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end_n	april_n	june_n	may_n	5,243	5	13.4283	5	true

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ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A64730	Cosmography and geography in two parts, the first, containing the general and absolute part of cosmography and geography, being a translation from that eminent and much esteemed geographer Varenius : wherein are at large handled all such arts as are necessary to be understand for the true knowledge thereof : the second part, being a geographical description of all the world, taken from the notes and works of the famous Monsieur Sanson, late geographer to the French King : to which are added about an hundred cosmographical, geographical and hydrographical tables of several kingdoms and isles of the world, with their chief cities, seaports, bays, &c. drawn from the maps of the said Sanson : illustrated with maps.	Sanson, Nicolas, 1600-1667.; Blome, Richard, d. 1705.; Varenius, Bernhardus, 1622-1650. Geographia generalis. English.	1682 (1682)	Wing V103; ESTC R2087	1,110,349	935

to wit In the South-East and North-East or in the quarters more near to the North and South its cause seemeth to be referred either to the divers scituation of the places in which the Snow and the more thick Clouds are there collected or rather unto a general wind which is very forcible to attract those Motions unto another quarter For seeing that a general wind of its own nature tendeth directly from the East to the West and these Motions tend from one Pole unto the other thence ariseth a mutual hindrance and thence it may come to pass that the wind may gain an intermedial quarter between the East and South and East and North. The South-West and North-West Motions are unconstant rare and weak and therefore are scarce reckoned amongst Motions when that the North and South by accident seem to decline sometimes to the West but they are attracted to the East by a general wind Now to render a reason concerning the great diversity of these Motions in divers places more accurate observations are required and those not of one year but of many with the notation of the Winter Rainy Snowy Seasons and the Mountains of these places from the quarters of which these state winds do blow we should also know the Phasis and Motion of the Moon and what variation this maketh Several winds blow at certain times in set places 2. In July South winds blow at Cape Verd for then there is the Winter in the time of Rain and this seemeth to produce from no other Cause than that by which in our Zone North winds blow in the Winter 3. At the Promontory of Good-hope in September the North-East wind bloweth 4. At Patanen in India in November December and January continual Rains and a North-East wind predominateth but in other Months an East wind bloweth and it is Summer 5. About Sumatra there is a mutation of the Motions in November and December 6. In the Isle of Mayo one of the Azores in the end of August a vehement wind bloweth from the South and bringeth Rain which moistens the Earth otherwise dry and then first of all Grass springeth up which feedeth many Goats at the end of December 7. In Congo from the middle of March to September at what time it is Winter there the North and North-West wind blow or other intermedial winds which force and gather the Clouds on the tops of the Mountains and generate an obscure Air with Rain But from September to March the South and South-East and other intermedial winds blow that are contrary to the former See the following Proposition We have taken these differences of the state and Anniversary winds from the Observation of Mariners that term them Moussons or Motions if that they blow in a long tract of the Sea And now we should Treat of their Causes but that we are ignorant of the Mountains of the Regions of the times of the Snows and their meltings and many other matters Moreover those Observations of Seamen are not sufficiently accurate so that they deserve a diligent inquisition concerning their Causes The more noted Motions are these More noted Motions 1. In the Indian Ocean between Africa and India and to the very Moluccos in an Oriental Motion towards the West which begineth in January and bloweth for six Months even to the begining of June In August and September a contrary Motion begineth viz. Western winds In June July and August is a mutation of Motions and great Tempests from the North. Now when that we speak of Oriental and Occidental winds we do not only understand the East and West winds but also the Collateral winds 2. The Oriental motion varieth very much at the Shoars so that Ships can only Sail from India on this side Gatis or on the Coasts of Malabar from January to the middle of May to Persia Arabia Mecha and Africa for seeing that in the end of May and all June July and August the Tempests rage violently and often a North wind or furious North-East wind frequently intermixing it self therefore in these Months no Ships pass from India on this side Gatis but on the Coast of India beyond the Gatis or Ganges that is on the East quarter or on the Coasts of Choromandel such Tempests are not known A Voyage is undertaken from Ceilan Java and other Isles to the Moluccoes in September because that then the Oriental motion begineth which hindereth the general wind But when you depart to 15 degrees of South Latitude beyond the Aequator this Occidental motion is not discovered in the Indian Ocean but a general South East wind filleth the Sails 3. From Cochin to Malacca that is from the West to the East they begin their Voyage in March because that then there the Western motion begineth or rather the North West wind frequently bloweth 4. In the Kingdom of Guzurat half the year the North winds blow from March to September and in the other half the South winds and that without any other hindrance caused by other winds 5. The Dutch set Sail from Java for the most part in January or February when that they return for Europe then they Sail with an Easterly wind even to 18 degrees of South Latitude and here the South or South-East wind begineth to blow by which they Sail even to St. Helena 6. Although in the Indian Ocean from January even to June the motion be Oriental and then from August to January the motion be Occidental yet nevertheless in divers parts of it when we must Sail from one place to another divers seasons are discovered more or less convenient by reason that the Collateral winds do more or less blow or the motion is more or less vehement at those times or other winds more often or more seldom intermix at that time therefore those that are to Sail from Cochin to Malacca observe another motion another from Malacca to Maccou the Emporium of China another from Maccou to Japan 7. At Banda the Western winds cease with the end of March and at the end of April there are variable winds and calms with the Month of May violent Easternly winds with Rain begin 8. At Ceilan about the Promontory called Punto Gullo on the 14th of March the first Occidental wind beginneth viz. the West-South-West then the South-West constant and continnual from the end of March to the first of October then the North-East begineth which bloweth there even to March but some daies at ten or also more these State-winds or motions happen sooner or later 9. In the Voyage from Mozambique to Goa in May and June the South-East winds are predominate even to the Aequator but from the Aequator to Goa the South-West and South winds reign in July August and the following Months 10. In the 35 deg of the Elevation of the Meridian which passeth through the Isle of Tristan de Conha in May on the New Moon the West wind reigneth 11. At the 2 â…• of

Del Majo with the Southern-motion in the end of August in 35 degrees of the Meridian of Tristian de Cunha in May in the New Moon the West-wind rageth and Shipwracks but in 33 degrees of the same Meridian the North and North-east Winds predominate 8. In June and July in the Sea of China at Pulon Timor the West-winds are violent and dangerous 9. Between China and Japan many Storms are from the New Moon of July to the twelfth day of the Moon 10. There if in June other winds blow besides the motion sometimes from this sometimes from that quarter until that they are setled in the North-east quarter of a certain a Storm followeth THE SECOND BOOK OF General Geography CONCERNING The Affections of the places of the Earth depending on the apparent motion of the Stars CHAP. XXII Of things requisite to be foreknown in the knowledge of Geography Itherto we have been employed in an absolute contemplation of the Earth we now draw near the Second Part of this Doctrine in which we shall consider those Properties or Affections which happen to the Earth from the apparent motion of the Sun and Stars Neither would they be except this Motion were evident The Explication of which Affections will with greater right appertain unto Geography if so be that same Motion be attributed unto the Earth it self of which we have treated in the Sixth Chapter Now for the right knowledge of these Affections these following Hypotheses and Definitions are necessary to be understood Definitions An Artificial Terrestrial Globe termed a factitious Gl●be First the Artificial Terrestrial Globe is termed a factitious Globe from whose Superficies the parts of the Earth and their scituation a● 〈◊〉 presented as they have an existence in the Earth it self according ●o the proportion of this Superficies to the Superficies of the Earth A Map a plain Figure and of what Lines it consists A Map or Geographical Card is a plain figure in which the scituations of the Terrestrial Superficies are represented And this again is either Universal or Particular The first exhibiteth the whole Superficies of the Earth the other some one or other Region Some Maps consist of strait Lines and others of crooked These of strait are such in which the Peripheries or Circumferences of the Terrestrial Circles are represented by right Lines the other in which the same Peripheries are exhibited by crooked Lines But as for the composure of a Terrestrial Globe and Geographical Maps we shall take an occasion to treat of in the end of our Book by reason the same cannot be understood before the Doctrine which we now handle be well apprehended Of the Poles and Axis of the Earth Secondly The Poles of the Earth are two points diametrically opposite in the Superficies of the same which remain immoveable in the Diurnal circumrotation of the Earth or which are subjected unto the Poles of the apparent Quotidian motion of the Stars But the Axis of the Earth is said to be the Diameter conjoyning the Poles Or thus The Axis of the Earth is that Diameter of the Earth about which the Diurnal motion of the Stars or Earth it self is perfected Now the Poles are said to be the Extream points of the Axis in the Superficies of the Terrestrial Globe and that Pole which is subjected to the Constellation termed the Bear is called the Artick Septentrional or Northern Pole the other is called the Antartick or Southern Pole These are by more facility explained by an Artificial Terrestrial Globe than by words If the former be wheeled round those two immoveable points will appear which are the Poles and the Diameter imaginarily drawn from one Pole to the other through the Center of the Earth shall be the Axis The Aequator or Aequinoctial Line Thirdly The Aequator is said to be the Periphery or Circumference of the greatest Circle in the Globe of the Earth equally distant from both the Poles or placed in the middle between the Poles or whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Aequinoctial Line and that by Mariners All the Stars in their Diurnal motion make Peripheries equidistant or parallel to the Aequator wherefore the Aequator is the Rule of Diurnal motion Parallels Fourthly The Parallels of the Aequator are said to be lesser Peripheries which are parallel to the Aequator In an Artificial Globe the Aequator by reason of its Magnitude is more conspicuous than the others and its name is ascribed and it is divided into 360 degrees The Parallels are also conspicuous which are likewise termed the Circles of the Latitude of Places as we shall shew in the following Chapter Of Maps These may also be shewed in Geographical Maps that are Universal Indeed in Maps of Right Lines the Poles are not represented but the Extremities of every Meridian are the Poles but in Maps consisting of Crooked Lines the Poles are those points in which the Crooked Lines do meet the Aequator being transverse in both kind of Maps passeth through the middle of them and hath a greater Latitude than the other Lines and withal it is a strait Line although in the particular Maps of Asia and Europe it be made crooked The Parallels of the Aequator in strait-lined Maps are strait-l●●●s and in crooked-lined Maps they are crooked The Ecliptick Fifthly The Ecliptick is the greatest Circle of the Heavens which the Sun describeth in his Annual motion In truth it existeth not in the Earth but by reason of its notable use it is marked in the Artificial Globe as also in Geographical Maps The Tropicks Sixthly The Tropicks are two Parallels of the Aequator which are distant from the Aequator by so great an interval as the greatest recess of the Sun is from the Aequator towards the Poles or as the greatest declination of the Sun or obliquity of the Ecliptick The Tropick of Cancer is that which is interposed between the Aequator and Pole Artick The Tropick of Capricorn is that which is between the Aequator and the Southern Pole The Polary Circles In the Globe and in Maps they are wont to be noted by a double Periphery and the same appellation is ascribed The Polary Circles are two Parallels so called whereof one is distant from the Pole Artick the other from the Antartick so many degrees as the Sun is from the Aequator in his greatest recess and the first is termed the Artick Circle and the other the Antartick The Circles hitherto explained do not depend on certain Places such as the following do which in divers places are various and different The Meridian Seventhly The Meridian of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is a Line so termed which passeth through that place in which when the Sun cometh the Meridies is in that place Now the Meridies is that moment of the day which is equally distant from the rising and setting of the

above almost maketh up and moderateth them To wit in the Regions of the Northern Temperate Zone it is Spring and Summer the Sun going from Aries by Cancer to Libra because then he is more near them Then the Sun going from Libra through Capricorn to Aries it is Autumn and Winter But in the Southern Temperate Zone the matter is contrary neither can those other causes altogether disable the force of this first and induce a new course of the seasons and be able to alter the times as in the Torrid Zone 2. Yet those Seasons of divers places vary so that in one place there may be more Heat or Cold or Rain than in another although the places lie in the same Climate but yet they cause not the Winter to be changed into Summer or Summer into Winter A Rocky Marshish and Maritim Land findeth somewhat another degree of heat or cold than Vallies or a Chalk and Maritim Land 3. The places in the Tropicks for the most part in the Summer have an excessive heat others a Pluvial Season so that they almost approach to the nature of the places of the Torrid Zone So in the part of the Kingdom of Guzarat lying without the Tropick at the same time the wet and dry months are observed which in the part lying beyond the Aequator the Summer is changed into a Pluvial Season yet then there is greater heat than the dry part of the year where they have a moderate cold and in truth in the places of the Temperate Zones we judg the Summer and Winter not from the drought and rains but from the heat and cold Now in the Coasts of Persia and Ormus there is so great heat without Rains in the Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun rhat both the Men and their Wives ly in Cisterns full of Water The like heat is in Arabia The Regions of Africa on the Mediterranean Sea are called the coast of Barbary Throughout all Barbary the middle of October being past Showers and Cold begin to increase and in December and January the cold is perceived more intense and that only in the morning and withal so remiss that the Fire is not desired February taketh away the greatest part of the cold from the Winter but yet it is so inconstant that sometimes 5 or 6 times in one day the Air changeth In the month of March the North and West Winds blow violently and cause whole trees to be vested with blossoms April giveth form almost to all Fruits so that the entrance of May and the end of April is wont naturally to produce Cherries In the middle of May they gather Figs and in the middle of June in some places are ripe Grapes Of the seasons of the year of Barbary the Figs or Autumn are gathered in August and there is no greater plenty of Figs and Pears than in September There is not so great intemperies of the year in those places but that the three months of the Spring are always temperate The entrance of the Spring that is the Terrestrial not the Celestial is as they reckon on the 15th of February and the end the 18th of May in all which time the Air is most grateful to them If from the 25th of April to the 5 of May they have no Rain they esteem the same as ominous They count their Summer even to the 16th of August at which time they have a very hot and serene Air. Their Autumn from the 17 of August to the 16 of November and they have that for two months to wit August and September yet not great That which is included between the 15 of August and the 15 of September was wont to be termed by the Antients the Furnace of the whole year and that because it produced Figs Pears and that kind of Fruit to maturity From the 15 of November they reckoned their Winter which they extend to the 14 of February At the entrance of this they begin to till their Land which is the plain but the mountainous in the month of October The Africans have a certain perswasion that the year hath 40 very hot days and on the other side so many cold The Opinion of the Arabians days which they say begin from the 12 of December They begin the Aequinoxes on the 16 of March and on the 16 of September Their Solstices on the 16 of June and the 16 of December The end of their Autumn all their Winter and a good part of their Spring is full of violent Winds accompanied with Hail Lightnings and dreadful Thunders neither is there wanting in many places of Barbary an abundance of Snow In Mount Atlas 7 degrees distant from the Tropick of Cancer they divide the year only into two parts for from October even to April they have a continual Winter and from April again to October they have Summer In this there is no day in which the Mountains tops glitter with Snow The seasons of Numidia In Numidia the parts of the year swiftly pass away for in May they reap their Corn in October they gather their Dates but from the middle of September to January a violent Frost continueth October abstaining from Rains all hopes of Sowing is taken from the Husbandman the same hapneth if that April produceth not Pluvial Water Leo Astricanus remembreth many Mountains of Snow in Africa not far from the Tropick of Cancer Of China The North part of China although no more remote from the Aequator than Italy yet it hath a cold more sharp for great Rivers and Lakes are congealed up with Frost the cause of which is not yet sufficiently known except we should refer it to the Snowy Mountains of Tartaria not far remote to the avoyding of which cold they abound with the Skins of Foxes and Scythilian Rats New England New England although it lie in 42 degrees of North Latitude and therefore no more removed from the Aequator than Italy yet in the month of June when Sir Francis Drake was there the Air was so vehement cold that he was compelled to sayl back to the South for the Mountains were then covered with Snow The cause is the Frigid temperature of the Earth being Stony The seasons of Aegypt In Aegypt which is bounded with the Tropick of Cancer the Spring and Temperate Season of the year is observed about January and February The Summer beginneth with March and April and continueth June July and August The Autumn possesseth September and October The Winter hath November and December About the beginning of April they Reap their Corn and presently thresh it After the 20 of May not an Ear of Corn is to be seen in the Fields no Fruits on the trees On the Ides of June the inundation of the Nilus beginneth The seasons in the streights of Magellan In the Streights of Magellan and the adjacent Regions although they be no more distant from the Aequator than our parts