Definitions Spring Summer Autumn and Winter may be attributed to all places of the Earth Neither is it easie to find out any other Mode of defining them so that they may agree with all places Now these Definitions being laid down let us come to the matter it self Proposition III. The Celestial Summer of the places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Cancer and the Pole Artick beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Cancer viz. the 21 of June and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Libra viz. the 21 of September and that together at once in all those places So that Autumn is in those places the Sun going from the first of Libra unto the first of Capricorn the Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries unto the first of Cancer Further concerning the Seasons of the Year The truth of this Proposition is easily shewed by the antecedent Definitions and may be demonstrated on the Globe and in Universal Maps For the Sun coming to the first degree of Cancer hath the least distance in the Meridies from the Vertexes of every one of the places of the Northern Temperate and Frigid Zone After the same Mode the Sun in the first degree of Libra hath a moderate distance from those Vertexes In the first of Capricorn a greater In the first of Aries a moderate and he ascendeth to a more great which is apparent both from the declination of the Sun and from the Globes and Maps Therefore it is inferred by the Definitions laid down before that the Summer the Winter and the Spring of those places begin and end in those days we have spoken of The Summer of those places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Pole or those of the Southern Zone temperate and frigid beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries viz. the 21 of March. The Autumn of those places beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Cancer viz. the 21 of June With this the Winter of those places beginneth which endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Libra viz. 21 of September And with this their Spring beginneth and endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December where the Summer beginneth again These are shewed after the same Mode by the Definitions delivered and by the Globe or Maps by which we shewed the former because in the first degree of Capricorn the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertexes of those places In the first of Aries a moderate and descends to the less In the first of Cancer the greatest In the first of Libra a moderate and ascendeth to a greater But the Celestial Summer Spring Autumn and Winter of the places of the Earth which lie in the Torrid Zone between the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn do not begin on one and the same day of the year but on divers days in every place of diverse Parallels or of a diverse Latitude of this Zone Now the places of the Torrid Zone are threefold viz. the places of the Aequator the Northern places of the Torrid Zone and the Southern places of the Torrid Zone 1. The Places lying in the Aequator have this peculiar to them that they enjoy two Summers two Winters two Spring seasons and two Autumns and that in every Year so that in half a year they have or ought to have those four Seasons according to our Definitions and the Celestial Law They have again the same four Seasons from the 21 of September to the 21 of March Half a year is from the 21 of March to the 21 of September viz. one Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the second of Taurus from the 21 of March to the 22 of April Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Taurus to the first of Cancer from the 22 of April to the 21 of June The motion of â—he Sun in the 12 Signs of the Zodiack Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Cancer to the second of Leo from the 21 of June to the 19 of August The Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the 28th degree of Leo to the first of Libra from the 19 of August to the 21 of September The other Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Libra to the second of Scorpio from the 21 of September to the 22 of October The other Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Scorpio to the first of Capricorn from the 22 of October to the 21 of December The other Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the 28th of Aquarius from the 21 of December to the 19 of February The other Spring is whilst the Sun doth move from the 28th degree of Aquarius to the first of Aries from the 19th of February to the 21 of March. All these are easily demonstrated from the Definitions laid down because that the Sun in the first degree of Aries and in the first of Libra hath the less distance in the Meridies from the Vertices of the places lying under the Aequator for it hath none because it is vertical unto them therefore then do the Summers begin Then in the second degree of Taurus and the second of Scorpio where the declination of the Sun is 11 degrees 45 minutes it acquireth a mean distance departing to a greater then therefore the Autumns do begin Moreover when he is in the first degree of Cancer and the first of Capricorn he hath a greater distance from the places of the Aequator therefore then do the Winters begin Finally on the 28th degree of Leo and the 28th of Aquarius he receiveth a moderate distance from the places of the Aequator 10 degrees 45 minutes ascending towards the least and therefore then doth the Spring seasons begin These are understood more perspicuously from the Globe therefore here these Seasons may be distinguished thus according to the Celestial Laws notwithstanding the Terrestrial Seasons are in many places of the Aequator otherwise observed as we shall shew in the following Propositions 2. All the Places of the Earth lying under the Torrid Northern Zone have the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together both at one time viz. the 21 of December but they have not together the beginning and end of the Summer and Spring as also the Autumn but different places have them in several days Other Observations about the beginning of the Seasons For the end of the
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
that in those months it Raineth not but almost every day the Clouds appear so thick as if it would immediately Rain but there falleth only a certain kind of Dew and that especially in the months of June July and August Yet this mist is not unwholsom but being condenfed into Dew and falling it irrigateth the Vallies It doth not Rain at this time in the Mountainous places but is a serene season This Maritim Peru is distinguished into Vallies and Sandy places the Vallies are abundantly fertile the Sandy places which are between every Valley are steril also in the adjacent Islands it never raineth but a Dew only falleth In the Isle of Gorgon which is removed three degrees from the Aequator towards the South it raineth for Eight months almost continually with so great Thunder and Storms not to be parallel'd In May June July and August it is Summer and dry contrary to the Celestial course In some parts of this Torrid Zone it is very cold for in the Province of Pastoa in the Valley Airssina both in Summer and Winter the season is very cold so that the fruit encreaseth not In the Region of Cusco which lyeth almost in the middle betwen the Tropick of Capricorn and the Aequator hard Frosts and Snows are also found From whence it is collected that Peru is parched with no violent heat but rather enjoyeth a temperate Air throughout the whole year excepting its Sandy places and Hills but the Vallies are most fertile and pleasant abounding with Trees and Fruits Their Water they receive in the Winter from the Dew which I have said falleth every day but in the Summer from the Flouds which descend and rush from the Mountains because in the Mountainous Region it is then Winter and raineth And from these Torrents the Inhabitants conduct the Water by certain convoyances into the Vallies yet some Vallies are content only with the Dew and yet produce abundance of Fruit. The cause of this diversity between the seasons of the Mountainous and the plain Peru and why it never raineth in the level Peru is difficult to declare for these Mountainous parts are so near to the level Maritim Peru that any one in the morning descending from these pluvial and raging showers in the evening may arrive at the level Peruvia where there is no rain but a serene Air. The cause seemeth to be twofold First those tops of the Mountains And Secondly a South-West Wind which is proper and perpetual to Peru. Therefore this Wind forceth the Vapours towards the Mountains where they are as it were conderised so that the Clouds may not destil their drops in the level Peru but in the Mountainous places they are attracted after the mode which we have explained concerning Mountains Therefore Peru hath this in common with Aegypt and some other places that the South Winds are not the cause of Rain and warmth but rather a clearing the Air although it may seem to have place in all the places lying towards the South from the Aequator 17. The South part of America viz. Brazilia is very pleasant and excelleth with an wholsom disposition of the Air so that it giveth place unto no Region of the Earth Concerning its seasons the Inhabited front of it receiveth the Subsolan Wind which refresheth Men and Beasts and freeth them from the intolerable heat of the Vertical Sun which if it approach the Sea is discovered in the morning if it depats from thence it is discerned more after the Spring of the morning See Piso in his Book De medicina Braziliensi concerning the seasons neither doth it languish about the evening It is wont do do so in many parts of India but it is so intense by the assistance of the Sun that it is vigorous beyond midnight and the Nocturnal Condensation of the Air cannot easily dul or overcome that dilation and natural motion of the Air. But the other part which is seperated from Peru by high ridges of Mountains and vast spaces although it be infested with an unwholsom West Wind and a Mediterranean Gale at midnight yet it is every where encompassed with Mountains near the Sea and is so driven from the Matutine Gale that it can hardly penetrate to the Shores As in these most delectable and constant seasons of the year there are no great mutations so they happen in the day and night seasons more evidently because the days and nights are not more equal in space than different in heat and cold for the Sun ascending higher after it hath opened the pores of the Earth and Men it hideth it self more profoundly and that by an equal interval whence the greater condensation of the Air effects the more extream rorifluous part of the night Hence a penetrating cold from the third hour of the night even to the rising of the Sun striketh the body so that that this is wont to be very noxious to those that are new comers into the Land which he that shunneth not will hardly lead a good life in these or other parts of the Indies The Brazilians therefore very cautiously keep a continual fire in their habitations and near their resting places by the benefit of which they may be able to indure cold and drive away venemous Infects Moreover the direct ascent and descent of the Sun causeth the shortest Crepusculas and maketh the nights so even to the days that an hours difference can hardly be found The cold is more in the Summer nights than in the Winter which is to be admired at and it is more mildly discovered in the latter than in the former the Air being tranquillous The beginning of the Wet season is in the month of March or April and is finished in August in which the Sun returning from Cancer in part dissolveth the matter of the Rain into winds whence immediately proceed storms and tempests which by and by the Spring Season calmly composeth The Inhabitants of the Tropicks know no mutation about the seasons of the year the Sun twice coming towards and departing back as many supposed but only going away from the Aequator to the Tropick of Cancer or Capricorn There are only two times of the year whereof one is dry and hot called Summer the other hot and moist like to Summer with us in Europe which supplyeth the place of Winter And this is found most true in all the Indies between both Tropicks For although the beginning and end of the Winter and Summer seasons by reason of the particular incidences of the place and also for the greater or lesser vicinity of the Aequator do not happen in the same yet for the most part the year is accomplished in about six months inclining to Humidity and six to Siccity and on that account as in the places of many Citties of Asia and Africa of the same Latitude with us there is thence a great remission of the heat our here is little perceived although the Sun passeth the Zenith of
latter or other extension shall be the Longitude of the Globe because it is longer than the former extension as returning into it self and being the Periphery of the whole Circle Others render another cause of the Appellation 〈◊〉 that the lesser part of the Earth was known to the Ancients from Pole to Pole the greater from the East to the West Concerning the Latitude and Longitude of the Earth and of places Moreover in the Superficies of the Globe we may take any Semipeniphery for the extension of Latitude and his perpendicular for the extension of Longitude and therefore we may do the same also on the Superficies of the Earth but because it is better for memory if that the Peripheries be assumed whose bounds or selfe those Peripheries before the other Peripheries which have somewhat peculiar in the Superficies therefore in the Superficies of the Earth for the extension of Latitude some one Periphery is deservedly taken drawn amongst the Poles of the Earth and because no other Periphery is perpendicular to this Periphery which may pass together through its Medium except the Line of the Aequator therefore the Aequator it self must be taken for the extension of the Longitude of the Earth So I think it is clearly explained for what reason the Latitude of the Earth between the Poles is measured for Longitude by the assumed Line of the Aequator This Latitude and Longitude of the Earth must not be confounded with the Latitude and Longitude of places or Points in the Earth therefore they are expressed by the same terms because the Latitude of places or Points is taken in the Periphery of the Latitude of the Earth it self and is part of it but the Longitude of places or Points is taken in the Periphery of the Longitude of the Earth viz. in the Aequator it self and its Parallels Yet this is an improper acceptation of the terms because Latitude and Longitude properly as hath been said only agreeth to the Figures and Superficies but a Point hath neither Latitude nor Longitude and therefore this different acceptation of the words Latitude and Longitude ought to be observed because they are so frequently met with in the reading of Geographers viz. the use and acceptation otherwise when we say the Latitude and Longitude of France Spain and the like Because then the words are taken in their proper signification for it is the Figure of France or Spain and so Longitude then signifieth the outmost or longest extension but Latitude the shortest which acceptation doth agree with that wherein we said before that so much Latitude and so much Longitude must be assigned to the Superficies of the Earth But the signification is otherwise when we say the Latitude or Longitude of this place if by places we understand any Point City or Famous Place because then Latitude denoteth the distance of the place from the Aequator and the Longitude its distance from a certain Meridian And indeed in my Judgment for the avoyding of confusion The Authors Judgment about the words Latitude and Longitude it were better to abstain from the use of these words Longitude and Latitude and to use these in their stead the distance from the Aequator and the distance from the Meridian but seeing that for so many Ages this hath been received therefore it will be a hard matter to abolish it wherefore in the following Discourse I shall also use the said terms Latitude and Longitude Moreover the Latitude of a place as the Latitude of the whole Earth hath some noted Points of the Earth for the beginning of the Numeration viz. the Poles and the Aequator but the Longitude of the Earth because it is extended about the whole Earth hath no certain beginning or end but the beginning and end is every where because the Periphery is like to an infinite Line Wherefore any Point of the Aequator may be taken for the beginning of the Longitude of the Earth and the Meridian passing through that Point for the first Meridian from whence the Meridians of all the Points of the Earth are numbred or the Longitude of them Calculated Now why we require these two distances in every Point of the Earth viz. one from the Aequator and the other from a certain Meridian shall be shewed in the Third Proposition Proposition II. To place and determinate the first Meridian and the beginning of the Numeration for the Longitude of the places in the Globe of the Earth We have said in the preceeding Proposition that every Point of the Aequator may be taken for the beginning of the extension of the Earth according to Longitude See Proposition 1. and that from its Meridian the Longitudes of places must be reckoned but because we cannot take all at once it is better to fix one beginning or to choose some certain Point but that is left to the choice of persons Therefore Geographers have taken a certain place in the Superficies of the Earth through which the first Meridian shall be drawn and should shew in the Aequator where it cutteth it this beginning of reckoning of the Longitude of places But all have not taken the same place for the first Meridian but divers Ptolomy hath taken that near to the Fortunate Islands which he removeth but only one deg from the first and hence towards the Oriental quarter through Africa and Asia he reckoneth the rest of the Meridians The Longitude of places where begun by Ptolomy and Longitude of places For seeing it was less free to place a beginning the Ancients chose rather to have an account of the places of the Earth which they knew were inhabited which portion doth not return into it self as the Superficies of the Earth and therefore in that portion or part a beginning of Longitude and end may be assigned in another Point Because therefore in the time of Ptolomy the Fortunate Isles where the ultimate ones in the Occidental Quarter of all the Earth or Lands then known Therefore from that bound Ptolomy beginneth to reckon the Longitude of the Earth and having gone forwards to the Oriental Regions he maketh the end of his Numeration of the Meridians in Sina the ultimate Shoar of Asia But in process of time many Regions of the Earth were found to be Inhabited towards the Occid and America was discovered then some Geographers promoted the beginning of Numeration of Longitude towards the Occid For some made the first Meridian at the Isle of St. Nicholas adjacent to Cape Verd in Africa but Hondius chose the Isle of St. James in his Maps The Longitude of places where begun by Hondius Mercator and others Some chose the Meridian of one of the Islands of the Azores which is called Del Corvo for the first Meridian because that in this Isle and the adjoyning Sea the Magnetick Needle is found to have no Declination from the Meridian Line and that it sheweth the Northern and Southern quarter Mercator
of the Planets as the beginning the middle the end of an Eclipse also the Conjunction of the Moon with other Planets her entrance into the Ecliptick Therefore being in the place of an unknown Longitude if we enquire the hour in which we behold the same Phoenomena in this place we shall thence find the difference of our hour from the hour of that place unto which the Tables are Calculated and hence moreover the distance of the Meridian from the Meridian in which we are or whose hours the Table sheweth and so we have the demanded Longitude of the place Neither doth the difficulty consist in the finding of the hour and Horary scruples for they are easily known from the quarter on Altitude of the Sun or Stars but the difficulty is in the defect of such Celestial appearances which may be so observed Now although there be also other Modes by which without the knowledge of the hours and consideration of the Planetary motions the Longitude of a place may be inquired yet they have no place here by reason that they do not first shew the Longitude but the place it self and require other things which are equally unknown in those cases with the Longitude which Modes we shall explain in the following discourse But now we seek such Modes in which that Longitude of the place may be found where the scituation of the place is unknown All which Modes presuppose a knowledge and comparison of the time in which any appearance of the Planetary motion is beheld in divers places But those Motions are unfit for this business which are very slow so that in many hours none or little difference is found in the place of those Planets For Example Saturn maketh his Progress in the Ecliptick in the space of one hour Therefore although from the Ephemerides we may have the time and the hour which is in that place when that Saturn is in the Ecliptick yet because that he moveth very slowly thence it cometh to pass that if you observe he seemeth to stay many hours in the same place and therefore that Moment of the hour cannot be known in the place where we are seeing that they stay in the very minute and therefore they cannot also compare the hour of our place with the hour of the place of the Tables The Motion of the Sun in the Ecliptick So the Sun goeth forwards every hour in the Ecliptick about 2 ½ first minutes because in an whole day it goeth forwards about one degree which Motion is over flow for this business by reason that although observations may be very accurately made at the beginning and end of the hour yet the same place of the Sun shall be found and therefore the Error of two or three hours may easily happen For you must know that the Modes ought to be such that in the very search of the 15th part of an hour an error may be avoyded that is that that Celestial Phoenomenon which is made use of for the finding of the same may sensibly be varied within two scruples of an hour for if at or between two scruples of an hour it remaineth altogether the same both as to sense and diligent observation we cannot be certain of that part of an hour in which that happeneth truly in the Heaven and if we err two scruples of an hour in the observation then an errour of half a degree will slip into the Longitude so that we will suppose that our Meridian in which we are and note it in the Maps and Globes which is not the true one but removed from the true one in the Aequator half a deg Therefore they are such Phoenomenons of the Planets which within two scruples of an hour or else at one scruple or if possible at half a scruple may be varied But of such there are none but these 1. The beginning of the Eclipse of the Moon the middle and the end 2. The Longitude or place of the Moon in the Zodiack 3. The distance of the Moon from the fixed Stars or her appulse towards them 4. The ingress of the Moon into the Ecliptick or into the Points of her Circle where this cutteth the Ecliptick And 5. The Conjunction Distance and Eclipses of the Jovial Planets viz. of those Four Planets which are found in this our Age to make a Circuit about Jupiter Whence the Copernican Hypothesis hath obtained a great deal of Confirmation The first Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon Of the Eclipse of the Moon First Mode This Mode is very accurate if that their could happen but Eclipses every night At the time wherein we behold the beginning or end of the Lunary Eclipse by the help of the Telescope then I say let the Altitude or Plaga of any fixed Star be observed and also let the Elevation of the Pole be before found out or let it together be sought for from some Star in the Meridian From the Altitude of the Star the hour with the scruples is accurately enough found as we shall shew from Astronomy and more easily without the invention of Altitude if the Star be in the Meridian Let this hour so found out with the scruples be compared with the hour and scruples in which the Ephemerides exhibit the beginning of the Eclipse or the middle which hours respect the Meridian unto which the Ephimerides are Calculated for so the hour of two places is found at the same time or at the same Celestial appearance viz. the hour of our place and of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian of the Ephemerides is known Therefore we shall find the Longitude of our place from the Meridian of the Ephemerides if we change the difference of the hours of both places into the degrees and Minutes of the Aequator as we have said in the V. Proposition And because in Maps given and in the Globe the given Meridian of the Ephemerides is known or may be shewed with little labour therefore we must reckon the degrees found out from it in the transverse lines of the Maps towards the West or East as the hour of our place or of the place unknown shall be more or sewer than the hours of the Meridian of the Ephemerides and the Meridian Line shall be brought through the term of the Numeration That is the Meridian of the place in which we then are or in which the observation of the Ecliptick was made The second Mode by the place of the Moon in the Zodiack Although the preceeding Mode by the Eclipse of the Moon performing the business The second Mode be most accurate yet because those Eclipses are very rare neither are all conspicuous in all places therefore this Mode doth not resolve the business sufficiently neither can it help the Mariners in the wide Ocean but it is more convenient to the constituting and finding out the hours of the Terrestrial places where Mathematicians are or may go and the
principal Xecque that is a Chief which conducts and commands them they living almost in the same manner as the 12 Tribes of Israel did in the Desarts They preserve a good Intelligence amongst themselves their chief design being only upon Strangers They assault likewise the Caravans if they think themselves able enough to master them or snatch any thing from them Their Horses commonly are little lean and sparing Feeders yet couragious swift and of great labour They are so skilful in managing them that they command them as they please and themselves are so active that at full speed they will shoot an Arrow within the breadth of a Shilling take from the ground those Arrows they have shot and avoid an Arrow flying directly towards them nor do they manage less skilfully the Sling either in charging retiring or flying The first rise of Mahometism Mahomet came not into the World till about the year 570 after Christ and began not to publish and shew abroad his Doctrine till a little after the year 600 a Doctrine intermixed with Christianity Judaism and Paganism that he might draw both the one and the other and which established its principal end in Delights carnal and sensual Pleasures whereto the Oriental People were very much inclined and withal he found the means to make use of Arms for the establishment of this Doctrine his Califs or Successors in a short time carried their Government and Religion into the best parts of Asia and Africa and into some places of Europe It s People are almost all Mahometans There are some Greek Christians towards the Mounts of Sinai and Horeb likewise towards the Red Sea and in the Desarts of Arabia the Stony and Arabia the Desart Arabia the Happy is unhappy in having the fewest yet the Portugals hold Mascates Calasates and some places about it which are Catholicks PERSIA or the Empire of the SOPHY of PERSIA with its several Provinces as they lie Towards the CASPIAN Sea or Sea of BACCU and SALA which makes the Northern part of PERSIA and are those of Servan Tauris Sammachi Servan Ardevil Serga Bacca â—â—kâ—era Gilan Rast Gaxhar Mazandaran Layon Mosun Gilan Cassabi Gadiour Dilemon Allamoed Dilemon Thalekan Tabarestan Aâ—â—erâ—â—ad Zarâ—â—â—â—â— Magâ—â—â—â—n Gorgian Gorgian Obâ—â—oen Darâ—egan Semnan Rhoemus Bestan Bâ—yâ—â— Zabrawar Thous Masâ—ndn Feraway In the MIDDLE to wit those of Churdistan Naksivan Merend Choy Maraga Salmas Ourmaya Cormaba Ayrack or Yerack-Agemi Hispahan Casbin Saltania Dankane Hamadan Hrey Sauwa Kom or Com Kargh Cassian Yesd Chorasan Thabs Gilack Kayem Thon Zuzan Mexat Nichabour Zarchas Firabad Maruwe Bonregian Balch Herat. Sablestan Zarang Bost Necbesaet Gisna-Cassaby Tocharestan Thaalan Candahar Candahar Patanes Grees Bach Balch Towards the South and washed by the ARABIAN or INDIAN Ocean and by the Gulph of BALSORA and ORMUS and are those of Chusistan Souster Askar Moukeraâ— Ardgan Hawecz Ramhormoz Siapour Saurac Fars Chiraef Aftackar Lar Darabegred Stahabonon Gombroun Kherman Cherman Girost Zirgian Mocheston Guadel Nahyan Patanis Sigistan Sistan Mackeran Mackeran Basir Together with several ISLES as they lie in the Gulph of BALSORA and nigh unto PERSIA the chief among which are Ormus Ormus Queixome Pulor Coyar Ficor Lar. Mulugan Garge PERSIA THe Kingdom or Empire of the Sophy of the PERSIANS is one of the most famous and greatest of all Asia it extends it self from the Tigris and Euphrates on the West almost to the River Indus on the East and from the Gulph of Persia and the Arabian and Indian Sea which bounds it on the South unto the River Gehon and to the Caspian Sea now the Sea of Baccu or Tabarestan which are its Northern limits The extent bounds scituation c. of Persia so containing about 600 Leagues of length and 500 of breadth being seated under the third fourth fifth and sixth Climats Nevertheless this is but a part of the ancient Empire of the Persians for the Assyrians having ordinarily held in Asia all that which both Turk and Persian at present possess and that Monarchy having begun under Ninus and lasted under thirty and odd Kings 13 or 1400 years ending in Sardanapalus divided itself into that of the Medes and Babylonians who continued it little less than 300 years afterwards the Persians made themselves Masters of it and these during 200 and odd years which they Reigned remitted to it the best part of what the Medes and Babylonians had possessed But when they would have passed into Europe and have seized on Greece the Macedonians and Greeks leagued themselves together The Persian Empire formerly much larger than now it is and naming Alexander King of Macedon their Chief descended into Asia several times defeated Darius ruined the Empire of the Persians and gave a beginning to that of the Macedonians Alexander the Great held this Empire but few years and dying it was divided among many of his Captains who took in the end the title of Kings and waged War against each other till the Romans seized the Western and the Parthians the Oriental part of that Monarchy these Parthians freed themselves from the Rule of the Macedonians 250 years before the Birth of Jesus Christ and Reigned near 500 years Artaxerxes restored the Persians 228 years after Christs Nativity The Caliphs of Bagdat became Masters about the year 650. The Tartars in 1257 or 58. The Turcomans in 1478. Xa or Xecque Ismael-sophy re-established the Persians a little after the year 1500 and though they possess only the Oriental part of the ancient Empire of the Persians yet it is still very great and powerful The several Parts or Regions of Persia And we find at present under it all that the Ancients knew under the names of Media Hircania Margiana Assyria in part Parthia Aria Paraponisa Chaldea or Babylonia in part Susiana Persia Caramania Drangiana Arachosia and Gedrosia all these Regions taken apart being great fair rich and populous To the Right Worshipfull Sr William Courteney of Powderham Castle in Devonshire Bart. This Mapp is Hu-mbly didicated by RB A MAPP OF THE EMPIRE OF THE SOPHIE OF PERSIA WITH ITS SEUERALL PROUINCES Designed by Moncr. Sanson Geographer to the French King Province of Gilan and its chief places c. The Province of GILAN or GVEYLAN contains five Governments of which the chief Cities are Rast Gaxhar Layon Gilan Mosun and Gadiour besides about 30 fair and rich Cities Mazandaran which some separate from others joyn to Gilan hath in its Government 25 Cities and in the City of Mazandaran about 50000 Souls All these quarters would have revolted in 1594. but Xa Abbas soon brought them to their duty and chastised them for their offence Province of Dilemon The Province of DILEMON hath its Metropolis of the same name then Allamoed Gowar and Thalekan In the description that those of the Country give us of these places Allamoed seems to answer to Dilemon Province of Tabarestan The Province or TABARESTAN extends more than 60 Leagues on the Coast
sign which shall be that of the Angle m r T from which if that you take away T r f the refraction m r L demanded is left The Ancient Opticks used another far more intricate but yet a more false method Proposition XXXIV The Altitude and Rule of Refractions of the Air being given to find the refraction at the given apparent altitude of the Star and thence the true Altitude Of Refractions This is the same with the former Because in the former from the given refraction at the given Altitude that rule of Refraction was to be found Examples for Exercise may be taken from the Table laid down before Of the Reflection of Light in the Air. Proposition XXXV The Rays of the Sun and Moon having entred the Air or Atmosphere are not only refracted but are also reflected or repercussed from the particles of the Air as from a rough Looking-glass by reason of the inordinate scituation of the particles Of the Rays of the Sun For except the Rays of the Sun were reflected from the particles to our eyes no part of the Air would appear lucid unto us except that above which the Sun is and so the Sun being in the Oriental part neither the Meridian or Occidental Air would be lucid Therefore some rays being refracted pass through by the Atmosphere some are refracted here and there with many reflections from one particle unto another and so they make the Air luminous or light Proposition XXXVI The reflection of the rays of the Sun from the particles of the Air is the chief cause of the Twilight that is of the light before the rising and after the setting of the Sun Chief cause of Twilight is the reflection of the Rays of the Sun from the particles of the Air. It is manifest from the precedent Proposition for as the Sun being in the East his rays being ejaculated to the West do reflect to our eyes and so make the Occidental part conspicuous so the Sun being beneath the Horizon his rays sent forth into our Air are reflected to our Eyes and to the Occident and from the Occident to our Eyes Proposition XXXVII The beginning of the scituation of the Morning Twilight that is the Oriental Air is illuminated and is so beheld the Sun being depressed about 18 degrees beneath the Horizon and the end of the Evening Twilight that is no more illumination appeareth in the Occidental Air is when the Sun is depressed 18 degrees beneath the Occidental Horizon Of the Morning Twilight This Proposition dependeth on Experience and Observation for if in the Morning season that is after the first and second hour after Midnight we diligently observe our Eyes being turned towards the East when that any bright colour sheweth it self in the Oriental Air about the Horizon and that we know at that time the hour and minute of the hour we may thence know the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon Now we understand a serene Air of which seeing that there is or may be a great difference thence it cometh to pass that some do extend the Twilight to the twentieth degree of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon others unto the sixteenth for by how much the Air is more thick by so much the less will the light of the Twilight be discovered contrary unto what we said may happen in refraction Proposition XXXVIII The Altitude of the Air or matter may be found from the quantity of the Twilight which by reflection createth the light of the Twilight as hitherto they have thought neither doth the beginning of the Twilight arise from a simple but at least from a double reflection See Scheme Let T L h be the Earth g f o m the bound of the Air L the place of the Earth in which the Twilight appeareth or the light in the Horizontal Air f the incident Solary ray f g s. Therefore Mathematicians that have hitherto written concerning Twilights say that the ray incident on f which maketh the reflection f L to come from the very Sun S and because that no ray can come from the Sun to f so long as the Sun is beneath the Tangent f h s for Example in S then its ray may come to f first or because that they will have reflection to be made from f as from an hollow Looking-glass therefore T f h ought to be equal to the Angle T f L wherefore because that the Sun is found depressed 18 degrees beneath the Horizon therefore the Angle n f s shall be found 18 degrees and L f h 162 and T f h or T f L 81 degrees and L T f 9 deg whence T f is found about 874 German miles and the altitude of the Air 11 miles as Clavius and Nonius make it Alhacen and Vitellio make it 13 miles This so great an altitude of the Air must in no sort be granted when that other Phaenomenons do repugn Now that it is found so great according to that method that happeneth from a false hypothesis that they assume viz. the ray g h f which maketh the reflected f L to come from the very Sun for this is false because that it cometh by reflection from another ray for Example g L. Now that to make the small light in f it is not necessary that the ray f g should come from the vâ—ry Sun but another reflected ray may do the same is proved from thence that in the Occidental Air we behold the light before the rising of the Sun when yet it is certain that no direct ray then cometh from the Sun S to the Occidental Air m but from another point of the Air for Example from f and o and so the reflected ray L m proceedeth from the incident ray f m which very f m is reflected from the incident g f and this g f from another g L which perchance also cometh from another Secondly that also is worthy of note That they have determined that reflection is caused from the Air as from an hollow Looking-glass the Center of whose cavity is T viz. the same with that of the Earth for this also is false for the rays are reflected from the particles of the Air no regard being had to the Center of the Earth but according to the superficies of those particles this is manifest from the ray L m which slideth from the Occidental Air m to T for if that it came from M as from the hollow-glass of the Center T its incident ought to come from the quarter x but now it cometh from o or between f and o therefore the ray L m is so reflected from the particle m as the figure of it required And there are in the Air particles of a most different figure and therefore it is no wonder if that divers reflections are here and there caused into all quarters Proposition XXXIX It being supposed that the light of the Twilight is not generated by a
the Pole that the longest day of one place exceedeth the longest day of the Vicine place which is more nigh the Aequator every where equal in excess or that the longest day equally may encrease Of Parallels between the Aequator and the Pole these Parallels shall not equally be distant one from another viz every vicine Couple but these which are more remote from the Aequator shall have a less distance than those more near the Aequator The truth of this Proposition is shewed from the precedent for if these Parallels should be equally distant from one another viz. every two Vicine the quantity of the longest day in these Parallels would not Augment by an equal encrease as we have here shewed And it is now laid down that the places or Parallels so taken equally encrease that the longest day may equally increase in them wherefore every two Vicine or near Parallels shall not so equally be distant one from another but many Parallels being taken from the Aequator towards the Pole on this condition that the longest day may equally encrease These Parallels shall not be equally distant from one another but the distance of the third from the second shall be lesser than the second from the first that of the fourth less from the third that of the fifth lesser from the fourth and so forwards Corollary and because that many of the Climates are so taken that the longest day in the final Parallel of the Climate exceedeth the longest day of the begining at the Climate by half an hour it followeth from this Proposition that the Climates more remote from the Aequator are less broad or more narrow then these more near the Aequator and therefore the Latitude and Magnitude of the Climates decreaseth towards the Pole Hence it cometh to pass seeing that the Climates at length would become very narrow towards the Pole if that the same excess should be kept viz. the excess of half an hour so that Geographers define the bounds of the Northern Climates not by half an hour but first by whole hours and then by whole daies Proposition XI The number of the hours of the longest day being given in any place or Parallel of the Earth to find the Latitude of the place or Elevation of the Pole of this Parallel and to exhibit the Parallel it self in the Globe or to exhibit those places where the longest day is so great For the finding the Latitude of a place c. The longest day in all Northern places is when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer Let the place of the Sun of the longest day be brought to the Meridian Let the Index be brought to the 12th hour of the Horary Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew that hour of the Cycle from which the given number of the longest day is denominated and then let the point of the Tropick in the Meridian be noted Then let the first degree of Cancer be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Meridian in the Crena be so moved to the Pole Elevated or depressed until the other noted point of the Tropick be in the Occidental Horizon but so that the first degree of Cancer be yet in the East which being done number the Degrees of the Elevation of the Pole For that is the sought for Elevation or Latitude of the Parallel which you shall find in the very Globe it self if you number so many Degrees in the Meridian from the Aequator towards the Pole and a Chalk being applyed you may turn round the Globe to the term of the Numeration For the described Parallel is that which is sought The Probation of the Method is easie Proposition XII The number of some days being given to find out the Latitude of the places or Parallels and to exhibit the place of the Frigid Zone on the Earth when the Sun for so many days setteth not and for so many more ariseth not Further concerning the Latitudes of places Let the number of the daies be divided in half and let so many Degrees be numbred in the Ecliptick from the first Degree of Cancer as that divided or half number is or as many Unites as this hath the Numeration may be made from both parts of this begining Let the term be be noted with Chalk if the daies be more than thirty the number of the Degrees must be taken lesser than an Unite Then let this noted point be brought to the Meridian and let the Degrees interrupted between that and the Pole be numbred For these are the sought for Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the places wherein so many daies as are given the Sun setteth not and in so many daies riseth not You shall find the very places and Parallels in the Globe if that you number the found out Latitude from the Aequator towards the Pole in the Meridian and design the Parallel by Chaulk applyed to the Term. For this is that sought for and it containeth all the places sought for For the Demonstration of this Solution let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the places found out and it will be manifest that the noted Degrees of the Ecliptick about the first Degree of Cancer set not beneath the Horizon but remain above it The Sun therefore passing over these points of the Ecliptick setteth not now he passeth through these points in so many days as are given as is apparent by the connstruction After the same manner we shall shew the truth of this Solution concernig the daies in which the Sun doth not arise at all in the places Parallel found Corollary It is easie therefore to find the Elevation of the Pole of those places or Climates which lie in the Frigid Zone where the longest day encreaseth not by hours but by a number of whole daies Proposition XIII To frame or compose a Table of the Climates Of the making a Table of the Climates This is called a Table of Climates in which at the beginning middle and end of every Climate the Elevation of the Pole or Là titude of the Parallel and the very quantity of the longest day is found noted as also the interval of the Climates or distance of the Parallels The Construction is easie for from the order of the Climates the quantity for the longest day for the beginning middle or end of every Climate is found by adding ¼ of an hour to twelve hours by a continual Succession Then from the quantity of the longest day of every Parallel is found out the Elevation or Latitude of the Pole of every one of them according to the XI Proposition Lastly you have the interval or Latitude of the Climates if you take the Latitude of the beginning Parallel from the Latitude of the ending Parallel All these being noted in the Table we shall have a Table of the Climates which I have hereunto annexed A Table of the Climates and Parallels Climates
for when the Sun passeth through the Vertex of those places then every one will then confess that there ought to be Summer except some other cause obstructed in respect of the Celestial cause and so in places scituated in the Aequator the Spring or Summer ought not to be in the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Aries or Libra but rather the Summer because then he passeth through the Vertex of those places and causeth great heat except some other cause hinders Neither can the Summer be transferred unto the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn The same also holdeth concerning places scituated between the Aequator and the Tropicks because the Sun passeth through their Vertex before that he draweth near to the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and therefore first causeth the Summer there For we must know that although Definitions may be free yet seeing that by the common notions of all Nations they define the Summer by Heat and the Winter by Cold or at least by a lesser degree of Heat and so the Definitions ought to be made that they may render as little as may be from these Notions and in no sort be contrary to them The same difficulty is concerning the Spring and Autum of the places of the Torrid Zone yea they do not seem to have place here especially in places which lye in the Aequator Of Heats and Cold. The second difficulty for which this Question is proposed is this Whether the Seasons are to be defined from the very degree of heat and cold viz. the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter or from the access or recess of the Sun For the common notion of the Men of Europe which they form concerning those Seasons or in which they do conceive them comprehendeth both although they have more respect to heat than cold But Astronomers are more attentive to the access and recess or entrance of the Sun into certain Signs of the Zodiack as we have said before Moreover it is observed in many places of the Torrid Zone that those Seasons answer not the access and recess of the Sun but that contrary to the Celestial motion of the Sun they are tried by a Winter raging not with cold but with storms and rains when they should have Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun and on the contrary they have Summer when the Sun is remote when they should have Winter of which more anon and so those People define not the Summer and Winter by the access of the Sun and his entrance into certain Signs but they define the Summer by its serenity and the Winter by its rain and somewhat cold Air. And so it is impossible to make definitions of the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter as to be general and agreeable to all these places according to the notions of the People These difficulties thus considered I thus think First seeing that in many places of the Torrid Zone as we have spoken in the second difficulty and also some certain places of the Temperate Zones Heat and Cold happen contrary to the Celestial mode or motion of the Sun yet notwithstanding those definitions cannot be made accurately by Heat and Cold therefore these terms of the Seasons must be distinguished as being Homonymical so that we must make some Seasons to be Celestial and others Terrestrial I confess these terms to be less fit but the want of better doth compel me to use them so that it is termed the Terrestrial Summer of any place in which in that place a great heat is caused every year by the Sun but the Celestial Summer is termed that season of the year wherein a great heat ought to be in that place by reason of the vicinity of the Sun So that is termed the Celestial Winter of a place in which season Cold should be in that place by reason of the great distance of the Sun but that season is termed the Terrestrial Winter of any place in which there is very great Cold in that place every year And although in many places the Celestial and Terrestrial Winter happen in one season of the year as also the Celestial and Terrestrial Summer yet there are some places of the Torrid Zone where they observe divers seasons of the year as we shall shew in the following discourse The same should be said of the Celestial and Terrestrial Spring and likewise of the Autumn Secondly Seeing that there are few places where the Terrestrial Summer and Winter differ from the Celestial in the season of the year but in most places fall in with the same time of the year therefore the Celestial Summer may be absolutely termed the Summer so also the Winter the Spring and the Autumn But when we speak of the Terrestrial we must add the word Terrestrial but where we simply say the Summer the Winter Spring and Autumn we are to understand the Celestial seasons agreeing with the Terrestrial But how shall we make distinct and accurate definitions of the Summer viz. the Celestial the Winter the Spring and the Autumn so that they may be general for all places and also take place in the Torrid Zone I know no other Mode whereby such definitions may be made but only this The definitions of the sous Seasons of the year 1. The Celestial Summer of any place is that season of the year whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertex of the place and that in the first season if the Sun become vertical to that place in two seasons The end that day in whose Meridies the Sun receiveth a moderate distance from the first Vertex of that place or whether it be lesser than that of all other days of the year 2. That is termed the Winter of any place the beginning of which is that day in whose Meridies the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance from the Vertex of that place And the end that day in whose Meridies the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from the Vertex of that place 3. That season is termed the Spring of any place which falleth between the end of the Winter and the beginning of the Summer or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath acquired a moderate distance from the Vertex when he hath come from a great distance And the end is that day where in whose Meridies the Sun hath acquired a very small distance from the first Vertex of the place 4. The Autumn of any place is termed that season of the year falling between the end of Summer and the beginning of Winter or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun receiveth a mean distance from the Vertex of the place coming from a lesser And the end that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath obtained a very great distance from the Vertex of the place According to these
Arches of fifteen degrees beneath the Horizontal line must be taken in the described Periphery for the hours before six in the Morning and six in the Evening and the Lines of the shadows must be drawn the perpendicular Style must also be erected from the Center Furthermore In the Horizontal plain if that the Plain of the Scioterick be not yet erected the Meridian line must be found and the Line of the Aequinoctial rising and setting and so it must be placed on or above this Plain of the Scioterick that the Horizontal line of the Scioterick may be parallel to this Line of the rising and setting so the shadow of the Style shall shew the beginning of the hours at every day of the year But because the Sun only illustrateth this one Superficies of this Plain half a year and the other another half year therefore in both the Superficies a Scioterick must be made after the appointed Mode laid down before that on one side of it in the time of Summer and Spring in the other in the time of Autumn the hours may be known by the benefit of the Shadows The Lines of the Circle which shew the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick or the entrance of the Sun into the twelve Signs of the Zodiack and which do represent the Parallels which the Sun describeth in the Heaven by his circumvolution may easily be drawn on this Aequinoctial Scioterick For let a certain Magnitude of the Style be taken and let it be accurately divided into Ten parts and one of thsee Ten into ten other parts that the whole Line may be conceived to be cut into an hundred particles then from a Table of Declinations let the Declinations of the Sun be excepted the fifth the tenth the fifteenth the twentieth the twenty fifth the thirtieth degrees of Aries or the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Taurus the first the fifteenth degrees of Gemini the first degree of Cancer and let the Tangents be taken from the Mathematical Canon Moreover from the Center of the Horologe in the interval of the Tangent of Complement of the fifth degree of Aries let the Periphery of the Circle be described this will note the entrance of the Sun into the fifth degree of Aries and the twenty fifth of Virgo and the Parallel of the Sun for that day viz. when the diurnal extremity of the shadow by its circumvolution shall fall on this described Periphery it shall be a sign that the Sun is in the fifth degree of Aries or the twenty fifth of Virgo After the same Mode let the Peripheries be described in the interval of the Complement of the tenth and the twentieth degrees of Aries the first and the fifteenth of Taurus the first and the fifteenth of Gemini and the first degree of Cancer those will shew the Parallels of the Sun in those points and also in the points of the 20th degree of Virgo the 10th and the first of Virgo the 15th of Leo and the first of Leo and the 15th degree of Cancer After the same Mode on the other side of the Scioterick let the Peripheries be described for the Parallels of the Sun in the first degree of Libra and the 25th of Pisces in the 10th of Libra and the 20th of Pisces in the 15th of Libra and the 15th of Pisces in the first of Scorpio and the first of Pisces in the 15th of Scorpio and the 15th of Aquarius and in the first degree of Sagittarius and the first of Aquarius Unto every one of these Peripheries the Characters of the Signs of the Zodiack must be ascribed Proposition XXII To describe an Horizontal Scioterick or an Horizontal Plain An Horizontal Scioterick or Horizontal Plain described By the Globe Let the Pole and Meridian be elevated for the Latitude of the place which Meridian is more conspicuous than the other lines in the Superficies both for colour and magnitude let it be brought under the Brazen Meridian let the Index be placed at the hour of twelve let the Globe be turned round until the Index shew the hour One or Eleven or until 15 degrees of the Aequator do pass the Brazen Meridian In this scituation of the Globe let the degrees intercepted between the Brazen Meridian and the Meridian of the Globe be numbred on the Wooden Horizon and let this hour be noted for the hour of One after noon and Eleven before noon Then let the Globe be turned again until the Index shew the hour 11 or 10 and let the degree intercepted between those two Meridians the Brazen one and that assumed be noted for the 10th or 11th hour After the same manner let it be done for the hours 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 for 7 and 5 for 6 and 6 but we shall not want this hour for 5 and 7 for 4 and 8 for 3 and 9. These degrees being thus noted for every ascribed hour let the Meridian line be found on the Horizontal Plain and for any point of this line let the periphery of the Circle be described as from a Center and let it be drawn perpendicularly from the Center to the same on either side This shall be the line of the shadow at the hour 6 before noon and 6 after noon The Meridian line is the line of the shadow of the hour 12. In the described periphery let the Arches before noted be cut of beginning from the Meridian line towards the line of the hour 6 before and after noon First the Arch noted for 11 and 1 then for the hour 10 and 2 for 9 and 3 for 8 and 4 c. The Arches thus cut off let the lines be drawn from the Center to those bounds these shall be the lines of the shadows in the beginning and end of the other hours But the Style must be so elevated from the Center of the Horologe above the Meridian line that the Angle which it maketh with it may be equal to the Latitude of the place or elevation of the Pole But it is more commodious to make some Triangle whose Angle at the Basis is equal to the Latitude of the place If the declination be made on Paper let the line be drawn from the Center which from the periphery may take an Arch equal to the Latitude of the place the Numeration being from the Meridian line and let the Triangle be cut out to be placed above the Meridian line so the shadow will shew the hours The making of this Scioterick is easie without a Globe Proposition XXIII To describe a Scioterick on a vertical Plain which may directly regard the East and West Aequinoctial A Scioterick what The making of this is perfected after the same Mode which we used in the Horizontal if that the Pole be not elevated according to the Latitude of the place but according to the Complement of it and then the Style also be elevated above the Meridian
collect the increase or decrease of the Declination of the Sun from the Aequator or of the Points of the Ecliptick to be the Cause of this unequal increase of the days but in the places of the Aequator it self all days are equal and therefore here is no increase or decrease although the Sun seem to stand about the days of the Solstice that is a little changing the Meridian Altitude Now it is manifest that the greater inequality of this encrease and decrease of the days is to be found where the places are more remote from the Aequator if that the Pole be Elevated for the distance of the divers places from the Aequator and the Arches of the Parallels Elevated above the Horizon be considered in both scituations Proposition XXV In the places of the Torrid Zone or those scituated in the Aequator or in the midst of the Torrid Zone the Sun much sooner departeth from the Vertex than in places near the Tropick of Cancer or Capricorn Of the departure of the Sun in places of the Torrid zone Let any Degree in the Brazen Meridian of the Globe be noted for Example the Fifth Degree from the Aequator and another place in the Torrid Zone being taken for Example one whose Latitude is 18 Degrees Let this be brought to the Meridian make a sign with a Chalk in this and let 5 Degrees from this towards the Tropick be reckoned on the Brazen Meridian and here again make a sign with a Chalk We must shew that the Sun in fewer days is removed from the Vertex of the places of the Aequator 5 Degrees in the Meridies than from the Vertex of another place so many Degrees Let the Globe be turned until some Point of the Ecliptick come under some noted Point of the Meridian near to the Aequator And let the Degrees of the Ecliptick between the first of Aries and Libra and between that Point and the Arches here to be noted Then let the Globe be turned again until some Point of the Ecliptick pass through the Note made in the Meridian for the place and let this Point of the Ecliptick be noted then let the Globe be turned again until another Point of the Ecliptick pass through by that Point removed five Degrees which is noted which must again be noted and let the Arch between the two last Points of the Ecliptick be reckoned which will be found to be much bigger than that which was first noted and thence the Sun shall stay in this Arch more days than in the former and therefore he more slowly recedeth from the Vertex of the second place than from the Vertex of the place taken in the Aequator THE THIRD BOOK OF General Geography TO WIT THE COMPARATIVE PART Of the Affections from Comparing of Places CHAP. XXXI Of the Longitude of a place Definitions 1. _â—HE Circle of the Longitude of any place in the Earth Definition is a Circle passing through that place and both the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Meridian Circle because the Meridian of a place and the Circle of the Longitude of a place are one and the same Circle But they are only rationally distinguished because the Meridian hath respect to the Motion of the Stars the Circle of the Longitude to the extension of the Earth having no respect to the Celestial Motions But the use of the term Meridian is more frequent and convenient and therefore we shall also use the word They are conspicuous in Globes and Maps passing through every Ten Degrees of the Aequator 2. The distance of a place from a certain Meridian is termed the Longitude of a place or else it is the Arch of the Aequator or Parallel intercepted between the Meridian of that place and a certain other Meridian This Meridian from which the Meridians of other places are reckoned from West towards the East is called the first Meridian The Longitude of the Earth it self is termed its extension from West to East conceived according to the Line of the Aequator The first Meridian in the Maps and Globes is notable above the rest for Magnitude and Colour and it is apparent to the eyes 3. The distance of one place from another is a very short Line intercepted between those two places in the Superficies of the Earth 4. Any Point in the Globe and Maps is truly said to represent and exhibit any place of the Earth if that it hath that Scituation and distance to the other points of the Maps such as the place of the Earth which it ought to represent hath to the other places of the Earth which are represented by the other Points of the Earth Proposition I. Nature hath put no beginning or end to the dimension of the Earth or of the extension from the West to the East or according to the Aequator but all and every one of the places may be taken for a beginning and the first Meridian may be placed in them For the better understanding of this the matter must be more fully searched into No beginning or end of the Dimension of the Earth c. because that some I know not upon what account suppose great mysterias to lâ—e herein that every Superficies as well plane as crooked as a Line â—y one and a Body by three is measured and terminated by two Dimensions or extensions as is evident from Principles of Geometry and common use of which extension one is termed the Longitude of the extension or figure and the other the Latitude and the one is conceived perpendicular to the other Neither do these extensions differ in their nature but that which we take for Longitude may also be taken for Latitude and so on the contrary but yet for the most part if these two extensions be unequal we take the longest for Longitude and the shortest for Latitude But in Ordinate Figures as in the Aequilateral Triangle a Quadrate and the like the two extensions are equal neither is there any difference between Longitude and Latitude For the Figure of the Superficies of the Earth is Spherical and Latitude doth not truly differ from Longitude which we so conceive in it for the more distinct cognition Now those two extensions in the Spherical Superficies are commodiously so conceived as in other crooked Superficies if that first the Periphery of the Semicricle be taken in it drawn from one point to the opposite point and this Line be made one extension of the Superficies then for the other extension you shall take another Periphery cutting the former Periphery in the middle at Right Angles for so Longitude and Latitude are taken in all Figures and this must be conceived to extend about the whole Superficies until it return to it self that so a crooked Superficies may be supposed to be extended into a plane Because therefore the first assumed Periphery or extension is only the Semicircle that shall be the Latitude of the Globe the
the first and opposite Meridian viz. A P and C P the numbers may be ascribed from the Aequator towards P to wit 1 2 3 4 even to 90 so that the Latitude of every one may be conspicuous but at the Parallel 23 deg 30 min. the Tropick of Cancer shall be ascribed at the 66 degree 30 min. the Arctick Circle In the Praxis neither all the Meridians nor all the Parallels must be coloured but only every tenth the rest must be represented with occult or obscure lines After all the Meridians and Parallels are described it is easy to note from the Table of Longitude and Latitude of places the places of the Earth viz. of its Superficies let the Longitude of any place be accounted from the first assumed Meridian in the Aequator so we fall into the Meridian of the place then from the Latitude of the place we choofe a Parallel of the same Latitude and the point where the Meridian cutteth the Parallel is the point which representeth the assumed place of the Earth whose appellation is to be ascribed unto it and so we shall act with the inscription or projecture of any place to be taken until the Maps or Tables be finished Rules to be observed if the Semicircle of the Ecliptick be to be noted If the Semicircle also of the Ecliptick be to be noted in it that must be done before the designation of the places We have said that the Ecliptick maketh the Ecliptick line in projecture therefore its points through which that portion of the Eclipsis must be drawn ought to be found That is taken for the first point or for the intersection of the Ecliptick and the Aequator in which the first Meridian cutteth the Aequator which therefore is noted in the sign of Aries But the last point of this half Eclipsis or the other intersection of the Aequator and the Ecliptick viz. the end of Virgo shall be in 180 the opposite point of the Aequator the intermedial point is that in which the Meridian 90 cutteth the Tropick of Cancer So we have gotten three points through which the portion of the Eclipsis to be described passeth which is lesser than the half Eclipsis which are the points of the 1 deg of Aries Cancer and Libra for finding the other points as the 1 deg of Taurus and 15 the 1 deg and the 15 degrees of Gemini the 1 deg of Leo the 1 deg of Virgo the Declinations of these points must be taken from the Table and the right Ascension which are here ascribed Declination Right Ascension  deg min. deg min.   The 15 of Aries and Virgo 5 56 13 48 166 for the 15 deg of Virgo The 1 of Taurus and Virgo 11 31 27 0 152 for the beginning of Virg. The 15 of Taurus and Leo 16 24 42 0 187 for the 15 deg of Leo. The 1 of Gemini and Leo 20 13 57 0 122 for the beginning of Leo The 15 of Gemini Cancer 22 41 73 0 106 for the 15 deg of Cancer Then where the Meridian 13 deg or 4 deg cutteth the Parallel 5 deg or rather 6 deg that point shall be the 15 deg of Aries also where the Meridian 27 cutteth the Parallel 11 ½ there shall be the 1 deg of Taurus so where the Meridian 42 the Parallel 16 deg where the 15 deg of Taurus and where the Meridian 106 cutteth the Parallel 22 deg 41 min. there shall be the 15 deg of Cancer where the Meridian 122 cutteth the Parallel 20 there shall be the beginning of Leo and so the other Meridians 137 152 166 cut the Parallels 16 11 5 for the 15 deg of Leo in the beginning of Virgo and the 15 of Virgo These points being joyned by a Crooked Line we shall have the portion of the Eclipsis for the Semicircles of the Boreal Ecliptick whose points and degrees are easily noted in every sign if that you take Declinations for every one out of the Tables and Right Ascensions by that Mode by which we have signed the degree the 15 deg of Taurus the 1 deg of Gemini and the like This being done the Composition of this Geographical Map is finished which shall represent the half Superficies of the Earth to wit the part between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick That this Mode is most easy and pleasant will be manifest from the Description and the Praxis will shew it now we shall speak of its use and inconveniences we have said before that three things are required in a Map or that they are made for a threefold end The first of these the Map made by this Method do accurately enough discover Maps are made for a threefold end viz. the Latitude and Longitude of every place because they are made from a Table of Latitudes and Longitudes also they shew the distance of places from the Course or way of the Sun or Zones The second requisite to wit the due proportion of the Magnitude of every Region Maps of this sort do not altogether perform for Regions by how much they are more near the Aequator by so much the more they receive the greater place in this projecture than they ought to have by their own proportion But this difference is small by reason of the great distance of the Eye Few Regions Inhabited about the Pole but many towards the Aequator and this defect is compensated by that Commodity that the places may the better be noted by reason few Regions are inhabited about the Pole but many towards the Aequator But the third end viz. the scituation of one place to another and the distance of places cannot be performed by these Tables because the Lines which note such places in the Maps have another scituation and proportion than in the Earth But if you please to examine the scituation of one place to the scituation of other places and the rising and stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the same the Horizon of that place may be drawn in an Ecliptical form in this Method Let 90 degrees on both sides be reckoned in the Aequator from the Meridian of the given place one of the terms of the Numeration shall one point of the Horizon to be drawn viz. the Oriental point in which the Aequator cutteth the Horizon The other term again shall be the point of the Horizon for the Aequinoctial setting Moreover in the opposite Quadrant of the Meridiah of the place let so many Parallels be accounted from the Pole towards the Aequator as the Parallel of the place is distant from the Aequator The term of the Numeration shall shew the third Point of the Horizon viz the Northern Cardo we shall shew how to find the Point of the South Cardo in that which we shall annex by and by if a greater portion than that of the Hemisphere be to be represented on the Map for it is not to
in E B which sheweth the 52 deg of the Arch B C shall be the projecture of the Arctick Pole Let the point in E D be noted with the letter P which representeth the 52 deg of the Arch D C by accounting from C to D shall be the projecture of the intersection of the Aequator and the Meridian of London Let the letter Q be noted and from that towards the letter P let the numbers of the degrees 1 2 3 c. be ascribed Also from Q towards D and from B towards P viz. 52 53 54 55 c. Then the points being taken from P of the equal degrees viz. 99 and 99 also 88 and 88 let these be described about these parts as the Diameters of the Peripheries of the Circles which shall represent the Parallels or Circles of Latitude and the Tropicks and Polary Circles with the Aequator For the describing the Meridians To describe the Meridians first let a Periphery be described through the points A P C that shall shew the Meridian which is 90 degrees absent from London His Center shall be M in B D protracted into the point N which sheweth the Antarctick Pole Let P N the Diameter be drawn through M Parallel to A C which is F H protracted from both parts in K L. Moreover let the Circle P H N F be divided into 360 deg and Right lines from the point P to every deg or only by application of the Rule which shall cut the line K F H L. The Circles must be described through every point of the Section and both the Poles P N as through three given points which shall represent all the Meridians the Centers of the Arches to be described are seated in the same K L viz. those which are found by the former Section but to be taken with this condition that the most remote Center at L be chosen for the nearest Meridian from B D N towards A and for the second the second from this The Circles of the Latitudes and the Meridians being thus described it is easy to inscribe the places of the Earth on a Map and the scituation of them all to London will be conspicuous Moreover to affix the Rule to the place of London the same parts should be brought in into which E B was divided and the number of degrees must be ascribed so the Rule being brought round unto every place we shall presently know both how great an interval they lie from Amsterdam and in what quater they lie in respect of it Now how by the benefit of the Globe such a Map should be made we shall shew in the Fourth Mode of particular Maps The first Mode of Geographical particular Maps We have spoken of the making of general or universal Maps now it is required that we should teach the composition of particular or special Maps Of particular or special Maps as of Asia Africa Europe America The parts therefore of the Earth which we would represent on the Map are either great or small It great as Asia Africa Europe America it will be necessary to institute a Declination according to the Modes explained for General Maps but in divers parts sundey ways are more commodious Africa and America because the Aequator passeth through them are not commodiously exhibited by the first Mode but most aptly by the second the Eye being placed in the Plain of the Aequator above the middle Meridian between the extreams which shut up Africa or America Therefore in these Maps the Aequator is a right line but the Parallels and the Meridians are the Arches of the Circles But to represent Asia and Europe the first and sixth Mode are more commodious but for the Polary Lands or Frigid Zones we have said that the first Mode is most apt in the explication of the same First therefore a streight line must be drawn upon the Plain for the Meridian of the place unto which we would have the Eye hang over and that must be divided into degrees according to the Method explained in the preceeding Modes and which shall be degrees of Latitude the number of which must be ascribed Then from the Table must be extracted the Latitude of both Parallels viz. that which terminateth the Region from both sides which representeth the Poles The degrees of the Latitude of these must be noted in the right line or the Meridian of the Eye and through those points streight perpendicular lines must be drawn which inclose the Map towards the Northern and Southern quarter Then Parallels and Meridians must be drawn at every degree and the places inscribed until the Map be perfected The second Mode of describing particular Maps The second Mode of particular Maps Artificers are wont to use another Method in Regions not so large but only moderate or small First a tranverse line is drawn in the extremity of the Table for the Circle of Latitude in which the ends of the Regions respecting the Aequator are to be drawn in that so many parts are taken equally through how many deg of Longitude that Region is extended from that part Then from the middle of this line a perpendicular is drawn which hath so many parts as there are deg of Longitude between the bounds of that Region towards the Aequator and the Pole But how great these parts should be is known from the proportion of the deg of the first Circle which is greatest to the deg of Parallel which is represented from the lower transverse line Through the term of this perpendicular another perpendicular or Parallel to the inferiour line is drawn in which so many deg of Longitude must be taken as are in the lower line and equal to them of the lower line if these Latitudes be not much distant from the Aequator or mutual from themselves But if the distance from the Aequator be great or if the excess of the ultimate Latitude of the Region be great above that which is more near the Aequator the parts to be taken in the transverse line shall not be equal to the parts of the inferiour line but they ought to be lesser according to proportion which the degrees of this more remote Parallel hath to the degrees of the inferiour line which proportion is known from the Table we have placed in the Fourth Chapter See Chap. IV. After the parts are thus taken for the deg of Longitude in the superiour and inferiour line the right lines are to be drawn through the beginning and end of the parts of the same number which right lines shall represent the Meridian lines Then through every deg of its perpendicular which we have ordered to be erected from the middle point of the inferiour line lines Parallel to that lower line must be drawn through the beginnings of every degree which shall shew the Parallels of Latitude In the last place places must be inscribed at the points in which the Parallels of every
place and the Meridian of Latitude do meet So a Geographical Map for a given Region shall be compleated The third Mode of describing particular Maps The third Mode of particular Maps as Provinces c. In representing the Provinces of a small tract we use another Method which we have explained before viz. that the Maps may more accurately exhibit the scituation of one place to another and the distance of places The Method consisteth in this that we may find the Angles of the position of one place to another by Mathematical Instruments and then aptly transfer into the Chart. For Example sake let there be Five places of any Region to be disposed in the Table according to its scituation and distance we shall call those Five places A B C D E. First we shall chose from these that A from which the rest or most of them may conveniently be beheld and an Instrument being applyed we shall observe the Angles of position at every place viz. the Angles between the Meridian line of the place in which we observe and between the quarters of the other places B C D E. Moreover in the Chart in which we will represent those places we may take the letter A and cut the Periphery described from thence into degrees which is not necessary if we have a Semicircle divided or some other Geometrical Instrument fit for that purpose we shall assume one Diameter for the Meridian line of the place A viz. F A G the other perpendicular to this H A K will shew the Aequinoctial rising in the extremity H the setting K. F is the Northern Cardo C the Southern Let the Angle of the position of the place B to A be observed of 30 deg from the South towards the East we shall number in the Quadrant G H so many degrees and shall draw the line from A through that degree This shall represent the place B from the place A. After the same Mode the quarters of the other place D E must be noted on the Chart if they be observed Then another place is to be chosen from B C D E whose distance from A is known or found out for Example the place B and in that the Instruments being applyed the quarters observed of the three other places C D E. This being done we put in our Table the Scale of miles or Leagues which we take either greater or lesser as we desire to have either a greater or lesser Map and in the Line of the quarter of the place B we take from A the noted distance and there we mark the place B and through B we shall draw the Line Parallel to F G which shall represent the Meridian of the place B and in the Periphery described about B as about A we shall draw Lines from B which will denote the quarters of the places C D E and where these Lines cut them which are drawn from A the points of the Intersection shall be the places of the C D E and we must do after the same Mode if that there shall be many places The fourth Mode which applyeth the Globe The fourth Mode by the help of the Terrestrial Globe We may by the help of the Terrestrial Globe exhibit on a plain the scituation and distance of places remote from one to another and of divers Kingdoms yea the whole Superficies of the Earth so that any place given may seem to occupy the middle as we have shewed in the sixth Mode so that this Mode may be reckoned to the Modes for General Maps but it is better not to extend the Mode beyond the Hemisphere For distance I determine to set down before your Eyes on a Chart the scituation of all the places to London and their distance from this place First in the Chart let the middle point be taken for London let the letter A be noted from that let the Periphery F H G K be described Let F G be the Meridian Line or the Line of the North and South let H K be the Line of the East and West F may shew the North G the South H the East and K the West Let every one of the Quadrants be divided into 90 degrees Then in the Globe let London be brought to the Brazen Meridian and let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of London let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex and applyed to every place whose scituation we would represent to London on the Chart. For Example the beginning middle and end of France so to the bounds of Italy Spain Hungary Sweden and the like and let the Angles be noted which the Quadrant maketh with the Meridian in every application that is the Angles of the Position of those places to London moreover the degrees of the Quadrant between London and every place that is the distance of every one of them This done lay aside the Globe and on the Chart let the Lines be drawn from A for the quarters of every one of the places viz. which may make such Angles with the Meridian Line as are noted before and that between the Cardinal noted points How we may supercede this labour of drawing of Lines we shall shew anon In these Lines of the quarters the points must be found out for the places by taking the distances from London which we may do by a double Method For the places are either removed a little interval which we will note or by a large interval but so it is best to make a small Map or the places are removed a great interval and so you must form a Map of a greater bulk In the two Cases it is sufficient to make a Scale of degrees by dividing some Line into equal parts every one of which may represent a degree From this Scale we take the distances of every place before noted with the interval of the Compass and bring them into the Line of the quarter of every place The term shall be noted with the appellation of the place A Scale of equal parts for Degrees not sufficient for larger Maps with remote Regions And so we shall note all the places in the Table about London But if you must make a Map of a larger form and the remote Regions must be noted it is not sufficient to take a Scale of equal parts for degrees but the Line must be divided by another Mode viz. according to the Rules of Perspective because in this Mode we place the Eye beneath the Horizon of London in the place of the Antipodes and take the Horizon for the Glass If we are minded to represent an Hemisphere or a part greater lesser than the Hemisphere then we take a Plain Parallel to the Horizon which may be distant from it by so great an Arch as is the part to be represented by the Hemisphere Therefore let the Periphery of the Circle be described in another Chart M the Center N O one Diameter P Q another perpendicular
broad Here is a fair Burse or Exchange for Merchants two great Prisons for their Slaves and some Bastions to defend the Port which is good and large This place is famous for the death of Cato sirnamed Vticensis who for fear of falling into the hands of Caesar here slew himself and is of note in the Carthaginian Wars The Government or City of Goletta The Government of GOLETTA is much esteemed because of the neighbouring Carthage or rather because of Tunis whose Key it is It is a Fortress built in the neck of the Gulph between Tunis and the Sea by which all must necessarily pass And it hath given occasion to build a Fort on the top of a Hill whose foot is washed by the Sea There was heretofore the old Fort and the now the Old was only an intrenched Bastion guarded by 30 or 40 Janizaries the New is great well fortified and furnished with all things necessary A Fountain of Running-water crosses the place so that it seems rather a City than a Fortress Charles the Fifth took this Fort in 1535 which the Turks retook in 1574. Under this Fort was it that General Blake with the English Fleet The City of Tunis fired the Pirate Ships of Tunis in 1654. Tunis at the bottom of this Gulph is at present one of the fairest Cities of Barbary it counts 8 Gates 8 chief Streets which are crossed by abundance of others 10 Places or Markets more than 300 Temples and Synagogues of the Jews and many Oratories some likewise for the Christians 150 Bania's or Hot-Houses 86 Schools 9 Colledges where Youth is nourished and instructed at the publick expence 64 Hospitals and a great number of Canes or Inus for Merchants and Christians c. The Buildings of the Royal Palace are magnificent it had long since 10000 Houses and is much increased since the Moors of Granada were driven out of Spain Among its Inhabitants are many Merchants Apothecaries Druggists Confectioners Cooks Bakers Butchers and above all Drapers and Weavers c. Their common Bread is kneaded with Oil of which they have abundance and utter quantity into Egypt Their Linnen and Manufactures have vent through all Africa It is a place of great Traffick It s Trade and Commodities and much frequented by Merchants of Foreign parts affording several other good Commodities as Gold Saffron Wax Oil raw and salted Hides variety of Fruits Wool Spunges Hard Soap they have also a great trade for Horses and Ostrich Feathers c. and above all for Christian Slaves Commodities most vendible here are English Cloths Perpetuanoes Iron Lead c. They have no Water either of Well or of Fountain except that which is reserved for the Bassa but make use of Cisterns and Rain-water They are fain to have their Mills turned by their Slaves or by Oxen. The Arab of Nubia Sanutus and some others esteem Tunis to answer to the Ancient Tarsis This place as Heylin noteth is observable in the History of the Holy Wars for the Sieges and Successes of two of our English Princes viz. Edward the First in his Fathers life time and Henry the Fourth then but Earl of Darby by both of which the City was forced to a composition But the Ruins of Carthage Tunis received its splendor from the ruins of Carthage from which Tunis had its increase are remarkable because of the Antiquity Scituation Greatness and Power of this City The beginning of it is given to Dido the Phoenician who inclosed with the Wall the Quarter or Castle of Byrsa which is two miles and a half in Circuit which in the Country they still call Bersac and Byrsa signifying a Hide to the Greeks and a Fortress to the Phoenicians the one agrees with the Fable that Dido had bought and builded the place on the greatness and extent of an Oxes Hide the other to the scituation and advantage of the place where this Fortress was built This Scituation and the goodness of the neighbouring Port drew so many People that it became one of the fairest Cities in the World Its circumference in its splendor was 360 Stadia like to that of Babylon and its Inhabitants have been so rich and powerful that they disputed with the Romans for the Empire of the World being once called the Lady and Mistress of Africa The particular power of this City was not known till the third and last Punick War when after having had to do with Massinissa to whom they yielded a good part of their Estates after having granted and put into the Romans hands their Ships of War their Elephants their Arms and their Hostages which were demanded when they commanded them to leave the City and to inhabit from the Sea-Coast despair made them resolve on the War They made other Arms built new Ships the Women and Virgins giving their Hair to make Cables and Cordage and defended themselves yet 3 or 4 years It was afterwards restored and at divers times but the Vandals and in the end the Arabs have wholly ruined it there not remaining above 7 or 800 Houses of Fishermen Gardiners c. The Government of Soussa its Cities People c. The Government of SOVSA contains the Cities of 1. Hammametha which communicates its name to the neighbouring Gulph at the bottom whereof it is scituated its Walls are strong and its Harbour safe 2. Susa is in a higher and lower City the former on a Rock and of difficult access the last on the Sea with a good Port where are laded great quantities of Oils both the one and the other well built The Duke of Savoy made an enterprize on them in 1619. 3. Monastero so called because there was once a famous Monastery of the Order of St. Augustine The Riches about Susa is in Olives Pears and other Fruits and Pastures for Cattle The ordinary Food for the Inhabitants is Barly-bread the Country affording no other Grain The Inhabitants of Susa and Hammametha addict themselves to Traffick others to Whitning of Cloth they make Charcoal and draw some profit from their Fishing The Government or City of Africa or El-Madia The Government of AFRICA or EL-MADIA hath nothing considerable but this place may be made far better than it is It s scituation is in a Peninsula which touches not the Main but by an Isthmus of 2 or 300 Paces where there is likewise some Marsh and on this side the City is invested with a double Wall and good Ditches It s Port within the City is capable to lodge 50 Gallies but its entrance is so narrow that a Galley is forced to lift up its Oars to pass The Coasts about Sousa and Elmedia and what Transactions hapned there The Coasts about Susa and Elmedia have been well known in the Roman History in the time of the Wars between Caesar and the Party of Pompey Caesar landed at Rhuspina now Susa Adrumetum now Hammametha being in the Enemies hands and in the beginning had divers
there are yet formed a great number of Creatures which appears when the Inundation of the Nile diminished saying that the Gods after them the Heroes and in fine Men have reigned for almost an incredible number of years Of these Gods there are three degrees of which Pan was the most ancient of the eight first Hercules of the 12 second and Denis of the 〈◊〉 third They divide the times of their men Kings by Dynasties that is Dominations of divers Families and give so great a number to their Kings and so great a time to their Reigns that they must have beginning long before the Creation of the World and likewise by their account their Gods and Hero's had reigned before Men the space of 20 or 25000 years They attribute the foundation of most of their Cities to their Gods Hero's and Kings and these they make and build many Labyrinths Pyramids Obelisques Colosses c. not knowing how to expend their Treasures or employ their People In the History of the Kings of Egypt one Sesostris or Seostris subdued all Europe and Asia if we will believe them Joseph an Hebrew servant and after master of the House of Potipher from the prison rose to such favour with the King that he alone had almost the whole Government of the Kingdom established his brothers in Egypt and their descendants multiplied so that in the end the Kings of Egypt became jealous and fearful lest they should make themselves masters of the Kingdom another Sesostris subdued Syria Assyria Media the Isles of Cyprus c. and was esteemed as much or more then any of his predecessors Mephres or Memnon it was that dedicated his Statue to the Sun which it saluted at its rising and shewed some signe of Joy so artificial was it made Busiris treated the Hebrews so ill that he left him the name of an infamous Tyrant Cenchres was the Pharaoh who was drown'd in the Red Sea Proteus gave occasion to say that he turned himself into a Lion sometimes into a Bull or Dragon c. by reason of his different arming his head or possibly for his different actions Rempsis had no other care but to keep up riches Chemnis caused to be built the first and greatest Pyramid imploying therein three hundred sixty thousand men for the space of twenty years of which more anon Sesac or Sesouchis armed four hundred thousand Foot sixty thousand Horse and One thousand two hundred Chariots against Rehoboam took and pillaged Jerusalem and its Temple Bocchoris though weak of body was so prudent that he gave Laws to the Egyptians This was he that leagued himself with Hosea against Salmanazar King of the Babylonians Sevecho or Sebeko reigning in Egypt Sennacherib King of the Assyrians being come to assault him an infinite number of Wild Rats knawed in one night the Arrows in the Quivers and the Strings or Cords of the Bows and the Thongs of the Assyrians Armes which caused on the morrow both their flight and overthrow Necao or Necaus began the Channel between the Nile and the Red Sea passed by the Meridional or Aethiopian Ocean by the Occidental or Atlantick Ocean reentred by the streight of Gibraltar and returned into Egypt at the end of three years he vanquished Josias King of Judea and was also vanquished by Nebuchodonozar Apryes happy in his beginnings was in the end defeated by those of Cyrene in Libya and saw all Egypt revolt who chose for their King Amasis under whose reign there were counted twenty thousand Cities in Egypt as Pliny saith Under this Amasis the Estate fell into the hands of the Persians after to the Macedonians Greeks and then to the Romans c. Among the Kings of Persia who ruled in Egypt Cambyses was the first and best known among the Macedonians and Greeks Alexander the great after whom the Kings of Egypt took the names of Ptolomies from the name of him who first bore the title of King after Alexander but after the Romans had to do with the affairs of Egypt there was nothing more remarkable of their History but Cleopatra after whom Augustus reduced this Kingdom to a Roman Province and it remained under the Romans and under the Emperours of the East near seven hundred years till about the year of Grace six hundred and forty that the Arabs seised it under their Califs who resided first at Medina then at Bagdad Damascus and sometime at Cairo The Soldans abolished this Califate in Egypt and among them the Christians have but too well known one Saladine who drove them out of a great part of the Holy Land Among these last Soldans Campson Gaurus and Tomombey were esteemed valiant yet were so ill served that the Turks under their Emperour Selimus became Masters of Egypt in 1518 and do yet possess it The Tribute they pay to the Bassa At present the Port sends a Bassa to command in Egypt and the 12 Cassilifs or Governours of the Country depend on this Bassa and are as it were only his Farmers They give him every year a certain number of Purses every Purse of 750. or 760 Lion dollars some 25 30 40 some only 10 or 12 according to the goodness of the Country or the greatness of their Cassilifs or Governments some having only 40 or 50 Towns other 100 200 300 and more besides these Purses for the Bassa they give to the Tihaja or Haja who is as it were his Chancellor and other Officers about the sixth or at least the fifth part of what they give to the Bassa And for the Prince or Grand Signior some pay 6 times more others ten times more then they give to the Bassa and besides these Purses they furnish a certain number of Ardeps or measures of Grain Pulse c. The constant Profit or Revenue that the Grand Signior drawsâ—rom this Kingdom is 1800000 Zeccheens yearly The Grand Signiours revenue from Egypt each Zeccheene is valued at 9 s. sterling which is 8 millions and 10000 l. sterling and this Revenue is divided into 3 equal parts of which one is allotted for the furnishing and accommodating the Annual Pilgrimage to Mecha the second goes for the payment of the Souldiers and Officers with other necessary charges for the management of the Kingdom and the third and last goes clear into his Chequer The several Cassilifs in Egypt The Cassilif of Girgio or of Sa it is one of the best and richest it passed not above 100 years since for a Kingdom and received its Bassa from the Port. It hath likewise its Dievan disposes its Cassilifs or under-Governments which lie in its extent the Soyl is fruitful bears much Corn and feeds many Cattle The Cassiliffs of Manfelout and Benesuef are not so great but better peopled and worth little less then that of Girgio On the other side of the Nile are those of Minio and Cherkeffi which have as large an extent as the other 3 together but are incomparably less as to the goodness scarce
little favourable encounters thereabout In the end he happily defeated both Scipio and Juba near to Thapsus now Elmedia and after that defeat Cato despairing slew himself at Vtica now Benserta Scipio saved himself in some Ships but being met by Caesars Fleet passing his Sword through his Body he precipitated himself into the Sea Juba would have retired to Zama where he had left his Wives Children and Treasures but Zama having refused to open him the Gates He and Petrejus retired into a House in the Fields where they killed themselves During this War and almost upon the landing of Caesar hapned near Hammametha a thing incredible which was that 30 Gaul-Horsmen assaulted a Post of 2000 Moorish Horse put them to rout and pursued them into the City For Zama or Zama Regia it is far distant from the position which Ptolomy gives it and from that of Ortelius which we at other times and which all others have since followed This Author places it 500000 Paces from Carthage and 600000 from Adrumetum but it appears both by the Roman History and by the Itinerary Table not to be distant from Carthage above 100 or 120000 Paces and from Adrumetum 100000 Paces or little more The Governments or Cities of Bigge and urbs BEGGE or Beija and VRBS this in the Road from Tebessa to Tunu that in the way from Constantina to Tunis are both seated in fair Plains so fertil in Grains particularly Begge that those of Tunis say that if they had two Begges they would yield as many Corns as there is Sand in the Sea and nigh to Vrbs is Camud Arbes Musti and Marmagen all fair Cities The Government or City of Cayroan CAYROAN of old Thesdrus ought as it seems to be among the Maritim Governments since it holds on the Coast Tobulha Asfachusa and some other places but its principal place being on the main Land its Government is likewise esteemed to be within the Land This City is seated in a Sandy-plain which affords neither Grain Fruit nor scarce any Water but what is preserved in Cisterns it is about 100 miles from Tunis and about 36 from any part of the Sea It was first built by Hucha who was the first that conquered Africk for the Saracens who adorned it with a stately Mosque supported on Pillars of Marble of which two or three are very fair ones and of a prodigious greatness who also placed in it a Colledge of Priests and now in much esteem being the residence of a High Priest of the Law of Mahomet and to this place from all parts of the Country the Corps of their chief Men are brought to be interred who believe that by the Prayers of those Priests they shall find a shorter way to Heaven than if interred at any other place Its Inhabitants are now reduced to about 4 or 500 Families Not far from Cayroan Mountains of Zaghoan and Gueslet are the Mountains of Zaghoan and Gueslet the last not above 12000 Paces distant both the one and the other have divers foot-steps of Roman Buildings But I believe it was from the last that Scipio considered the Battel between Massinissa King of Numidia and Asdrubal chief of the Carthaginians and of this encounter Scipio would sometimes say to his Friends That he was the third who had had the pleasure to see a famous Battel without having run any resigoe to wit Jupiter from the top of Mount Ida and Neptune from some eminence in the Isle of Samothrace who beheld the Battels between the Trojans and Greeks and himself this between Massinissâ— and the Carthaginians The other Cities of this Kingdom of Tunis and towards Billedulgerid are Caffa Hama Techios Neifa and Nafta The Kingdom of TRIPOLI Kingdom of Tripoli THE Kingdom of TRIPOLI takes up the just moiety of the Coast of Barbary from Capes unto Egypt and divides it self into two principal parts or Provinces which bear likewise the Title of Kingdoms to wit Tripoli and Barca Tripoli is between the two Syrtes now the Sands or Banks of Barbary These are Gulphs of different greatness but of the same nature infamous for the Shipwreck of Vessels lost on their Flats or Rocks among which the depth of the Water is very unequal and changes often there being sometimes much sometimes a little and sometimes none at all The Little Syrtes now the Gulph of Capes separates Tripoli from Tunis The Great Syrtes now the Gulph of Sydra divides it from Barca this towards the East the other towards the West and on the South it is bounded with Billidulgerid and on the North with the Mediterranean Sea It s principal Cities are El-Hamma Capes Zoara the two Tripolies Old and New Sarmana Lepeda c. 1. El-Hamma is in the Land It s chief places and people Capes and the rest on the Sea between El-Hamma and Capes is a Lake excellent against Leprosie 2. Capes of Old Tacapa hath good Walls and a good Castle but its Port dangerous and incapable to receive either many or great Vessels it is scituate at the fall of the River Triton into the Lesser Syrtes 3. Zoara of old Pisida between Capes and Tripoli hath its Land so dry that the Inhabitants are forced to water it and yet will scarce produce any thing save Barley and some Fruits among which Lotos with which they make an excellent Metheglin but it lasts good not above 9 or 10 days Flesh is here very scarce they not having wherewith to feed Beasts The Arabs frequent their Markets and serve them with Wools wherewith they make Cloaths and other Manufactures 4. Tripoli the Old of old Sabrata and which the Arab of Nubia calls the Tower of Sabrat hath only some Hamlets and Remnants of fair and stately Edifices 5. The New Tripoli of Old Oea is better maintained Tripoli and the Trade thereof though it hath many Ruins by reason of the divers changes it hath had The disposition of its places Streets and the order of its Buildings is agreeable being adorned with many fair Mosques Colledges Hospitals c. The Inhabitants subsisted only on their Commerce which is of what they got from their Palm-Trees Lotos and Linnen-Cloth which they uttered in Africa Sicily and Malta besides their black and Ethiopian Slaves which they sold till of late they have much enriched themselves by Piracy it being the usual retreat for Pirates who infest these Seas and do much mischief to Christian Merchants on the Coasts of Italy Sicily and elsewhere 6. Lepeda is in some repute as it was in the time of the Arab of Nubia and more under the Romans Farther is the Great Syrtes at the bottom of which is the Isle Sydra which communicates its name to the Gulph and on the Firm Land are the Tombs of Philenes or Arae Philenarum which set the Limits between Africa and Libya and afterwards between the Estates of the Carthaginians and the Cyrenians and in fine of the Eastern Empire against that of the West