to be 4. When the Company is drawn up into a Body the Colours must be flying and by the Way in case the General or supreme of the Wars or any Noble Stranger worthy of respect do come immediately upon his or their approach the Ensign-bearer in all humility is to bow the head of his Colours waving them with the bow of his body and to raise both it and himself up again And as the said person shall pass away the Drum shall beat and the Colours shall be displayed This also the Ensign shall do in all Marchings or other motions of Civil Exercises where your Superiours pass by you or you by them Nay it is expedient and fit so to be done to any Gentleman that is your familiar for it is no more but as the vailing of your hat or giving your friend a courtesie 5. Now when the Body is drawn up into Battalia and the Enemy within view thereof then every man being in his place is to express all the Gallantry he can and especially the Ensign-bearer either in displaying his Colours standing marching charging and retreiting or retiring and all these ought not to be done at one time but when the bodies are joyning and they must be done with great respect for to use the Postures directly to the motion or standing of the Body and not to do as I have seen some in ordinary Militia Discipline that have but one or two motions of their Colours upon and for all occasions as if true Honour had such weak inventions this without doubt is most base and unworthy To proceed to the Postures of the Ensign They are in general as followeth so well as I can express them for they are better in execution and to be taught by example than any pen can describe them 1. To change them with a plain wave from hand to hand 2. To change them with lofty turns from hand to hand each hand performing their turns before you deliver them as from the right to the left and from the left to the right as at first 3. From the right hand with a wave and lofty turn jutting the Colours upon the left shoulder and raising up with the same hand again and with lofty turns to deliver it into the left hand that so thereby you may execute the same upon the right shoulder and after the turns to deliver it into the right hand as at first 4. With and from the right hand with lofty turns throw your Colours under the left arm recovering them speedily back with conceived Florishes you deliver them into the left hand you may execute the same with the left hand 5. With turns or flourishes you bring the butt end of the staff to your left hand turning the palm of your left hand outwards but not for the reception of it and with the same hand only throw it off upon its turn with a flourish to deliver it into the left hand and to perform the same with the left hand and deliver the Colours into the right hand as at first 6. With lofty turns bring the Colours over the head down right but not too low before and raising it again with the fore-turn and back-turn over the head changing of hands and delivering as before 7. From the right hand deliver into your left hand with the palm of your hand uppermost the butt end of your staff turning it backwards upon the left shoulder and turning it over the head with the same hand you deliver it into the right hand after the same manner which being performed with the right hand you proceed to the next 8. From the right hand with lofty turns fore-turns and back-turns you deliver your staff into your left hind and wheel it with the same hand on the same side and after your recovery to deliver it into the right hand performing of the same and proceed 9. From the right hand upon the left shoulder raising it and turning with its back-turn into the neck with its returns and lofty florishes over the head you deliver the Colours into the left and with the left hand upon the right shoulder you execute the same delivering them into your right hand as at first 10. 'T is by some termed the Figure of eighth that is with the right hand the half wheel on the left side and so back on the right side and then delivering it into the left hand to perform the same 11. To turn it round the head oftentimes upon the palm with your fingers of your right hand so recovering it with lofty florishes you deliver it into your left hand to perform the same and so delivering of them into the right hand And if it be your pleasure to be compleat in the Exercise of them you go back to the tenth and so conclude with the first And in your conclusion I have seen some to furl them up as they display them and so to open them again But to furl them up in the field it is most ridiculous Others there are that I have seen to round them oftentimes about their middles but I cannot justifie it upon any Military account Others I have seen that thinking to display their Colours bravely delivered them from hand to hand under leg I must boldly inform such as use it that 't is a debasement to the Captains Colours and an unworthy Act in the performers of it I told you of some particular Postures and proper for the Ensign-bearer to observe 1. Standing when the Body stands you are to display the Colours to and fro in a direct circle and changing from hand to hand and no more without you are commanded to shew the excellency of your parts but be sure to be well guarded when you shall be so commanded 2. In marching the Posture is to display the Colours with the right hand only casting the Ensign still forwards waving it close over and by the right shoulder never crossing the Body but still keeping it flying on the out-side of the right shoulder 3. The charging Posture is to carry the staff extended streight forward before your body waving it to and fro as high as your bosome being ready to give the assistance or aid with the left hand for the preservation of your Colours or to offend the Enemy if occasion require The retiring or retreiting posture is a mixture compounded of the three former for in the first retreit or drawing away of the Company he shall use the posture of marching but if the Enemy press near upon him he shall stand upon his guard and use the posture of charging and in fine having quit himself of danger he shall use the standing posture a little and then march or troop away according to the directions of the commander And lastly when the Ensign returns from the field and is to be lodged in former times the Lieutenant had the Vanguard but that I shall not insist upon because I have observed it to be left off by able
when he heareth it sounded in the Field he must retire to them with all Speed 4. Tucquet Or March When this is sounded he is presently to March in which he is to observe his right-hand man and to follow after his Leader 5. Charga Or Charge When this is sounded by and with the examples or directions of his Commander the Souldier is to give proof of his valour in the speedy charging of his Enemy 6. Auquet Or Watch When this is sounded at night the Souldier is to repaire to the place for mounting of the Guard for Watch Or at the morning for dismounting of the Guards I have read of another sound called Attende Hoe for listening unto A call for summons A Senat for State and the like This when sounded the Souldier is to hearken unto it that he may the better be able to perform those Edicts that shall be then commanded The third and last Military Signe is 3. A Mute That is by signes to the eye as by the Cornets Colours or other motions by the hand of the Commander c. You see there are two principal senses of Advertisements the Eare and the Eye the true observation and use of these signes availeth much in Warr for he that is negligent in either may not only lose himself but be the cause of the loss of many others so that by being careless herein Victory it self is often lost How careful ought every Souldier then to be that by silence he may the beter hearken to all Commands that by the Vigilancy of his eye he may the better observe Vide Chap. 5. every sign that may by given For Vegetius saith that nothing profiteth more to Victory than to obey the Admonitions of signes CHAP. V. For the Marching and drawing up of a Troop of Horse EVery Troop of Horse must be furnished with a Captain Lieutenant Cornet and a Quartermaster two Trumpeters a Clark a Sadler a Chirurgeon and a Farrier And every Troop is usually divided into three equal parts each of which is called a Squadron and are severally known by the Captain 's Lieutenant's and Cornet's Squadron acordingly there are three Corporals There are as great diversitie of judgements almost as Authors about the placing of some Officers either in their marchings of a single Troop or being drawn up into a Battalia Some would have the Captain and one Trumpet in the front Then the Cornet leading of his Squadron and the third to be lead by the Eldest Corporal and the Junior Corporal in the reer Ward fo 26. with the Lieutenant who hath the command of a Trumpet with him Markham varieth something from this and but little only the two junior Corporals to be extravagant in the March who are so ordered on purpose to keep the Souldiers in their Ranks and to be orderly in their March Both Ward and Markham marcheth six in file but Ward marcheth Five in Rank and Markham Four only Others again differ in placing of Officers both in March and Battalia as Walhawsen would have the Harquebuzier to March eight in File and the Cuiraster ten in File But Markham and Ward being later Discipliners in this Art Military I shall only insert two platformes accordingly These of Markham and of Captain Ward are decyphered six in File and a File so drawn is distinguished according to their dignity of Place a Leader a Follower two Middlemen a Follower and a Bringer up The Ancient Dignity of a File 1 Dignity of place 1 H Leader 2 5 h Follower 3 4 H Middle man to the front 4 3 H Middle man to the reere 5 6 h Follower 6 2 H Bringer up Cruso exerciseth eight deep and therefore useless to our mode of fighting for our Custome is to make the Horse but three in File I shall not stand to answer the objections on both sides but shall leave it to the most expert in this Art I conceive it enough that our late experience hath taught otherwise And our present discipline being in practice to the Contrary Accordingly here shall follow a Troop of threescore Horse marching with each Officer in his respective place and also the form of a Troop drawn up in a body And when you march through any City or Town Observe your Pistols must be loaded and so fixed that you may be in a readyness to fire when ever occasion may be offered and command given having one of your Pistols drawn forth of your Holster mounting your muzzel and resting the butt end thereof upon your Thigh A Troop marching to our present mode A Troop drawn up In the March some place the Quartermaster to lead up the Lieutenant's Squadron and the two other Corporals to be extravagant that is to view and see each Souldier to keep his place In private exercises it is not denied but the Quartermaster may lead up the Lieutenant's Squadron But it is conceived best to place the Quarter-master in the Reere for it is presupposed that he is or may be to take up Quarters c. CHAP. VI. The Exercising of a Troop as Armed with a Carabine and Pistol THe Horse being in a body to exercise and to make the Souldier more able to handle his armes when he shall be called forth to fight The words of Command shall follow Notwithstanding there is but little difference between the words of Command for the Pistol with a Snaphans and the Carabine I shall however give them severally Although Mounting to Horse is no Posture of Arms and but a preparative to exercise and Service I shall presuppose the Souldiers to be dismounted annd stand ready by their Horses in a body The word of Command according to our English mode is To horse Now all being ready to Mount must be careful that his Horse be well girt c. And as a preparative to Exercise there is another word of Command Silence Without there be silence in the body the Souldier in no wise can distinctly hear what is commanded by the chief Officer It is the Souldiers Ear and care to preserve the body from fractions and where Silence is not diligently performed the Souldier doth not only fail in his motions but the event will be naught for it is the very footstep to rashness And it is as Livius saith Temeritas praeterquam quòd stulta est etiam infoelix not only foolishness but infortunate The words of Command for the Carabine All the Carabines being dropt let fall and hanging by their Swivells The Postures are as followeth Silence being commanded 1. Handle your Carabine Postures 2. Mount your Carabine Some terme this Order and others against that because it 's proper to the Pike placing your butt end upon your Thigh 3. Rest your Carabine in your bridle hand 4. Bend your cock to half bent 5. Guard or secure your cock 6. Prime your Pan. 7. Shut your pan or fix your hammer 8. Sink your Carabine on your left side 9. Gage your flask 10. Lade your
Carabine 11. Draw forth your scouring stick or Rammer 12. Shorten your Rammer 13. Lade with Bullet and Ramm home 14. With-draw your Rammer or scowring stick 15. Return your scowring stick 16. Recover and rest your Carabine in your bridle hand 17. Fix your Hammer or Steel 18. Free your Cock 19. Present your Carabine In presenting of the Carabine he must rest it upon his bridle Arm placing the butt end to the right side near the shoulder or at length with his right hand 20. Give fire Note That the Carabine is to be fired about twelve foot distance and to be levelled at the knees of your Enemies Horse because that by the strength of the Powder and motion of the Horse your shot may be at Random 21. Drop or let fall your Carabine These Postures may serve for the Harquebuz but observe when at any time you make your Approaches towards an Enemy your Carabine is to be mounted with the butt end on your thigh with your hand above the lock and so when you march through any Town or City otherwise to be dropt Here follow the Commands for the Pistols Postures 1. Vncape your Pistols 2. Draw forth your Pistols This must be performed with the right hand the left Pistol first and then to mount the Muzzel 3. Order your Pistol Rest your Pistol a little in your bridle hand and then immediately take your Pistol near the middle part of it and place the butt end upon your thigh 4. Sink or rest your Pistol in your bridle hand 5. Bend your Cock or draw up your Cock to half bent 6. Secure or Guard your Cock 7. Open your Pan. 8. Prime your Pan. 9. Shut your Pan or order your Hammer or Steel 10. Cast about your Pistols Which is to be done against your left thigh with your muzzel upwards in your bridle hand 11. Gage your Flasks 12. Lade your Pistols with Powder For your more speedy lading of your Pistols there is lately invented a small powder flask with a suitable charge but it is not to be denied but your Cartroaches are very serviceable 13. Draw forth your Rammer 14. Shorten your Rammer 15. Lade with Bullet and ram home 16. With-draw your Rammer 17. Shorten your Rammer 18. Return your Rammer 19. Recover your Pistol 20. Fix or order your Hammer or Steel 21. Free your Cock 22. Bend your Cock at full bent 23. Present your Pistols 24. Give fire In the firing of your Pistols you are not to fire directly forwards to your Enemies horses head but towards the right hand with the lock of the Pistol upwards 25. Return your Pistol c. The Souldier having fired and returned his Pistol if time will permit him so to do he is to take himself to the use of the sword his sword being drawn and placed in his bridle hand near to the hilt of the sword and having received it into his weapon hand for service must place the pummel upon his right thigh and so to raise his point to his mark higher or lower as occasion serveth and therewith to endeavour to disable his Enemy either by cutting his Horses bridle or other his Arms that he serveth in which if discreetly managed will prove perilous to them And further it is very requisite that the Harquebuzier and Carabinier be often exercised to shoot bullets at a mark that in time they may be approved marks-men In order to which they are to take special care not to over-charge their peeces with powder as it is too much an errour in many endeavouring more for a report than for execution Wherefore there ought not to be in proportion for any peece but almost half as much the weight in Powder of the bullet or the Diameter and half of the peece is charge enough And it ought to be the special care of every Commander to see that his Souldiers be served with good powder and well cast bullets and that their bullets be directly fit to their Carabines and Pistols I should now come to shew you what is to be learned by a Souldier for the better demeaning of himself being joyned in a body But shall not in this place shew at large what is meant by a File or Rank half files or half ranks front Read in the exercise of the foot pag. flanks or reer because it will spend too much time and our late unhappy differences have given some light thereunto besides there is so much writ of them in several Treatises of the Infantry that it would be too much trouble here to treat thereupon CHAP. VII Of Distance EVery Troop consisteth of Ranks and Files Note That in drawing up of a Troop it must be performed by files not by Ranks and by squadrons as Chap. 5. In Order to distance I must briefly declare what a File and a Rank is A File is a sequent Number certain See Foot Ch. 3. standing head to crupper in a straight line from the Front to the Reer and according to our Mode of Discipline consisteth of three Persons 1 h 2 h 3 h A Rank is a Row of men uncertain in Number Pouldron to Pouldron even in breast be they more or less according to the quantity of Souldiers as it falls out to make a Rank There are to be observed two sorts of distances or orders in File and Rank Viz. Close Open Order Close Order in Files is three foot or as occasion serveth closing knee to knee Open Order in files is six foot Close Order in Ranks is three foot or as occasion serveth closing to the Horses crupper Open Order in Ranks is six foot And herein you must further know that there is a difference between the manner of taking the distance of the Cavalry and the Infantry In the Foot the distance is taken from the Souldiers body which cannot be understood in this place but only of space of ground between Horse and Horse CHAP. VIII Of Motions There be four kind of Motions Facings Doublings Counter-marches Wheelings BUt some of these being not of use to our present mode of Discipline therefore I shall treat no more of them but what may be useful 1. Facings are used to make the Company perfect and to be suddainly prepared for a Charge on either Flank or Reer With 10. 8. and 6. in depth 2. Doublings There hath been used in the Horse service these following as 1. As to strengthen the Front There were used to strengthen the Flanks 1. Doublings of Ranks 2. Doublings of half Files 3. Doubling of the Front by bringers up 4. Doublings of Files 5. Doublings of half Ranks The three first as to our Mode of Exercise may be wholly laid aside in regard they cannot be performed the Troop being but three in depth It is conceived the other two may be necessary either for Exercise sake or in regard of some suddain Onset on the Flanks thereby to strengthen them but I otherwise think this may be prevented by a speedy wheeling
3. For Counter-marches which is but the reducement of File-Leaders into the place of bringers up or one flank into the place of another which is more proper for the foot service than useful in the exercise of the Horse yet because some have used it in their exercise therefore I shall demonstrate one Counter-march by Figure in his place 4. For Wheelings They are of most excellent use in the service of the Horse and ought to be very carefully exercised by every Commander they serve in some respect to execute what is to be performed by Counter-marches which is to bring the Frontiers who are always supposed to consist of the ablest men thereby to be ready to receive the Charge of the Enemy in either Flank or Reer which by Counter-marches you cannot do Accordingly the Motions shall follow that the untutoured Souldier may the better apprehend them It shall be represented by the Letter h. All Motions are to be done intirely at one and the same time for in our Military Exercises they are the very life of an Army and the only means being truly performed that giveth Victory without which all preparations of Forces are in vain and avail nothing in the field to the end for which they were levied And this among experienced Souldiers is of inestimable reputation 1. To the Right Hand Note That in all Motions before a second be commanded I mean in all single Motions the body must be reduced to his first proper form To Reduce them command To the left or To your Leader or As you were 2. To the Left Hand To reduce them command To the Right or To your Leader or As you were 3. To the right hand about 4. To the left hand about This is by turning to the left hand until their Faces front the Reer The proper Front To reduce them To the right hand about 5. Ranks open forward to your double distance 6. Files to the right double 7. Files to the left double It is most convenient for the Horse to move from the right hand To reduce them Ranks to the right double or Files rank as you were 8. Files to the right hand Counter-march 9. Files to the left hand Counter-march Foot pa. 60. To perform this Direct That all the file Leaders move their Horses intirely a little forwards and so likewise turning off to the left hand they march even in rank down to the Reer and none of the rest to turn off until he come to his Leaders ground To Reduce them Counter-march to the left As this is for the maintaining of the same Ground so there may be a Counter-march for the gaining of Ground but I conceive them wholly useless but where you have not ground to make your Wheels Therefore not knowing what necessity may force us unto it is convenient the Souldier should be sometimes exercised therein Note That in your Counter-marches for gaining of ground the Souldier is to turn off the ground his Horse stands upon and so passing through each is to follow his Leader 10. Ranks close forwards 11. Files close to the left 12. Files close to the left to your close Order Observe in closing to the left the left File is to stand fixt the next are to move to the left 13. Ranks close forward to your close Order In performance of this Command the first Rank is to stand the second moving and taking its distance stands likewise and so the third It cannot be expected that any Wheeling of the Horse should be so exactly performed in so little a compass as is taken by the foot therefore every Commander ought discreetly to take larger room for the compass of his motion so that all his Wheelings may be performed intirely without distraction Note That Wheeling to the left for the Horse is the readiest way except you are prevented by some hinderances c. 14. Wheel to the left hand In this motion the whole body moveth to the left upon the left hand file-leader as the center And so you may keep wheeling until you have brought them to their proper front So if you wheel them to the left about the Reer then will be their accidental Front 15. Wheel to the right and left by Division The Wheelings of the accidental Fronts upon both Wings into the proper Front and close their Divisions will reduce them 16. Trot large and wheel to the left Wheeling to the right will Reduce them or by a circular Wheeling of them until they are brought into their proper form 17. Trot and wheel to the left about This bringeth the ablest men to be in the Reer for any speedy On-set and Wheeling to the right about will reduce them c. The word Alt doth signifie to make a stand and is derived from the Dutch word Halt which is as we say hold c. Observe that in all motions you make an Alt that the Souldery may settle themselves in their places both in Rank and File before you put any fresh Command upon them 18. Gallop and wheel to the left 19. Gallop and wheel to the left about To reduce both these is by wheeling to the contrary All these being performed to reduce them to their first form Open first your Ranks and then your Files and in opening of your Ranks the best way is to open them forwards CHAP. IX Of Firings I Had thoughts to have treated of Encampments and Embattelings but that being not my work at present I shall pass them by because it is my business to treat only of the exercise of a single Troop In the first place I shall set out one firing of Walhausens When your Enemy chargeth you in a full career Cruso fol. â—9 you are suddainly to open to the right and left facing inwards and charge them in the flanks and when the Enemy is past your body you are to wheel to the right and left inward and so charge him with a full career in the Reer but here you must observe their files to be six and eight in depth and so his Figure is represented as followeth This he commends very much for whilst the Enemy is upon his Career you are but upon your Trot and then opening to the right and left This he speaks of Cuirasiers either he must run through and do but little execution or else Alt in his career and so disorders himself which is advantageous to you But I am of another opinion as to our Mode of fighting being but three in depth we must rather sink than suffer any Voluntary Breach The same Author would have our Harquebuziers to give fire by Files either right or left advancing before the Body in a full career towards the Enemy but many do wholly reject it as being dangerous in Field service But now for the private exercise of a single Troop which may be necessary to bring the Souldier to a more ready and complete use of his Arms I shall demonstrate of Files firing
Military Observations FOR THE EXERCISE OF THE FOOT CHAP. I. By way of Introduction HAving passed some few Collectives to the service of the Horse I was desired to do the like for the foot figuring out each Command or platforme after the proportion of Six in File which is according to our late Mode of discipline There have been many Books writ of this Military Art in the Exercise of the Foot both ancient and Moderne but of our later writers I referr our new commission'd Gentlemen to the perusal of Bingham Hexham Barrife and Ward I would not have Elton although a Parliament Officer wholly to be laid aside for I have received informations of the great Worth and parts of the Gentleman To them whose experience have been their masterpiece I am silent desiring with all submission rather to learn from such than presume to direct Those Gentlemen are to be commended that will bestow time in reading of this Art but especially such as put in practice what they read which is the readiest way to make men fit for the service of their King and Country For what maketh a man more confidently Couragious than knowledge There are many Gentlemen that are greater Readers of the Wars than Practitioners of the same who have had some cavelling disputes about the discipline thereof not considering the great change that time hath made and experience hath found out in Martial affaires In the reading of the Roman and Grecian Orders Discipline and Government of their Armies I had thought to have given you a tast thereof but deserving a better Pen than mine to set forth the Gallantry of them I shall be silent And yet if it were possible to renew them it would never work the like effect as it did against their Enemies One great cause thereof is supposed that they made better pay-men in those dayes Vice was severely punished Vertue most bountifully rewarded and when the Wars were ended such as deserved well were both regarded and rewarded or else remained inrolled in pensionary pay so by that meanes the Exercise of Armes continued It is to be observed that where Payment and Reward cease there Discipline and good Order ceaseth also As for the Exercise of Armes belonging to the Infantry it is the part of the young Souldier to learn and practise in the first place the Postures and well handling of Armes Which I may term to be the single Accidence of this Art before he enters his Syntaxis and it must be done by endeavouring to set some time apart for the exercise thereof There have been many that have not only disputed but have writ against the many Postures now used but being shamefully confuted by our Moderne Writers I shall be silent and proceede to those Postures belonging to such Armes that are now in use in the Country which are far short of what is compleat in Exercise in the Cities of London and Westminster and therein of those Honourable Societies of the Artillery and Military Gardens and also now of late The Criple with out Criplegate CHAP. II. Of the postures of the Pike and Musquet BEfore I give you the postures of them both I shall give you a brief definition of a Posture A Posture is a mode or Garb that we are fixed unto in the well handling of our Armes In which there are motions attendant unto the same for the better grace Presupposing your company to be in the Field and drawn up in a ready way for Exercise then the best way is to Exercise them apart by drawing of the body of Pikes from their Musquets that each may be Exercised in their particular Postures by themselves Only there are some Postures of the Pike and Musquet which are answerable to each other by conformity which ought to be performed in a Body or upon a March as occasion serveth as for Example In Marching All are to be shouldred In Trooping or in any other Motion the Pikes are to be advanced and the Musquets poysed In Porting of the Pike the Musquet to be rested In Trailing of the Pike the Musquet to be reversed which is the Funeral Posture When the Pike is Cheek'd the Musquet is to be rested at the Sentinel Posture when the Musquet is presented to fire the Pike is to be charged And when the Pike is Ordered most commonly especially in a stand or for Exercise the butt end of the Musquet is to be set to the Ground c. 〈◊〉 is most proper for the Captain to Exercise the Pikes himself I do not deny but he may Exercise both as he ought sometimes to do and the Ensign and Lieutenant are not to be negligent herein when they are commanded or in the absence of their superior Officer The next for the Exercise of the Pike in point of Antiquity and Honour the Gentleman of the Pikes craveth the precedency I have declared in the Exercise of the Horse what an excellent Vertue Silence is which ought in the first place to be commanded and most diligently observed The Body of Pikes from their March and standing all shouldered Command as followeth 1. Order your Pikes to your 1. open 2. close order This ought to be made use of always upon a stand And in the daytime it may serve for a Sentinel Posture And for the abatement of the fury of the Horse having the butt end of the Pike on the inside of the right foot Charge then to the Horse drawing your swords over your left arm having your Pike in your left hand you may then receive them by Commanding either to Charge to the Front Right Left Reere 1. Order your Pikes 2. Put up your swords This is only useful upon a stand of Pikes and by some able Souldiers it is not thought to be the securest charging against the Horse or of strength to make the greatest resistance in their full Career Therefore it hath been thought fit to be most convenient to close your files to your close Order and Ranks closing forward and being thus semented as it were will be the better able to ward any resistance From your Order Advance Shoulder Port Comport Cheeke Traile your Pikes Order as you were From your Order charge to the Front Right Left Reere Order as you were 2. Advance your Pikes This is useful upon all occasions when the Drum shall beat a Troop It is also useful in all motions of Doublings c. Only remember when they are reduced they put themselves or be commanded into the same Posture the standing Party was in From your Advance Shoulder Port Comport Cheeke Trail your Pikes Advance as you were From your Advance charge to the Front Right Left Reer Advance as you were 3. Shoulder your Pike This is useful and most proper upon a March It is useful in time of fight provided the Pikes be upon a stand for it doth not only preserve the Pikes from shattering but the Souldier also From your shoulder Port Comport Cheeke Trail your Pikes Shoulder as
you were From your shoulder charge to the Front Right Left Reer Shoulder as you were 4. Port your Pikes This is useful when the Souldiers are to enter either Gate or Sally-port and it is an ease for the Reer half Files to Port their Pikes when the Front is at their Charge From your Port Comport Cheeke Trail your Pikes Port as you were From your Port charge to the Front Right Left Reer Port as you were 5. Comport your Pikes This is necessary for a Souldier upon his March up a Hill to have his Pike Comported From your Comport Cheek Trail your Pike From your Comport charge to the Front Right Left Reer Comport as you were 6. Cheeke your Pikes This is useful for the Sentinel Posture From your Cheeke Trail your Pikes Cheeke as you were From your Cheeke charge to the Front Right Left Reer Cheeke as you were 7. Trail your Pikes This is useful in a Trench to move for security of any breach undiscovered and is seldom used else but marching through a Wood c. From your Trail charge to the Front Right Left Reer Trail as you were From your Trail Order your Pikes 8 Lay down your Pikes Oberve that if your Pikes be laid down when you begin your exercise then your Command must be 1. Handle 2. Raise your Pike to your Open order Order Close order c. You may observe that the Postures of the Pike some are for conveniency and ease to the Souldier as to expedition either in Marchings or other services commanded and the several charges serve either for defence or offence none ought to slight any of these Commands but to put them into practice for at some one time or other they may be useful Here followeth the Postures of the Musquet or Calliver In which I do affirm that the word of Command generally used Make ready is no Posture but a word for brevity presupposing the Souldier to be expert in all and doth include those postures precedent to that Present your Musquet and so from the Presenting of your Musquets the other postures following unto that Give fire which is the completement of all the rest of the Commands given Therefore for the better handling of Arms no Judicious Practitioner in this Art but will confess it is better to be Instructed from Posture to Posture for more comely and swifter execution thereof The Musquetteer being shouldered Command Snap-haunce Sloop your Musquets Let slip your Musquets 1. Vnshoulder your Musquet and Poyse 2. Palm or rest your Musquet 3. Set the Butt end of your Musquet to the ground 4. Lay down your Musquet 5. Take off your Bandeliers 6. Lay down your Bandeliers 7. Face about to the left march 8. Face about to the right and march to your Arms or stand to your Arms. 9. Take up your Bandeliers 10. Put on your Bandeliers 11. Take up your Musquet 12. Rest or Palm your musquet 13. Secure or Guard your cock 14. Draw back your hammer or steel 15. Clear your pan 16. Prime your pan 17. Put down your steel or hammer 18. Blow or cast off your loose corn 19. Bring or cast your musquet about to your left side Handle your Charger Open your Charger 20. Charge with Powder 21. Draw forth your scowring stick 22. Shorten your scowring stick 23. Charge with Bullet 24. Put your scouring stick into your Musquet 25. Rain home your charge 26. Withdraw your scouring stick 27. Shorten your scouring stick 28. Return your scouring stick 29. Bring forward your Musquet and poise 30. Palm or rest your Musquet 31. Fit your hammer or steel 32. Free your cock 33. Bend your cock 34. Present your Musquet 35. Give fire 36. Palm or rest your Musquet 37. Clear your Pan. 38. Shut your Pan. 39. Poyse your Musquet 40. Shoulder your Musquet Match-lock I need not here insert every Command but only add such as are used for the Match-lock wholly laying aside the rest Take your Match from between the fingers of your left hand Lay down your Match Take up your Match with your right hand Return or place your Match into your left hand Open your Pan. Clear your Pan. Prime your Pan. Shut your Pan. Draw forth your Match Blow your Coal Cock your Match Fit your Match Guard your Pan. Blow the ash from your Coal Open your Pan. Uncock and return your Match So you are ready for a March or in the Posture upon the first motion That which is called the Saluting Posture is to be performed from the resting or palming of the Musquet when he shall have an occasion as a Souldier to salute his Friend or to the honouring of any other person deserving And the Sentinel Posture is for the Musquet to be in the Palm of the left hand at his Resting posture But his Musquet to be charged with Powder and Bullet his Cock freed and to be secured with his Thumb so to be ready to execute his charge and commands given c. There is indeed a word of Command sometimes used Reverse your Musquet which is the marching Funeral Posture That is to put the butt end of your Musquet upwards under your left arm holding it in your left hand about the lock of your Musquet Thus I have finished the Postures of the Musquet or Caliver with a Snap-hance and with a Match-lock without a Rest for your further inquiry if there need be I refer you to Lieutenant Barriffe or Captain Ward If I should forget to say something of the excellency as to the use of the Half-Pike and Musquet that is now of use in the Artillery Garden Half-Pike first invented by Lieutenant Barriffe and Mr John Davis of London whatsoever is performed in the exercise thereof it is with greater ease than the Rest and Musquet is And knowing how far it hath been the care of many Souldiers by invention to make the Musquetteers as well defensive as offensive but none amongst many of their Projects was received like this all falling to the ground and this standing as the best being of most excellent service for it serveth as a Rest as a Pallisado to defend the Musquetteer from the Horse When the shot is all spent they may with that Weapon fall in among the Enemy and in the pursuit of an Enemy by reason of the lightness thereof and their nimbleness in Action may do great execution and in Trenches they are good seconds for the Souldiers preservation Those Souldiers that are thus Armed are the best to be commanded out upon any Party because they are the best able to defend themselves and offend their Enemies And when any hedges are to be lin'd with shot West Country that the Musquetteers by their forced service become silent and the ways deep and narrow then the Half-Pike will be of singular service And last of all the Souldâ—er so marching with his Half-Pike and Musquet It is not only a Grace to the Souldier but a Terrour to the Enemy Besides this hath
I have stretched them as far as is convenient that by their figures they may be so well understood that when larger numbers are before you your Commands may be performed with more delight and security But before the Drum beates a march to depart the field I shall briefly declare That in grand Battalias or field services the Souldier fires by vollies or as termed by some Salves of shott that is when they are to fire intirely by two or three Ranks or more as your number will permit and occasion require thereby powring showers of lead upon your Enemy Now this way of firing and those also of gaining ground I could wish the Souldier should be often experienced in The Commander in taking pains with his Souldier cannot be the worse for it and I am sure the Souldier much the better being fitted thereby to meet his Enemy in any field service when his Majesty shall have occasion to Command him For that Commander that is experienced in this Art Military finds that those who know but little more than the Theory part are oftimes pusled or at a stand What can such who are but meer Bookleidgers do when their Number of men is wanting or nature in place sparing to their advantage or intentions such when they are forced to action they will fail of their expectation and at last must be beholding to others that are better Artists or else it may prove a fatal ruin to both Some of my friends might think that I should treat also somewhat concerning the dignities of Officers in marching in placing of them in field services but that belonging to Commanders of an higher degree it would be presumption in me to lay down rules for them to follow for any Minor Officer that for his satisfaction will be pleased to view the third Chapter of these Obsevations he may understand the method and mode thereof and I hold it in my judgment that all dignitie in marching of a Regiment is from a file and the drawing up of Companies for a Battalia is from a Rank In the next place I come to shew the necessity of the exercise of Armes c. CHAP. XXIII Shewing the necessity of the Exercise of Armes with their Antiquity BEcause I have heard it sounding in my ears what needeth all this trouble and expences in the exercise of Armes We are now in times of Peace what need we to make provision c I shall lay down some examples shewing First How Antient the use of Armes have been Secondly A complaint for want of Arms. And Thirdly The end and use of them For the first Abraham had three hundred and eighteen men in his House fitted for War upon short warning Moses shewed the people how to encamp by their Standards under the Ensigns of their fathers Houses Joshua and the Judges under whom of Reuben and Gad and the half Tribe of Manasseh were four hundred and forty thousand seven hundred and sixty men exercised in Wars You may read of David of Solomon of Jehosaphat of Asa of Vzziah whose care in this particular is most plentifully declared Secondly Of the complaint for want of Arms. We read in the History of the Judges Was there a shield or a Spear seen among forty thousand in Israel This question is a plain negative there was not here is that Defectus Remedii the want of help Great was their misery but no remedy not a Spear to offend nor not so much as a Shield to defend War was at their Gates yet neither offensive nor defensive weapon to assist Such an extremity as this was will cause all to be lost either present possessions or in future possibilities so that hope and help in such extremities must be laid aside There was likewise a great distress in the time of Saul when the spoilers were come out from the Philistins there was neither Sword nor Spear found in any of the hands of the people that were with Saul and Jonathan but with Saul and Jonathan only yet although here was a great want they had victory It is well known that God can give victory by small means and as the Apostle said to Christ Master here are two Swords he answered it is enough He can give your Enemies into your hands with two Swords with one Sword with no Sword All this was to convince the Children of Israel that God fought for them to move them to bless the Lord Fifth monarchy men Although some have been such audacious Rebels to think their zeal should even beck God Almighty or to command power and aid from him to fight for them therefore boldly attempted of late saying that ten should chase an hundred and an hundred a thousand But through the unjustness of their undertakings and fewness in Number they must sink to convince them and all others upon any pretence of Religion that will be such Rebellious dissenters God Almighty will not only fight against them but will deliver them into the hands of Justice to magnifie his own power in bringing such to condign punishment Thirdly For the end and use of Armes It is for the recovery of our just rights which wrongfully have been detained or for the preservation of them against any opposer either forraign or domestick For these ends Armes may be used and War proclaimed yet not by any other way or pretence but by and with his Majesties consideration thereof whether just or unjust by which we are to be either incouraged or discouraged A just cause may be farther considered in the Peace of the People the safety of the Countrey and the Glory of the Kingdom As to the first there was never any War intended but to make way for Peace it is a base end to desire Peace by which to leavy a force against an unjust War but so to desire a just War that thereby may be settled a well grounded peace A second thing that may be considered is the health and safety of the Countrey some must be endangered that all may not be destroyed I could wish that our Chiefetains and Gentlemen with those dull leaded spirits of our rotten Country and miserable worldlings would consider for whose sakes the worthy Souldier spares neither time nor purse in this Noble Exercise but even for them and theirs theirs and their Children yet they must be judged most contemptible rather than to countenance them some will burden them in their rates and taxes and keep their just dues and payes from them yet consider who it is that must preserve your Cities and Countries Temples and Pallaces Trafficks and Marketts Ships and Shops from ruine desolation and destruction but the Souldier under God Thirdly The Glory of a Kingdom lyeth much in a people well disciplin'd in the Art of War That Prince that maketh it his designes to have his people instructed and trained up in Military exercises will make his Enemies to fear him both at home and abroad And that people that shall justly be
labour and honour may be equally divided By the way you may observe whereas the Serjants of every company are to be assistant to the Serjant-Major of that particular Regiment for the dividing of their several Corporalships or squadrons files or half files for the making up of any body form or figure according to directions c. So the Serjant-Majors of Regiments are to assist the Serjant-Major of an Army to bring in what divisions or bodies soever shall be called for and the Serjant-Major General is so to do to the Martial of the Field And that his duty may be performed with all careful severity the Serjant-Major is allowed his Hakney to speed it from Company to Company to see that every Company be in his true form and not to suffer any man whatever through Pride Stubborness Neglect Covetousness of Pillage or by any other dilitory and weak excuse to break out of his rank or to disproportion any part of the body by any rude or uncomely posture but severely to rebuke the same and compel a speedy reformation But out of an Army both in field or otherwise then the office both of a Serjant-Major and Marshal shall be in himself he shall summon Courts of War with the assistance of his Captains to proceed to trial against offenders he shall proportion all allodgments encampings and with his best skill fortifie the same and shall upon fight draw the battel yet with this limitation to take directions from his superior Officer c. And as you see he is to take care of all Watches and Guards about that Regiment so if there be no greater Officer than himself there to give the word and to appoint the Court of guard and Sentinels but if there be a superior Officer then the Serjant-Major shall receive it from him and so give it to the Captains and other such inferior Officers as shall have the guard that night In short a Serjant-Major ought to be dutiful to all his Superiours by whom he is to be directed he ought to be an experienced Souldier and of a valiant and undaunted behaviour 4. The Office of a Quarter-master 1. He shall in all changing of lodging attend the Quartermaster General and take the place assigned by him for the quartering of the Regiment in such form as the Quarter-master General shall direct him and there he shall appoint lodgings to the Colonel and the Officers according to their places that they are to take in the Regiment both in town and field 2. He shall lodge suttlers of that Regiment in the hindermost part of the quarter at such distance as the Quartermaster General shall appoint 3. His place is to lodge on the back side of the Quarter behind the lodgings of the Lieutenant-Colonel 4. The Office of the Provost 1. He shall see all Proclamations Orders or Decrees that shall be published by the Provost-Martial of the Army likewise to be published in the Regiment whereof he is Provost 2. Also he shall keep all the Prisoners committed to him and once a week give notice to the Provost-Martial-General of all the Prisoners within his charge and of the cause of their committance 3. Furthermore He shall oversee all the Victuallers of the Regiment that they shall neither at unreasonable prices nor at unlawful hours sell their victuals and shall on the other side be watchful that no wrong be done and if any be that forthwith the party doing wrong shall be brought before some officer that hath Authority to yield redress and to that end he shall go about the Quarters once every forenoon once in the afternoon and once in the dead time in the night if it may be conveniently performed 4. He shall have an accompt given him every night of the Victualer what victual is in the quarter and he shall carry the notes thereof to the Provost-martial of the Army 5. He shall when preys or booties are brought in after the Provost-martial general hath divided them to the Regiments divide them to the several Companies he is Provost-martial of 6. He is to see the quarters kept clean and sweet all garbage and filth buried nothing that may annoy the quarters suffered to be at such a distance as shall be appointed by the Provost-martial of the Army 7. He shall lodge in the midst of the Victuallers of the Regiment 8. He shall come to the Carriage-master for directions where the baggage of that Regiment shall march where they shall assemble and what wayes they shall go which directions he shall perform and after he hath given the first place to the Colonels baggage he shall place by turn the rest as the Companies do march 9. Also he shall see the wayes made for the Carriages accompanied with men sufficient and with instruments to help and amend every thing that is amiss in the wayes or Carriages and if any carriages be unable to go he shall provide that it may be no hindrance to the rest The Officers of a Foot Company 1 The Office of a Captain 1. He hath proportionably the same Command over his Company as a Colonel hath over his Regiment and so also all his Officers and Souldiers are to obey him 2. When he receiveth his Company and his Arms he is to chose his men and to sort them to his Armes as he thinks fit c. 3. He shall chose his Officers such as either have had the like place before or are of Experience and good government or such as have made themselves known to be fit for the like 4. He shall divide his Company into Corporalships 5. He shall take care and labour to teach all his Souldiers the carriage and use of their Armes to keep their order in marchings and imbattailings and to understand all manner of motions and the beat of the drum and to this end he shall have usual times of Exercising which shall be once a day at least till his men be perfect 6. In the marching of his Company alone he shall be in the head of his Company going toward the Enemy and in the Reer-ward coming from an Ennemy 7. In Marching with the Regiment he is to receive his directions from the the Serjant-major of the Regiment and to carry the several sorts of weapons as shall be by him directed and to every one of the divisions of his Company appoint such an officer as the Serjeant-major shall direct and for his place it shall be where the Serjeant-major shall assign 8. In imbattailing he is to order his Company as the Serjeant-major shall direct him and to be himself where his Colonel or superiour Officer shall appoint him 9. In lodging he shall take that according to his degree and place in the Regiment and see that be ordered according to direction 10. He shall have his quarter kept sweet for healthfulness for quiet for order especially in the night 11. If his whole company be to march he shall draw off his company and stand in arms attending
Fausse-bray is pierced Perpendicularly and from the Battery B Obliquely but the Battery C cutteth and cleareth the Earth away which is shaken by the two others so that by these Batteries and Musquet-shots coming from the Lines and Cors de Guards the Faces as well of the Fausse-bray as of the great Wall are soon ruined and left without Defence so that no body may be seen upon these Lines without being hit whence it followeth That they cannot hinder the coming over of the Gallery but it must of necessity be done from the opposite Flanque Item That so soon as this part of the Fausse-bray lying before the Face is discovered it is presently made useless to the Defenders and not onely so but it does them this hurt and disadvantage that so soon as the Gallery cometh over the Miners are able to Undermine the Faces of the Bulwork where they please and at several places together The Mines being blown up the Enemy may set Footing upon the space where the Fausse-bray lies not onely to Assault the Breach but he may run along the Foot of the Wall through the Fausse-bray to fall on at more places at the same time To this it might be replied That the Fausse-bray ought to be Cut with Trenches to hinder this running about But every one who has experience in these Actions knows very well what slender Opposition these Trenches are able to make especially when the Earth which is raised by the Mine falls down and sometimes buries the Defenders alive This place is also of Advantage for the Enemy when the Breach is Retrenched and he will make new Attacques upon it and by that means will lodge himself conveniently in the Fausse-bray and further in the Breach whereas otherwise where there is no Fausse-bray before the Faces he findeth very inconvenient Lodging against the slooping of the Wall seeing no other place is found to fix upon The Miners are forced to make their Mines about the place where the Gallery cometh on besides that the Faces which are surrounded with these Fausse-brays being Attacqued by Canon and Mines all the Ruines of them remain lying in the same and afford an easier Ascent unto the Enemy whereas otherwise where they are not the Ruines rowl down into the Moat and the Breach remaineth clear and the Enemy findeth little Earth to Retrench himself By all which it is easie to understand That this part bringeth more advantage than hurt unto the Enemy To what end is it then to be at such Charges to our Prejudice and to cumber the Moat before the Bulworks with this needless Parapet Therefore to conclude I say That the Faces of a Bulwork being Attacqued can make little Opposition of their own but ought to be Defended from the Flanques and parts of the Courtine and the more eaven and neatly the Faces lie the better may they be Flanqued That part of the Flanque of the Fausse-bray D hinders also that the Face a G from being defended at the bottom from the opposite Flanque Some Engineers are of opinion That the Fausse-brays ought to run out after the shape of Ravelins in the middle before the Courtine I think this needless where the Lines of Defence are of a just length not much exceeding 60 Rods but where they be longer this must be practised At Breda it is done before some long Courtines And this is enough as to what concerns the Ground-Lines of the Fausse-bray in the Profiles I shall shew hereafter how the Work is to be raised It remaineth now that I speak of the Ground-Lines of the Counter-scarp and hidden way and how it may be made that it may defend it self with great Advantage without the great Wall and that these Counter-scarps are as strong yea stronger than the Modern Fortresses themselves N. B. In those Fortresses where the exterior Flanquing-angle or as the French call it Angle de Tenaille comes to be less than 120 degrees but it is never made less than 90 degrees the Faces may be lengthened upon the Ground-Lines till they meet together and in such Figures the Fausse-bray may be made upon these Lines that is upon the Line of Defence Secant without running parallel with the Flanque as may be seen in Numb II. by the three Figures 5 6 7. But when it happeneth that the Lines of Defence Secant meet one another within the Courtine or just before it then a Parallel-Line is to be drawn before the Courtine at the distance of three Rods to have a Communication as the understanding Reader will easily perceive and is seen in the Figure of Numb II c. Of the Counter-scarp or hidden Way THe Modern Engineers do strengthen the outward Brink of the Moat or Counter-scarp in Italian with Ravelins and Half-moons leaving a hidden way with a Ditch about it and without this hidden way they make sometimes another without a Ditch as may be seen at Breda Which latter I hold to be very good because not onely great Defence may be made from thence but they are also very convenient for Sallying out both on Foot and on Horse-back for the Moat doth not hinder it and the Enemy doth not know from what side he must expect the Sally Those who thus Sallyout being driven back may always retire hither and presently be in a posture of Defence again behind this Parapet whereas otherwise they are many times driven into the Ditch of the hidden way with great loss and disorder This hidden Way or Esplanade costeth little for in places where the ground is something dry it is cut in above half its height under the Horizon that is three or four Foot that it may be the better flanqued from the first Esplanade which is behind it as also that the Shots may flie more Horizontally c. I do Fortifie my Moat with another kind of Work and I shall shew first the manner how I do it and afterwards give reasons why it is so much better than the Modern Works And at the same time I shall discover the Defects which the Modern Works are subject unto See Fig. 4. Numb 3. which is part of a Regular Seven-angled Figure after my little Royal where the exterior Polygone is 80 ⓪ long Now to draw my Counter-Guards for so I call them instead of Counter-Scarps this name being improper about it and to give them such a form as may fit them for that service I expect from them I lengthen the Half-diameter K O to A or further at pleasure then I measure upon the lengthened Half-diameter from the brink of the Moat O to I thirty Rod or more according as I would have the Flanques N 5 and 4 R short or long Then I draw from ⅓ of the Face as from K the Line K G 5 as also on th' other side the Line L R M from the Point where these two Lines meet which should be before the middle of the Courtine as here from G I draw the Perpendicular G H which