by reason of the motiâ—◠〈◊〉 the ninth Sphere so in regard of the motion of trepiâ—â—tion belonging to the eight Sphere the Sunne doth â—â—â—nge his greatest declination Ptolemee founde the â—â—atest declination to be 23. d. 51. min 20. s Io. Regioâ—â—â—ntanus auouched it to be 23. d. 30. min. Copernicus pronounced it to be 23. d. 28. m. All the other points of 〈◊〉 eclipticke are of a lesser declination according as they are nearer to the equinoctiall and in them this is a generall rule that those points of the eclipticke which 〈◊〉 opposite or equallie distant from the equinoctiall points haue equall declination as ♉ and â™ being opposite item ♉ and ♓ or ♉ and â™ which are of equall â—â—stance from the equinoctiall points haue equall declination P. Hetherto you haue made the Meridian the â—â—mmon measurer of the declination but may I not â—â—de it otherwise M. Yes you may finde it by your compasses more â—â—ecisely in this manner set one foote of your comâ—â—sses in any starre propounded or in any degree of the â—clipticke whose declination you desire and turne the other foote of them to the equator or any other circle parallell vnto the equator putting the said foote out or pulling it in vntill you do but touch the circle Then appâ—â—e your compasses to the equinoctiall line and obserue the number of degrees intercepted betweene them for they expresse the declination P. What commoditie doth the knowledge of the declination bring M. First it helpeth vs to finde the heigth of the pole as I will teach you hereafter when I speake of the â—eigth of the starres and Sunne Secondly it bringeth vs to the knowledge of the place of the Sunne Last of aâ—â— it bringeth forth the day of the moneth P. Tell mee the declination being knowen as sâ— example suppose I know the Sunne to decline 11. deâ—â— 30. m. how shall I finde the place of the Sunne M. Forsomuch as 4. meane points of the ecliptioâ— haue equall declination as I said euen now there mâ—â—â— therefore consideration be had of the time of the yeaâ—â— as whether the Sunne be supposed to haue this declinâ—tion in the spring or in the sommer c. For the decâ—â—nation propounded must be sought out only in that pâ—â—â— of the eclipticke which is correspondent to the seasoâ— then is your rule this if the quarter of the ecliptick 〈◊〉 swerable to the season propounded be applied to 〈◊〉 meridian the degree of the eclipticke which falleth 〈◊〉 vnder the assigned declination is the place of the Sunâ—â— so if it be spring time the Sunne declining 11. d. 30. 〈◊〉 must needes possesse the head of ♉ if it be sommer 〈◊〉 possesseth the head of â™ c. P. Hereby me thinketh I could answere the 〈◊〉 proposition my selfe M. Let me see the declination of the Sunne beâ—â— giuen how can you finde the day of the moneth P. If the degree which the Sun possesseth being foâ—â— out by the former proposition be sought for afterwaâ—â— in the horizon of the Globe the day of the monâ— which standeth right against it is the day required 〈◊〉 for example the Sunne in the Spring time declineth 〈◊〉 d. 30. m. by the former proposition I finde his place to 〈◊〉 the head of ♉ vnto the which in the horizon of tâ—â— globe I finde the ende of the tenth of Aprill to answeâ— M. You saie true the fourth thing which craueâ—◠〈◊〉 certaine position of the Globe is the Longitude this â—ay belong to any point assigned in the Globe but generally wee seeke the longitude either of the Starres or of the degrees of the eclipticke wherby also wee count â—â—e longitude of the Sunne The beginning of longiâ—â—de is the head of ♉ the circle wherein it is counted â—nd measured is the eclipticke The extremitie or ende of the longitude in respect of the Starres which are distant from the eclipticke toward either pole thereof is â—â—at point of the eclipticke vpon which that great â—â—cle lighteth which is drawne from the poles of the â—â—lipticke through the centre of the starre But in reâ—â—â—ct of the eclipticke it selfe or in regard of any starre 〈◊〉 the sunne supposed to be in the eclipticke the end or â—â—â—it of longitude is that degree which the sunne or starre is supposed to possesse Hereupon wee define the â—â—â—gitude thus The longitude is an arcke of the eclipâ—â—â—ke contained according to the naturall succession of the signes betweene the head of ♈ and that great circle â—hich is drawne from the poles of the eclipticke through the point assigned in the Globe Heere you must note this that forsomuch as the head of ♈ is the beginning of all longitude therefore whatsoeuer is contained vnder the halfe of that great circle which is â—â—â—wen froÌ„ the one pole of the eclipticke through that â—â—int vnto the other hath no longitude at all The other â—â—ints assigned in the globe may increase in longitude â—â—to 360. degrees than the which there can be no greateâ— because they are the degrees of the whole eclipticke P. You say that the longitude is an arcke of the eclipticke but how shall I expresse it as for example 〈◊〉 I be demaunded of the Longitude of the Starre called the Lions hart what shall I say that it is an arâ—â—â— of the eclipticke c me thinketh that were somewhâ—â— absurd M. If you should answere so your answere weâ—â— true but for your instruction note this that when 〈◊〉 be demanded of the Longitude of the Sunne or starrâ— wee make answere two seuerall waies sometimes by 〈◊〉 degrees of the signe vpon which the great circle falleâ— which is drawen froÌ„ the poles of the eclipticke throuâ—â— the centre therof so wee say that the Longitude of 〈◊〉 Lions hart is the 23. d. 43. m. of Leo. Sometimes 〈◊〉 answere by the continuall succession of the degrees coâ—tained in the arcke of the eclipticke for wee say the Lioâ— hart hath Longitude 143. d. 43. m. P. But the degrees of the eclipticke are not 〈◊〉 downe in continuall succession vpon the Globe M. It is true and therefore the Longitude vpâ—â— the Globe is not found but according to the signes 〈◊〉 their degrees Yet if for euerie whole signe you coâ—â— 30. degrees and vnto that summe adde the odde degreâ— and minutes remayning if there be anie the totall is 〈◊〉 Longitude according to the continuall succession as 〈◊〉 example the Lions hart is in the 23. d. 43. m. of Leo. â—â—fore Leo there are 4. whole signes therefore I take foâ— times 30. which make 120. vnto which I adde the oâ—â— degrees and minutes remayning which are 23. d. 43. 〈◊〉 the totall summe 143. d. 43. m. is the Longitude accoâ—ding to the continuall succession of the degrees P. You sayd that in finding the declination 〈◊〉 meridian circle is a fit and conuenient instrument 〈◊〉 what shall wee haue to finde the longitude M. It were conuenient for this purpose and for 〈◊〉 latitude whereof I am to speake to
of the heauen which is seene from thaâ— parte of the heauen which is not seene The Meridiaâ— is a great fixed circle of the Globe cutting the Horizon at right angles Thus are all the perfect great circles expressed in the Globe A litle circle is that which diuideth the Globe into 2. equall peeces and are all equally distant to the equator The litle circles of the Globe eyther touche the Eclipticke or are seuered from it Those which touch the Eclipticke are called Tropickes A Tropicke is a litle circle in the Globe parallell to the Equinoctiall touching the Eclipticke in the Tropicall point Those litle circles which touche not the Eclipticke are called Polare circles A Polare circle is a litle circle in the Globle Parallell to the Equinoctiall passing by the Poles of the Eclipticke Thus haue you the briefe definitions of the vsuall circles of the Globe the other circles shal be defined as occasion serueth P. I pray you now let vs draw neare to that which I so greatly desire that is the vse of the Globe M. The vse of the Celestiall Globe is eyther simple or mixte The simple vse of the Globe is when we worke and performe a conclusion by the Globe it selfe without the helpe of any forraine instrument and that either by â—â—ch circle alone or by two or more of them taken toâ—â—ather The mixt vse of the Globe is that which beâ—â—e the Globe requireth the vse of forraine instruments And for somuch as these seuerall vses of the Globe canâ—â—t so be distinguished one from another but that of â—â—cessitie now and then they must goe ioyntly together I thinke it not a misse therefore before I goe any further to make you acquainted with the instruments P. Doe so I pray you and I will mooue such queâ—â—â—ons concerning them as I shall thinke conuenient for my instruction M. The instrumeÌ„ts are these First a paire of Calaber coÌ„passes whose feet must be bent inward according aâ— you see in the figure A. The secoÌ„d is a Square with a â—â—uÌ„met line made in such forme as you see the figure B. The third is an houre circle as wee call it with his Inâ—ex expressed in the figures C. and D. The fourth is a thinne ruler of brasse bowed according to the conuexiâ—ie of the Globe diuided into the. 90. degree made fast at the. 90. degree to a litle buttone of brasse this instrument is called the Quadrant of Altitude and is expressed in the figure E. The fifth is an halfe circle of brasse called a circle of Position as in the figure F. The sixte iâ— an Index which wee call a Sphericall Gnomon the fourme whereof is expressed in the figure G. The seuenth is a Needle touched with the Loade stone P. To what end serue the Calaber compasses M. With them wee take the distance of any two things what soeuer propounded vpon the Globle as of two Starres or of any circle from a Starre or of 2. circles one from an other P. In what manner shall I take the two starres and how shall I inferre their distance M. Stretch the one foote of your compasse froâ— the centre of the one Starre vnto the centre of the other then applie the feete of your compares to the â—quator the degrees of the Equator contained betweenâ— the feete of your compasses expresse the distance of thâ— two Starres P. But what is that distance M. It is their distance onely in degrees for weâ— cannot simplie expresse it otherwise yet if you desire for your pleasure sake to knowe what number of mileâ— any two starres in the Globe are distant one from an other note these my wordes and you shall know it Thâ— Astronomers considering the huge quantitie of the starres compared with the Globe of the earth haue concluded the compasse of the firmament to be in the outside 1017562500. miles and each degree to containe 2826562 ½ Therefore knowing how many degrees any 2 Starres are distant one from an other if you multiplie the number of degrees by the number of miles answereable to each degree you shall finde the distance in miles the centers of the. 2. starres beyng supposed to be in the conuexitie of the firmament P. I pray you giue me leaue to haue a litle more conference with you concerning the taking of the distance of any two Starres or what soeuer thinges else vpon the Globe You say that I must stretch the one foote of my compasses from the centre of the one starre vnto the centre of the other and afterwarde applie my compasses to the Equator the degrees of the Equator contayned betweene their feete expresse how many degrees the two Starres assigned are distant one from an â—â—her I take this rule to be certaine and true when the â—â—e foote of the compasses beyng set in the beginning of â—egree the other foote lighteth iuste in the ende of the â—â—â—e or of some other degree But put case that the fâ—â—te of the compasses should fall betweene the beginâ—ng and ende of a degree what shall I then say M. You must pronounce the Starre to be distant besides the whole degrees so many minutes as are contained betweene the beginning of the last degree and the â—â—â—der foote of your compasses P. But how shall I know how many minutes they are M. This question was conueniently mooued by you Philomathes giueth me occasioÌ„ to deliuer vnto you a rule whereby not vpon the Globe onley but vpon your Astrolabe also or any such like Mathematical instrumeÌ„t you may find out how many minutes there are cut 〈◊〉 aboue the whole degrees in this manner When the â—â—ote of your coÌ„passes lighteth betweene the beginning â—â—end of any degree make a pricke where the said foote lighteth then take the distance betweene the beginning of the last degree the pricke count it beginning at which degree you please and noting well where you began in the Equator 60. times The number of the degrees comprehended betweene the place where you first began your accouÌ„t the place wherin you finished the sâ—â—e expresse the number of minutes contained in the foresaid space As for exaÌ„ple put case that the space contained betweene the beginning of some one degree and the pricke made in the same degree being counted 60. times in the Equator do runne ouer 30. whole degrees of tâ—e saide circle then must you pronounce that space to comprehende 30. minutes If beyng counted 60. times reacheth but vnto 15. degrees then doth the saide spaâ—â— containe 15. minutes if it ouerrunne 45. degrees theâ— doth it answere to 45. minutes c. P. I vnderstand you well But againe suppose thaâ— the space contained betweene the beginning of the laâ—â— degree and the pricke therein be so litle that I cannâ—â— take it with my compasses because as it may fall ouâ— their feete will not come close enough together Hoâ— shall I then know how many minutes are contained 〈◊〉 that small space M. When it happeneth
so that you caÌ„not take thâ— space betweene the beginning of the degree the pricâ—â— then take that space which is contained betweene thâ— pricke and the latter ende of the degree Count that 60. times in the Equator marking how many degrees yoâ— doe runne ouer subducte the number of those degreâ—â— from 60. the remainder sheweth you how many minute were comprised in the small space aforesaid This also to be noted that as you finde out the minutes so maâ— you finde the secondes and thirds c. of a degree Foâ— if the small space aforesaid beyng counted 60. times iâ— the Equator the foote of your compasses doth not lighâ— precisely vpon the ende of some degree then take thâ— space betweene the last pricke made with you coÌ„passeâ— and the beginning of that degree wherein that pricke 〈◊〉 made count it 60. times in the Equator as you did thâ— other before the nuÌ„ber of the degrees which you runnâ— ouer expresse the secondes c. P. In this thing also I conceaue your meaning leâ— vs proceede Is there any thing to be obserued in taking the distance betweene two circles of the Globe oâ— betweene some poynt assigned in the Globe and a â—â—rcle M. Yea that there is for you must take heed of this that setting the one foote of your compasses in the one â—â—rcle you doe but touch the other circle with the other â—â—ote for the distance betweene two circles assigned or betweene a point or starre and any circle is the shortest extention that may be no the shortest extention froÌ„â—â—rcle to circle or from point to point is when the feete â—f your compasse standing in the one circle cut not the other in two seuerall places but touche it in one onely P. To what vse serueth the Plummet line M. It serueth to set the Globe vpright which in â—ome conclusions is necessarily required M. Vnto what parte of the Globe must it be applied M. It is most conueniently applied to the Horizon P. Vnto how many places of the Horizon must I â—pplie it M. You must applie it vnto 3. seuerall places at the â—east for setting it but in two you may chaunce to be deceaued P. The third instrument which you spake of is the houre circle of what quantitie is it to be made M. The quaÌ„titie according to the vsuall maÌ„ner is at your owne pleasure respect beyng had to the quantitie of the Globe The greater Globe may abide a greater houre circle the lesser Globe a lesser yet I would wishe you rather to exceede in the quantitie that faile therein because we take this for a generall rule in any Mathematicall instrument that the greater it is the more precisenesse and pleasure is in the vse thereof P. Of what fashion would you haue it M. Of this fashion which here you see in the fiâ—â—gure C. But of what fashion soeuer it is made it must bâ— so contriued that it may be taken of and on from thâ— Globe at your discretion P. Where must this houre circle stande M. It must stande vppon the Meridian so thâ—â— the axeltree of the Globe come iust through the centeâ— of it and the circumference of it be equally distant from the Pole Also you must obserue this some Globe are so fastened to their Meridian that the axeltree commeth iust through the middest of the thickenesse of thâ— Meridian Other Globes haue their axeltree fasteneâ— to the right other to the left side of the Meridian theâ—â—fore when soeuer you set the houre circle on the Meridian you must so place it that the line of 12. a clocke both aboue and beneath be answereable directly to that partâ—â— of the Meridian vnto which the axeltree of the Globe iâ— fastened P. Doe you like this fashion of the Index M. Yea yet if it were but halfe the length of thâ— Diameter it were sufficient but howsoeuer you make it you must take heede that the points of it be iust in a right line with the centre of the houre circle P. What is the vse of the houre circle with his Index M. The particular vse thereof shall appeare better hereafter in seuerall examples The generall vse is whensoeuer there is my question made of time or the partes thereof as of a day or houre when the Sunne riseth and setteth c. P. What say you coÌ„cerning the quadraÌ„t of altitude M. The vse of this quadrant and where it must â—â—nde shall be declared herafter in the particular propoâ—ions P. What would you haue noted in the circle of position M. The breadth of it is at your pleasure the compasse of it is the halfe of the Horizon But in my coÌ„ceit it were much better if it were of such a Diameter that the innerside standing vpright vpon the Horizon it may fall euen with the outside of the Meridian for so it might be made fast to the Horizon the conclusions whereunto it serueth might be wrought the better if there were added vnto it a small squire of brasse which might mooue vp and downe vpon it alwaies at right angles P. What is to be said touching the Spherical Gnoâ—â—â—on of what length would you haue it made M. As it is vsually made the length thereof is neâ—er limited What length soeuer it haue you must takeâ—â—ed of this one thing that it be so framed that it may rise alwaies at right angles from the Globe P. How shall I finde that M. Finde some place in your Globe where two great circles meete togeather as for example the pointe where the Equator and the Eclipticke cut one an other set one foote of your Compasses in their intersection and extend the other at your pleasure making therewith â—or 4. priuie markes in the circles that cut one another on each side of there intersection one Then set your Sphericall Gnomon on this foresaide intersection and keepe it fast that it stirreth not afterwardes set the one foote of your compasses in one of these priuie markes â—â—teÌ„d the other foote to the top of your Gnomon if the foote of your compasses thus extended will reach froâ— the toppe of the Gnomon vnto all the other markes it 〈◊〉 a certaine argument that it is perpendicular to yoâ—â— Globe P. The last instrument which you speake of is a nâ—â—dle touched with the Loade stone How would you haâ—â— it made and where should it stande M. Each man may follow his fancie yet for my seâ—â— I would haue the boxe made so square as might be breadth answereable to the Horizon of the Globe the bottome of the boxe I would haue the. 32. pointes the coÌ„passe with certaine subdiuisions as occasion shoâ—â— serue eyther more or lesser also I would haue a liâ—â— drawne according to the variation of the Compasse would not haue it fastened to any certaine place of tâ—â— Globe but applied onely to the Southside of the Gloâ—â— so close as may be vnto the East or Westside of the Mâ—ridian as occasion requireth Thus much for the
there be any thing to be saide touching their qualitie I pray you let me heare it it cannot be much besides the text M. The qualitie of the aspects is eyther certaine or vncertaine The certaine is eyther good or badde bothe of them are either perfect or meane The perfect good aspect is the trine because the signes which beholde one an other in that aspect agree in bothe their qualities as ♈ and ♑ are both hot and drie as ♉ and â™ are both drie and colde c. The meane good aspect is the Sextile because the signes placed in that aspect do in qualitie partly agree and partly disagree as ♈ and ♊ agree in heate but the one is drie the other moiste yet are they not directly opposite The badde aspects are the Quadrature and the opposition The vncertaine aspect is the coniunction for it is sometimes good sometimes badde according to the Planets which meete together Out of the consideration of these aspects ariseth that disorderly placing of the Signes which was mentioned before The Astronomers perceauing the contrarietie which fell out â—implie nowe and then in the quartile aspecte that the Signes which were so placed did oppugne one the other sometimes in bothe the qualities as ♈ and ♋ whereof the one is fierie the other watrie they could not dispose of the signes in that order as the elements are placed for by that meanes the first signe should neâ—er haue oppugned the fourth in both qualities but they should alwaies haue agreed in the one which thing was contrarie to their obseruation Thus haue I briefelie run thourough those things which are simplie to be respected in the eclipticke Let vs now proceede to the Colures P. What is the reason of that name M. Colurus properlie signifieth Cauda Mancus maimed in the taile for these circles excepting one position and situation of the sphere whereof I will speake hereafter do alwayes appeare vnperfect Their office is this to distinguish the. 12. Signes according as they are answerable to the foure seasons of the yeare for you see them to diuide the Zodiacke into foure partes whereof the one containeth the Vernall signes the other the sommer signes c. Moreouer the Solstitiall colure passing through the head of ♋ affordeth vs alwaies the two poles of the eclipticke in this manner If you turne the head of ♋ toward you this is a certaine rule that looke now farre the head of Cancer is aboue the equator so farre is the north pole of the eclipticke beyond the north pole of the world and the south pole of the eclipticke is so farre on this side the South pole of the world If you turne the head of Capricorne toward you it falleth out contrarywise P. I perceaue it well for then the north pole of the eclipticke is on this side the north pole of the world and the south pole of the eclipticke is beyond the south pole of the world so farre as the head of Capricorne is distant from the equator Where are the poles of the 2. Colures M. There is no great vse of them in the Globe yet if you desire to knowe where they be the former generall rules will leade you to them you shall finde the poles of the equinoctiall colure to be in the intersections of the equinoctiall and the solstitiall colure and the poles of the solstitiall colure to be in the intersections of the equinoctiall colure and the equator 〈◊〉 selfe The graduation of the colures in the celestial Globes vsuallie is omitted but in M. Mollineux his Globe the equinoctiall colure is gratuated from the equator toward each pole of the world the solstitiall colure is gratuated from the eclipticke toward each pole thereof to the intent that the Globe may be readie both for the declination and latitude of the Starres Let vs now come to the Horizon Wherein you must first vnderstand that the breadth which is geuen to the Horizon or any other circle else generally belonging to the Globe is not giuen vnto it as an Horizon for simplie as it is an Horizon or a circle of the sphere it is a line without any breadth but the breadth is allowed it for the degrees and other things necessarie for the vse of the Globe P. I vnderstand you well but I pray you expresse vnto me particularlie what things these are that are inscribed in the Horizon and what vse they haue M. There are inscribed in the Horizon the 12. sâ—â—nes the 12. moneths of the yeare and the 32. windes which are commonlie called the points of the Compasse both in english and latine P. Nay by your leaue Sir I am not yet fully satisâ—â—ed I minde to goe more particularlie to the matter What degrees are those which are set in the inner side of the Horizon M. They are the degrees of the 12. signes and the numbers that stand next vnto them are the numbers of the degrees of each seuerall signe from 10. to 10. In the third space next vnto the Horizon are set the names of the twelue signes with their characters the name standeth at the beginning the character at the ende of each signe P. But what meaneth the character which is in the â—iddest of euery signe M. It signifieth that the signe is the house of that planet vnto whome the character doth belong as for example Aries is the house of Mars Taurus is the house of Venus c. P. What is the reason why the first signe is set in the east point of the Horizon and from thence successiuely they goe about by the North M. That is done to helpe the memorie of the nouice in Astronomie all the signes from the east counting about by the North to the West are those which before I counted the Northern signes the other are the Southern signes The partitions which follow the names of the 12. signes are the dayes of each seuerall moneth next vnto them succeede the number of the dayes belonging to each moneth P. But what meane the letters set vpon each seuâ—rall daie M. They are seuen letters of the alphabet answâ—rable to the seuen dayes of the weeke the letters aâ— iterated according as the dayes of the yeere doe requiâ—â— Of these letters that which is appropriate to the Suâ—daie is called the Dominicall letter for that yeare P. Whie is not euerie yeare the same letter appropriate vnto the Sundaie these letters keepe alwaie the same dayes of the moneth for A serueth continâ— allie the first of Ianuarie B the second C the third â— M. It is true that the letters are answerable 〈◊〉 those dayes yet doth the Dominicall letter change euâ—â—rie yeare and in the leape yeare there is two Domiâ—â—call letters The reason why they change is this thereâ—â— in the yeare one day more than 52. weekes as you mâ—â— perceaue by the letters for the last of December and thâ— first of Ianuarie are marked with one letter If theâ— were iust 52. weekes the Dominicall letter could
side of the Horizon and set fast the last degree vnder the meridian so that it stirre not from it then in the equinoctiall colure count the declination of the Sunne for the day propounded either vpward or downeward from the equator according as the place of the signe requireth Last of all rayse or let fall the pole of the Globe vntill the degree of declinatioÌ„ doth touch the Horizon so shall the pole haue his iust eleuation the like may be done by any fixed starre The second thing to be noted in knowing the length of the day is the time of the Sunnes rising or setting for if the length of the artificiall day be diuided into two partes the one declareth the houre of his setting the other being subducted from 12. â—ffordeth the time of his rising as if the day be 16. houres long he setteth at 8. and riseth at 4. a clocke The like may be done concerning the rising and setting of the starres The third thing is the length of the night for the length of the day being subducted from 24. houres yeeldeth the length of the night P. But may not these three last things be performed by the Globe it selfe M. Yes very conueniently I taught you before how the time of the sunne his rising setting may be found out The length of the night is knowen in this maner Seeke out that degree of the eclipticke which is opposite to the place of the sunne Bring it to the East side oâ— the horizon set the index of the houre circle vpon 12. a clocke turne the Globe about vntill the said degree touch the horizon in the West the houres which the index hath passed ouer expresse the length of the night The fourth thing ro be gathered out of the length of the day being knowen is the length of the planetarie houre The planetarie houre is the twelft part of the artificiall day or night therefore sometimes it is longer than the common houre sometimes shorter sometimes equalâ— vnto it in a right sphere the coÌ„mon houre and the planet houre both of the day night are equall in an oblique sphere if the sunne dicline froÌ„ the pole eleuated the common houre of the day is lesser than the planetary houre but the coÌ„mon houre of the night is greater contrariwise if the sunne decline toward the pole eleuated the common houre of the day is greater than the planetary houre but the common houre of the night is lesser The next conclusion is to finde the houre of the day by the sunne shining P. Why do you say by the sunne shining may not the houre be found if the shine not or may it not bee found by the starres M. If the sunne shine he leadeth vs vnto the knowledge of the houre by his light but if he shine not there must bee one thing or another granted and geuen oâ— else wee cannot come to the knowledge of any particular thing be it houre or height or coasting the like is to be said of the starres whose beame being so weake that it cannot make a shadow inforceth vs to craue some one thing granted vnto vs before wee can inferre any conclusion P. I perceaue your meaning first therefore tell me what I may doe by the shining of the sunne and then I will craue the other conclusions M. The hour of the day by the sun shining is fouÌ„d thus Rectify your globe perfectly seeke out the place of the sunne and rectify the index bring the place of the sunne ether to the East or West side of the meridian according as the time of the day shall aduise you set the sphericall gnomon vpon it and turne the globe to and froe vntill the gnomon cast to shadow then will the index in the houre circle giue the houre of the daye Now marke how many thinges followe vpon this worke First so soone as you haue found the houre if you fasten the Globe that it stirre not and bring the quadrant of altitude ouer the place of the sunne you shall finde his altitude aboue the Horizon Item the globe being fastened and the quadrant of altitude being brought ouer the place of the Sunne you shall finde vpon what point of the compasse he is with his distance ether from East West North or South Item the houre being found you haue all the Starres aboue the Horizon at that houre Item you may by the Globe perceaue what Starres are in your Zenith at that time Item if you note what point of the Eclipticke is vnder the Meridian both aboue and beneath the Horizon and also what point of the Eclipticke is in the East and West you may thereby very well knowe the foure Cardinall pointes of Heauen as wee terme them and consequently the beginnings and endings of the 12. housen of heauen which is commonlie tearmed the erecting of a figure P. All that you haue mentioned before is easie but I do not perceaue this last conclusion M. I will helpe your vnderstanding so well as I can First therefore a figure as wee take it commonlie in this sence is the diuision of the heauen into 12. parts by certaine great circles drawen from the intersections of the meridian and the horizon through equall partitions of the equator diuiding the eclipticke into 12. vnequall partes Each part of heauen thus diuided is called an house The beginning of them is in the East and from thence the rest are accounted vnder the horizon to the nether part of the meridian and from thence vpward to the West and so by the South side of the meridian to the East againe for so the reuolution of the heauen requireth The instrument whereby the housen are found out is that halfe circle which we commonly call the circle of position wherof I spake before The manner of finding theÌ„ out is this The houre being knowen by the shining of the Sunne the 4. cardinall points doe straightway offer themselues whereof that which is in the East is called the first house that which is vnder the horizon in the meridian is the fourth house that which is in the West is the seuenth house and that in the South part of the meridian is the tenth house These being noted seuerally according as you see in the figure following from the point of the equator which is vnder the meridian you shall count 30. degrees toward the East ouer the thirtith degree bring the circle of position and note what point of the eclipticke it crosseth for that is the beginning of the eleuenth house and the degree opposite vnto that degree of the eclipticke is the beginning of the fift house Againe from the point of the equator which is vnder the meridian you shall count 60. degrees toward the East and ouer the said 60. degree bring the circle of position and note what point of the eclipticke it lighteth vpon for that is the beginning of the twelfth house and the opposite degree of the eclipticke vnder the Horizon is the
in the morning to the one it is 11. a clocke at night to the other c. Thus briefly coÌ„cerning the coÌ„munities differences incident to sundry inhabitautes of the earth in regard of their difference and agreement ether in longitude or latitude Let vs now speake of the meridian P. Me thinketh that it hath the same vse in diuiding the terrestriall which it hath in diuiding the celestiall Globe into two seuerall partes whereof the one is the East the other the West So that what people or countries soeuer are toward the East side from the meridian of any place may be called the Easterne people and the other toward the setting of the Sunne may be called the Westerne people M. It is true that they may bee so called but it is respectiuely onely in regard of the place wherein you dwell otherwise the true East and west parts of the terrestriall Globe are limited by the first meridian or circle of longitude what countries soeuer lie from that meridian Eastward an hundred and eightie degrees are called the East countries and the other are called the West yea the names of these places by meanes oâ— the first inuentors of Geographie are knowen so autheÌ„ticall that they are not chaunged as the other be which only are spoken respectiuely for albeit it so fall out aâ— many times it doth in trauailing sarre that Hispaniola or Cuba Brasill and all that cost of America do lie from vs to the Eastwarde yet doe wee commonly call them the West India Agayne thongh that Sumatra Borneo the Moluccas and diuers other places also thereaboutes bee from vs towardes the setting of the Sun yet doe wee tearme and call them by the name of East India P. What are the partitions in the meridian M. Those which are next vnto the Globe are the legrees which haue no other vse thaÌ„ hath bin spokeÌ„ of â—ther in the celestial globe or heretofore in the terrestriâ—ll when I spake of finding the latitude of any place But â—esides the degrees there are other partitions seruing â—articularly vnto the terrestriall Globe Those partitions which are next aboue the degrees expresse the quantitie â—f the longest day so that when you shall heare the day 〈◊〉 be 13.15.24 houres long or 1.2.3 moneths long c. You may by these partitions finde out what people â—â—ey are which haue the day of such a length The vpper â—ost partitions are the climates P. What is that which you call a climate M. It is nothing but a certaine space of the earth â—ntained betweene two imaginarie circles parallell â—â—to the Equator From the beginning of which space â—â—to the ende the longest Daye admitteth the diffeâ—â—nce of halfe an houre As for example the space of the trestriall globe betweene the 12. d. 45. min. of latitude â—here the longest day is 12. houres and three quarters to the latitude of 20. d. 30. m. where the longest day is th oures ¼ is called a climate P. How many climates are there M. The number of the climats are diuers The ancieÌ„t Cosmographers made but 7. beginning at the 12. d. 45. m. of latitude and ending at the 50. d. 30. m. But they which succeded added two other and made 9. climates the which number is expressed vpon the meridian of the Globe Others made 19. neglecting the ordinarie increase of halfe an houre in the longest day and the place also where the ancient Cosmographers began their climates Others made 23. others 47. P. Why did the ancient Cosmographers begin 〈◊〉 the 12. degree 45. minutes of latitude end at the 50. d. 30. m. M. They thought that that part of the earth betweene those two paralleles to bee habitable therefore had onely respect to them But the latter Cosmographers knowing the earth to be more habitable ertended their climates ouer the whole surface thereof from the equator to the pole P. Me thinketh the Climates on the meridian aâ— extended but toward one pole are they not also to be considered toward the other pole M. Yes in the selfe same distance from the equâ—tor but with contrarie names P. Hath each climate a seuerall name M. Yea for they are denominated according to thâ— name of certaine notable places which are in the middeâ— of them as appeareth in the Table following the Câ—â—mates to the Southward are called by the same name the word anti which signifieth against being put there vnto as for example that which is the next beyond thre equator to the Southward is called anti dia Meroes because it is as farre beyonde the Equator as that Climaâ—â— which passeth through Meroe is on this side therof c. Loe here is the Table of the ancient Cosmographers wherein is expressed the number of the Climates with their limites c. as you see it set downe in the front thereof g By this Table as also by the Globe you may gather Philomathes the whole difference of time from the beginning of the first climate to the last to be 4. houres and an halfe but the diuersitie of the height of the pole is 42. d. 49. m the breadth of them according to Ptolemee is 2359. miles â…œ but according to our account that ascribe to euery degree of a great circle 60 miles it amounteth vnto 2569. miles The other thinges which may be sayd concerning the Climates as that the beginning of the one climate is the end of the other and that the climates next vnto the equator are greater than those which are further of c. I leaue them to your owne contemplacion because you may gather them not onely out of this table but also out of ehe globe it selfe Yet this I must tell you that the Cosmographers haue diuided each climate into two partes whereof each part is called a parallell So that in this sence a parallell may be defined briefly to be the limite of halfe a Climate or otherwise it is a portion of the terrestriall Globe contayned betweene two circles from the beginning whereof vnto the end the longest day admitteth the difference of a quarter of an houre But of this matter let this suffice Let vs now speake of the eclipticke P. With a good will to what ende serueth that circle mee thinketh it should be needles in this globe P. No for hereby the terrestriall Globe is not only made fit to serue for all those propositions which in the Celestiall globe are performed by knowing the place of the Sunne but hereby also wee learne whether the Sun passeth by the Zenith of any people yea or no what people they be by whose Zenith he passeth not and how many times hee passeth by them and how far he is distant from their Zenith with other conclusions more whereof I will speake hereafter as they come to my memory P. How shall I know whether the Sunne passeth by the Zenith of any place yea or no M. You know that the Eclipticke expresseth the high way of the Sunne therefore as
I runne South about 60. leagues sometimes South Southwest as many leagues then South and by East 100. leagues then after that Southwest I know not how farre but I finde my selfe to bee in four degrees of latitude South ward How shall I obserue this course vpon the Globe M. If you were perfect in that which I haue taught you you would not make a doubt of this but for so much as you are but yet a nouice herein I will exempliâ—ie the matter vnto you that by this one example you may gather what you haue to doe in the rest The example shall be that which you haue propounded supposing the place from whence wee set sayle to be the Southermost side of cape de verde at that place where the tenth â—â—eridian or circle of longitude toucheth the land First Therefore in that meridian I count 60. leagues which are degrees where I make a mark whereby I find my selfe â—o be in 11. degrees of latitude and vnder the same messdian from thence you ranne according to your suppoâ—tion 60. leagues from the marke which I made in the 〈◊〉 circle of longitude I draw with a blacke leade an obâ—ture parallell which shall cut the Rhombe of South â—outh west in that Rhombe I account 60. leagues which â—â—e three degrees as I did before and from thence preâ—ntly toward the Cape I draw a parallell to the equator â—â—en taking with my compasses the 6o leagues noted in â—e Rhombe of South Southwest I set the one foote of â—y compasses in the marke made in the 10. circle of lonâ—tude stretch the other foote westward to the paralâ—â— which was last drawen and there make a marke Here I finde my selfe to be almost in the eight degree of latitude and from the place of my departure a little more than sixe score leagues and from the meridian thirtie leagues Afterward you suppose your course to be South and by East an hundred leagues continuing the last parallell vnto that Rhombe I count in it an hundred leagues making a marke therein as I did before and froÌ„ it also drawing a parallell line toward the cape then my compasse being extended to an hundred leagues I set the one foot in the marke made in the former parallell and turne the other Eastwards according to my direction vntill I touch this last parallel which was described there also I make a pricke your last course was Southwest you know not how farre but you found your selfe to be in foure degrees of South latitude I bring the meridian to the rhombe of Southwest and there make a note vnder the fourth degree of latitude and from thence I draw another parallell toward the Cape then taking as much of the Rhombe of Southwest as was contained between these parallell lines I set the one foote of my compasse in the marke which was last made and extend the other foote to the last parallell making a marke therein which is the place of my being and thereby I gather that I am fallen to the Southward of the line foure degrees am distant from cape verde 390. leagues and from the meridian from whence I departed 140. Thus much concerning the vse of the rhombes described vpoÌ„ the terrestrial globe There remaine now Philoma a thes none of the circles of the Globe to be spoken of but the lesser circles onely which are the limites of the siue Zones whereof mention was made in the ende of the celestial Globe The vse of the which circles in the terrestriall Globe is no more than this to signify what inhabitants of the earth doe dwell in euerie Zone and who they bee which feele that distemperature or temperature of heate and cold Whereby you may perceaue how greatâ—y they erred which though the temperate Zones onely to be habitable and the other by meanes of their extreâ—mitie of heate and cold to be vnhabited P. Concerning the qualities of the 5. Zones I would gladly be resolued in those questions first whether each part of the burning Zone be of a like heate and if they be not which is the hottest Secondly whether the other Zones bee of a likely condition or if they bee not which exceedeth one another in their qualities M. I will willingly satiffy your desire and that so much the rather because some of the argumentes vsed in deciding those questions may be expressed on the globe You must here note what be the efficient causes effectes are counted 3. First the heat is caused by the perpendicuâ—tity Secondly the long abroad Thirdly the neerenes of the Sunne The cold therefore must be effected by the obliquitie by the â—mall abode and by the elongation of â—he sunne This also standeth with reason that where here are most causes there must be the greatest heate or old Let vs therefore examin them in the Zones beginâ—ing first with the burning Zone For so much as the burâ—ing Zone is contained within the Tropickes so many â—herefore as inhabit that Zone must of necessity haue the â—unne perpendicular vnto them so that in that respect shey are all equall though in the other causes they disareâ—e The abode of the Sunne is lesser vnder the Equaâ—â—r than vnder the tropickes for the day is but of 12. houres vnder the equator but vnder the tropickes it 〈◊〉 13. ½ And somewhat more Moreouer the Sunne comming toward the Equator and depatting from it declineth almost in one moneth so much as he doth in moneths neere to the tropickes Last of all the Sunne comming toward the equator keepeth on his course 〈◊〉 rectly not comming that way agayne till halfe a yeaâ— be past but comming toward the tropickes as he hâ—teth the earth mightily by his slow ascending so doth encrease the heart by his slow descending and his so dait returne The heate therefore neare vnto the tropickes greater than vnder the equator P. Then which is the hotter of the two tropickes M. Then tropicke of Capricorne for it hath not oâ—ly the Sunne perpndicular and continuing a long tiâ—â— aboue the horizon as the other tropicke hath But 〈◊〉 hereafter you your selfe will confesse according as yâ—â— goe one forwarde in these studies Hereupon the cond question may bee resolued that of the two â—â—zones the antarcticke is the colder and in the temâ—rate zones the winter is colder to the Southward thâ— to the Northward for albeit hee bee oblique to thâ— both and continue a like time aboue ether of their 〈◊〉 rizons yet for so much as in Winter hee is neerâ—â— them that dwell in the Northren zones than to thâ—â— that dwell in the Southern zones they therefore hâ—â— the warmer Winter and consequently the colder Suâ—mer Hauing now answered your questions it maineth Philomathes to aduise you to acquaint yâ—â— selfe throughly with your globe not onely that you 〈◊〉 be readie to perform those conclusions which you 〈◊〉 learned but also that you may know and distinguish the seuerall partes of the world with the chiefe Kingdomes Cities Capes neckes of land Seas Streightes and Riuers throughout the whole world for it wil be vnto you a great disgrace especially in this our trauelling age not â—o be cunning in these thinges which cunning you may â—asily attaine vnto if you doe but furnish your studie with the Globes and now and then as your leasure serâ—eth looke vpon them P. I will doe mine indeuor especially because as I â—ue a good hope of the profite that may ensue so I find â—â—e pleasuce to be exceeding great And to you sit for the â—ines which you haue taken in furthwering my study I al thinke my selfe greatly beholding so longe as I liue M. That is my desire Philomathes to make â—â—ng students to be beholding vnto me if so be hereâ—er you shall stand in need of my helpe ether through getfulnes or hardnes of that which I haue taught you if you will repaire to my poore lodging in Abchurch lane you shall find me ready to doe you what pleasure I can And so farewell FINIS