the second and deuiding by the first and the Quotient will be 713 paces for the right Ranges sought the difference is that Tables cannot be so exactly calculated but by omitting small fractions small differences will grow apparant by working one question or example diuers wayes which let suffice CHAP. XXXVI To finde how much of the Horizontall line is contained directly vnder the right line or right Range of any Shot made out of any Peece at euery eleuation assigned HAuing by the last Chapter found the number of paces the Peece will carie her Shot in a right line being duly discharged at any Eleuation assigned multiply the same by the right Sine of the complement of the degree of Mounture and deuide the product by the whole Sine and the Quotient will bee the number of paces or such like measures contayned in the leuell directly vnder the right Range sought Example BE it propounded how to finde what part of the Horizontall line lyeth directly vnder the right Range of the Peece assigned at 30 degrees eleuation the right Range at 30 grades by the precedent being found to bee 713 paces and the right sine of 60 grades the complement of 30 being 866 being multiplied together and the product deuided by 1000 the whole sine leaueth in the Quotient 617 for the number of paces lying directly vnder the right Range sought CHAP. XXXVII To finde how much of the Horizontall line lyeth vnder the crooked Range of a Shot made out of any Peece at any Eleuation assigned THe crooked range is so much as the course or way of the Shot as it goeth helically betweene the right Range and the naturall or perpendicular motion or before it make the first graze And may bee thus found either by deducting of the leuell distance contained directly vnder the right line or right Range of any Shot made found by the last Chapter out of the dead Range thereof found by the Chapter before-going For the remainder will be the paces or other measures lying directly vnder the crooked range Example 1. THe Peece supposed to be mounted to 30 degrees is found to conuey the Shot 2300 paces to the dead range or first graze of the Shot and it also conuayeth the Shotte 617 paces in the leuell vnder the right Range which deducted out of the said dead Range there remaineth 1683 paces which lyeth directly vnder the Crooked range in the Horizontall line the thing sought CHAP. XXXVIII Of the violent crooked and naturall motion or course of a Shot discharged out of any Peece of Ordnance assigned BY the third and fourth suppositions of the second book of Tartaglia his Nouascientia euery body equally heauie as a Globall Shot in the end of the violent motion thereof being discharged out of a Peece of Ordnance so it be not in the perpendicular line right vp or downe the crooked Range shall ioyne to the right Range and to the naturall course or Motions and bee betweene them both So for example the right Range being all the line a b of the Figure following and c d the naturall motion He saith B C will being the mixt or crooked Range ioyne and bee contingent to them both in the poynts b and c wherein c will be the furthest part of the crooked course or range from the Peece so directed and d the end of the naturall motion thereof And in his seauenth proposition of the same booke hee prooueth That euery Shot equally heauy great or little equally eleuated aboue Horizon or equally oblique or leuelly directed are among themselues like and proportionall in their distances as the Figure following sheweth as A E F is like and proportionall in the right and crooked Ranges vnto A H I and in their distances or dead Ranges A F vnto A I. And in his fourth fifth and sixth propositions of the same booke he proueth that euery Shot made vpon the leuell hath the crooked range thereof equall to the Arch of a Quadrant or quarter of a Circle and if it bee made vpon any eleuation aboue the leuell that then it will make the crooked Range to be more then a Quadrant and that if it be made imbased vnder the leuell that then the crooked Range thereof will be an Arch lesse then a Quadrant as the three last figures following doe represent And lastly in his ninth Proposition of the same booke he vndertaketh to proue if one Peece be shot off twice the one leuell and the other at the best of the Randon that the right Range of the leuell is but one quarter of the right Range of the best And that the dead Range of the leuell is but 1 10 of the dead Range of the best Randon whereto he that desireth further demonstration may haue recourse and examine his demonstrations of those propositions in his said second booke of his Noua Scientia A Diagram for the Randons of a Saker vpon each of the first six Points according to Alessandro Bianco Now to finde at what distance from the platforme whereon the Peece is to be discharged the course of the Bullet will cut the aspect of euery Mounture which will helpe when a marke shall bee without the right Range of the Peece in the aspect of its eleuation aboue the Horizon to make a faire Shot at first by taking a greater aduantage of mounture as suppose a Marke
Peeces reach or right Range of the Shot and of the dead Range for any Peece at euery degree AS in the last Chapter wee haue saide for the right Range so must we also say for the dead Range which consisteth of the addition of the right and crooked Ranges together into one and then called the dead Range which is the whole distance from the Platforme vpon which the Peece assigned is discharged vnto the first fall or graze of the Bullet vpon the leuell line or Horizontall Plane by reason the different lengthes of the Peeces and strength of the powder encreaseth or deuinceth the course or fury of the Shot and therefore more difficult to bee found but only by experience or by Diagrams Tables or Scales made from experiments Now although it bee very difficult and a thing vncertaine also to ariue herein to exactnesse without some experiments made with the assigned Peece and Powder Yet to come to a necessary neerenesse at first farre surer then by vncertaine guessing either by the Table here annexed by my Scale or Rule grounded vpon often obseruations and tryall I hauing made 200 shott for it you hauing the right range for the Mounture assigned by the former dead Range of the Shott for the Mounture required Note where the Shots course cutteth the Angle of euery Mounture for that Peece and powder giuen in this manner First take the right Range of the Peece experimented from the right Range for the Mounture assigned and diuide the remainder in such reason as the said Angle of Mounture is to the Angle of the complement thereof and to the Quotient adde the said right Range found and the off come there of will bee the dead Range for that Peece Powder and Mounture assigned As for example let it be supposed that a Peece mounted at 30 degrees shot 300 paces in the right Range and 3000 at the dead Range I desire to know the dead Range at 40 degrees A Table of the proportions of dead Ranges Gr. Pa. 0 192 1 298 2 404 3 510 4 610 5 722 6 828 7 934 8 1044 6 1129 10 1214 11 1396 12 1394 13 1469 14 1544 15 1622 16 1686 17 1744 18 1792 19 1849 20 1917 25 2013 30 2185 35 2249 40 2289 42 ½ 2296 45 2289 52 ½ 2283 60 1792 67 ½ 1214 75 1000 85 ½ 192 90 0 To doe this the plainest mechanicall way is to diuide that dead Range into any number of parts at pleasure which set out in a line at one end of that right line make an angle by the 23 propositiō of the 1 of Euclide demonstrated herein and from the other end thereof erect a perpendicular line by the 11 proposition also there mentioned vntil it intersect the line that framed the Angle giuen and note well how many such parts it containeth and multiply the parts of the dead Range by the parts that the line that framed the Angle containeth and then diuide the product by the number of parts you diuided the line of the dead Range into and the Quotient will bee the Secant Range which knowne as imagine for the secant Range was found 1555 paces and for the dead range 2000 paces giuen Say if 1555 giue 1000 the whole sine what shall 1000 the dead range giue 643 ⅕ the right signe of the Angle the Peece must be mounted vnto vpon the aduantage to shoote 1000 paces for her dead range CHAP. XLIII How to order and direct a Peece and amend an ill Shott that was made either by the Mettall leuell right line or aduantage or Mount IF leasure will not permit to vse the Ruler and Beuill then the Gunner may by his iudgement according to the Charge and proportion of the Peece take such a marke as he guesseth neerest and likest to be best for the purpose if it prooue to strike on 't iust then hee hath his desire for vsing like Powder Shott and hauing like temper and accidents he shall alwayes make thereby the like Shot But if the Shott went too high hee shall then direct the peece in like sort againe and lay some small thing as discretion will guide him vpon the highest of the muzzle ring and bring it and the highest of the Base ring in one with the first point or marke doing so or more or lesse vntill he hit the marke desired and the same may be tryed by bringing the peece vpon the first marke which without doubt hee shall attaine vnto with reasons Rule as afore And if the first Shott be vnder or short he must doe as before ordering and directing his peece in like manner sauing that before the peece be remoued hee must lay some little thing on the highest part of the mettall at the breech and then by helpe of the Quoynes shee being imbased or mounted more or lesse as occasion requireth vntill the highest of the mettall at the Mouth and Breech with that helpe and the first marke become together into one right line And so is the peece ordered for the shooting by Mira Commune vnlesse fault bee by loading of the powder too much or too little c. And although other accidents may misleade him therein yet either of those faylings are also to bee reformed by the Beuell Quadrant represented in the 25 figure As if the Gunner by the mettall take his marke so that the Shot fall short To correct the same after the peece at the next Shott is placed as before hee may then by the said Beuell quadrant eleuate her one degree or poynt higher As if shee were formerly at sixe poynts or degrees shee may now be set at 7 and then giuing fire if it strike the marke hee may alwayes order it in the same manner afterwards But if it were too high little or much hee must accordingly diuide that difference betweene the sixth and seauenth poynt or degrees by discretion by the lighting of the last Shot And if it were too low then proceeding in the same manner to adde to the sixth poynt with iudgement and so may assure himselfe hee may be like to get reputation thereby But if he be to order a peece to shoote by the leuell of the Soule or Axis of the Bore horizontally then place a peece of boord within or vpon the bottome of the bore at the muzzle as in the precedent Chapter betweene the said long Ruler and Beuell Quadrant raising or imbasing her with Handspeeks and Quoynes vntill the plumb line of the said Beuill hang directly in the midst thereof So will the Soule or Axis of the Bore lye directly leuell or paralell with the Horizon Then taking away the Ruler and Beuill and taking by the highest of the mettall at the breech and muzzle direction to lay her right and to what marke they respect for height note that for after vses and giuing then fire he may attaine therein his desire Forasmuch as opportunity will not alwayes permit to place the same on the Mouth as aforesaid
lagen Poinct du nueau Punct der Wagen there may 40 foote of ground and for the thicknesse thereof it must â—e 21 or 22 foote with 27 or 30 foote for reuerse for each Peece making almost 100 foote in all and leauing yet thirty foote more at least from the said reuerse to the other Parrapet of the same Bulwarke to the end there may he no impeachment but that the Troopes may march and passe to the defences required freely And hauing also roome to plant three Peeces of Ordnance vpon each of the Shoulders of the same which will also require 65 some of ground at the least The Trouniers or Loopes are to be 3 foote broad within and distant 20 foote one from another Hauing within the Platformes 3 foote of Barb and without 9 foote of breadth and euery where 8 foote of height These three loopes must haue a counter loope at the Parapet of the Bulwarke hauing in the midst 4 within 6 and without 8 foote in breadth and deepe that it be euen with the Terraplene Now from these Loopes there must be as we haue said so much roome that within the Shouldrings there may be 3 Peeces distant 20 foote asunder Now two or three of these Shouldrings discharge their three Peeces trauersing croswise to the Enemies Batteries beating so vpon them that they must be forced to quit the place And although the Euemie abroad may beate the Couertures of the outmost Loopes yet can they neither for the inner Loopes not the Peeces within come to touch any of them But you may note that such Batteries cannot be made in a narrow or straight place as I haue said without demolishing structures and raising the ground so that it be leuell with the Terraplene of the Bulwarke which would otherwise be too small for that purpose And hauing finished them they are not to serue for one place onely but they may turne those Shouldrings and defences and make the Peeces thunder about on all sides where the Enemie would settle himselfe CHAP. XLIX Of certaine reasons that causeth a Shott though well directed to erre in her discharge and be faulty at the Mark wide short or ouer THere are very many causes and accidents that may make a Shott well directed to deuiate from the expected course The first is when as the Soule or bore of the Peece lyeth awry in the Body or Mettall thereof or that the Chase or vacant Cillinder the director of the Shott is not straite wherefore the Gunner may receiue disgrace but hauing examined and found the fault hee is to supply the defect by discretion and skill And if the Trunions also be not duly placed directly in a dyagonall lyne with the Axis of the Peece it will be wide likewise if the Platforme bee vnequall as higher vpon one side then the other Also if the Gunner lay the highest of the mettall at mouth and Breech it will shoot ouer if it be within distance if one wheele be higher then another also if one wheele goe stiffer then the other or if one wheele meete with a squat by a stone or otherwise when the Naues be one longer wyder then the other when one wheele reuersing goeth on soft ground the other on harder when the Cariage or Trunion eares are higher lower one then another if the Cariage be too wyde so that the Peece lyeth not fast the rein but starteth in her discharge if the Shot be not equally round or the bore of the Peece not lying strait but more on the one side of the mettall then the other The vehemencie of the winde with against or aside may driue the Shot forward backe it or deuie-at it aside the thicknesse and thinnesse of the ayre the heating and cooling the sleight or hard ramming of the Powder putting home or short the shott And lastly the want of skill and experience All these and many more may be causes of the fayling of a Shott at an assigned Marke which I thought fit here to note at last not to minister matter of excuse to ignorant negligent carelesse Gunners but to aduise the discreete Gunner to haue a vigilant eye and consideration of all or as many of those accidents with reason of the former directions to auoyd or amend them as wel as he can at first To faile at the first shott if he be not acquainted with the Peece and Marke is passable and at the second to fayle is pardonable but to faile of a faire shott at the third time is too much and argues but little iudgement and discretion in such a Gunner CHAP. L. How to conduct a Mine vnder ground to blow vp a place and to prepare a Gallerie to passe the Dyke to the foote of the Breach THe vse of Mining is ancient and was commonly vsed by the Persian Greeke Parthian Romanes and other Nations that haue mannaged great warres and no meruaile for that the same is the easiest and most proper meanes to force a place But Pietre Nauarro a Spaniard was the first that inuented the Fowrne and the vse of Powder therein for which and some other seruices the Emperour Charles the fifth gaue him the name of a Conde and great rewards besides Yet neuerthelesse there is nothing more dangerous for such as worke in these Mines by reason the Counter-mines of the Enemie so that if there be any suspition of countermining it will not be amisse to diuert the course with all dexterity either toward the right or left hand as the occasion of the Place will permit And forasmuch as according to the naturall effects of feare it behoueth the besieged to seeke out the shortest and neerest way possible to offend the Enemie abroad by Countermine or otherwise The Mine-Master then may sinke his Mine and conduct the same either as in the 16 Figure at α is described by the letters from A by B to C or as the other 4 square angular course and there to prepare the Fourne which may be armed with powder in Barrels so that giuing Fire thereunto by a Trayne he blow vp the Place and the Enemies aboue it And to the end the same hurt not the Pyoners or Worke-men that digge and trauell therein it will bee needfull to lyne the same with sparres and bords framed accordingly seauen foote in height and 5 foote in breadth but it must be couered with 2 inch planke to keepe vp the earth But if the ground be moyst or full of Springs a gutter with 2 descent must bee made that the water may runne to some lower euacuation if that cannot be a Well at the mouth of the Mine must be made for a receptackle for all the Springs to runne into by their gunters and Pumpsor Forcers are to be set sufficient to mount the water that it may after finde a current to runne away But if there be any suspition of Countermining then alwayes forwards in your intended course you may bore long holes in the earth with your
long ground Awgars vsed for such purposes and pierce holes on all sides also to know vpon what part from you the Enemie worketh which cannot be done so priuate but so the noyse of their Mattocks and Shouels will soone be hard by those pierced holes when you come neere their workes if by those meanes you heare nothing by reason that the besieged had ended their Countermines before you began and he watching them heareth you worke those piercers being but 12 or 15 foote long will discouer the danger by boring thorough the solid earth to the hollownesse of their Countermine and so you shall haue Counteraduantage of the Enemies counter-minings My Cosmodelite before represented is an excellent instrument and for that purpose I thinke the best extant Now being come right vnder the place to bee blowne vp and made the Fourne arched vpwards higher then the Mine place therein sufficient powder either in Barrellor Troughes you must also stop closely and strongly the mouth of the Fourne very diligently looking it be so close that no ayre breath out but at one small hole wherein the Trayne runneth in to giue fire thereunto vnto which he that giueth fire must looke that the Match of the Trayne bee not too long before the powder take as also to see it bee not too short and so to giue fire too soone that is before he be gotten into some place of safety out of the blast and ruines least hee pay the wages of improuidence The meanes then to set the matter a worke needes no long discourse being very commonly knowne onely to aduise that the enterance into the Mine for height and breadth as aforesaid may be as close and secret from the Enemie as may be and that in his proceeding on he must deminish those measures in such manner that in the midst it be but 5 foote high and 4 foote broad And the neeret you come to the end so much the lesse giue in breadth so that euen to the comming in to the Furne it must be close and narrow that you may onely get the powder thereinto Aboue all things the Mine-Master before he begin must be sure to know the true measure and distance with the height or depth of the place intended to bee Mined bee it aboue or vnder the leuell of the place hee beginneth most precisely taking exact notice of all his windings turning and angles which he maketh from the beginning to the end as well aboue and vnder the leuell of the right line passing thence right vnder the Place as towards the right and left side thereof Otherwise his labour will not onely be deficill but also vncertaine and most dangerous there being foure principall causes to impeach the effectuall working thereof First the ill stopping of the Fourne Secondly the weakenesse of the sides by countermines or Cauernes Thirdly by failing of the Trayne by moysture or ill contriuing And fourthly the most important is that the Frame whereupon the Barrels stand be not placed too low as vnder the leuell of the enterance which it must euer exceede because the quality of fire is alwayes to ascend And so obserning euery 15 or 20 paces how high or lowe or wide on any side you are gone aboue or vnder the leuel strait line Two of the greatest shames to Souldiers being either to lose any peece of Ordnance by negligence or ill guarding them Or the fayling of a Mines due effect And for making great or small Galleryes to passe a dyke vnto a Breach couertly be the dyke watered or dry the maner is described in the precedent Figure with the Myne and may be made ready in seuerall parts to be set together speedily by ioynts fitted for that purpose for the easier cariage also And they must be couered ouer with Faggots earth greene Hides to preuent fiting them CHAP. LI. Of the Guindall Windlas and Ginne or Martinet Krow and Handspyke and Leuer and the endlesse Screw THe Guindall or Windlas is a conuenient ingenious inuâ—â—tion to mount a peece of Ordnance or heaue aloft waighty matters and is represented in the 24 Figure with the Crow of Iron or Goates-footed Handspyke and Leauers accompanied with the Ginne or Martinet which will lift vp the Axtrees when the Peece is vpon her Cariage mounted to take off or put on the Wheeles to grease or ease or mend what is amisse about them The Guindall is thus made of a peece of Tymber sixe inches square in the feete or with three young dry Oken Sparres about 12 or 15 foote long ioyned together at the top with an yron bolt passing through Iron Ferrills vpon which bolt a double pulley is hanged and at the lower end of each Sparre another yron Ferrill and a Pyke of yron is placed to keepe the feete from all slipping almost at the lower end of two of those legges or Sparres a peece of a Sparre about 4 or 5 foote long is fastned betweene them and also 3 foote from the end a Rowle and Windlas with halfe round yrons are clasped to those 2 legges or spartes and aboue that 2 or 3 other peeces of sparres In that Rowle are 4 mortis holes for Handspykes pierced thorough whereby they with 2 or 4 Handspykes turne that Rowle which hath an end of a rope 4 or 5 times or more about it and the other end reeued in the said Pulley so continued vnto another double pulley with a hole or hooke to take hold or seize a Rope that hath slung the Peece appointed to be mounted into her Cariage Or else the Frame may Instruments pour le seruice des pieces Tract 3. cap 8. Der zu dem geschutz gehörig hebzeug Martinet Winde Guindal der bock oder heber Pied de cheure Leuies pebel gejss fuss Eschelette hebleiterlein be of 3 square Tymbers the head of two of them ioyning at the top together and the rest for the other legge and parts may by the sight of the said 24 Figure be framed and vnderstood sufficiently The Ginne or Martinet is another instrument seruing to lift vp the Peece with her Cariage and all her furniture from the ground with one mans strength when the Gunner would change a bad wheele or the like or put a wheeleon vpon the Axiltree or take it off for any purpose the proportion of this Engin for the vse of Ordnance is that it ought to be about 2 foote long and 8 inches square or there-abouts the Viceron is of yron forked to take hold and with his teeth is wound vp by a handle with a spurre of fewe teeth it will lift a great waight multiplying the force proportionally according to the height of the secret wheele and of the said spurre contained in the distance of the handle from the centre of the spurre or to semidiametre of the handles circular reuolution dyametrally multiplied by the reasons betweene the spurre and wheele That Viceron commeth out of the midst of the said square case of wood at the top
are vsuall wound and is a pleasing inuention being inuironed with Bandrolls of Rockets with a continued ranke But yet the halfe of them being turned with their heads the contrary way when the other halfe haue spent themselues Then by a secret Match on purpose they are fired and sodainly the motion will be made contrary to the former the last of the first halfe being spent it giuing Fire to the first of the latter halfe which immediatly workketh its effect The Frame B is a Castle with 4 Towers and 4 Curtins and a Caualariae or domineering Turret in the midst The structure thereof is with a thicke planke or two ioyned well together of the bignesse of the plane or foundation of the bottome of the Castle making a great hole in the midst into with the top of the Perch which beareth all the Frame is to enter The Towers are to be turned of good and strong Timber about which a number of auger holes and gutters are to be made to put to Breakers and Pettards and to carie Traynes betweene to fire the Worke in order in the midst of each Tower a slowe Match is first fired aloft or an earthen pype filld with sure and slowe receipt one Tower receiuing fire from another vntill all bee spent The Curtins also giuing seuerall rounds of Cane Cannons which being well Armed and loaded will yeeld a good report there may be placed Runners that shall fire each other and passe from Tower to Tower and Flyers whose Rods may be let downe through the Plankes the Roofes of the Towers shall haue Turrets arched and Vanes vpon them with flagge and flagge-staffe The figures C and D is formed as Cilinder Granado made of turned Timber as bigge as you will with a hollow Concaue Cillinder in the midst from end to end That a Match or slowe receipt may orderly fire the Rockets and Cannons entered into the hole And if you would issue a quantity of Flyers aloft at once to spread and flye euery way place them declining somwhat that way you would haue each flye when fire shall be giuen So shall you with a small care and handinesse giue great variety of content to the spectators to your commendations Tract 3. cap. 19. et 20. ct 2 i. ct 25. Tract 3. Cap. 28. Tract 3. Cap. 30. CHAP. LXXVII How to make flying Dragons and Rockets that will runne vpon a Lyne and returne againe and of Nocturnall Combates in Fire-workes THe burning flying Draggon is somewhat busie in the contriuing Structure and Compositions thereof and he must be his Arts-Master that can performe the same well Although perfection be not required therein we will shew the easiest manner of Framing and Arming them and putting them in practise furnishing each of them with one or two Mayne Rocket of a pound or two of Receipt for that grandure as afore-said according to the way and waight thereof which must passethrough the bore threof hauing a sparkling starry flaming Receipt to burne in the Draggons mouth that being fired when the vent at the Tayle is fired may make the Draggon seeme to breath Fire forwards and voyde Fire backwards also The body thereof being all ouer furnished with ordetly Tyres of Breakers that at last shall breake and consume all the body thereof which being framed with Ribs of dry light wood or Whale bone or Crooked Lane Plates and couered either with Paper or Muscouie Glasse coloured like to a Draggon may so represent that creature in shape these are to haue either a voyde Cane or else certaine swiules for a lyne freely to enter into that ballasted it may almost equipoyzedly hang and be yare to runnevpon a lyne Now at great Tryumphes two of these Draggons may bee made to moue oppositely vnto the midst of the lyne whereas a Globe with Sunne Moone Staries Clouds may appeare liuely represented as in the 24 Figure at γ is shewed The line may be made either of Iron or Brasse Wyre or of Whipcord annoynted with Sope or such like incombustible matter These Draggons and Globes may be framed with Arches and Circles of thinn Latten fastned with small lynes vntill the Body thereof bee framed to your minde And then set vp her wings as she were flying somewhat shaking with small Rackets in them Also in the same Figure is a double Rocket coyned with a vacant Cane they are placed ones head to the others vent to the end that when the first hath caried the other to the end of the lyne the other may take fire and returne to the place where it first began his Motion Also it will be a pleasant spectacle to behold to see two men issue forth at contry places armed with small Trunks or Staues and Targets furnished with Artificiall Fireworkes which putting themselues amongst the People shall Combat together in Fire The Targets being of Plankes may spyrally haue Fires of Breakers and Rockets And the Trunkes and Staues furnished with Cane Armed Rockets Pettards no bigger then a quill and Armed loaded Nutshell Or in stead of Staues or Trunkes they may haue woodden dulled Swords or Curtlaces furnished with Fireworkes which will be a pleasant fight CHAP. LXXVIII How Artificiall Fireballs and Granadoes are to be formed and loaded with their mixtures FIreballs and Granadoes are vpon all occasions very offensiue to the Enemie to vexe and trouble them in their Armie or besieged in their Hods or Houses Tents or Trenches Bulwarkes and Defences They may bee made round many wayes according to their Calibre resolued First take strong Canuas and cut out 2 Circles â…“ greater or more in dyamitre then the Calibre and hauing turned in the edges of their Peripheries sowe them strongly with Needle and Thrid round about onely leauing a little hole vntill you haue thereby loaded the Receipt ramming it in very hard and working it Globally Or else cutting the Canuas into 8 quarters as appeareth at P in the 27 Figure α or into 4 quarters with the Compasses as Footballs with crosse quarters Otherwise some cut them into 12 panes as the Globes are cauted in their couering papers but by their too many seames they become tedious and subiect often to open If you meane to shoote them out of a Mortar or other Peece you must haue a respect vnto the bore of the Chase that lopded and armed and coated it may neere fill the Concaue Cilliâ—der And if you intend to make Balls to sticke and Fire commonly Hedgehogges you hauing sleight filled your Ball vnto a Marke must take two crosse sharpe barbed poynted hardned or steeled Irons that must be put in to the Ball to appeare through on each side as at 4 therein is represented Or loading it with Cannon Chambers and Shot as at C. These may be prymed and fired before they be put in to the Peece The Figure A representeth inuention of a Lanthorne or case that with a pryming Pype firing a quick Receipt at a time lunted will breake and blow vp and teare all
in the Faulcon and small peeces the abatement of ¼ of an inch is too much and for the Canon ¼ of an inch is too little and that 1 20 of the Diametre of the Bore will be a reasonable abatement for all Peeces be they higher or lower which being by Arithmatick so easily found will not require any example CHAP. XXXIII Of the Gunners Quadrant and Triangle with their Degrees and Poynts whereby either to Leuell or else to Mount or Imbase any Peece of Ordnance to any degree or poynt assigned THe Gunners Quadrant is a Geometricall Instrument made of brasse or fine grained wood containing in the circumference one quarter of a circle diuided into 90 equall parts or degrees in the outmost limbe and in the second limbe within into the 12 poynts of the Gunners quadrant hauing within the same also a Geometricall Quadrate with each side diuided into 12 equall parts and those each of them subdiuided by meanes of paralels and Dyagenalls into 10 equall parts so that each side will be thereby found distinctly deuided into 120 equall parts fitly seruing to take all Geometricall Mensurations of distances heights breadthes and depthes accessible and inaccessible by the directions hereafter mentioned The degrees and also the poynts being principall helpes for the Gunners practise to shoote at the most certainty both by the right line and also vpon the aduantage of any Randon to and at any Marke assigned to a probable or assured good effect as by the Tables Scale and directions following will more plainly appeare and by the 21 Figure hereof marked wherein each Quadrant but that which is marked with 4 hath a strait Ruler about 2 foot long ioyned either firmely or by a Groue doue-tayled vnto one of the sides of Semidiametres thereof Now to plant any Peece leuell hauing put the said Ruler in close vnto the lower side of the Mettall within the Coucaue Cillinder of the Bore thereof then mount or imbase the Peece in her Cariage vntill the plummet fall directly vpon the other side of the Quadrants fiduciall edge by meanes of drawing out or putting in the Quoyns as reason will direct you so will the Axis of the Bore or Concaue Cillinder thereof bee found to lye directly leuell or paralell to the Horizontall plane you may also without a Quadrant leuell any Peece duly founded by holding a plumb line vpright afore the mouth of the Peece and mounting or imbasing her by meanes of her Quoynes vntill the line shall appeare only to touch the Flat of the Mettall at the mouth aboue and below alike So will the Axis of the Soule that is to cut the flat of her mouth at right Angles the plumb line being paralell or equi-touching the same flat be found to bee paralell to the plane of the Horizon or truly leuell as was required But if by the said Quadrant you would mount the peece to any degree or poynt of the Quadrant then you are to mount or imbase her in her Cariage by drawing or putting in of her Quoynes more then before so much vntill the plumb line of the Quadrant appeareth freely the Ruler being put into her mouth as before to hang directly ouer the degree or point assigned And the like may be said concerning the imbasing of any peece as in the 21 Figure α at 2 for the 12 poynts and at 3 for the 90 degrees A B C and E M N And also concerning the leuell at 4 to leuell peeces and to finde the vpper part of the mettall And lastly to mount and imbase the peece by the helpe of the plumb line And by the whole circle at 5 deuided into 48 equall parts making in each Quadrant thereof the 12 poynts of the Gunners quadrant The like may be done with the sight Rule by the Table hereof CHAP. XXXIIII Of a new deuise by any Staffe to leuell mount and imbase any Peece ALso any Peece may with a field Linstock Rammer or Spunge or other Staffe be mounted to any degree of the Quadrant being thus prepared First marke from one end of that Staffe a distance equall vnto the height of the Pomell or Caskabell of the Peece Tract 2. Dial. 9. Quelle piece sera de plus lointaine portee celle du hault ou celle du pied d'vne tour Welches stuck am weittesten trägt das so oben oder das so vnden am thurn abychet Tract 3. Cap 12 et 15 Mire commune rez les metaux de 1000 pas Gemeine visier vber die frisen auff 1000 schritt Poinct du niueau de l'ame de 500 pas Visier der wogen auff 500 schritt placed leuell vpon her Platforme and then take the distance betweene the Centre of the Trunions and the Pomell or Caskabell which make or imagine a semidiametre of a Circle and diuide it by Dyagonalls and Paralels or otherwise into 1000 equall parts Lastly out of the Table of Sines take the number answering vnto euery degree out of the said 1000 parts and set that distance from the said marke downwards And if the totall Syne of the Table be 100000 omit the two last figures of each number thereof towards the right hand and if it be 10000000 then omit foure figures of each number you finde in that Table and the remaining number will shew how many of those 1000 equall parts are to be set downwards from the marke beneath the said leuell for each seuerall degree Then drawing also 10 Paralels and Dyagonalls from the first degree to the second and from the second to the third c. successiuely continued from each to his next noting euery degree with Arithmeticall characters so may you from 6 minutes to 6 minutes by those right synes mount the Peece so set forth for any Peece which it shall be prepared for This may also be described vpon such a staffe without the Table of synes in a mechanicall maner thus If you describe a Quadrant or Quarter of a circle with a semidiametre equall to the distance from the centre of the Trunions to the centre of the Pomell or Caskabell and deuide the Arch of that quadrant into 90 equall parts or degrees and then from each degree letting a right line fall perpendicularly vpon the base side of the said quadrant And lastly each of those right lines being thence transferred from the said first marke downwards vpon the said staffe and marking them with Arithmeticall figures for each degree thereupon making also Paralels and Diagonalls as aforesaid you may thereby Geometrically and mechanically marke the same from 6 to 6 minutes as before The vse of them are plaine and easie for if you bring downe the centre of the Caskabell or Pomell of the Peece to any number of degrees thereon so marked for that peece you setting the lower end of the staffe to the Platforme being euen although it be rising or descending backwards I say then the Axis of the bore of that Peece will be found to be eleuated