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be_v fasten_v with_o wedge_n over_o the_o pit_n if_o the_o joiner_n be_v accommodate_v with_o a_o pit_n if_o he_o have_v none_o he_o make_v shift_n with_o two_o high_a frame_n a_o little_a more_o than_o man_n high_a in_o its_o stead_n call_v great_a trussels_n with_o four_o leg_n these_o leg_n stand_v spread_v outward_o that_o they_o may_v stand_v the_o firm_a over_o these_o two_o trussel_v the_o stuff_n be_v lay_v and_o firm_o fasten_v that_o it_o shake_v not_o it_o be_v outer_a side_n from_o whence_o the_o prick_n be_v set_v off_o must_v be_v perpendicular_a which_o you_o must_v try_v by_o a_o plumb-line_n for_o shall_v the_o top_n edge_n of_o that_o side_n hang_v never_o so_o little_a over_o the_o bottom_n edge_n or_o the_o bottom_n edge_n not_o lie_v so_o far_o out_o as_o the_o top_n edge_n the_o scantlin_n you_o see_v off_o will_v not_o be_v of_o a_o equal_a thickness_n on_o the_o top_n or_o bottom_n because_o the_o saw_n be_v to_o work_v exact_o perpendicular_a then_o with_o the_o pit-saw_a they_o enter_v the_o one_o end_n of_o the_o stuff_n the_o top-man_n at_o the_o top_n and_o the_o pit-man_n under_o he_o the_o top-man_n observe_v to_o guide_v the_o see_v exact_o in_o the_o line_n and_o withal_o draw_v the_o see_v somewhat_o towards_o he_o when_o the_o saw_n go_v down_o and_o the_o pit-man_n draw_v it_o with_o all_o his_o strength_n perpendicular_o down_o but_o not_o so_o low_a that_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a handle_n of_o the_o see_v sink_v below_o both_o their_o management_n then_o bear_v the_o tooth_n of_o the_o see_v a_o little_a off_o the_o stuff_n the_o top-man_n draw_v the_o see_v up_o again_o and_o the_o pit-man_n assist_v or_o ease_v he_o in_o it_o and_o thus_o they_o continue_v saw_v on_o till_o the_o saw_n have_v run_v through_o the_o whole_a length_n upon_o the_o stuff_n but_o when_o the_o kerf_n be_v make_v so_o long_o that_o by_o the_o work_n of_o the_o see_v the_o piece_n of_o stuff_n on_o either_o side_n will_v shake_v against_o one_o another_o and_o so_o more_o or_o less_o hinder_v the_o easy_a progress_n of_o the_o saw_n they_o drive_v a_o wedge_n so_o far_o in_o the_o kerf_n as_o they_o dare_v do_v for_o fear_n of_o split_v the_o stuff_n and_o so_o provide_v the_o see_v free_a and_o easy_a passage_n through_o the_o stuff_n this_o wedge_a they_o continue_v so_o oft_o as_o they_o find_v occasion_n mechanic_n exercise_n or_o the_o doctrine_n of_o handiwork_n continue_a in_o the_o art_n of_o joynery_n §_o 28._o the_o use_n of_o the_o whip-saw_a mark_v n_o in_o plate_n 4._o the_o whip-saw_a be_v use_v by_o joiner_n to_o see_v such_o great_a piece_n of_o stuff_n that_o the_o handsaw_a will_v not_o easy_o reach_v through_o when_o they_o use_v it_o the_o stuff_n be_v lay_v upon_o the_o trussel_n mark_v o_o in_o plate_n 5._o in_o the_o angle_n of_o it_o then_o two_o man_n take_v each_o a_o handle_n of_o the_o see_v he_o to_o who_o the_o tooth_n of_o the_o see_v point_n draw_v to_o he_o and_o the_o other_o thrust_v from_o he_o and_o as_o before_o the_o see_v have_v run_v its_o length_n be_v lift_v gentle_o over_o the_o stuff_n to_o recover_v another_o stroke_n of_o the_o saw_n §_o 29._o the_o use_n of_o the_o handsaw_a mark_v d_o the_o frame_n or_o bow_n see_v the_o tennant-saw_a mark_v o_o in_o plate_n 4._o these_o saw_n be_v acommodate_v for_o a_o single_a man_n use_n and_o cut_v forward_a as_o the_o other_o saw_n do_v the_o office_n of_o the_o cheek_n make_v to_o the_o frame-saw_a be_v by_o the_o twist_a cord_n and_o tongue_n in_o the_o middle_n to_o draw_v the_o upper_a end_n of_o the_o cheek_n close_o together_o that_o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o cheek_n may_v be_v draw_v the_o wide_a asunder_o and_o strain_v the_o blade_n of_o the_o see_v the_o straight_a the_o tennant-saw_a be_v thin_a have_v a_o back_n to_o keep_v it_o from_o bend_v §_o 30._o the_o use_n of_o the_o compass-saw_a mark_v q_n plate_n 4._o the_o compass-saw_a shall_v not_o have_v its_o tooth_n set_v as_o other_o saw_n have_v but_o the_o edge_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v make_v so_o broad_a and_o the_o back_n so_o thin_a that_o it_o may_v easy_o follow_v the_o broad_a edge_n without_o have_v its_o tooth_n set_v for_o if_o the_o tooth_n be_v set_v the_o blade_n must_v be_v thin_a or_o else_o the_o tooth_n will_v not_o bow_v over_o the_o blade_n and_o if_o it_o be_v thin_a consider_v the_o blade_n be_v so_o narrow_a it_o will_v not_o be_v strong_a enough_o to_o abide_v tough_a work_n but_o at_o never_o so_o little_a a_o irregular_a thrust_n will_v bow_v and_o at_o last_o break_v yet_o for_o cheapness_n they_o be_v many_o time_n make_v so_o thin_a that_o the_o tooth_n require_v a_o set_n it_o be_v office_n be_v to_o cut_v a_o round_a or_o any_o other_o compass_n kerf_n and_o therefore_o the_o edge_n must_v be_v make_v broad_a and_o the_o back_o thin_a that_o the_o back_n may_v have_v a_o wide_a kerf_n to_o turn_v in_o §_o 31._o of_o the_o rule_n mark_v d_o in_o plate_n 5._o the_o use_n of_o the_o rule_n be_v to_o measure_v foot_n inch_n and_o part_n of_o inch_n which_o for_o that_o purpose_n be_v mark_v upon_o the_o flat_a and_o smooth_a side_n of_o the_o rule_n and_o number_v with_o inches_n and_o have_v every_o inch_n divide_v into_o two_o half_n and_o every_o half_a into_o two_o quarter_n and_o every_o quarter_n into_o two_o half-quarter_n so_o that_o every_o inch_n be_v divide_v into_o eight_o equal_a part_n and_o these_o inch_n be_v number_v from_o one_o end_n of_o the_o rule_n to_o the_o other_o which_o common_o be_v in_o all_o 24_o inch_n which_o be_v a_o two-foot_n rule_n they_o have_v common_o both_o board_n and_o timber_n measure_n etc._n etc._n mark_v upon_o they_o for_o the_o find_v both_o the_o superficial_a and_o solid_a content_n of_o board_n or_o timber_n the_o use_n of_o which_o line_n and_o table_n have_v be_v often_o teach_v by_o other_o and_o be_v more_o mathematical_a than_o mechanical_a be_v unproper_a for_o i_o to_o meddle_v with_o in_o this_o place_n but_o rather_o to_o refer_v to_o those_o book_n but_o the_o manual_a use_n of_o it_o be_v either_o to_o measure_v length_n with_o it_o or_o to_o draw_v a_o straight_a line_n by_o the_o side_n of_o it_o or_o to_o try_v the_o straightness_n or_o flatness_n of_o their_o work_n with_o they_o try_v their_o work_n by_o apply_v one_o of_o its_o edge_n to_o the_o flat_a of_o the_o wrought_a side_n of_o their_o work_n and_o bring_v their_o eye_n as_o close_o as_o they_o can_v to_o see_v if_o they_o can_v see_v light_n between_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o rule_n and_o their_o work_n if_o they_o can_v they_o conclude_v their_o work_n be_v try_v and_o well_o wrought_v §_o 32._o of_o the_o compass_n mark_v e_z in_o plate_n 5._o aa_o the_o joint_n bb_v the_o cheek_n of_o the_o joint_n cc_o the_o shanks_n dd_v the_o point_n their_o office_n be_v to_o describe_v circle_n and_o set_v off_o distance_n from_o their_o rule_n or_o any_o other_o measure_n to_o their_o work_n §_o 33._o of_o the_o gluepot_n mark_v f_o in_o plate_n 5._o the_o gluepot_n be_v common_o make_v of_o good_a thick_a lead_n that_o by_o its_o substance_n it_o may_v retain_v a_o heat_n the_o long_o that_o the_o glue_n i_o will_v not_o as_o workman_n say_v when_o it_o cool_v when_o it_o be_v to_o be_v use_v §_o 34._o of_o choose_v and_o boil_a glue_n the_o clear_a dry_a and_o most_o transparent_a glue_n be_v the_o best_a when_o you_o boil_v it_o break_v it_o with_o your_o hammer_n into_o small_a piece_n and_o put_v it_o into_o a_o clean_a skillet_n or_o pipkin_n by_o no_o mean_n greasy_a for_o that_o will_v spoil_v the_o clamminess_n of_o the_o glue_n put_v to_o it_o so_o much_o water_n as_o be_v convenient_a to_o dissolve_v the_o glue_n and_o to_o make_v it_o when_o it_o be_v hot_a about_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o white_a of_o a_o egg_n the_o quantity_n of_o water_n can_v be_v assign_v because_o of_o the_o different_a quality_n there_o be_v in_o glue_v keep_v it_o stir_v whilst_o it_o be_v melt_v and_o let_v it_o not_o stick_v to_o the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o vessel_n when_o it_o be_v well_o boil_v pour_v it_o into_o your_o gluepot_n to_o use_v but_o let_v your_o gluepot_n be_v very_o clean_o when_o it_o be_v cold_a and_o you_o will_v heat_v it_o again_o in_o your_o gluepot_n you_o must_v take_v great_a care_n that_o it_o burn_v not_o to_o the_o side_n or_o bottom_n of_o the_o gluepot_n for_o that_o burn_a either_o turn_v to_o a_o thick_a hard_a skin_n or_o else_o to_o a_o burn_a cinder-like_a substance_n which_o if_o it_o mingle_v with_o the_o glue_n will_v spoil_v it_o all_o because_o by_o its_o
be_v general_o use_v in_o all_o alteration_n and_o old_a work_n §_o 5._o of_o the_o draw-knife_n and_o its_o use_n the_o draw-knife_n describe_v plate_n 8._o e._n be_v seldom_o use_v about_o house-building_n but_o for_o the_o make_n of_o some_o sort_n of_o householdstuff_n as_o the_o leg_n of_o cricket_n the_o round_n of_o ladder_n the_o rail_n to_o lay_v cheese_n or_o bacon_n on_o etc._n etc._n when_o they_o use_v it_o they_o set_v one_o end_n of_o their_o work_n against_o their_o breast_n and_o the_o other_o end_n against_o their_o work_n bench_n or_o some_o hollow_a angle_n that_o may_v keep_v it_o from_o slip_v and_o so_o press_v the_o work_n a_o little_a hard_a with_o their_o breast_n against_o the_o bench_n to_o keep_v it_o steady_a in_o its_o position_n they_o with_o the_o handle_v of_o the_o draw-knife_n in_o both_o their_o hand_n enter_v the_o edge_n of_o the_o draw-knife_n into_o the_o work_n and_o draw_v chip_n almost_o the_o length_n of_o their_o work_n and_o so_o smoothen_fw-ge it_o quick_o §_o 6._o of_o hook-pin_n and_o their_o use_n the_o hook-pin_n be_v describe_v plate_n 8._o f._n a_o the_o pin_n b_o the_o hook_n c_o the_o head_n its_o office_n be_v to_o pin_v the_o frame_n of_o a_o floor_n or_o frame_n of_o a_o roof_n together_o whilst_o it_o be_v frame_v or_o whilst_o it_o be_v fit_v into_o its_o position_n they_o have_v many_o of_o these_o hook-pin_n to_o drive_v into_o the_o several_a angle_n of_o the_o frame_n these_o they_o drive_v into_o the_o pin-hole_n through_o the_o mortess_n and_o tenant_n and_o be_v make_v taper_n do_v with_o a_o hammer_n strike_v on_o the_o bottom_n of_o it_o knock_v it_o out_o again_o or_o they_o most_o common_o strike_v under_o the_o hook_n and_o so_o knock_v it_o out_o then_o if_o the_o frame_n lie_v in_o its_o place_n they_o pin_n it_o up_o with_o wooden_a pin_n §_o 7._o of_o the_o level_n and_o its_o use_n the_o level_n describe_v plate_n 8._o g._n a_o a_o the_o level_n b_o the_o plumbet_n c_o the_o plumb-line_n d_o d_o the_o perpendicular_a mark_v from_o the_o top_n to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o board_n the_o level_n be_v from_o two_o to_o ten_o foot_n long_o that_o it_o may_v reach_v over_o a_o considerable_a length_n of_o the_o work_n if_o the_o plumb-line_n hang_v just_a upon_o the_o perpendicular_a d_o d_o when_o the_o level_n be_v set_v flat_o down_o upon_o the_o work_n the_o work_n be_v level_n but_o if_o it_o hang_v on_o either_o side_n the_o perpendicular_a the_o floor_n or_o work_v must_v be_v raise_v on_o that_o side_n till_o the_o plumb-line_n hang_v exact_o upon_o the_o perpendicular_a §_o 8._o of_o the_o plumb-line_n and_o its_o use_n the_o plumb-line_n be_v describe_v plate_n 8._o h._n a_o the_o line_n rowl_n b_o the_o line_n it_o be_v use_v to_o try_v the_o upright_o stand_v of_o post_n or_o other_o work_n that_o be_v to_o stand_v perpendicular_a to_o the_o ground_n plot_n and_o then_o they_o draw_v off_o so_o much_o line_n as_o be_v necessary_a and_o fasten_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o line_n there_o upon_o the_o line_n rowl_n with_o a_o slip-knot_n that_o no_o more_o line_n turn_v off_o they_o hold_v the_o end_n of_o the_o line_n between_o their_o finger_n and_o thumb_n half_a the_o diameter_n of_o the_o line_n rowl_n off_o one_o corner_n of_o the_o post_n or_o work_v and_o if_o the_o line_n and_o corner_n of_o the_o post_n be_v parallel_n to_o each_o other_o the_o post_n be_v upright_o but_o if_o the_o post_n be_v not_o parallel_v to_o the_o line_n but_o its_o bottom_n stand_v more_o than_o half_a the_o diameter_n of_o the_o line_n rowl_n from_o the_o line_n the_o post_n hang_v so_o much_o over_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o post_n on_o that_o side_n the_o line_n bear_v off_o and_o must_v be_v force_v backward_o till_o the_o side_n of_o the_o post_n and_o the_o line_n become_v parallel_n to_o each_o other_o but_o if_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o post_n stand_v out_o from_o the_o top_n of_o the_o line_n the_o post_n must_v be_v force_v forward_o to_o comply_v with_o the_o line_n §_o 9_o of_o the_o hammer_n and_o its_o use_n the_o hammer_n be_v describe_v plate_n 8._o i._o a_o the_o face_n b_o the_o claw_n c_o c_o the_o pen_n at_o the_o return_n side_n of_o the_o claw_n this_o tool_n be_v forget_v to_o be_v describe_v in_o joynery_n though_o they_o use_v hammer_n too_o and_o therefore_o i_o bring_v it_o in_o here_o it_o be_v chief_a use_n be_v for_o drive_v nail_n into_o work_n and_o draw_v nail_n out_o of_o work_n there_o be_v require_v a_o pretty_a skill_n in_o drive_v a_o nail_n sor_n if_o when_o you_o set_v the_o point_n of_o a_o nail_n you_o be_v not_o curious_a in_o observe_v to_o strike_v the_o flat_a face_n of_o the_o hammer_n perpendiculary_a down_o upon_o the_o perpendicular_a of_o the_o shank_n the_o nail_n unless_o it_o have_v good_a entrance_n will_v start_v aside_o or_o bow_n or_o break_v and_o than_o you_o will_v be_v force_v to_o draw_v it_o out_o again_o with_o the_o claw_n of_o the_o hammer_n therefore_o you_o may_v see_v a_o reason_n when_o you_o buy_v a_o hammer_n to_o choose_v one_o with_o a_o true_a flat_a face_n a_o little_a trick_n be_v sometime_o use_v among_o some_o that_o will_v be_v think_v cunning_a carpenter_n private_o to_o touch_v the_o head_n of_o the_o nail_n with_o a_o little_a earwax_n and_o then_o lie_v a_o wager_n with_o a_o stranger_n to_o the_o trick_n that_o he_o shall_v not_o drive_v that_o nail_n up_o to_o the_o head_n with_o so_o many_o blow_n the_o stranger_n think_v he_o shall_v assure_o win_v but_o do_v assure_o lose_v for_o the_o hammer_n no_o soon_o touch_v the_o head_n of_o the_o nail_n but_o instead_o of_o enter_v the_o wood_n it_o fly_v away_o notwithstanding_o his_o utmost_a care_n in_o strike_v it_o downright_o §_o 10._o of_o the_o commander_n and_o its_o use_n the_o commander_n be_v describe_v plate_n 8._o k._n it_o be_v indeed_o but_o a_o very_a great_a wooden_a mallet_n with_o a_o handle_n about_o three_o foot_n long_o to_o use_v in_o both_o the_o hand_n it_o be_v use_v to_o knock_v on_o the_o corner_n of_o frame_v work_n to_o set_v they_o into_o their_o position_n it_o be_v also_o use_v to_o drive_v small_a wooden_a pile_n into_o the_o ground_n etc._n etc._n or_o where_o great_a engine_n may_v be_v spare_v §_o 11._o of_o the_o crow_n and_o its_o use_n the_o crow_n be_v describe_v in_o plate_n 8._o l._n a_o the_o shank_n bb_v the_o claw_n c_o the_o pike-end_n it_o be_v use_v as_o a_o lever_n to_o to_o sift_v up_o the_o end_n of_o great_a heavy_a timber_n when_o either_o a_o bauk_n or_o a_o rowler_n be_v to_o be_v lay_v under_o it_o and_o then_o they_o thrust_v the_o claw_n between_o the_o ground_n and_o the_o timber_n and_o lay_v a_o bauk_n or_o some_o such_o stuff_n behind_o the_o crow_n they_o draw_v the_o other_o end_n of_o the_o shank_n backward_o and_o so_o raise_v the_o timber_n §_o 12._o of_o the_o drug_n and_o its_o use_n the_o drug_n describe_v plate_n 9_o a._n be_v make_v somewhat_o like_o a_o low_a narrow_a carr._n it_o be_v use_v for_o the_o carriage_n of_o timber_n and_o then_o be_v draw_v by_o the_o handle_n aa_o by_o two_o or_o more_o man_n according_a as_o the_o weight_n of_o the_o timber_n may_v require_v there_o be_v also_o some_o engine_n use_v in_o carpentry_n for_o the_o management_n of_o their_o heavy_a timber_n and_o hard_a labour_n viz._n the_o jack_n the_o crab_n to_o which_o belong_v pulley_n and_o tackle_n etc._n etc._n wedge_n ruler_n great_a screw_n etc._n etc._n but_o i_o shall_v give_v you_o a_o account_n of_o they_o when_o i_o come_v to_o the_o explanation_n of_o term_n at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o carpentry_n §_o 13._o of_o the_o ten-foot_n rod_n and_o thereby_o to_o measure_v and_o describe_v the_o ground-plot_n we_o shall_v begin_v therefore_o to_o measure_v the_o ground-plot_n to_o which_o carpenter_n use_v a_o ten-foot_n rod_n for_o expedition_n which_o be_v a_o rod_n about_o a_o inch_n square_a and_o ten_o foot_n long_o be_v divide_v into_o ten_o equal_a part_n each_o part_n contain_v one_o foot_n even_o as_o the_o two-foot_n rule_v describe_v in_o exercise_n 6._o §_o 13._o be_v divide_v into_o 24_o equal_a part_n and_o their_o sub-division_n with_o this_o rod_n they_o measure_v the_o length_n and_o breadth_n of_o the_o ground-plot_n into_o foot_n and_o if_o there_o be_v odd_a inch_n they_o measure_v they_o with_o the_o two-foot_n rule_n their_o measure_n they_o note_v down_o upon_o a_o piece_n of_o paper_n and_o have_v consider_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o side_n east_n west_n north_n and_o south_n they_o draw_v on_o paper_n their_o several_a side_n according_o by_o a_o small_a scale_n either_o elect_v or_o
and_o staircase_n aaaa_o joyst_n §_o 15._o of_o frame_v for_o the_o floor_n the_o four_o plate_n ab_fw-la a_fw-la no_o and_o boy_n lie_v on_o the_o foundation_n be_v call_v ground-plate_n they_o be_v to_o be_v of_o good_a oak_n and_o for_o this_o size_n of_o building_n about_o 8_o inch_n broad_a and_o 6_o inch_n deep_a they_o be_v to_o be_v frame_v into_o one_o another_o with_o tenant_n and_o mortess_n the_o long_a ground-plate_n a_o and_o boy_n be_v common_o tennant_v into_o the_o front_n and_o rear_n ground-plate_n ab_fw-la and_o no_o and_o into_o these_o two_o sides-ground-plate_n be_v mortess_n make_v for_o the_o tenant_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o joyst_n to_o be_v fit_v somewhat_o loose_o in_o at_z about_z 10_o inch_n distance_n from_o one_o another_o as_o in_o the_o draft_n these_o ground_n plate_n be_v to_o be_v bore_v with_o a_o inch_n and_o half_a augur_n and_o well_o pin_v into_o one_o another_o with_o round_a oaken_a pin_n make_v taper_v towards_o the_o point_n and_o so_o strong_a that_o with_o the_o hard_a blow_n of_o a_o mallet_n they_o may_v drive_v stiff_a into_o the_o augre-hole_n and_o keep_v the_o tenant_n firm_o in_o the_o mortess_n the_o manner_n of_o make_v a_o tenant_n and_o mortess_n be_v teach_v in_o exercise_n 5._o §_o 17._o but_o because_o the_o stuff_n carpenter_n work_n upon_o be_v general_o heavy_a timber_n and_o consequent_o not_o so_o easy_o manage_v as_o the_o light_n stuff_v joiner_n work_n upon_o therefore_o they_o do_v not_o at_o first_o pin_n their_o tenant_n into_o their_o mortess_n with_o wooden_a pin_n lest_o they_o shall_v lie_v out_o of_o square_a or_o any_o other_o intend_a position_n but_o lay_v a_o block_n or_o some_o other_o piece_n of_o timber_n under_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o frame-work_n to_o bear_v it_o hollow_a off_o the_o foundation_n or_o what_o ever_o else_o it_o lie_v upon_o they_o drive_v hook_n pin_n describe_v plate_n 8._o §_o 6._o into_o the_o four_o augre-hole_n in_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o ground-plate_n and_o one_o by_o one_o fit_a the_o plate_n either_o to_o a_o square_a or_o any_o other_o intend_a position_n and_o when_o it_o be_v so_o fit_v they_o draw_v out_o their_o hook_n pin_n and_o drive_v in_o the_o wooden_a pin_n as_o aforesaid_a and_o take_v away_o the_o wooden_a block_n one_o by_o one_o from_o under_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o frame_n they_o let_v it_o fall_v into_o its_o place_n but_o before_o they_o pin_n up_o the_o frame_n of_o ground-plate_n they_o must_v fit_v in_o the_o summer_n mark_v pp_n and_o the_o girder_n qq_n and_o all_o the_o joyst_n mark_v aaaa_n etc._n etc._n and_o the_o trimmer_n for_o the_o staircase_n and_o chilmney_n way_n mark_v bb_v and_o the_o bind_a joyst_n mark_v cc_o for_o else_o you_o can_v get_v their_o tenant_n into_o their_o respective_a mortess_n hole_n but_o they_o do_v i_o say_v fit_a all_o these_o in_o while_o the_o frame_n of_o ground-plate_n lie_v loose_v and_o may_v corner_n by_o corner_n be_v open_v to_o let_v the_o respective_a tenant_n into_o their_o respective_a mortess_n which_o when_o all_o be_v do_v they_o frame_v the_o raising-plate_n just_a as_o the_o ground-plate_n be_v frame_v and_o then_o frame_v the_o roof_n into_o the_o raising-plate_n with_o beam_n joyst_n etc._n etc._n the_o summer_n be_v in_o this_o ground-plate_n place_v at_o 25_o foot_n distance_n from_o the_o front_n and_o be_v to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o scantlin_n the_o principal_a plate_n be_v of_o for_o reason_n as_o shall_v be_v show_v hereafter_o and_o the_o girder_n be_v also_o to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o scantlins_n the_o summer_n and_o ground-plate_n be_v of_o though_o according_a to_o the_o nice_a rule_n of_o architecture_n the_o back-girder_n need_v not_o be_v so_o strong_a as_o the_o front-girder_n because_o it_o bear_v but_o at_o 14_o foot_n length_n and_o the_o front-girder_n bear_v at_o 24_o foot_n length_n yet_o carpenter_n for_o uniformity_n general_o make_v they_o so_o unless_o they_o build_v a_o house_n by_o the_o great_a and_o be_v agree_v for_o the_o sum_n of_o money_n etc._n etc._n the_o joyst_n bear_v at_o 8_o foot_n as_o here_o they_o do_v be_v to_o be_v 7_o inch_n deep_a and_o 3_o inch_n broad_a the_o trimmer_n and_o trim_v joyst_n be_v 5_o inch_n broad_a and_o 7_o inch_n deep_a and_o these_o joyst_n trimmer_n and_o trimming-joysts_a be_v all_o to_o be_v pin_v into_o their_o respect_a mortess_n and_o then_o its_o flatness_n try_v with_o the_o level_n as_o be_v teach_v §_o 7._o §_o 16._o of_o set_v up_o the_o carcase_n though_o the_o ground-plate_n girder_n etc._n etc._n be_v part_n of_o the_o carcase_n yet_o i_o think_v fit_a in_o the_o last_o section_n they_o shall_v be_v lay_v before_o i_o treat_v of_o the_o superstructure_n which_o i_o shall_v now_o handle_v the_o four_o corner_n post_v call_v the_o principal_a post_n mark_v aa_n shall_v be_v each_o of_o one_o piece_n so_o long_o as_o to_o reach_v up_o to_o the_o beam_n of_o the_o roof_n or_o raising-plate_n and_o of_o the_o same_o scantlin_n the_o ground_n plate_n be_v of_o viz._n 8_o inch_n broad_a and_o 6_o inch_n thick_a and_o set_v with_o one_o of_o its_o narrow_a side_n towards_o the_o front_n it_o be_v low_a end_n be_v to_o be_v tennant_v and_o let_v it_o into_o a_o mortess_n make_v near_o the_o corner_n of_o the_o ground-plate_n frame_n and_o its_o upper_a end_n have_v also_o a_o tenant_n on_o it_o to_o fit_v into_o a_o mortess_n make_v in_o the_o beam_n of_o the_o roof_n or_o raising-piece_n at_o the_o height_n of_o the_o first_o story_n in_o this_o principal_a post_n must_v be_v make_v two_o mortess_n one_o to_o receive_v the_o tenant_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o bressummer_n that_o lie_v in_o the_o front_n and_o the_o other_o to_o entertain_v the_o tenant_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o bressummer_n that_o lie_v in_o the_o return-side_n two_o such_o mortess_n must_v also_o be_v make_v in_o this_o principal_a post_n at_o the_o height_n of_o the_o second_o story_n to_o receive_v the_o tenant_n at_o the_o end_n of_o the_o bressummer_n for_o that_o story_n though_o i_o have_v speak_v singular_o of_o one_o principal_a post_n yet_o as_o you_o work_v this_o you_o must_v work_v all_o four_o principal_a post_n and_o then_o set_v they_o plumb_n upright_o which_o you_o must_v try_v with_o a_o plumb-line_n describe_v in_o plate_n 8_o §_o have_v erect_v the_o principal_a post_n upright_o you_o must_v enter_v the_o tenant_n of_o the_o bressummer_n into_o their_o proper_a mortess_n and_o with_o a_o nail_n or_o two_o about_o a_o single_a ten_o or_o adouble_v ten_o tack_v one_o end_n of_o a_o deal_n board_n or_o some_o other_o like_o piece_n of_o stuff_n to_o the_o bressummer_n and_o the_o other_o end_n to_o the_o frame_a work_n of_o the_o floor_n to_o keep_v the_o principal_a post_n upright_o and_o in_o their_o place_n then_o set_v up_o the_o several_a post_n between_o the_o principal_a post_n but_o these_o post_n must_v be_v tennant_v at_o each_o end_n because_o they_o be_v to_o be_v no_o long_o than_o to_o reach_v from_o story_n to_o story_n or_o from_o entertise_v to_o entertise_v and_o be_v to_o be_v frame_v into_o the_o upper_a and_o under_o bressummer_n if_o the_o entertise_n be_v not_o long_a enough_o they_o set_v up_o a_o principal_a post_n between_o two_o or_o three_o length_n to_o reach_v from_o the_o ground-plate_n up_o to_o the_o raising-plate_n it_o be_v to_o be_v remember_v that_o the_o bressummer_n and_o girder_n be_v lay_v flat_a upon_o one_o of_o their_o broad_a side_n with_o their_o two_o narrow_a side_n perpendicular_a to_o the_o ground-plot_n but_o the_o joyst_n be_v to_o be_v lay_v contrary_a for_o they_o be_v frame_v so_o as_o to_o lie_v with_o one_o of_o their_o narrow_a side_n upward_o with_o there_o two_o broad_a side_n perpendicular_a to_o the_o ground-plot_n the_o reason_n be_v because_o the_o stuff_n of_o the_o bressummer_n and_o girder_n be_v less_o weaken_v by_o cut_v the_o mortess_n in_o they_o in_o this_o position_n than_o in_o the_o other_o position_n for_o as_o the_o tenant_n for_o those_o mortess_n be_v cut_v between_o the_o top_n and_o bottom_n side_n and_o the_o flat_a of_o the_o tenant_n be_v no_o broad_a than_o the_o flat_a of_o the_o narrow_a side_n of_o the_o joyst_n so_o the_o mortess_n they_o be_v to_o fit_v into_o need_v be_v no_o broad_a than_o the_o breadth_n of_o the_o tenant_n and_o the_o tenant_n be_v not_o to_o be_v above_o a_o inch_n thick_a and_o consequent_o the_o mortess_n be_v to_o be_v make_v with_o a_o inch_n mortess-chissel_a as_o be_v show_v numb_a 5._o §_o 17._o for_o great_a care_n must_v be_v take_v that_o the_o bressummer_n and_o girder_n be_v not_o weaken_v more_o than_o needs_o lest_o the_o whole_a floor_n dance_v these_o tenant_n be_v
saw_v joyst_n in_o length_n 8_o 6_o 4_o lath_n in_o length_n 5_o 4_o 1_o 1_o 4_o 1_o quarter_n and_o ½_o inch_n  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr  _fw-fr inches_n stone_n where_o stone_n be_v use_v to_o keep_v to_o these_o scantlins_n first_o sort_n of_o house_n corner_n peer_n 18_o square_a middle_a or_o single_a peer_n 14_o and_o 12_o double_a peer_n between_o house_n and_o house_n 14_o and_o 18_o door-jamb_n and_o head_n 12_o and_o 8_o  _fw-fr  _fw-fr foot_n inches_n 2d_o &_o 3d_o sort_n corner_n peer_n 2_o 6_o square_v middle_n or_o single_a peer_n 18_o square_a double_a peer_n between_o house_n and_o house-24_a and_o 18_o door-jamb_n and_o head_n 14_o and_o 10_o  _fw-fr foot_n thickness_n scantlins_n for_o sewer_n 3_o wide_a side-wall_n 1_o brick_n ½_o bottom_n pave_v plain_a and_o then_o 1_o brick_n on_o edge_n circular_a 5_o high_a arch_n 1_o brick_n on_o end_n general_a rule_n in_o every_o foundation_n within_o the_o ground_n add_v one_o brick_n in_o thickness_n to_o the_o thickness_n of_o the_o wall_n as_o in_o the_o scheme_n next_o above_o the_o foundation_n to_o be_v set_v off_o in_o three_o course_n equal_o on_o both_o side_n that_o no_o timbor_n be_v lay_v within_o twelve_o inch_n of_o the_o foreside_n of_o the_o chimney-jamb_n and_o that_o all_o joyst_n on_o the_o back_n of_o any_o chimney_n be_v lay_v with_o a_o trimmer_n at_o six_o inch_n distance_n from_o the_o back_n that_o no_o timber_n be_v lay_v within_o the_o tunnel_n of_o any_o chimney_n upon_o penalty_n to_o the_o workman_n for_o every_o default_n ten_o shilling_n and_o ten_o shilling_n every_o week_n it_o continue_v unreformed_a that_o no_o joyct_n or_o rafter_n be_v lay_v at_o great_a distance_n from_o one_o to_o the_o other_o than_o twelve_o inch_n and_o no_o quarter_n at_o great_a distance_n than_o fourteen_o inch_n that_o no_o joyst_n bear_v at_o long_a length_n than_o ten_o foot_n and_o no_o single_a rafter_n at_o more_o in_o length_n than_o nine_o foot_n that_o all_o roof_n window-frames_a and_o cellar-floor_n be_v make_v of_o oak_n the_o tile-pin_n of_o oak_n no_o summer_n of_o girder_n to_o lie_v over_o the_o head_n of_o door_n and_o window_n no_o summer_n or_o girder_n to_o lie_v less_o than_o ten_o inch_n into_o the_o wall_n no_o joyst_n than_o eight_o inch_n and_o to_o be_v lay_v in_o lome_n but_o yet_o the_o carcase_n be_v not_o complete_v till_o the_o quarter_n and_o brace_n between_o the_o principal_a post_n and_o post_n be_v fit_v in_o the_o window_n frame_v make_v and_o set_v up_o and_o the_o principal_a rafter_n purlin_n gable_n etc._n etc._n be_v also_o frame_v and_o set_v up_o the_o manner_n of_o their_o pitch_n and_o scantlins_n you_o will_v see_v in_o plate_n 11._o and_o the_o reason_n for_o several_a pitch_v you_o may_v find_v among_o book_n of_o architecture_n but_o the_o name_n of_o every_o member_n you_o will_v find_v in_o the_o alphabetical_a table_n at_o the_o latter_a end_n of_o these_o exercise_n on_o carpentry_n refer_v unto_o by_o letter_n and_o arithmetical_a figure_n in_o the_o plate_n aforesaid_a but_o now_o we_o will_v suppose_v the_o carcase_n be_v thus_o finish_v the_o bricklayer_n be_v then_o to_o bring_v up_o the_o chilmny_n and_o afterward_o to_o tile_n the_o house_n and_o then_o the_o next_o work_v the_o carpenter_n have_v to_o do_v be_v to_o bring_v up_o the_o stair_n and_o staircase_n and_o afterward_o to_o floor_n the_o room_n and_o hang_v the_o door_n etc._n etc._n for_o shall_v he_o either_o bring_v up_o the_o stair_n and_o staircase_n or_o floor_n the_o room_n before_o the_o house_n be_v tile_v or_o otherwise_o cover_v if_o wet_a wether_n shall_v happen_v it_o may_v injure_v the_o stair_n flooring_n etc._n etc._n a_o the_o ground-plate_n or_o groundsell_a bb_n bb_n the_o principal_a post_n cc_o the_o bind_v intertise_n or_o indeed_o more_o proper_o interduce_v bressummer_n girder_n d_o beam_n of_o the_o roof_n bressummer_n or_o girder_n to_o the_o garret_n floor_n i_fw-mi principal_a rafter_n ff_o bressummers_n g_o plate_n or_o raising-piece_n also_o a_o beam_n aa_o jaums_n or_o door-post_n bb_n brace_n cc_o jaums_n d_o top-rail_a of_o the_o balcony_n ee_o bottom-rail_a of_o the_o balcony_n fff_o post_n of_o the_o balcony_n ggg_o banister_n hh_o bressummer_n for_o the_o shop-window_n h_o king-piece_n or_o joggle-piece_n two_o strut_v kk_v top-beam_n coller-beam_n wind-beam_n strut-beam_n lll_o door-head_n two_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o principal_a rafter_n k_o the_o top_n of_o the_o rafter_n jik_fw-mi the_o gable-end_n ll_o knee_n of_o the_o principal_a rafter_n to_o be_v make_v all_o of_o one_o piece_n with_o the_o principal_a rafter_n m_o the_o fust_v of_o the_o house_n nn_n purlins_n oh_o shop-window_n pp_n flap_n or_o fall_v mmm_o quarter_n nn_n jaums_n of_o the_o window_n oh_o back_o and_o head_n of_o the_o window_n pp_n transum_n qq_fw-fr munnion_n rr_z furring_n or_o shred_n v._o single_a light_a window_n or_o luteons_n sss_n rafter_n §_o 16._o of_o window_n frames_n in_o brick_n building_n the_o window_n frames_n be_v so_o frame_v that_o the_o tenant_n of_o the_o head-sell_a groundsell_a and_o transum_n run_v though_o the_o outer_a jaums_n about_o four_o inch_n beyond_o they_o and_o so_o they_o be_v set_v in_o a_o lay_v of_o mortar_n upon_o the_o brick_n wall_n before_o the_o peer_n on_o either_o side_n be_v bring_v up_o at_o about_o three_o inch_n within_o the_o front_n so_o that_o the_o brick_n work_n over_o the_o head_n and_o about_o the_o jaums_n defend_v it_o from_o the_o wether_n then_o the_o bricklayer_n bring_v up_o the_o peer_n on_o both_o side_n so_o that_o the_o four_o end_n or_o tenant_n that_o project_n through_o the_o outer_a jaums_n be_v bury_v and_o trim_v into_o the_o brickwork_n become_v a_o fasten_n to_o the_o window-frame_n but_o if_o the_o window-frame_n stand_v on_o a_o timber-house_n the_o head_n and_o groundsell_a be_v sometime_o tennant_v into_o post_n of_o the_o carcase_n and_o then_o the_o post_n do_v the_o office_n of_o the_o outer_a jaums_n of_o the_o window-frame_n and_o the_o head_n and_o groundsell_a be_v then_o call_v entertise_n and_o therefore_o both_o head_n and_o groundsell_a and_o post_n or_o jaums_n be_v rabbet_v about_o half_a a_o inch_n on_o the_o outside_n of_o the_o front_n to_o receive_v the_o pane_n of_o glass_n that_o be_v fit_v to_o it_o and_o thus_o as_o i_o say_v the_o post_n become_v part_n of_o the_o window-frame_n but_o the_o better_a way_n be_v to_o frame_v a_o window_n as_o the_o brickwork_n window_n and_o to_o project_v it_o a_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a beyond_o the_o side_n of_o the_o building_n and_o to_o plaster_n against_o its_o side_n for_o the_o better_a secure_v the_o rest_n of_o the_o carcase_n from_o the_o weather_n the_o window-frame_n have_v every_o one_o of_o its_o light_n rabbet_v on_o its_o outside_n about_o half_a on_o inch_n into_o the_o frame_n and_o all_o these_o rabbit_n but_o that_o on_o the_o groundsell_a be_v groove_v square_a but_o the_o rabbit_n on_o the_o groundsell_a be_v bevel_v downward_o that_o rain_n or_o snow_n etc._n etc._n may_v the_o free_o fall_v off_o it_o into_o these_o rabbit_n the_o several_a pane_n of_o glass-work_n be_v set_v and_o fasten_v by_o the_o glazier_n as_o shall_v be_v show_v when_o i_o come_v to_o exercise_n upon_o glaze_v the_o square_a corner_n of_o the_o frame_n next_o the_o glass_n be_v bevel_v away_o both_o on_o the_o out_o and_o inside_n of_o the_o building_n that_o the_o light_n may_v the_o free_o play_v upon_o the_o glass_n and_o upon_o that_o bevel_n be_v common_o stick_v a_o mould_v for_o ornament_n sake_n according_a to_o the_o fancy_n of_o the_o workman_n but_o more_o general_o according_a to_o the_o various_a mode_n of_o the_o time_n §_o 17._o of_o stair_n and_o staircase_n several_a writer_n of_o architecture_n have_v deliver_v different_a rule_n for_o the_o height_n and_o breadth_n of_o step_n and_o that_o according_a to_o the_o several_a capacity_n of_o the_o staircase_n they_o forbid_v more_o than_o six_o and_o less_o than_o four_o inch_n for_o the_o height_n of_o each_o step_n and_o more_o than_o sixteen_o and_o lest_o than_o twelve_o for_o the_o breadth_n of_o each_o step._n but_o here_o we_o must_v understand_v they_o mean_v these_o measure_n shall_v be_v observe_v in_o large_a and_o sumptuous_a building_n but_o we_o have_v here_o propose_v a_o ordinary_a private_a house_n which_o will_v admit_v of_o no_o such_o measure_n for_o want_v of_o room_n therefore_o to_o our_o present_a purpose_n the_o first_o and_o second_o pair_n of_o stair_n the_o step_n shall_v be_v about_o 7⅓_n inches_n high_a and_o 10_o inch_n broad_a the_o three_o pair_n of_o stair_n each_o step_n may_v be_v about_o 6_o ½_o inches_n high_a and_o 9_o ½_o inches_n broad_a and_o for_o the_o four_o pair_n of_o stair_n each_o step_n may_v be_v
architecture_n consider_v the_o best_a form_v of_o all_o member_n in_o a_o building_n for_o the_o capacity_n of_o the_o ground-plot_n and_o the_o convenience_n of_o the_o intend_a inhabitant_n but_o carpenter_n as_o carpenter_n only_o work_v by_o direction_n prescribe_v by_o the_o architect_n these_o therefore_o be_v the_o common_a rule_n that_o these_o sort_n of_o stair_n and_o indeed_o all_o other_o with_o carve_v according_a to_o the_o profile_n or_o ground-plot_n of_o the_o stair_n be_v make_v by_o but_o those_o that_o will_v see_v many_o invention_n may_v consult_v book_n of_o architecture_n etc._n etc._n §_o 18._o of_o floore_v of_o room_n though_o carpenter_n never_o floor_n the_o room_n till_o the_o carcase_n be_v set_v up_o and_o also_o enclose_v by_o the_o plasterer_n lest_o weather_n shall_v wrong_v the_o floore_v yet_o they_o general_o rough-plane_n their_o board_n for_o floore_v before_o they_o begin_v any_o thing_n else_o about_o the_o building_n that_o they_o may_v set_v they_o by_o to_o season_n which_o thus_o they_o do_v they_o lean_v they_o one_o by_o one_o on_o end_n aslant_a with_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o board_n against_o a_o bauk_n somewhat_o above_o the_o height_n of_o half_a the_o length_n of_o the_o board_n and_o set_v another_o board_n in_o the_o same_o posture_n on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o bauk_n so_o that_o above_o the_o bauk_n they_o cross_v one_o another_o then_o on_o the_o first_o side_n they_o set_v another_o board_n in_o that_o posture_n and_o on_o the_o second_o side_n another_o till_o the_o whole_a number_n of_o board_n be_v set_v a_o end_n be_v set_v in_o this_o posture_n there_o remain_v the_o thickness_n of_o a_o board_n between_o every_o board_n all_o the_o length_n but_o just_o where_o they_o cross_v one_o another_o for_o the_o air_n to_o pass_v through_o to_o dry_a and_o shrink_v they_o against_o they_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v they_o but_o they_o set_v they_o under_o some_o cover_a shed_n that_o the_o rain_n or_o sun_n come_v not_o at_o they_o for_o if_o the_o rain_n wet_v they_o instead_o of_o shrink_v they_o it_o will_v smell_v they_o or_o if_o the_o sun_n shine_v fierce_o upon_o they_o it_o will_v dry_v they_o so_o fast_o that_o the_o board_n will_n tear_v or_o shake_v which_o be_v in_o vulgar_a english_a split_v or_o crack_v they_o have_v another_o way_n to_o dry_a and_o season_v they_o by_o lay_v they_o flat_a upon_o three_o or_o four_o bauk_n each_o board_n about_o the_o breadth_n of_o a_o board_n asunder_o the_o whole_a length_n of_o the_o bauk_n then_o they_o lay_v another_o lay_v of_o board_n athwart_o upon_o they_o each_o board_n also_o the_o breadth_n of_o a_o board_n asunder_o then_o another_o lay_v athwart_o the_o last_o till_o all_o be_v thus_o lay_v so_o that_o in_o this_o position_n they_o also_o lie_v hollow_a for_o the_o air_n to_o play_v between_o they_o thus_o then_o the_o board_n be_v rough-plained_a and_o season_v they_o try_v one_o side_n slat_n as_o by_o numb_a 6._o §_o 31._o and_o both_o the_o edge_n straight_o as_o if_o they_o be_v to_o shoot_v a_o joint_n as_o by_o numb_a 4._o §_o 4._o and_o cut_v the_o board_n to_o a_o exact_a length_n because_o if_o the_o board_n be_v not_o long_a enough_o to_o reach_v athwart_o the_o whole_a room_n the_o end_n may_v all_o lie_v in_o a_o straight_a line_n that_o the_o straight_a end_n of_o other_o board_n lay_v against_o they_o may_v make_v the_o true_a joint_n and_o this_o they_o call_v a_o beak_a joint_n but_o before_o they_o lie_v they_o upon_o the_o floor_n they_o try_v with_o the_o level_n describe_v §_o 7._o the_o flatness_n of_o the_o whole_a frame_n of_o floore_v again_o lest_o any_o part_n of_o it_o shall_v be_v cast_v since_o it_o be_v first_o frame_v together_o and_o if_o any_o part_n of_o the_o floor_n lie_v too_o high_a they_o with_o the_o adz_n if_o the_o eminency_n be_v large_a take_v it_o off_o as_o be_v show_v §_o 2._o or_o if_o it_o be_v small_a with_o the_o jack-plain_a in_o numb_a 4._o §_o 2._o till_o it_o lie_v level_a with_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o floor_n but_o if_o any_o part_n of_o the_o floor_n prove_v hollow_a they_o lay_v a_o chip_n or_o some_o such_o thing_n upon_o that_o hollow_a place_n to_o bare_v up_o the_o board_n before_o they_o nail_v it_o down_o all_o this_o be_v do_v they_o choose_v a_o board_n of_o the_o common_a thickness_n of_o the_o whole_a pile_n for_o the_o first_o board_n and_o lay_v it_o close_o again_o one_o side_n of_o the_o room_n athwart_o the_o joyst_n and_o so_o nail_v it_o firm_o down_o with_o two_o brad_n into_o every_o joy_v it_o cross_v each_o brad_n about_o a_o inch_n or_o a_o inch_n and_o a_o half_a within_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o board_n if_o they_o shall_v lay_v more_o a_o than_o ordinary_a thick_a or_o thin_a board_n at_o the_o first_o they_o will_v have_v a_o great_a number_n of_o board_n to_o work_n to_o a_o level_n than_o they_o need_v because_o all_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o board_n must_v be_v equalise_v in_o thickness_n to_o the_o first_o then_o they_o lay_v a_o second_o board_n close_o to_o the_o first_o but_o before_o they_o nail_v it_o down_o they_o again_o try_v how_o its_o side_n agree_v with_o the_o side_n of_o the_o first_o and_o also_o how_o its_o thickness_n agree_v with_o the_o first_o board_n if_o any_o part_n of_o its_o edge_n lie_v hollow_a off_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o first_o board_n they_o shoot_v off_o so_o much_o of_o the_o length_n of_o the_o board_n from_o that_o hollowness_n towards_o either_o end_n till_o it_o comply_v and_o make_v a_o close_a joint_n with_o the_o first_o but_o if_o the_o edge_n swell_v in_o any_o place_n they_o plane_n of_o that_o swell_a till_o it_o comply_v as_o aforesaid_a if_o the_o second_o board_n prove_v thick_a than_o the_o first_o then_o with_o the_o adz_n as_o aforesaid_a they_o hew_v away_o the_o under_o side_n of_o that_o board_n most_o common_o cross_v the_o grain_n lest_o with_o the_o grain_n the_o edge_n of_o the_o adz_n shall_v slip_v too_o deep_a into_o the_o board_n in_o every_o part_n of_o it_o that_o shall_v bare_v upon_o a_o joy_v and_o so_o sink_v it_o to_o a_o flat_a superficies_n to_o comply_v with_o the_o first_o board_n if_o the_o board_n be_v too_o thin_a they_o underlay_v that_o board_n upon_o every_o joy_v with_o a_o chip_n etc._n etc._n and_o as_o this_o second_o board_n be_v lay_v so_o be_v the_o other_o board_n lay_v if_o they_o be_v well_o assure_v the_o board_n be_v dry_a and_o will_v not_o shrink_v but_o if_o they_o doubt_v the_o dryness_n of_o the_o board_n they_o sometime_o do_v or_o shall_v take_v a_o little_a more_o pain_n for_o after_o they_o have_v nail_v down_o the_o first_o board_n they_o will_v measure_v the_o breadth_n of_o two_o other_o board_n lay_v they_o by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o first_o but_o yet_o they_o will_v not_o allow_v they_o their_o full_a room_n to_o lie_v in_o but_o after_o there_o edge_n be_v true_a shot_n in_o a_o straight_a line_n they_o will_v pinch_v they_o off_o about_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n room_n more_o or_o less_o according_a as_o they_o guess_v at_o the_o well-seasonedness_a of_o the_o board_n by_o nail_v down_o the_o four_o board_n near_o to_o the_o first_o board_n by_o half_a a_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n more_o or_o less_o then_o the_o breadth_n of_o both_o board_n be_v and_o though_o it_o be_v afterward_o somewhat_o hard_o to_o get_v these_o two_o board_n into_o that_o narrow_a room_n viz._n between_o the_o first_o and_o four_o board_n yet_o they_o help_v themselves_o thus_o the_o under-edge_n of_o these_o board_n that_n be_v to_o join_v to_o each_o other_o they_o bevel_n somewhat_o away_o and_o then_o the_o first_o and_o four_o board_n be_v fast_o nail_v down_o as_o aforesaid_a they_o set_v the_o outer_a edge_n of_o these_o two_o board_n again_o the_o two_o nail_v board_n let_v the_o inner_a edge_n of_o the_o two_o loose_a board_n meet_v and_o make_v a_o angle_n perpendicular_a to_o the_o floor_n then_o with_o two_o or_o three_o man_n jump_v all_o at_o once_o that_o angle_n these_o two_o board_n with_o this_o force_n and_o reiterated_a jumb_n by_o degree_n press_v flat_o down_o into_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o floor_n or_o else_o with_o force_v pin_n and_o wedge_n force_v they_o together_o and_o then_o with_o brad_n they_o nail_v they_o down_o as_o they_o do_v the_o first_o board_n thus_o afterward_o they_o nail_v down_o a_o seven_o board_n as_o they_o do_v the_o four_o and_o then_o fit_a in_o the_o five_o and_o six_o board_n as_o they_o do_v the_o second_o and_o three_o board_n and_o so_o on_o nail_v down_o every_o three_o board_n and_o force_v two_o other_o between_o it_o and_o the_o last_o nail_v
board_n till_o the_o whole_a floor_n be_v board_v but_o if_o these_o board_n be_v not_o long_a enough_o as_o i_o hint_v before_o to_o reach_v through_o the_o whole_a room_n they_o examine_v how_o true_a the_o end_n lie_v in_o a_o straight_a line_n with_o one_o another_o by_o apply_v the_o edge_n of_o the_o two-foot_n rule_n to_o the_o end_n and_o where_o the_o end_n of_o any_o board_n keep_v of_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o two-foot_n rule_n from_o comply_v with_o the_o whole_a range_n of_o end_n they_o with_o the_o chissel_n and_o mallet_n cut_v off_o that_o irregularity_n hold_v and_o guide_v the_o chissel_n so_o that_o it_o may_v rather_o cut_v away_o more_o of_o the_o bottom_n than_o top_n of_o the_o board_n that_o so_o the_o board_n join_v to_o the_o end_n of_o the_o first_o lay_v board_n may_v make_v on_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o floor_n the_o fine_a and_o true_a joint_n have_v thus_o board_v the_o whole_a room_n notwithstanding_o they_o use_v their_o best_a diligence_n to_o do_v it_o exact_o yet_o may_v the_o edge_n of_o some_o board_n lie_n somewhat_o high_a than_o the_o board_n it_o lie_v next_o to_o therefore_o they_o peruse_v the_o whole_a floor_n and_o wherethey_a find_v any_o irregularity_n they_o plane_n they_o off_o with_o the_o plane_n etc._n etc._n §_o 19_o the_o hang_v of_o door_n window_n etc._n etc._n the_o floor_n be_v board_v the_o next_o work_n be_v to_o hang_v the_o door_n in_o which_o though_o there_o be_v little_a difficulty_n yet_o be_v there_o much_o care_n to_o be_v take_v that_o the_o door_n open_a and_o shut_v well_o if_o the_o door_n have_v a_o door-case_n as_o chamber-door_n and_o closet-door_n common_o have_v the_o jaums_n of_o the_o door-case_n must_v stand_v exact_o perpendicular_a which_o you_o must_v try_v by_o the_o plumb-line_n as_o by_o §_o 8._o and_o the_o head_n of_o the_o door-case_n or_o entertise_v must_v be_v fit_v exact_o square_a to_o the_o jaums_n as_o you_o where_o teach_v numb_a 3._o §_o 17_o 18_o 19_o and_o the_o angle_n of_o the_o door_n must_v be_v make_v exact_o square_a and_o the_o rabbit_n of_o the_o door_n to_o fit_v exact_o into_o the_o rabbit_n of_o the_o door-case_n but_o yet_o they_o common_o make_v the_o door_n about_o one_o quarter_n of_o a_o inch_n short_a than_o the_o inside_n of_o the_o jaums_n of_o the_o door-case_n lest_o if_o the_o board_n of_o the_o floor_n chance_v to_o swell_v within_o the_o sweep_n of_o the_o door_n the_o bottom_n of_o the_o door_n shall_v drag_v upon_o the_o floor_n they_o consider_v what_o sort_n of_o hinge_n be_v proper_a for_o the_o door_n they_o be_v to_o hang._n when_o they_o have_v a_o street-door_n which_o common_o be_v to_o take_v off_o and_o lift_v on_o they_o use_v hook_n and_o hinge_n in_o a_o battend-door_n backdoor_n or_o other_o battend-door_n or_o shop-window_n they_o use_v cross-garnets_a if_o a_o frame_v door_n side_n hinge_n and_o for_o cupboard_n door_n and_o such_o like_a duftail_n see_v the_o description_n of_o these_o hinge_n 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jack-plane_n call_v so_o by_o carpenter_n but_o be_v indeed_o the_o same_o that_o joiner_n call_v the_o fore-plane_n see_v numb_a 4._o §_o 2._o and_o plate_n 4._o b_o 1._o jaums_n door_n post_n be_v so_o call_v so_o be_v the_o upright_a outer_a post_n of_o a_o window_n frame_n see_v plate_n 11._o aaaa_o cc_o nn_n joggle-piece_n see_v plate_n 11._o h._n joyst_n see_v plate_n 10._o aaaa_n juffer_v stuff_n about_o 4_o or_o 5_o inch_n square_a and_o of_o several_a length_n k._n king-piece_n see_v joggle-piece_n kerf_n see_v explanation_n of_o term_n in_o numb_a 6._o knee_n a_o piece_n of_o timber_n grow_v angular_o or_o crooked_a that_o be_v a_o great_a branch_n shoot_v out_o near_o the_o top_n of_o the_o trunk_n of_o the_o tree_n and_o be_v so_o cut_v that_o the_o trunk_n and_o the_o branch_n make_v a_o angle_n as_o in_o plate_n 11._o el_fw-es be_v make_v out_o of_o one_o piece_n of_o stuff_n it_o be_v call_v a_o knee-piece_n or_o knee-rafter_n l._n landing-place_n be_v the_o uppermost_a step_n of_o a_o pair_n of_o stair_n viz._n the_o floor_n of_o the_o room_n you_o ascend_v upon_o skirt_n project_v of_o the_o eaves_n level_n see_v plate_n 8._o gand_fw-mi §_o 7._o lever_n see_v plate_n 9_o d._n lintel_n in_o brick-building_n carpenter_n lay_v a_o long_a piece_n of_o timber_n over_o the_o peer_n to_o trim_v with_o the_o window-frame_n as_o well_o to_o bear_v the_o thickness_n of_o the_o brickwall_n above_o it_o as_o to_o make_v bond_n with_o the_o side_n of_o the_o wall_n long-plane_n the_o same_o that_o joiner_n call_v a_o jointure_n see_v numb_a 4._o b_o 2._o §_o 4._o luthern_a see_v dormer_n m._n modillon_n see_v cantelever_n mould_v molding_n be_v stick_v upon_o the_o edge_n of_o stuff_n to_o ornament_n it_o as_o on_o chilmney-piece_n the_o inner_a edge_n of_o window-frames_a shelf_n etc._n etc._n see_v numb_a 4._o §_o 9_o munnion_n the_o upright_a post_n that_o divide_v the_o several_a light_n in_o a_o window-frame_n be_v call_v munnion_n see_v plate_n 11._o qqq_n n._n newel_n the_o upright_a post_n that_o a_o pair_n of_o winding-stair_n be_v turn_v about_o p._n pitch_n the_o angle_n a_o gable-end_n be_v set_v to_o be_v call_v the_o pitch_n of_o the_o gable-end_n planchier_fw-fr a_o ornament_n to_o which_o the_o cornice_n be_v fasten_v plate_n a_o piece_n of_o timber_n upon_o which_o some_o considerable_a weight_n be_v frame_v be_v call_v a_o plate_n hence_o ground-plate_n plate_n 11._o a._n window-plate_n etc._n etc._n plumb-line_n describe_v plate_n 8._o h_o §_o 8._o post_n see_v principal-post_n prick-post_n post_n that_o be_v frame_v into_o bressummer_n between_o principal-post_n for_o the_o strengthen_n of_o the_o carcase_n principal-post_n the_o corner_n post_v of_o a_o carcase_n see_v plate_n 11._o bb._n profile_v the_o same_o with_o ground-plot_n projecture_n be_v a_o jet_n over_o the_o upright_a of_o a_o building_n thus_o balcony_n project_n into_o the_o street_n puncheon_n short_a piece_n of_o timber_n place_v under_o some_o considerable_a weight_n to_o support_v it_o pudlay_n piece_n of_o stuff_n to_o do_v the_o office_n of_o hand-spikes_n purlins_n see_v plate_n 11._o n_o n._n q._n quarter_n be_v single_a and_o double_a single_n quarter_n be_v sawen_v stuff_n two_o inch_n thick_a and_o four_o inch_n broad_a the_o double_a quarter_n be_v sawen_v to_o four_o inch_n square_a quarter_a in_o the_o front_n of_o the_o three_o story_n in_o plate_n 11._o all_o the_o work_n except_o the_o principal_a post_n jaums_n and_o window-frames_a viz._n the_o upright_a trim_n and_o the_o brace_n be_v call_v quarter_a quirk_n a_o piece_n take_v out_o of_o any_o regular_a ground-plot_n or_o floor_n for_o example_n the_o whole_a ground-plot_n abcd._n in_o plate_n 10._o be_v a_o regular_a ground-plot_n but_o if_o the_o piece_n k_n be_v take_v out_o of_o it_o k_o shall_v be_v a_o quirk_n r._n rafter_n see_v plate_n 11._o cccc_fw-la rail_v rail_n stand_v over_o and_o under_o bannister_n of_o balcony_n staircase_n etc._n etc._n raiser_n be_v a_o board_n set_v on_o edge_n under_o the_o foreside_n of_o a_o step_n raising-piece_n piece_n that_o lie_v under_o the_o beam_n upon_o brick_n or_o timber_n by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o house_n relish_v see_v projecture_n return_v either_o of_o the_o adjoin_a side_n of_o the_o front_n of_o a_o house_n or_o ground-plot_n be_v call_v a_o return-side_n as_o in_o plate_n 10._o the_o front_n be_v ab_fw-la the_o return-side_n to_o this_o front_n be_v ac_fw-la and_o bd._n ridge_n the_o meeting_n of_o the_o rafter_n on_o both_o side_n the_o house_n be_v call_v the_o ridge_n ripping-chissel_a see_v plate_n 8._o d_o §_o 4._o roof_n the_o cover_v of_o a_o house_n but_o the_o word_n be_v use_v in_o carpentery_n for_o the_o trime_a work_n of_o the_o cover_v s._n scribe_n see_v number_n 6._o in_o explanation_n of_o term_n shake_v such_o stuff_n as_o be_v crack_v either_o with_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n or_o the_o drought_n of_o the_o wind_n be_v call_v shake_v stuff_n shingles_n small_a piece_n of_o wood_n use_v to_o cover_v house_n with_o instead_o of_o tile_n or_o slate_n shred_n see_v plate_n 11._o the_o low_a end_n of_o the_o principal_a rafter_n mark_v rr_z be_v call_v shred_n or_o furring_n sleeper_n the_o same_o with_o purlins_n snatch-block_n see_v plate_n 9_o bcc_fw-la socket-chissel_a describe_v plate_n 8._o and_o §_o 3._o soil_n or_o sell_v be_v either_o grounds-sells_n describe_v plate_n 11._o a._n or_o window-sells_n which_o be_v the_o bottom_n piece_n of_o window_n frames_n staircase_n the_o enclosure_n of_o a_o pair_n of_o stair_n whether_o it_o be_v with_o wall_n or_o with_o wall_n and_o rail_n and_o bannister_n etc._n etc._n stancheon_n see_v puncheon_n strut_v see_v dragon-beam_n summer_n in_o plate_n 10._o pp_n be_v a_o summer_n where_o into_o the_o girder_n be_v tennant_v t._n ten-foot-rod_n see_v §_o 13._o transom_n the_o piece_n that_o be_v frame_v across_o a_o double_a light_a window_n see_v plate_n 11._o pp_n trim_a when_o workman_n fit_v a_o piece_n into_o other_o work_n they_o say_v they_o trim_a in_o a_o piece_n trimmer_n see_v plate_n 10._o bbbb_n truss_n see_v king-piece_n or_o joggle-piece_n tusk_n a_o bevel_n shoulder_n make_v to_o strengthen_v the_o tenant_n of_o joy_v which_o be_v let_v into_o the_o girder_n v._o valley_n rafter_n see_v back_o or_o hip-molding_a w._n well_o hole_n see_v plate_n 10._o i._o wall_z plate_n in_o plate_n 10._o ac_fw-la bd_o and_o no_o be_v wall_n plate_n thus_o much_o of_o carpentry_n the_o next_o exercise_n will_v god_n will_v be_v upon_o the_o art_n of_o turn_v soft_a wood_n hard_a wood_n ivory_n brass_n iron_n etc._n etc._n with_o several_a invention_n of_o oval-work_n rose-work_n rake-work_n angular-work_n etc._n etc._n finis_fw-la mechanic_n exercise_n or_o the_o doctrine_n of_o handiwork_n apply_v to_o the_o art_n of_o turn_v by_o joseph_n moxon_n late_a member_n of_o the_o royal_a society_n and_o hydrographer_n to_o king_n charles_n ii_o the_o three_o edition_n london_n 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to_o the_o axis_n this_o be_v a_o brief_a collection_n and_o indeed_o the_o whole_a sum_n of_o turn_v now_o as_o there_o be_v different_a matter_n or_o substance_n to_o be_v turn_v so_o there_o be_v also_o different_a way_n and_o different_a tool_n to_o be_v use_v in_o turn_v each_o different_a matter_n the_o different_a matter_n be_v soft_a wood_n hard_a wood_n ivory_n brass_n iron_n etc._n etc._n each_o of_o which_o when_o i_o have_v describe_v the_o turner_n tool_n for_o soft_a wood_n i_o shall_v discourse_v upon_o but_o §_o i._o of_o the_o lathe_n the_o lathe_n be_v describe_v in_o plate_n 12._o a._n this_o machine_n be_v so_o vulgar_o know_v that_o though_o it_o can_v be_v describe_v in_o draft_n so_o as_o all_o its_o part_n shall_v appear_v at_o one_o single_a view_n yet_o enough_o of_o it_o to_o give_v you_o the_o name_n of_o its_o
several_a member_n and_o their_o uses_n be_v represent_v viz._n aaaa_o the_o leg_n or_o style_n bb_v the_o cheek_n or_o sides_n cc_o the_o puppet_n d_o the_o screw_n d_o the_o pike_n e_o the_o rest._n f_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o screw_n g_o the_o tenant_n of_o the_o puppet_n h_o the_o wedge_n i_o the_o treddle_v k_o the_o cross-treddle_a l_o the_o pole_n m_o the_o string_n n_o the_o horn._n ¶_o 1._o of_o the_o leg_n or_o stiles_n the_o leg_n or_o style_n be_v common_o about_o two_o foot_n and_o ten_o inch_n high_a and_o be_v set_v perpendicular_o upright_a have_v each_o of_o they_o a_o tenant_n on_o its_o upperend_a of_o the_o thickness_n the_o two_o ceek_n be_v to_o stand_v asunder_o and_o on_o either_o side_n the_o shoulder_n of_o these_o two_o tenant_n be_v lay_v one_o of_o the_o cheek_n close_o to_o the_o side_n of_o the_o tenant_n and_o so_o pin_v close_o to_o the_o tenant_n as_o be_v teach_v numb_a 5._o §_o 17._o but_o a_o steddy_a and_o more_o secure_a way_n be_v to_o have_v a_o strong_a iron_n screw_v make_v with_o a_o square_a shank_n near_o the_o head_n that_o when_o it_o enter_v into_o a_o square_a hole_n make_v fit_a to_o it_o in_o the_o hithermost_a cheek_n it_o may_v not_o twist_v about_o but_o by_o the_o turn_v about_o of_o a_o iron_n nut_n upon_o the_o fore-end_n of_o the_o screw_n the_o nut_n shall_v draw_v the_o two_o cheek_n close_o to_o the_o two_o side_n of_o the_o tenant_n or_o the_o upper_a end_n of_o the_o leg_n ¶_o 2._o of_o the_o cheek_n as_o i_o tell_v you_o the_o leg_n be_v to_o be_v set_v up_o direct_o perpendicular_a so_o the_o cheek_n be_v to_o be_v fasten_v direct_o horizontal_o upon_o they_o and_o the_o leg_n and_o cheek_n be_v to_o be_v fasten_v with_o brace_n to_o the_o floor_n and_o other_o part_n of_o the_o room_n the_o lathe_n stand_v in_o according_a to_o the_o convenience_n of_o the_o room_n for_o fasten_v that_o the_o whole_a lathe_n may_v stand_v as_o steady_a and_o solid_a as_o may_v be_v for_o if_o with_o turn_v large_a work_n the_o strength_n of_o the_o tread_n shall_v make_v the_o lathe_n tremble_v you_o will_v not_o be_v able_a to_o make_v true_a and_o neat_a work_n but_o the_o tool_n will_v job_n into_o soft_a part_n of_o the_o stuff_n and_o fly_v off_o where_o a_o knot_n or_o other_o hard_a part_n of_o the_o stuff_n come_v to_o the_o tool_n ¶_o 3._o of_o the_o puppet_n the_o puppet_n be_v square_a piece_n of_o wood_n of_o a_o substance_n convenient_a to_o the_o light_n or_o heavy_a work_n they_o intend_v to_o turn_v and_o turnner_n will_v rather_o have_v their_o puppet_n too_o strong_a than_o too_o weak_a because_o though_o the_o puppet_n be_v very_o strong_a yet_o they_o can_v turn_v light_a work_n with_o they_o whereas_o if_o they_o be_v weak_a they_o can_v turn_v heavy_a work_n with_o they_o for_o the_o weight_n of_o heavy_a unequal_a temper_a stuff_n run_v about_o will_v be_v apt_a both_o to_o shake_v the_o puppet_n and_o loosen_v the_o small_a hole_n of_o the_o wedge_n in_o the_o tenant_n by_o either_o of_o which_o inconvenience_n the_o work_n in_o the_o lathe_n may_v tremble_v as_o aforesaid_a and_o though_o no_o size_n for_o the_o height_n of_o the_o puppet_n can_v be_v well_o assert_v because_o of_o the_o several_a diameter_n of_o work_n to_o be_v turn_v yet_o workman_n general_o covet_v to_o have_v their_o puppet_n as_o short_a as_o they_o well_o can_v to_o bear_v their_o work_n off_o the_o cheek_n of_o the_o lathe_n because_o these_o puppet_n stand_v in_o the_o firm_a and_o be_v less_o subject_a to_o loosen_v but_o then_o if_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o work_n be_v large_a the_o puppet_n may_v be_v too_o short_a to_o turn_v that_o work_n in_o for_o the_o pike_n of_o the_o puppet_n must_v stand_v somewhat_o more_o than_o half_a the_o diameter_n of_o the_o work_n above_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o cheek_n therefore_o turner_n have_n common_o two_o or_o three_o pair_n of_o puppet_n to_o fit_v one_o lathe_n and_o always_o strive_v to_o use_v the_o short_a they_o can_v to_o serve_v their_o work_n unless_o the_o shortness_n of_o the_o leg_n of_o the_o lathe_n make_v the_o workfall_n too_o low_a for_o the_o pitch_n of_o the_o workman_n that_o be_v to_o work_v at_o the_o lathe_n therefore_o in_o the_o make_n of_o the_o lathe_n the_o height_n of_o the_o leg_n with_o relation_n to_o the_o intend_a work_n and_o height_n of_o the_o workman_n be_v to_o be_v well_o consider_v at_o the_o low_a end_n of_o these_o puppet_n be_v make_v two_o tenant_n of_o such_o a_o thickness_n that_o they_o may_v easy_o slide_v in_o the_o groove_n between_o the_o two_o cheek_n and_o so_o long_o that_o a_o mortess_n through_o it_o of_o the_o length_n of_o the_o cheeps_n depth_n and_o a_o sufficient_a strength_n of_o wood_n below_o it_o may_v be_v contain_v into_o this_o mortess_n be_v fit_v a_o tapering_a wedge_n somewhat_o less_o at_o the_o fore_a end_n and_o big_a at_o the_o hinder_a end_n than_o the_o mortess_n that_o as_o it_o be_v force_v into_o the_o mortess_n with_o a_o mallet_n or_o a_o maul_n it_o may_v draw_v the_o bottom_n shoulder_n of_o the_o puppet_n close_o and_o firm_o down_o upon_o the_o cheek_n that_o they_o may_v neither_o joggle_v or_o tremble_v in_o work_v ¶_o 4._o of_o the_o horn._n upon_o the_o right_a hand_n puppet_n on_o the_o out_o side_n near_o the_o top_n of_o it_o be_v hang_v the_o tip-end_n of_o a_o horn_n with_o its_o tip_n downward_o to_o hold_v oil_n in_o and_o aught_o to_o have_v a_o wooden_a round_a cover_n to_o fit_v into_o it_o that_o neither_o chip_n or_o dirt_n get_v in_o to_o spoil_v the_o oil_n and_o in_o the_o handle_n of_o the_o cover_n shall_v be_v fit_v a_o wooden_a button_n which_o may_v serve_v for_o a_o handle_n to_o the_o cover_n and_o through_o this_o button_n shall_v be_v fasten_v a_o iron_n wyer_n to_o reach_v almost_o to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o horn_n this_o wire_n stand_v always_o in_o the_o oil_n that_o so_o oft_o as_o the_o workman_n have_v occasion_n to_o oil_n the_o centre_n of_o the_o work_n to_o make_v his_o work_n slip_v about_o the_o easy_a he_o take_v the_o wooden_a cover_n by_o the_o button_n wyer_n and_o all_o and_o with_o the_o end_n of_o the_o wire_n oil_n his_o center-hole_n and_o pop_v his-wyer_n and_o cover_n again_o into_o the_o horn_n against_o he_o have_v occasion_n to_o use_v it_o the_o next_o time_n ¶_o 5._o of_o the_o pike_n and_o screw_n near_o the_o upper_a end_n of_o one_o of_o these_o puppet_n be_v fasten_v a_o strong_a iron_n pike_n but_o its_o point_n be_v make_v of_o temper_a steel_n and_o near_o the_o upper_a end_n of_o the_o other_o puppet_n be_v fit_v a_o iron_n screw_v quite_o through_o a_o nut_n in_o the_o puppet_n who_o point_n be_v also_o make_v of_o temper_a steel_n this_o iron_n pike_n in_o one_o puppet_n and_o the_o screw_v in_o the_o other_o puppet_n be_v so_o fit_v into_o the_o puppet_n that_o their_o shanks_n lie_v in_o a_o straight_a line_n with_o one_o another_o and_o both_o their_o point_n lie_v also_o in_o that_o straight_a line_n point_v to_o one_o another_o and_o in_o the_o head_n of_o the_o iron_n screw_n be_v a_o hole_n where-into_a be_v fit_v a_o iron_n handle_v about_o seven_o or_o eight_o inch_n long_o with_o a_o round_a knob_n at_o each_o end_n of_o it_o that_o it_o slip_v not_o through_o the_o hole_n in_o the_o head_n this_o iron_n handle_n be_v to_o turn_v about_o the_o screw_v forward_o or_o backward_o as_o your_o purpose_n shall_v require_v upon_o the_o point_n of_o this_o screw_n and_o pike_n the_o centre_n of_o the_o work_n be_v pitch_v and_o afterward_o screw_v with_o the_o screw_v hard_a and_o so_o far_o into_o the_o stuff_n that_o it_o may_v not_o slip_v off_o the_o point_n in_o work_v especial_o if_o it_o be_v soft_a wood_n and_o the_o work_n large_a and_o heavy_a also_o near_o the_o upper_a end_n of_o these_o puppet_n upon_o that_o side_n the_o workman_n stand_v when_o he_o work_v the_o wood_n of_o the_o puppet_n be_v wrought_v away_o to_o square_v flat_a shoulder_n somewhat_o below_o the_o pike_n that_o the_o rest_n may_v if_o occasion_n be_v lie_v near_o the_o pike_n and_o bear_v steady_a upon_o the_o shoulder_n ¶_o 6._o of_o the_o rest._n the_o rest_n be_v a_o square_a piece_n of_o stuff_n about_o a_o inch_n or_o a_o inch_n and_o half_a thick_a and_o two_o inch_n or_o two_o and_o a_o half_a broad_a and_o somewhat_o long_o than_o the_o distance_n between_o the_o puppet_n it_o be_v office_n be_v to_o rest_v the_o tool_n upon_o that_o it_o may_v lie_v in_o a_o steady_a position_n while_o the_o workman_n use_v it_o ¶_o 7._o of_o the_o side-r_a but_o beside_o this_o rest_n
grain_n upward_o and_o downward_o as_o it_o grow_v it_o have_v three_o leges_fw-la in_o it_o that_o stand_v straddle_a out_o from_o the_o underside_n of_o the_o block_n to_o the_o floor_n and_o of_o such_o a_o height_n as_o the_o workman_n may_v have_v most_o command_v of_o the_o work_n see_v the_o figure_n sometime_o turner_n use_n instead_o of_o it_o a_o piece_n of_o the_o trunk_n of_o a_o tree_n of_o about_o a_o foot_n and_o a_o half_a or_o two_o foot_n in_o length_n from_o the_o ground_n or_o more_o or_o less_o §_o xi_o of_o the_o callipper_n the_o callipper_n be_v mark_v o_o in_o plate_n 13._o as_o common_a compass_n describe_v numb_a 6._o §_o 32._o be_v for_o measure_v distance_n upon_o a_o plain_a superficies_n so_o callipper_n measure_v the_o distance_n of_o any_o round_a cilindrick_n conical_a body_n either_o in_o their_o extremity_n or_o any_o part_n less_o than_o the_o extreme_a so_o that_o when_o workman_n use_v they_o they_o open_v the_o two_o point_n a_o a_o to_o their_o describe_v width_n and_o turn_v so_o much_o stuff_v off_o the_o intend_a place_n till_o the_o two_o point_n of_o the_o callipper_n fit_v just_a over_o their_o work_n so_o shall_v their_o work_n have_v just_a the_o diameter_n in_o that_o place_n as_o be_v the_o distance_n between_o the_o two_o point_n of_o the_o callipper_n be_v it_o either_o foot_n or_o inch_n etc._n etc._n §_o xii_o of_o the_o drill-bench_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o tool_n or_o rather_o a_o machine_n use_v by_o some_o turner_n call_v a_o drill-bench_n it_o be_v describe_v in_o plate_n 14._o a_o a_o a_o a_o a_o thick_a board_n about_o three_o inch_n thick_a five_o inch_n broad_a and_o eighteen_o inch_n long_o b_o b_o two_o style_v place_v towards_o either_o end_n and_o fasten_v upright_o in_o the_o hithermost_a style_n be_v a_o choler_n describe_v §_o 7._o and_o plate_n 13._o h_o or_o any_o of_o the_o other_o collar_n and_o in_o the_o further_a style_n be_v fit_v a_o square_a flat_a temper_a piece_n of_o steel_n have_v a_o center-hole_n in_o the_o middle_n of_o it_o and_o be_v place_v just_a against_o the_o centre_n or_o middle_a point_n of_o the_o hole_n of_o the_o choler_n c_o c_o the_o rowler_n who_o hither_o end_n be_v turn_v away_o so_o as_o it_o just_o fit_a into_o the_o choler_n and_o at_o the_o further_a end_n of_o it_o it_o have_v a_o temper_a steel_n pin_n to_o be_v place_v in_o the_o center-hole_n and_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o hither_o end_n of_o it_o it_o have_v a_o piercer-bit_a fasten_v straight_o in_o so_o that_o it_o lie_v in_o a_o true_a straight_a line_n with_o the_o axis_n of_o the_o rowler_n of_o these_o ruler_n they_o have_v several_a and_o bit_n of_o different_a size_n fit_v into_o they_o that_o upon_o all_o occasion_n they_o may_v choose_v one_o to_o fit_v their_o purpose_n on_o the_o under-side_n about_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o bench_n be_v fit_v and_o fasten_v athwart_o it_o a_o square_a iron_n coller_n deep_a enough_o to_o reach_v through_o the_o cheek_n of_o the_o lathe_n and_o so_o much_o deep_a as_o it_o may_v receive_v a_o wooden_a wedge_n such_o a_o one_o as_o belong_v to_o one_o of_o the_o puppet_n and_o by_o the_o force_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o wedge_n the_o whole_a drill-bench_n be_v draw_v down_o and_o fasten_v athwart_o the_o cheek_n of_o the_o lathe_n when_o it_o be_v use_v it_o stand_v athwart_o the_o cheek_n of_o the_o lathe_n as_o aforesaid_a with_o the_o point_n or_o end_n of_o the_o bit_n towards_o you_o and_o then_o the_o string_n be_v turn_v twice_o or_o thrice_o about_o the_o rowler_n will_v with_o tread_v on_o the_o treddle_n turn_v the_o rowler_n and_o its_o bit_n forcible_o about_o and_o cause_v it_o to_o enter_v swift_o into_o a_o piece_n of_o wood_n that_o shall_v be_v press_v forward_o upon_o the_o bit._n when_o they_o use_v it_o they_o hold_v the_o piece_n of_o wood_n they_o intend_v to_o drill_n or_o pierce_v fast_o in_o both_o their_o hand_n right_a before_o they_o and_o press_v it_o forward_o upon_o the_o piercer-bit_a so_o that_o by_o its_o run_v about_o it_o cut_v a_o straight_o round_a hole_n into_o the_o wood_n of_o what_o length_n they_o please_v but_o while_o the_o pole_n be_v rise_v after_o every_o tread_v they_o press_v not_o against_o the_o piercer-bit_a so_o that_o it_o be_v disengaged_n from_o do_v its_o office_n in_o the_o wood_n but_o in_o that_o while_n they_o nimble_o give_v the_o wood_n a_o turn_n in_o their_o hand_n of_o about_o one_o three_o part_n of_o its_o circumference_n which_o make_v the_o bit_n very_o successive_a tread_n go_v the_o straight_a through_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o wood_n and_o thus_o they_o reiterate_v tread_v and_o keep_v the_o wood_n turn_v in_o their_o hand_n till_o the_o bit_n be_v enter_v deep_a enough_o thus_o much_o of_o the_o tool_n use_v in_o common_a turn_v i_o shall_v proceed_v to_o the_o work_v a_o pattern_n or_o two_o in_o soft_a wood_n which_o be_v well_o understand_v may_v render_v a_o practiser_n capable_a of_o most_o common_a work_n §_o xiii_o of_o turn_v a_o cilind_a in_o soft_a wood_n the_o soft_a wood_n turner_n use_n be_v common_o either_o maple_n alder_n birch_n beech_n elm_n oak_n fir_n etc._n etc._n and_o for_o some_o particular_a purpose_n each_o of_o these_o sort_n be_v best_a the_o first_o pattern_n we_o purpose_v shall_v be_v a_o cilind_a two_o inch_n over_o and_o eight_o inch_n long_o therefore_o you_o must_v choose_v a_o piece_n of_o wood_n at_o least_o two_o inch_n and_o a_o quarter_n over_o lest_o you_o want_v stuff_n to_o work_v upon_o nay_o if_o your_o stuff_n prove_v shake_v or_o otherwise_o unsound_a or_o your_o centre_n be_v not_o very_o exact_o pitch_v you_o may_v want_v yet_o more_o stuff_n and_o that_o according_a as_o it_o prove_v more_o or_o less_o faulty_a or_o as_o the_o centre_n be_v more_o unequal_o pitch_v but_o suppose_v the_o stuff_n good_a you_o may_v take_v a_o piece_n of_o two_o inch_n and_o a_o quarter_n over_o as_o i_o say_v before_o and_o about_o ten_o or_o eleven_o inch_n long_o for_o though_o the_o length_n of_o the_o cilind_a be_v but_o eight_o inch_n yet_o you_o must_v cut_v your_o stuff_n long_o enough_o to_o make_v a_o groove_n at_o one_o end_n of_o it_o beside_o for_o the_o string_n to_o run_v in_o if_o your_o stuff_n be_v somewhat_o too_o big_a for_o your_o scantlin_n and_o not_o round_a enough_o to_o go_v into_o the_o lathe_n you_o must_v hew_v it_o pretty_a near_a with_o the_o hatchet_n to_o make_v it_o sizable_a and_o afterward_o smoothen_fw-ge it_o near_o with_o a_o draw-knife_n as_o you_o be_v teach_v numb_a 7._o §_o 5._o but_o if_o you_o have_v not_o stuff_n at_o hand_n near_o your_o size_n than_o you_o must_v see_v off_o your_o length_n from_o a_o billet_n or_o some_o other_o piece_n of_o stuff_n and_o with_o the_o cleaving-knife_n and_o the_o mawl_v split_v it_o into_o a_o square_a piece_n near_o the_o size_n and_o with_o the_o draw-knife_n round_o off_o the_o edge_n to_o make_v it_o fit_a for_o the_o lathe_n then_o set_v your_o puppet_n and_o wedge_n they_o tight_o up_o so_o as_o the_o point_n of_o your_o spikes_n stand_v pretty_a near_o the_o length_n of_o your_o work_n asunder_o and_o move_v the_o pole_n so_o as_o the_o end_n of_o it_o may_v hang_v over_o between_o the_o pike_n and_o also_o fit_a the_o iron_n pin_n in_o the_o treddle_v into_o a_o proper_a hole_n in_o the_o cross-treddle_a so_o as_o the_o end_n of_o the_o treddle_n may_v draw_v the_o string_n below_o the_o work_n into_o pretty_a near_o a_o straight_a line_n with_o the_o string_n above_o the_o work_n and_o take_v the_o work_n in_o your_o right_a hand_n and_o put_v it_o beyond_o the_o string_n before_o you_o and_o with_o your_o left_a hand_n wind_v the_o string_n below_o the_o work_n but_o once_o about_o the_o work_n lest_o it_o shall_v be_v too_o strong_a for_o your_o shallow_a centre_n as_o you_o shall_v understand_v by_o and_o by_o and_o then_o with_o a_o pretty_a strength_n press_v the_o middle_n of_o one_o end_n of_o your_o work_n over_o the_o point_n of_o one_o of_o the_o pike_n and_o so_o make_v a_o hole_n in_o your_o work_n for_o one_o of_o the_o centre_n hole_n then_o screw_v your_o pike_n wide_o or_o close_o according_a as_o the_o length_n of_o your_o work_n require_v and_o pitch_v the_o other_o end_n of_o your_o work_n upon_o the_o other_o pike_n also_o and_o screw_v your_o work_n a_o little_a light_o up_o then_o try_v how_o the_o centre_n be_v pitch_v by_o tread_v the_o treddle_v light_o down_o and_o if_o you_o find_v the_o centre_n be_v well_o pitch_v you_o may_v without_o more_o ado_n screw_v up_o your_o work_n tight_a but_o if_o your_o centre_n or_o either_o of_o they_o be_v not_o well_o pitch_v
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