i_o have_v note_v in_o my_o former_a discourse_n the_o cause_n of_o a_o unpeaceable_a government_n be_v as_o well_o external_a and_o foreign_a as_o internal_a and_o breed_v in_o the_o body_n which_o need_v the_o help_n of_o a_o physician_n to_o continue_v the_o body_n in_o a_o perfect_a state_n of_o health_n &_o require_v as_o great_a a_o diligence_n to_o qualify_v their_o malicious_a operation_n as_o any_o internal_a sickness_n whatsoever_o in_o the_o second_o commentary_n i_o brief_o touch_v the_o commodity_n of_o good_a discovery_n but_o because_o it_o be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a consequence_n in_o the_o fortunate_a carriage_n of_o a_o war_n i_o will_v once_o again_o by_o this_o example_n of_o caesar_n remember_v a_o general_n not_o to_o be_v negligent_a in_o this_o duty_n suetonius_n in_o the_o life_n of_o our_o caesar_n report_v that_o he_o never_o undertake_v any_o expedition_n but_o he_o first_o receive_v true_a intelligence_n of_o the_o particular_a site_n and_o nature_n of_o the_o country_n as_o also_o of_o the_o manner_n and_o quality_n of_o the_o people_n and_o that_o he_o will_v not_o undertake_v the_o voyage_n into_o brittany_n until_o he_o have_v make_v perfect_a discovery_n by_o himself_o of_o the_o magnitude_n and_o situation_n of_o the_o island_n which_o suetonius_n may_v understand_v by_o this_o first_o voyage_n which_o caesar_n will_v needs_o undertake_v in_o the_o late_a end_n of_o a_o summer_n although_o it_o be_v as_o he_o himself_o say_v but_o to_o discover_v it_o be_v record_v by_o ancient_a writer_n that_o those_o demigod_n that_o govern_v the_o world_n in_o their_o time_n give_v great_a honour_n to_o the_o exercise_n of_o hunt_v as_o the_o perfect_a image_n of_o war_n in_o the_o resemblance_n of_o all_o part_n and_o namely_o in_o the_o discovery_n and_o knowledge_n of_o a_o country_n without_o which_o all_o enterprise_n either_o of_o sport_n in_o hunt_v or_o earnest_n in_o war_n be_v frivolous_a and_o of_o no_o effect_n and_o therefore_o xenophon_n in_o the_o life_n of_o cyrus_n show_v that_o his_o expedition_n against_o the_o king_n of_o armenia_n be_v nothing_o but_o a_o repetition_n of_o such_o sport_n as_o he_o have_v use_v in_o hunt_v howsoever_o if_o the_o infinite_a example_n register_v in_o history_n how_o by_o the_o dexterity_n of_o some_o leader_n it_o have_v gain_v great_a victory_n and_o through_o the_o negligence_n of_o other_o irrecoverable_a overthrow_n be_v not_o sufficient_a motive_n to_o persuade_v they_o to_o this_o duty_n let_v their_o own_o experience_n in_o matter_n of_o small_a moment_n manifest_v the_o weakness_n of_o their_o proceed_n when_o they_o be_v ignorant_a of_o the_o chief_a circumstance_n of_o the_o matter_n they_o have_v in_o hand_n but_o let_v this_o suffice_v in_o the_o second_o place_n to_o prove_v the_o necessity_n of_o good_a discovery_n and_o let_v we_o learn_v of_o caesar_n what_o be_v principal_o to_o be_v inquire_v after_o in_o the_o discovery_n of_o a_o unknown_a country_n as_o first_o the_o quantity_n of_o the_o land_n second_o what_o nation_n inhabit_v it_o three_o their_o use_n of_o war_n four_a their_o civil_a government_n and_o last_o what_o havens_n they_o have_v to_o receive_v a_o navy_n of_o great_a ship_n all_o which_o circumstance_n be_v such_o principal_a artery_n in_o the_o body_n of_o a_o state_n that_o the_o discovery_n of_o any_o one_o of_o these_o demand_n will_v have_v give_v great_a light_n concern_v the_o motion_n of_o the_o whole_a body_n chap._n ix_o caesar_n send_v c._n volusenus_n to_o discover_v the_o coast_n of_o brittany_n and_o prepare_v himself_o for_o that_o voyage_n caesar_n send_v out_o caius_n volusenus_n with_o a_o galley_n to_o discover_v what_o he_o can_v concern_v these_o thing_n caesar_n with_o charge_n that_o have_v make_v perfect_a discovery_n he_o shall_v return_v again_o unto_o he_o as_o speedy_o as_o may_v be_v he_o himself_o march_v in_o the_o mean_a time_n with_o all_o his_o force_n unto_o the_o monstrâ—ul_a morini_n forasmuch_o as_o from_o thence_o lay_v the_o short_a cut_n into_o brittany_n thither_o he_o command_v that_o ship_n shall_v be_v bring_v from_o all_o the_o maritime_a city_n of_o that_o quarter_n and_o namely_o that_o fleet_n which_o he_o have_v build_v the_o year_n before_o for_o the_o war_n at_o vannes_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n his_o resolution_n be_v know_v and_o carry_v into_o brittany_n by_o merchant_n and_o other_o many_o private_a state_n of_o that_o island_n send_v ambassador_n unto_o he_o promise_v he_o hostage_n of_o their_o loyalty_n and_o signify_v their_o readiness_n to_o submit_v themselves_o to_o the_o roman_a empire_n to_o these_o he_o make_v liberal_a promise_n exhort_v they_o to_o continue_v in_o that_o obedience_n and_o so_o send_v they_o back_o again_o and_o with_o they_o he_o send_v comius_n who_o he_o have_v make_v king_n of_o arras_n who_o wisdom_n and_o virtue_n he_o hold_v in_o good_a account_n and_o who_o he_o take_v to_o be_v faithful_a to_o he_o and_o of_o great_a authority_n in_o those_o region_n to_o he_o he_o give_v in_o charge_n to_o go_v to_o as_o many_o of_o the_o state_n as_o he_o can_v and_o persuade_v they_o to_o accept_v of_o the_o friendship_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n and_o acquaint_v they_o that_o caesar_n himself_o will_v present_o follow_v after_o volusenus_n have_v take_v what_o view_n of_o the_o country_n he_o can_v for_o he_o dare_v not_o go_v on_o shore_n to_o commit_v himself_o to_o the_o barbarism_n of_o the_o enemy_n after_o five_o day_n return_v to_o caesar_n and_o relate_v unto_o he_o all_o that_o he_o have_v discover_v whilst_o caesar_n stay_v in_o those_o part_n for_o the_o furnish_n of_o his_o fleet_n the_o morini_n send_v messenger_n unto_o he_o excuse_v themselves_o for_o their_o former_a fault_n that_o be_v a_o rude_a and_o barbarous_a people_n and_o altogether_o unacquainted_a with_o our_o custom_n they_o have_v make_v war_n against_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n and_o withal_o manifest_v their_o readiness_n to_o obey_v his_o command_n caesar_n not_o willing_a to_o leave_v any_o enemy_n behind_o he_o or_o to_o engage_v in_o a_o new_a war_n at_o this_o time_n of_o the_o year_n or_o to_o neglect_v his_o voyage_n into_o brittany_n for_o such_o small_a matter_n willing_o accept_v of_o their_o submission_n have_v first_o receive_v many_o hostage_n of_o they_o and_o have_v make_v ready_a eighty_o ship_n of_o burden_n which_o he_o think_v sufficient_a to_o transport_v two_o legion_n he_o divide_v the_o galley_n to_o the_o quaestor_n the_o legate_n and_o the_o commander_n of_o the_o horse_n there_o be_v also_o eighteen_o ship_n of_o burden_n more_o which_o lie_v wind-bound_a at_o a_o port_n eight_o mile_n off_o and_o they_o he_o appoint_v for_o the_o horseman_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o army_n he_o commit_v to_o q._n titurius_n sabinus_n and_o luc._n aurunculcius_fw-la cotta_n command_v they_o to_o go_v to_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o menapii_n &_o into_o those_o part_n of_o the_o morini_n who_o have_v send_v no_o ambassador_n to_o he_o and_o appoint_v p._n sulp._n rufus_n a_o legate_n to_o keep_v the_o port_n with_o a_o sufficient_a garrison_n chap._n x._o caesar_n fail_v into_o brittany_n and_o land_v his_o man_n these_o thing_n be_v thus_o dispatch_v caesar_n have_v a_o good_a wind_n in_o the_o three_o watch_n he_o put_v out_o to_o sea_n command_v his_o horseman_n to_o â—mbark_v themselves_o at_o the_o further_a port_n and_o follow_v he_o which_o be_v but_o slow_o perform_v he_o himself_o arrive_v upon_o the_o coast_n about_o the_o four_o hour_n of_o the_o day_n where_o he_o find_v all_o the_o cliff_n possess_v with_o the_o force_n of_o the_o enemy_n the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n be_v such_o that_o the_o hill_n lay_v so_o steep_a over_o the_o sea_n that_o a_o weapon_n may_v easy_o be_v cast_v from_o the_o high_a ground_n upon_o the_o low_a shore_n and_o therefore_o he_o think_v it_o no_o fit_a landing-place_n notwithstanding_o he_o cast_v anchor_n until_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o navy_n be_v come_v up_o unto_o he_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n call_v a_o council_n of_o the_o legate_n and_o tribune_n he_o declare_v unto_o they_o what_o advertisement_n he_o have_v receive_v by_o volusenus_n and_o tell_v they_o what_o he_o will_v have_v do_v and_o withal_o admonish_v they_o that_o the_o course_n of_o military_a affair_n and_o especial_o sea_n matter_n that_o have_v so_o sudden_a and_o unconstant_a a_o motion_n require_v all_o thing_n to_o be_v do_v at_o a_o beck_n and_o in_o due_a time_n the_o council_n be_v dismiss_v have_v both_o wind_n and_o tide_n with_o he_o he_o weigh_v anchour_n and_o sail_v eight_o mile_n from_o that_o place_n unto_o a_o plain_a and_o open_a shore_n the_o britain_n perceive_v the_o roman_n determination_n send_v their_o horse_n and_o chariot_n which_o they_o common_o use_v in_o war_n before_o &_o the_o rest_n of_o their_o
roman_a valour_n he_o will_v not_o suffer_v his_o man_n to_o hazard_v themselves_o in_o the_o passage_n of_o a_o bog_n of_o fifty_o foot_n in_o breadth_n lie_v between_o both_o the_o army_n but_o rather_o persuade_v his_o soldier_n disdain_v the_o confrontment_n of_o the_o enemy_n to_o endure_v their_o contumely_n rather_o than_o to_o buy_v a_o victory_n with_o the_o danger_n of_o so_o many_o worthy_a man_n and_o patient_o to_o attend_v some_o further_a opportunity_n which_o passage_n of_o caesar_n even_o in_o the_o say_a term_n as_o it_o be_v there_o relate_v be_v urge_v to_o good_a purpose_n by_o sir_n francis_n vere_n in_o the_o year_n one_o thousand_o six_o hundred_o at_o a_o consultation_n before_o the_o battle_n of_o newport_n newport_n for_o the_o army_n of_o the_o netherlander_n be_v possess_v of_o the_o down_n which_o be_v small_a swell_a hill_n rise_v uneven_o along_o the_o sea_n shore_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o flanders_n and_o the_o enemy_n make_v a_o stand_n upon_o the_o sand_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o those_o hill_n and_o so_o cut_v off_o the_o passage_n to_o osâ—end_n it_o be_v dispute_v by_o the_o commander_n whether_o they_o shall_v leave_v the_o down_n and_o go_v charge_v the_o enemy_n where_o he_o stand_v imbattel_v upon_o the_o sand_n or_o attend_v he_o in_o the_o fastness_n of_o the_o down_n whereof_o they_o be_v possess_v the_o whole_a council_n of_o war_n be_v earnest_o bend_v to_o forsake_v the_o down_n and_o to_o hazard_v the_o fight_n on_o equal_a term_n as_o impatient_a that_o their_o passage_n and_o retreat_n to_o ostend_n shall_v be_v cut_v off_o but_o sir_n francis_n vere_n well_o know_v how_o much_o it_o import_v the_o business_n of_o that_o day_n to_o hold_v a_o place_n of_o such_o gain_n and_o advantage_n persuade_v count_n maurice_n by_o many_o reason_n and_o special_o by_o this_o of_o caesar_n which_o i_o last_o allege_v not_o to_o forgo_v the_o help_n of_o the_o down_n but_o to_o expect_v the_o enemy_n in_o that_o place_n and_o so_o make_v use_n of_o that_o benefit_n upon_o the_o first_o encounter_n rather_o than_o to_o adventure_v the_o success_n of_o the_o battle_n in_o worse_a term_n in_o hope_n of_o clear_v the_o passage_n and_o show_v also_o many_o probable_a conjecture_n that_o the_o enemy_n will_v not_o continue_v long_o in_o that_o gaze_n wherein_o as_o his_o opinion_n then_o prevail_v so_o all_o that_o be_v present_a be_v eye-witness_n both_o of_o the_o truth_n of_o his_o conjecture_n and_o the_o soundness_n of_o his_o judgement_n for_o the_o enemy_n within_o a_o while_n after_o come_v on_o to_o charge_v the_o troop_n of_o the_o state_n be_v receive_v with_o such_o a_o counterbuff_n from_o the_o hill_n and_o be_v violent_o beat_v back_o in_o such_o rude_a manner_n as_o our_o man_n have_v the_o execution_n of_o they_o for_o the_o space_n of_o a_o quarter_n of_o a_o mile_n or_o more_o which_o be_v no_o small_a advantage_n to_o the_o fortune_n of_o that_o day_n touch_v the_o opportunity_n of_o time_n which_o pindarus_n call_v the_o mother_n of_o worthy_a exploit_n and_o oftentimes_o depend_v upon_o the_o circumstance_n of_o place_n a_o general_n ought_v careful_o to_o advise_v that_o he_o neither_o precipitate_v nor_o foreslow_v the_o occasion_n which_o be_v well_o express_v in_o this_o particular_a service_n of_o labienus_n for_o where_o his_o purpose_n be_v to_o draw_v the_o enemy_n over_o a_o river_n that_o have_v steep_a and_o uneasy_a bank_n and_o thereby_o of_o a_o hard_a and_o difficult_a passage_n he_o will_v not_o show_v his_o resolution_n until_o he_o have_v draw_v they_o all_o over_o the_o river_n for_o he_o be_v well_o assure_v that_o the_o roman_a legion_n will_v so_o charge_v the_o enemy_n upon_o their_o first_o encounter_n with_o the_o unresistable_a weight_n of_o their_o pile_n that_o in_o their_o give_v back_o they_o can_v not_o escape_v the_o danger_n of_o the_o river_n and_o therefore_o to_o make_v the_o victory_n more_o absolute_a and_o complete_a he_o suffer_v they_o all_o to_o come_v over_o the_o water_n that_o all_o may_v be_v endanger_v in_o their_o passage_n back_o again_o and_o this_o be_v the_o benefit_n which_o opportunity_n bring_v which_o be_v the_o rather_o to_o be_v attend_v with_o all_o carefulness_n forasmuch_o as_o non_fw-la saepe_fw-la ac_fw-la dâ—u_fw-la eadem_fw-la occasio_fw-la est_fw-la a_o man_n have_v neither_o often_o nor_o long_v the_o same_o opportunity_n concern_v the_o last_o circumstance_n of_o the_o apt_a and_o fit_a disposition_n of_o the_o force_n according_a to_o time_n and_o place_n which_o be_v necessary_o require_v in_o the_o duty_n of_o a_o general_n it_o be_v refer_v to_o this_o end_n only_o that_o they_o may_v be_v range_v in_o such_o manner_n that_o as_o one_o man_n be_v assistant_n to_o another_o in_o their_o several_a file_n and_o rank_n so_o one_o troup_n may_v be_v in_o subsidiis_fw-la assistant_n to_o another_o to_o the_o end_n that_o no_o part_n may_v stand_v naked_a or_o fall_v in_o the_o singleness_n of_o its_o own_o strength_n but_o that_o one_o may_v second_v another_o from_o the_o first_o to_o the_o last_o c._n sempronâ—us_o a_o roman_a consul_n have_v fight_v unadvised_o and_o receive_v a_o overthrow_n julius_n the_o tribune_n of_o the_o people_n cause_v tempanius_n a_o horseman_n that_o be_v present_a at_o the_o battle_n to_o be_v call_v and_o as_o livy_n report_v it_o coram_fw-la eye_n sexte_n tempani_fw-la inquit_fw-la arbitreris_fw-la ne_fw-la c._n sempronium_n consulem_fw-la aut_fw-la in_o tempore_fw-la pugnam_fw-la intisse_fw-la aut_fw-la firmasse_n subsidiis_fw-la aciem_fw-la he_o say_v thus_o before_o they_o sextus_n tempanius_n do_v you_o believe_v that_o c._n sempronius_n the_o consul_n choose_v a_o good_a time_n to_o fight_v or_o that_o he_o take_v order_n for_o assistant_n supply_v to_o his_o army_n for_o livy_n say_v he_o fight_v incaute_fw-la inconsulteque_fw-la non_fw-la subsidiis_fw-la firmata_fw-la acie_n non_fw-fr equite_v apt_a locato_fw-la heedless_o and_o without_o good_a advice_n neither_o strengthen_v his_o army_n with_o supply_n nor_o well_o place_v his_o cavalry_n and_o of_o these_o three_o circumstance_n consist_v the_o duty_n and_o office_n of_o a_o general_n touch_v the_o direction_n of_o a_o battle_n wherein_o whosoever_o fail_v do_v hazard_v the_o prerogative_n of_o his_o command_n over_o that_o army_n whic_n he_o lead_v according_a to_o that_o of_o caesar_n in_o the_o first_o of_o his_o commentary_n se_fw-la scire_fw-la quibuscunque_fw-la exercitus_fw-la dicto_fw-la audience_n non_fw-la fuerit_fw-la aut_fw-la male_a re_fw-la gesta_fw-la fortunam_fw-la defuisse_fw-la aut_fw-la aliquo_fw-la facinore_fw-la comperto_fw-la avaritiae_fw-la esse_fw-la convictum_fw-la that_o he_o know_v well_o whensoever_o a_o army_n refuse_v to_o be_v obedient_a to_o their_o commander_n it_o be_v either_o because_o upon_o some_o ill_a success_n they_o see_v he_o be_v unfortunate_a or_o that_o by_o the_o discovery_n of_o some_o notorious_a matter_n they_o find_v he_o convict_v of_o avarice_n which_o caesar_n himself_o need_v not_o to_o fear_v if_o we_o may_v believe_v plutarch_n caesar_n who_o write_v that_o he_o be_v endow_v by_o nature_n with_o a_o excellent_a promptitude_n and_o aptness_n to_o take_v opportunity_n in_o any_o business_n the_o second_o observation_n i_o may_v not_o omit_v to_o insist_v a_o little_a upon_o this_o noise_n or_o shout_n which_o the_o soldier_n take_v up_o in_o the_o instant_n of_o the_o charge_n assault_v and_o be_v relate_v in_o this_o place_n as_o a_o material_a point_n in_o their_o carriage_n at_o this_o service_n a_o matter_n ancient_a and_o usual_a in_o the_o roman_a army_n as_o well_o in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o first_o king_n as_o their_o first_o consul_n fusi_n primo_fw-la impetu_fw-la &_o clamoro_fw-la host_n the_o enemy_n be_v overthrow_v at_o the_o first_o onset_n and_o shout_n 1._o say_v livy_n concern_v romulus_n 2._o and_o not_o long_o after_o consul_n nec_fw-la promovit_fw-la aciem_fw-la nec_fw-la clamorem_fw-la reddi_fw-la passus_fw-la the_o consul_n neither_o march_v his_o army_n forward_o nor_o suffer_v they_o at_o all_o to_o shout_n caesar_n in_o the_o censure_n which_o he_o gâ—ve_v concern_v pompey_n his_o direction_n for_o the_o battle_n at_o pharsalia_n 3._o do_v express_v a_o double_a use_n of_o this_o clamour_n or_o shout_n civil_a first_o the_o terror_n of_o the_o enemy_n and_o second_o the_o encouragement_n or_o assurance_n of_o themselves_o est_fw-la quaedam_fw-la animi_fw-la incitatio_fw-la say_v he_o atque_fw-la alacritas_fw-la naturaliter_fw-la innata_fw-la omnibus_fw-la quae_fw-la study_n pugnae_fw-la incenditur_fw-la hanc_fw-la non_fw-la reprimere_fw-la sed_fw-la augere_fw-la imperaâ—ores_fw-la debent_fw-la neque_fw-la 〈◊〉_d ant_n cue_n tus_fw-la institutum_fw-la est_fw-la ut_fw-la signa_fw-la und_fw-ge que_fw-la concinerent_fw-la clamorem_fw-la universi_fw-la tollerent_fw-la quibus_fw-la rebus_fw-la &_o host_n terreri_fw-la &_o suos_fw-la incitari_fw-la existimaverunt_fw-la there_o be_v a_o certain_a raise_n and_o chearfulnesse_n of_o the_o mind_n imbred_a natural_o in_o all_o
may_v through_o want_n of_o victual_n be_v draw_v to_o fight_v upon_o hard_a condition_n he_o give_v order_n also_o that_o they_o shall_v every_o day_n send_v out_o discoverer_n to_o the_o suevi_n to_o understand_v what_o they_o do_v the_o ubii_n do_v as_o they_o be_v command_v and_o after_o a_o few_o day_n bring_v word_n that_o all_o the_o suevi_n have_v receive_v certain_a news_n of_o the_o approach_n of_o the_o roman_a army_n have_v retire_v themselves_o and_o all_o their_o force_n to_o their_o utmost_a confine_n where_o there_o be_v a_o wood_n of_o a_o infinite_a greatness_n call_v bacenis_fw-la which_o serve_v as_o a_o native_a wall_n or_o defence_n to_o keep_v the_o chirusci_n from_o the_o incursion_n of_o the_o suevi_n and_o the_o suevi_n from_o the_o injury_n and_o spoil_n of_o the_o chirusci_n that_o at_o the_o entrance_n of_o this_o wood_n the_o suevi_n do_v expect_v the_o come_n of_o the_o roman_n observation_n i_o will_v hold_v my_o former_a purpose_n not_o to_o deliver_v any_o thing_n concern_v bridge_n bridges_n whereof_o there_o be_v so_o many_o treatise_n already_o extant_a neither_o will_v i_o go_v about_o to_o describe_v the_o substantial_a building_n or_o ingenious_a workmanship_n of_o this_o bridge_n here_o mention_v which_o may_v well_o beseem_v caesar_n and_o his_o army_n for_o as_o he_o only_o can_v or_o at_o the_o least_o do_v put_v in_o practice_n the_o make_v thereof_o so_o will_v i_o leave_v the_o description_n to_o himself_o as_o best_o suit_v with_o his_o eloquence_n 5._o but_o forasmuch_o as_o brancatio_n a_o italian_a writer_n take_v occasion_n from_o hence_o to_o run_v into_o ignorance_n and_o error_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o set_v a_o mark_n upon_o this_o place_n lest_z other_o not_o know_v the_o ancient_a course_n shall_v run_v their_o bark_n upon_o the_o same_o shallows_n among_o other_o advertisement_n be_v but_o fourteen_o in_o all_o which_o he_o have_v give_v upon_o caesar_n commentary_n he_o note_v and_o commend_v the_o use_n of_o bridge_n make_v of_o boat_n which_o be_v common_o carry_v in_o a_o army-royall_a to_o that_o purpose_n before_o this_o or_o any_o other_o invention_n of_o former_a time_n special_o in_o regard_n of_o the_o easiness_n and_o expedition_n which_o may_v be_v use_v both_o in_o make_v such_o a_o bridge_n and_o take_v it_o up_o again_o for_o the_o boat_n be_v prepare_v ready_a as_o usual_o they_o be_v in_o camp-royal_n such_o a_o bridge_n may_v be_v make_v in_o a_o day_n which_o caesar_n can_v not_o do_v in_o ten_o but_o with_o great_a wonderment_n and_o admiration_n and_o therein_o i_o hold_v well_o with_o brancatio_n that_o for_o the_o speedy_a transportation_n of_o a_o army_n over_o a_o river_n there_o be_v no_o ready_a mean_n than_o a_o bridge_n of_o boat_n presuppose_v the_o boat_n to_o be_v first_o in_o a_o readiness_n but_o that_o which_o he_o conclude_v be_v time_n that_o man_n wit_n in_o these_o time_n be_v much_o sharp_a and_o ready_a than_o those_o of_o former_a age_n forasmuch_o as_o they_o have_v find_v out_o a_o easy_a and_o expedite_a course_n which_o fome_a time_n can_v never_o reach_v unto_o wherein_o i_o will_v not_o go_v about_o to_o derogate_v any_o thing_n from_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o time_n in_o which_o we_o live_v and_o breath_n but_o do_v desire_n to_o find_v they_o better_o accomplish_v then_o any_o other_o forego_v age_n howsoever_o i_o may_v suspect_v a_o great_a weakness_n of_o wit_n in_o these_o day_n wherein_o the_o temperature_n of_o the_o body_n be_v worse_o condition_v than_o it_o be_v in_o the_o time_n of_o our_o forefather_n as_o may_v appear_v by_o many_o argument_n &_o serve_v not_o so_o fit_o to_o the_o work_a power_n of_o the_o mind_n as_o it_o do_v before_o this_o multiplicity_n of_o mixture_n when_o the_o state_n of_o man_n body_n be_v compound_v of_o those_o perfect_a element_n which_o be_v in_o our_o first_o parent_n but_o for_o this_o reason_n which_o brancatio_n allege_v the_o reader_n may_v be_v please_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o use_n of_o boat-bridge_n be_v both_o know_v and_o in_o practice_n as_o well_o before_o the_o roman_a empire_n as_o in_o the_o time_n of_o their_o government_n polyhymi_n herodotus_n relate_v the_o passage_n of_o xerxes_n army_n into_o greece_n herodot_n describe_v this_o bridge_n of_o boat_n which_o brancatio_n will_v attribute_v to_o the_o invention_n of_o our_o time_n in_o the_o self_n same_o manner_n or_o rather_o more_o artificial_o than_o have_v be_v accustom_v in_o these_o late_a age_n for_o find_v that_o no_o timber-work_n will_v serve_v the_o turn_n to_o make_v a_o sufficient_a bridge_n over_o the_o straits_n of_o hellespont_n be_v seven_o furlong_n in_o breadth_n he_o cause_v biremes_n and_o triremes_n to_o be_v place_v in_o equal_a distance_n one_o from_o another_o and_o fasten_v with_o anchour_n before_o and_o behind_o and_o to_o be_v join_v together_o with_o plank_n and_o board_n and_o then_o cover_v with_o sand_n and_o gravel_n raise_v a_o hedge_n or_o blind_v on_o each_o side_n thereof_o to_o the_o end_n the_o horse_n and_o cattle_n may_v not_o be_v afraid_a at_o the_o work_n of_o the_o billow_n and_o so_o make_v a_o bridge_n for_o the_o passage_n of_o his_o army_n and_o in_o the_o time_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n â—_o tacitus_n describe_v the_o like_a bridge_n to_o be_v make_v over_o the_o river_n po_n by_o valens_n and_o cecina_n with_o as_o great_a skill_n as_o can_v be_v show_v at_o these_o time_n for_o say_v he_o they_o place_v boat_n a_o cross_a the_o river_n in_o equal_a distance_n one_o from_o another_o and_o join_v they_o together_o with_o strong_a plank_n and_o fasten_v they_o with_o anchour_n but_o in_o such_o sort_n as_o anchorarum_fw-la funes_fw-la non_fw-la extenti_fw-la fluitabant_fw-la ut_fw-la augescente_fw-la flumine_fw-la inoffensus_fw-la or_o do_v navium_fw-la attolieretur_fw-la the_o cable_n of_o the_o anchour_n float_v loose_a not_o be_v extend_v to_o their_o length_n that_o upon_o the_o increase_n of_o the_o river_n the_o ship_n may_v be_v lift_v up_o without_o any_o prejudice_n to_o they_o whereby_o it_o appear_v how_o much_o brancatio_n be_v deceive_v in_o ascribe_v that_o to_o these_o late_a time_n which_o be_v the_o invention_n of_o former_a age_n and_o may_v serve_v as_o a_o caveat_n to_o our_o out-languist_a humorist_n that_o can_v endure_v no_o read_n but_o that_o which_o sound_v with_o a_o strange_a idiom_n not_o to_o trust_v too_o much_o upon_o their_o author_n lest_o whilst_o they_o stiâ—le_v their_o memory_n with_o strange_a word_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n they_o starve_v their_o understanding_n chap._n vii_o the_o faction_n in_o gallia_n in_o caesar_n time_n but_o here_o it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o to_o deliver_v somewhat_o touch_v the_o manner_n and_o fashion_n of_o life_n caesar_n both_o of_o the_o gall_n and_o of_o the_o german_n and_o wherein_o those_o two_o nation_n do_v differ_v in_o gallia_n not_o only_o in_o every_o city_n village_n and_o precinct_n but_o almost_o in_o every_o particular_a house_n there_o be_v party_n and_o faction_n the_o head_n whereof_o be_v such_o as_o they_o think_v to_o be_v of_o great_a authority_n according_a to_o who_o opinion_n and_o command_v the_o main_a course_n of_o their_o action_n be_v direct_v and_o this_o seem_v a_o custom_n institute_v of_o old_a time_n to_o the_o end_n that_o none_o of_o the_o common_a people_n how_o mean_a soever_o may_v at_o any_o time_n want_v mean_n to_o make_v their_o party_n good_a against_o a_o great_a man_n for_o if_o they_o shall_v suffer_v their_o party_n and_o follower_n to_o be_v either_o oppress_v or_o circumvent_v they_o shall_v never_o bear_v any_o rule_n or_o authority_n among_o they_o and_o this_o be_v the_o course_n throughout_o all_o gallia_n for_o all_o their_o state_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o faction_n when_o caesar_n come_v into_o gallia_n the_o hedui_n be_v chief_a ringleader_n of_o the_o one_o party_n and_o the_o sequani_n of_o the_o other_o these_o find_v themselves_o to_o be_v the_o worker_n side_n forasmuch_o as_o the_o principality_n and_o chief_a power_n be_v ancient_o sâ—ated_v in_o the_o hedui_n have_v many_o and_o great_a adherent_n and_o client_n draw_v the_o german_n and_o ariovistus_n by_o many_o great_a promise_n on_o their_o party_n and_o after_o many_o great_a victory_n all_o the_o nobility_n of_o the_o hedui_n be_v slay_v they_o go_v so_o far_o beyond_o they_o in_o power_n and_o authority_n that_o they_o draw_v the_o great_a part_n of_o client_n from_o the_o hedui_n to_o themselves_o and_o take_v the_o child_n of_o their_o prince_n for_o pledge_n and_o cause_v they_o to_o take_v a_o public_a oath_n not_o to_o undertake_v any_o thing_n against_o the_o sequani_n beside_o a_o great_a part_n of_o their_o country_n which_o they_o take_v from_o they_o by_o force_n and_o so_o they_o obtain_v the_o principality_n of_o gallia_n
of_o the_o bituriges_n and_o march_v towards_o the_o country_n of_o the_o arverni_n but_o caesar_n have_v continue_v two_o day_n in_o those_o place_n forasmuch_o as_o he_o understand_v both_o by_o use_n and_o opinion_n what_o course_n vercingetorix_n be_v like_a to_o take_v he_o leave_v the_o army_n pretend_v some_o supply_n of_o horse_n which_o he_o go_v to_o raise_v and_o appoint_v young_a brutus_n to_o command_v those_o force_n admonish_v he_o to_o send_v out_o the_o horseman_n into_o all_o quarter_n and_o that_o he_o himself_o will_v not_o be_v absent_a from_o the_o camp_n above_o three_o day_n these_o thing_n be_v thus_o settle_v none_o of_o his_o follower_n know_v his_o determination_n by_o great_a journey_n he_o come_v to_o vienna_n where_o take_v fresh_a horse_n which_o he_o have_v lay_v there_o many_o day_n before_o he_o cease_v neither_o night_n nor_o day_n until_o he_o come_v through_o the_o confine_n of_o the_o hedui_n to_o the_o lingones_n where_o two_o legion_n winter_v to_o the_o end_n if_o the_o hedui_n shall_v undertake_v any_o thing_n against_o he_o he_o may_v with_o speed_n prevent_v it_o be_v there_o he_o send_v to_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o legion_n and_o bring_v they_o all_o to_o one_o place_n before_o the_o arverni_n can_v possible_o have_v notice_n of_o it_o observation_n caesar_n upon_o his_o first_o entrance_n into_o gallia_n commander_n be_v perplex_v how_o to_o get_v to_o his_o army_n and_o the_o matter_n stand_v in_o such_o term_n as_o bring_v either_o the_o legion_n or_o his_o own_o person_n into_o hazard_n for_o as_o he_o say_v if_o he_o shall_v send_v for_o the_o legion_n to_o come_v unto_o he_o they_o shall_v doubtless_o be_v fight_v withal_o by_o the_o way_n which_o he_o be_v loath_a to_o adventure_v unless_o himself_o have_v be_v present_a or_o otherwise_o if_o he_o himself_o have_v go_v unto_o they_o he_o doubt_v of_o the_o entertainment_n of_o the_o revolt_a gall_n and_o may_v have_v overthrow_v his_o army_n by_o the_o loss_n of_o his_o own_o person_n in_o this_o extremity_n of_o choice_n he_o resolve_v upon_o his_o own_o passage_n to_o the_o army_n as_o less_o dangerous_a and_o more_o honourable_a rather_o than_o to_o call_v the_o legion_n out_o of_o their_o winter_v camp_n where_o they_o stand_v as_o a_o check_n to_o bridle_v the_o insolency_n of_o the_o mutinous_a gall_n and_o so_o to_o bring_v they_o to_o the_o hazard_n of_o battle_n in_o fetch_v their_o general_n into_o the_o field_n whereby_o he_o may_v have_v lose_v the_o victory_n before_o he_o have_v begin_v the_o war_n and_o for_o his_o better_a safety_n in_o this_o passage_n he_o use_v this_o cunning_a have_v assure_v the_o roman_a province_n by_o strong_a and_o frequent_a garrison_n on_o the_o frontier_n and_o remove_v lucterius_n from_o those_o part_n gather_v together_o such_o supply_n as_o he_o have_v bring_v with_o he_o out_o of_o italy_n with_o other_o force_n which_o he_o find_v in_o the_o province_n he_o go_v speedy_o into_o the_o territory_n of_o the_o aveugle_n arverni_n make_v a_o way_n over_o the_o hill_n geneve_n gebenna_n at_o such_o a_o time_n of_o the_o year_n as_o make_v it_o unpassable_a for_o any_o force_n have_v they_o not_o be_v lead_v by_o caesar_n only_o for_o this_o purpose_n to_o have_v it_o noise_v abroad_o that_o whereas_o vercingetorix_n and_o the_o arverni_n have_v principal_o undertake_v the_o quarrel_n against_o the_o roman_n and_o make_v the_o beginning_n of_o a_o new_a war_n caesar_z will_v first_o deal_v with_o they_o and_o lay_v the_o weight_n thereof_o upon_o their_o shoulder_n by_o call_v their_o fortune_n first_o in_o question_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v possess_v the_o world_n with_o a_o opinion_n of_o his_o presence_n in_o that_o country_n and_o draw_v vercingetorix_n back_o again_o to_o defend_v his_o state_n whilst_o he_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n do_v slip_v to_o his_o army_n without_o suspicion_n or_o fear_n of_o peril_n for_o stay_v there_o no_o long_o then_o may_v serve_v to_o give_v a_o sufficient_a colour_n to_o that_o pretence_n and_o leave_v those_o force_n to_o execute_v the_o rest_n and_o to_o make_v good_a the_o secret_a of_o the_o project_n he_o convey_v himself_o to_o his_o army_n with_o such_o speed_n and_o celerity_n caesaris_fw-la as_o do_v verify_v the_o say_n of_o suetonius_n quod_fw-la persaepe_fw-la nuncios_fw-la de_fw-la se_fw-la praevenit_fw-la that_o he_o often_o outgo_v the_o ordinary_a messenger_n these_o blind_v and_o false_a intendment_n be_v of_o special_a use_n in_o matter_n of_o war_n and_o serve_v as_o well_o to_o get_v advantage_n upon_o a_o enemy_n as_o to_o clear_v a_o difficulty_n by_o cleanly_a evasion_n neither_o be_v a_o commander_n the_o less_o value_v for_o fine_a conveyance_n in_o military_a project_n but_o deserve_v rather_o great_a honour_n for_o add_v art_n unto_o valour_n and_o supplant_n the_o strength_n of_o opposition_n with_o the_o sleight_n of_o wit_n dolus_fw-la a_o virtus_fw-la quis_fw-la in_o host_n requirit_fw-la who_o look_v at_o fraud_n or_o valour_n in_o a_o foe_n have_v always_o be_v hold_v a_o principle_n among_o man_n of_o war_n and_o lisander_n his_o counsel_n be_v the_o same_o in_o effect_n that_o where_o the_o lion_n skin_n will_v not_o serve_v the_o turn_n there_o take_v the_o fox_n carbo_n speak_v it_o to_o the_o commendation_n of_o sylla_n that_o he_o have_v to_o do_v both_o with_o a_o lion_n and_o a_o fox_n but_o he_o fear_v more_o his_o fox_n pate_n then_o his_o lion_n skin_n it_o be_v report_v that_o hannibal_n excel_v all_o other_o of_o his_o time_n for_o abuse_v the_o enemy_n in_o matter_n of_o stratagem_n for_o he_o never_o make_v fight_v but_o with_o a_o addition_n of_o assistant_n support_v force_n with_o art_n and_o the_o fury_n of_o arm_n with_o the_o subtlety_n of_o wit_n of_o late_a time_n among_o other_o practice_n of_o this_o nature_n the_o treaty_n at_o ostend_n be_v most_o memorable_a entertain_v only_o to_o gain_v time_n that_o while_o speech_n of_o parley_n be_v continue_v and_o pledge_n deliver_v to_o the_o archduke_n albertus_n for_o the_o safety_n of_o such_o as_o be_v send_v into_o the_o town_n to_o capitulate_v with_o the_o general_n there_o may_v be_v time_n gain_v for_o the_o send_n in_o of_o such_o supply_n of_o man_n and_o munition_n as_o be_v want_v to_o make_v good_a the_o defence_n thereof_o which_o be_v no_o soon_o take_v in_o but_o the_o treaty_n prove_v a_o stratagem_n of_o war_n in_o these_o foil_n and_o trick_n of_o wit_n which_o at_o all_o time_n and_o in_o all_o age_n have_v be_v high_o esteem_v in_o man_n of_o war_n as_o special_a virtue_n beseem_v the_o condition_n of_o a_o great_a commander_n if_o it_o be_v demand_v how_o far_o a_o general_n may_v proceed_v in_o abuse_v a_o enemy_n by_o deed_n or_o word_n i_o can_v speak_v distinct_o to_o the_o question_n but_o sure_o i_o be_o that_o surena_n lieutenant_n general_a of_o the_o parthian_a army_n do_v his_o master_n good_a service_n in_o abuse_v crassus_n the_o roman_a general_n by_o fair_a promise_n or_o as_o plutarch_n say_v crassus_n by_o foul_a perjury_n till_o in_o the_o end_n he_o bring_v his_o head_n to_o be_v a_o actor_n in_o a_o tragedy_n albeit_o surena_n never_o deserve_v well_o of_o good_a report_n since_o that_o time_n howsoever_o man_n of_o civil_a society_n ought_v not_o to_o draw_v this_o into_o use_n from_o the_o example_n of_o soldier_n forasmuch_o as_o it_o be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o profession_n of_o cut_v of_o throat_n and_o have_v no_o prescription_n but_o in_o extremity_n of_o war_n chap._n v._n vercingetorix_n besige_v gergovia_n caesar_n take_v in_o vellaunodunum_n and_o genabum_n this_o be_v know_v caesar_n vercingetorix_n bring_v back_o his_o army_n again_o into_o the_o country_n of_o the_o bituriges_n and_o thence_o march_v to_o besiege_v gergovia_n a_o town_n hold_v by_o the_o boii_n who_o caesar_n have_v leave_v there_o after_o the_o helvetian_a war_n and_o give_v the_o jurisdiction_n of_o the_o town_n to_o the_o 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be_v he_o 〈◊〉_d a_o enemy_n to_o the_o same_o for_o as_o much_o as_o all_o his_o knowledge_n come_v by_o mere_a experience_n but_o howsoever_o his_o judgement_n be_v good_a in_o this_o point_n for_o since_o that_o all_o motion_n and_o action_n proceed_v from_o the_o soul_n and_o can_v well_o be_v produce_v until_o the_o idea_n thereof_o be_v first_o imprint_v in_o the_o mind_n according_a to_o which_o pattern_n the_o outward_a be_v and_o sensible_a resemblance_n be_v due_o fashion_v how_o be_v it_o possible_a that_o any_o action_n can_v be_v well_o express_v when_o the_o mind_n be_v not_o direct_v by_o knowledge_n to_o dispose_v it_o in_o that_o sort_n as_o shall_v best_o agree_v with_o the_o occurrent_n of_o such_o nature_n as_o be_v necessary_o interest_v both_o in_o the_o mean_n and_o in_o the_o end_n thereof_o and_o therefore_o speculative_a knowledge_n as_o the_o tramontane_n to_o direct_v the_o course_n of_o all_o practice_n be_v first_o to_o be_v respect_v but_o that_o i_o may_v not_o seem_v partial_a in_o this_o controversy_n but_o carry_v a_o equal_a hand_n between_o two_o so_o necessary_a yoak-fellowe_n give_v i_o leave_v to_o conclude_v in_o a_o word_n the_o benefit_n of_o practice_n and_o define_v the_o good_a which_o come_v from_o experience_n that_o so_o nothing_o that_o have_v be_v speak_v may_v seem_v to_o come_v from_o affection_n or_o proceed_v from_o the_o forge_n of_o unjust_a partiality_n and_o first_o it_o can_v be_v deny_v but_o that_o practice_n give_v boldness_n and_o assurance_n in_o action_n and_o make_v man_n expert_a in_o such_o thing_n as_o they_o take_v in_o hand_n for_o no_o man_n can_v rest_v upon_o such_o certainty_n through_o the_o theoric_n of_o knowledge_n as_o he_o that_o have_v see_v his_o learning_n verify_v by_o practice_n and_o acknowledge_v by_o the_o testimony_n of_o assure_a proof_n beside_o there_o be_v many_o other_o accomplement_n get_v only_o by_o practice_n which_o grace_n the_o presence_n of_o knowledge_n and_o give_v credit_n to_o that_o which_o we_o have_v read_v as_o first_o to_o learn_v the_o use_n and_o advantage_n of_o the_o arm_n which_o we_o bear_v second_o by_o frequent_a aspect_n and_o familiarity_n of_o danger_n and_o accident_n of_o terror_n to_o learn_v to_o fear_v nothing_o but_o dishonour_n to_o make_v no_o difference_n between_o heat_n and_o cold_a summer_n and_o winter_n to_o sleep_v in_o all_o place_n as_o on_o a_o bed_n and_o at_o the_o same_o time_n to_o take_v pain_n and_o suffer_v penury_n with_o many_o other_o difficulty_n which_o custom_n make_v easy_a and_o can_v be_v get_v but_o by_o use_n and_o practice_n and_o thus_o at_o length_n i_o have_v bring_v a_o shallow_a discourse_n to_o a_o abrupt_a end_n wish_v with_o great_a zeal_n of_o affection_n than_o i_o be_o able_a with_o manifest_a proof_n of_o reason_n to_o demonstrate_v the_o necessity_n that_o both_o these_o part_n be_v by_o our_o soldier_n so_o regard_v that_o neither_o practice_n may_v march_v in_o obstinate_a blindness_n without_o learned_a knowledge_n nor_o this_o again_o be_v entertain_v with_o a_o idle_a apprehension_n without_o practice_n but_o that_o both_o of_o they_o may_v be_v respect_v as_o necessary_a part_n to_o make_v a_o complete_a nature_n wherein_o knowledge_n as_o the_o intellectual_a part_n give_v life_n and_o spirit_n to_o the_o action_n and_o practice_n as_o the_o material_a substance_n make_v it_o of_o a_o sensible_a be_v and_o like_o a_o skilful_a workman_n express_v the_o excellency_n which_o knowledge_n have_v fore-conceived_n wish_v no_o man_n to_o despair_v of_o effect_v that_o by_o practice_n which_o the_o theoric_n of_o knowledge_n commend_v for_o cur_n despâ—res_v nunc_fw-la posse_fw-la fieri_fw-la quod_fw-la jam_fw-la totieâ—_n factum_fw-la est_fw-la the_o sum_n of_o the_o first_o book_n of_o caesar_n commentary_n with_o observation_n upon_o the_o same_o discover_v the_o excellency_n of_o caesar_n militia_n the_o argument_n in_o this_o first_o book_n be_v contain_v the_o specialty_n of_o two_o great_a war_n
target_n be_v of_o such_o reputation_n among_o the_o roman_a arm_n and_o challenge_v such_o interest_n in_o the_o greatness_n of_o their_o empire_n let_v we_o enter_v a_o little_a into_o the_o consideration_n of_o the_o use_n &_o commodity_n thereof_o which_o can_v be_v better_a understand_v then_o by_o that_o comparison_n which_o polybius_n have_v make_v between_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o macodonian_o and_o therefore_o i_o have_v think_v good_a to_o insert_v it_o in_o these_o discourse_n and_o thus_o it_o follow_v of_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o roman_a and_o macedonian_a weapon_n i_o promise_v in_o my_o six_o book_n that_o i_o will_v make_v a_o comparison_n between_o the_o weapon_n of_o the_o roman_n and_o macedonian_n and_o that_o i_o will_v likewise_o write_v of_o the_o disposition_n of_o either_o of_o their_o army_n how_o they_o do_v differ_v one_o from_o another_o and_o in_o what_o regard_n the_o one_o or_o the_o other_o be_v either_o inferior_a or_o superior_a which_o promise_v i_o will_v now_o with_o diligence_n endeavour_v to_o perform_v and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o army_n of_o the_o macedonian_n have_v give_v so_o good_a testimony_n of_o themselves_o by_o their_o action_n by_o overcome_v the_o army_n as_o well_o of_o asia_n as_o of_o greece_n and_o that_o the_o battle_n of_o the_o roman_n have_v conquer_v as_o well_o those_o of_o africa_n as_o all_o the_o eastern_a country_n of_o europe_n it_o shall_v not_o be_v amiss_o but_o very_o profitable_a to_o search_v out_o the_o difference_n of_o either_o especial_o see_v that_o these_o our_o time_n have_v not_o once_o but_o many_o time_n see_v trial_n both_o of_o their_o battle_n and_o force_n that_o know_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o roman_n do_v overcome_v and_o in_o their_o battle_n carry_v away_o the_o better_a we_o do_v not_o as_o vain_a man_n be_v wont_a to_o do_v attribute_v the_o same_o to_o fortune_n and_o esteem_v they_o without_o reason_n happy_a victor_n but_o rather_o look_v into_o the_o true_a cause_n we_o give_v they_o their_o due_a praise_n according_a to_o the_o direction_n of_o reason_n and_o sound_a judgement_n concern_v the_o battle_n between_o hannibal_n and_o the_o roman_n and_o concern_v the_o roman_n loss_n there_o be_v no_o need_n that_o i_o speak_v much_o for_o their_o loss_n be_v neither_o to_o be_v impute_v to_o the_o defect_n of_o their_o arm_n or_o disposition_n of_o their_o army_n but_o to_o the_o dexterity_n and_o industry_n of_o hannibal_n but_o we_o have_v entreat_v thereof_o when_o we_o make_v mention_v of_o the_o battle_n themselves_o and_o the_o end_n itself_o of_o that_o war_n do_v especial_o confirm_v this_o our_o opinion_n for_o when_o they_o have_v get_v a_o captain_n equal_a with_o hannibal_n even_o consequent_o he_o with_o all_o his_o victory_n vanish_v and_o he_o have_v no_o soon_o overcome_v the_o roman_n but_o by_o and_o by_o reject_v his_o own_o weapon_n he_o train_v his_o army_n to_o their_o weapon_n and_o so_o take_v they_o up_o in_o the_o beginning_n he_o continue_v they_o on_o unto_o the_o end_n and_o pyrrhus_n in_o his_o war_n against_o the_o roman_n do_v use_v both_o their_o weapon_n and_o order_n &_o make_v as_o it_o be_v a_o medley_n both_o of_o the_o cohort_n and_o phalanx_n but_o notwithstanding_o it_o serve_v he_o not_o to_o get_v the_o victory_n but_o always_o the_o event_n by_o some_o mean_n or_o other_o make_v the_o same_o doubtful_a concern_v who_o it_o be_v not_o unfit_a that_o i_o shall_v say_v something_o lest_o in_o be_v altogether_o silent_a it_o may_v seem_v to_o prejudice_v this_o my_o opinion_n but_o notwithstanding_o i_o will_v hasten_v to_o my_o purpose_a comparison_n now_o touch_v the_o phalanx_n if_o it_o have_v the_o disposition_n and_o force_n proper_a to_o it_o nothing_o be_v able_a to_o oppose_v itself_o against_o it_o or_o to_o sustain_v the_o violence_n thereof_o as_o may_v easy_o by_o many_o document_n be_v approve_v for_o when_o a_o arm_a man_n do_v stand_v firm_a in_o the_o space_n of_o three_o foot_n in_o so_o thick_a a_o array_n of_o battle_n and_o the_o length_n of_o their_o pike_n be_v according_a to_o the_o first_o basis_n or_o scantling_n sixteen_o foot_n but_o according_a to_o the_o true_a and_o right_a conveniency_n of_o they_o fourteen_o cubit_n out_o of_o which_o be_v take_v four_o allow_v for_o the_o space_n between_o the_o left_a hand_n which_o support_v the_o same_o and_o the_o butt_n end_n thereof_o while_o he_o stand_v in_o a_o readiness_n to_o attend_v the_o encounter_n be_v thus_o order_v i_o say_v it_o be_v manifest_a that_o the_o length_n of_o ten_o cubit_n do_v extend_v itself_o before_o the_o body_n of_o every_o arm_a man_n where_o with_o both_o his_o hand_n he_o do_v advance_v it_o ready_a to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n by_o which_o mean_v it_o follow_v that_o some_o of_o the_o pike_n do_v not_o only_o extend_v themselves_o before_o the_o second_o three_o and_o four_o rank_n but_o some_o before_o the_o foremost_a if_o the_o phalanx_n have_v his_o proper_a and_o due_a thickness_n according_a to_o his_o natural_a disposition_n both_o on_o the_o side_n and_o behind_o as_o homer_n make_v mention_v when_o he_o say_v that_o one_o target_n do_v enclose_v and_o fortify_v another_o one_o head-piece_n be_v join_v to_o another_o that_o they_o may_v stand_v unite_v &_o close_o together_o these_o circumstance_n be_v right_o and_o true_o set_v down_o it_o must_v follow_v that_o the_o pike_n of_o every_o former_a rank_n in_o the_o phalanx_n do_v extend_v themselves_o two_o cubit_n before_o each_o other_o which_o proportion_n of_o difference_n they_o have_v between_o themselves_o by_o which_o may_v evident_o be_v see_v the_o assault_n and_o impression_n of_o the_o whole_a phalanx_n what_o it_o be_v and_o what_o force_n it_o have_v consist_v of_o sixteen_o rank_n in_o depth_n or_o thickness_n the_o excess_n of_o which_o number_n of_o rank_n above_o five_o forasmuch_o as_o they_o can_v commodious_o couch_v their_o pike_n without_o the_o disturbance_n of_o the_o former_a the_o point_n of_o they_o not_o be_v long_a enough_o to_o enlarge_v themselves_o beyond_o the_o foremost_a rank_n they_o grow_v utter_o unprofitable_a and_o can_v man_v by_o man_n make_v any_o impression_n or_o assault_n but_o serve_v only_o by_o lay_v their_o pike_n upon_o the_o shoulder_n of_o those_o which_o stand_v before_o they_o to_o sustain_v and_o hold_v up_o the_o sway_v and_o give_v back_o of_o the_o former_a rank_n which_o stand_v before_o they_o to_o this_o end_n that_o the_o front_n may_v stand_v firm_a and_o sure_a and_o with_o the_o thickness_n of_o their_o pike_n they_o do_v repel_v all_o those_o dart_n which_o pass_v over_o the_o head_n of_o those_o that_o stand_v before_o will_v annoy_v those_o rank_n which_o be_v more_o backward_o and_o far_o by_o move_v forward_o with_o the_o force_n of_o their_o body_n they_o do_v so_o press_v upon_o the_o former_a that_o they_o do_v make_v a_o most_o violent_a impression_n for_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o the_o foremost_a rank_n shall_v give_v back_o this_o therefore_o be_v the_o general_a and_o particular_a disposition_n of_o the_o phalanx_n we_o must_v now_o speak_v on_o the_o contrary_a part_n touch_v the_o property_n and_o difference_n as_o well_o of_o the_o arm_n as_o of_o the_o whole_a disposition_n of_o the_o roman_a battle_n for_o every_o roman_a soldier_n for_o himself_o and_o his_o weapon_n be_v allow_v three_o foot_n to_o stand_v in_o and_o in_o the_o encounter_n be_v move_v man_n by_o man_n every_o one_o cover_v himself_o with_o his_o target_n and_o mutual_o move_v whensoever_o there_o be_v occasion_n offer_v but_o those_o which_o use_v their_o sword_n do_v fight_n in_o a_o more_o thin_a and_o distinct_a order_n so_o that_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o they_o have_v three_o foot_n more_o allow_v they_o to_o stand_v in_o both_o from_o shoulder_n to_o shoulder_n and_o from_o back_n to_o belly_n that_o they_o may_v use_v their_o weapon_n with_o the_o better_a commodity_n and_o hence_o it_o come_v to_o pass_v that_o one_o roman_a soldier_n take_v up_o as_o much_o ground_n as_o two_o of_o those_o which_o be_v to_o encounter_v he_o of_o the_o macedonian_a phalanx_n so_o that_o one_o roman_n be_v as_o it_o be_v to_o oppose_v himself_o against_o ten_o pike_n which_o pike_n the_o say_v one_o soldier_n can_v neither_o by_o any_o agility_n come_v to_o offend_v or_o else_o at_o handy_a blow_n otherwise_o annoy_v and_o those_o which_o be_v behind_o he_o be_v not_o only_o unable_a to_o repel_v their_o force_n but_o also_o with_o conveniency_n to_o use_v their_o own_o weapon_n whereby_o it_o may_v easy_o be_v gather_v that_o it_o be_v impossible_a that_o any_o battle_n be_v assault_v by_o the_o front_n of_o a_o phalanx_n shall_v be_v able_a to_o sustain_v the_o violence_n thereof_o if_o it_o have_v
which_o be_v stir_v up_o by_o a_o eagerness_n to_o fight_v this_o a_o general_n shall_v not_o crush_v but_o cherish_v so_o that_o it_o be_v not_o without_o cause_n that_o in_o old_a time_n they_o have_v a_o custom_n that_o the_o whole_a army_n shall_v make_v a_o noise_n and_o raise_v a_o general_a shout_n whereby_o they_o suppose_v as_o the_o enemy_n be_v affright_v so_o their_o own_o man_n be_v encourage_v two_o contrary_a effect_n proceed_v from_o a_o cause_n which_o to_o common_a sense_n carry_v no_o show_n of_o any_o such_o efficacy_n vox_fw-la &_o praeterea_fw-la nihil_fw-la a_o bare_a voice_n and_o nothing_o more_o as_o one_o say_v of_o the_o nightingale_n in_o another_o sense_n but_o such_o as_o do_v serious_o look_v into_o the_o reason_n thereof_o shall_v find_v the_o say_n true_a which_o be_v ascribe_v to_o the_o elder_n and_o wise_a cato_n verba_fw-la plus_fw-la quam_fw-la gladium_fw-la &_o voces_fw-la quam_fw-la manum_fw-la host_n territare_fw-la &_o in_o fugam_fw-la vertere_fw-la word_n will_v do_v more_o than_o sword_n and_o voice_n soon_o than_o hand_n may_v affright_v the_o enemy_n and_o put_v he_o to_o flight_n 1._o the_o ear_n as_o i_o have_v already_o note_v will_v soon_o betray_v the_o soul_n to_o the_o distress_n of_o fear_n than_o any_o other_o of_o the_o five_o sense_n 18._o which_o josephus_n well_o understand_v although_o peradventure_o he_o apply_v not_o so_o fit_a a_o remedy_n when_o he_o command_v his_o man_n to_o stop_v their_o ear_n at_o the_o acclamation_n of_o the_o roman_a legion_n lest_o they_o may_v be_v daunt_v and_o amaze_v thereat_o the_o reason_n may_v be_v for_o that_o our_o discourse_n diligent_o attend_v upon_o a_o matter_n of_o that_o consequence_n which_o call_v the_o life_n of_o both_o party_n in_o question_n and_o value_v every_o circumstance_n at_o the_o utmost_a do_v always_o presuppose_v a_o cause_n answerable_a to_o such_o a_o effect_n of_o joy_n and_o assurance_n for_o these_o shout_n and_o acclamation_n be_v proper_o the_o consequent_n of_o joy_n and_o be_v so_o available_a that_o they_o deceive_v both_o party_n for_o such_o as_o take_v up_o the_o shout_n by_o way_n of_o anticipation_n do_v seem_v to_o conclude_v of_o that_o which_o be_v yet_o in_o question_n and_o the_o enemy_n thereupon_o apprehend_v danger_n when_o there_o be_v none_o at_o all_o whereby_o it_o happen_v host_n terreri_fw-la &_o suos_fw-la incitari_fw-la that_o the_o enemy_n be_v affright_v and_o our_o own_o man_n encourage_v as_o caesar_n note_v beside_o these_o example_n i_o may_v allege_v the_o authority_n of_o holy_a writ_n but_o that_o it_o may_v seem_v both_o unsavoury_a and_o unseasonable_a to_o make_v a_o commixture_n of_o such_o diversity_n i_o will_v therefore_o content_v myself_o with_o a_o practice_n of_o our_o time_n at_o the_o battle_n of_o newport_n where_o after_o divers_a retreat_n and_o pursuit_n either_o side_n chase_v the_o other_o as_o it_o be_v by_o turn_n and_o mutual_a appointment_n and_o as_o it_o often_o fall_v out_o in_o such_o confrontment_n at_o last_o commandment_n be_v give_v to_o the_o english_a to_o make_v head_n again_o and_o after_o some_o pause_n to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o a_o shout_n which_o be_v according_o perform_v a_o man_n may_v have_v see_v the_o enemy_n startle_v before_o they_o come_v to_o the_o stroke_n and_o be_v charge_v home_o be_v so_o rout_v that_o they_o make_v not_o head_n again_o that_o day_n for_o the_o prevention_n of_o such_o a_o disadvantage_n there_o can_v be_v no_o better_a precedent_n then_o that_o which_o plutarch_n note_v life_n touch_v the_o battle_n between_o the_o roman_n and_o the_o ambron_n a_o part_n of_o that_o deluge_n of_o people_n which_o come_v down_o into_o italy_n with_o the_o cimbri_n and_o teutones_n for_o these_o ambron_n come_v out_o to_o give_v battle_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v strike_v fear_n into_o the_o roman_n make_v a_o often_o repetition_n of_o their_o own_o name_n with_o a_o loud_a sound_a voice_n ambron_n ambron_n ambron_n the_o italian_n on_o the_o other_o side_n that_o first_o come_v down_o to_o fight_n be_v the_o ligurian_n inhabit_v the_o coast_n of_o genoa_n who_o hear_v this_o noise_n and_o plain_o understand_v they_o make_v answer_v with_o the_o like_a cry_n sound_v out_o their_o own_o name_n ligurii_n ligurii_n ligurii_n whereupon_o the_o captain_n of_o both_o side_n make_v their_o soldier_n cry_v out_o altogether_o contend_v for_o envy_v one_o against_o another_o who_o shall_v cry_v it_o loud_a and_o so_o both_o side_n be_v encourage_v and_o neither_o of_o they_o disadvantage_v clamoro_fw-la utrinque_fw-la sublato_fw-la whilst_o both_o side_n continue_v the_o cry_n the_o three_o observation_n this_o labienus_n be_v a_o great_a soldier_n and_o well_o acquaint_v with_o caesar_n manner_n in_o lead_v a_o army_n and_o make_v many_o good_a fight_n while_o he_o continue_v under_o his_o command_n but_o after_o he_o betake_v himself_o to_o pompey_n part_n and_o join_v with_o a_o faction_n against_o his_o first_o master_n he_o never_o achieve_v any_o thing_n but_o loss_n and_o dishonour_n dux_n fortis_fw-la in_o armis_fw-la caesareis_n labienus_n erat_fw-la nunc_fw-la transfuga_fw-la vilis_fw-la once_o labienus_n be_v a_o captain_n stout_a on_o caesar_n side_n now_o a_o base_a turn-about_a and_o upon_o that_o occasion_n he_o be_v often_o mention_v as_o a_o memorial_n of_o his_o disloyalty_n to_o prove_v that_o good_a success_n in_o matter_n of_o war_n do_v follow_v the_o general_n rather_o than_o any_o inferior_a captain_n for_o it_o be_v observe_v of_o divers_a who_o fortune_n have_v be_v great_a under_o the_o conduction_n of_o some_o commander_n and_o as_o unlucky_a under_o other_o leader_n like_o plant_n or_o tree_n that_o thrive_v well_o in_o some_o ground_n and_o bear_v store_n of_o fruit_n but_o be_v transplant_v do_v either_o die_v or_o become_v barren_a and_o doubtless_o there_o may_v be_v observe_v the_o like_a sympathy_n or_o contrariety_n in_o the_o particular_a course_n of_o man_n life_n wherein_o they_o be_v carry_v upon_o the_o stream_n of_o their_o fortune_n according_a to_o the_o course_n of_o their_o first_o embarking_a and_o therefore_o such_o as_o happen_v in_o a_o way_n that_o lead_v to_o successful_a end_n shall_v much_o wrong_v themselves_o either_o to_o turn_v back_o again_o or_o to_o seek_v by-path_n who_o end_n be_v both_o unknown_a and_o uncertain_a and_o herein_o the_o french_a saying_n may_v serve_v to_o some_o purpose_n si_fw-mi vous_fw-fr estes_fw-fr bien_fw-fr tenez_fw-fr vous_fw-fr la_fw-fr if_o you_o find_v yourself_o well_o hold_v yourself_o there_o chap._n vi_o caesar_n carry_v his_o army_n over_o the_o rhine_n into_o germany_n caesar_n caesar_n be_v come_v from_o the_o menapii_n to_o the_o treviri_n do_v resolve_v to_o pass_v the_o rhine_n for_o two_o cause_n the_o one_o be_v for_o that_o the_o german_n have_v send_v succour_n and_o supply_n to_o the_o treviri_n the_o other_o that_o ambiorix_n may_v have_v no_o reception_n or_o entertainment_n among_o they_o upon_o this_o resolution_n a_o little_a above_o that_o place_n where_o he_o carry_v his_o army_n over_o before_o he_o command_v a_o bridge_n to_o be_v make_v after_o the_o know_v and_o appoint_a fashion_n which_o by_o the_o great_a industry_n of_o the_o soldier_n be_v end_v in_o a_o few_o day_n and_o leave_v a_o sufficient_a strength_n at_o the_o bridge_n lest_o any_o sudden_a motion_n shall_v rise_v among_o the_o treviri_n he_o carry_v over_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n both_o horse_n and_o foot_n the_o ubii_n which_o before_o time_n have_v give_v hostage_n and_o be_v take_v into_o obedienâ—â—_n send_v ambassador_n unto_o he_o to_o clear_v themselves_o from_o imputation_n of_o disloyalty_n and_o that_o the_o treviri_n have_v receive_v no_o supply_n from_o their_o state_n they_o pray_v and_o desire_v he_o to_o spare_v they_o lest_o the_o general_a distaste_n of_o the_o german_n shall_v cause_v he_o to_o punish_v the_o innocent_a for_o the_o guilty_a and_o if_o he_o will_v ask_v more_o hostage_n they_o will_v willing_o give_v they_o caesar_n upon_o examination_n of_o the_o matter_n find_v that_o the_o supply_n be_v send_v by_o the_o suevi_n and_o thereupon_o he_o accept_v the_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o ubii_n and_o inquire_v the_o way_n and_o the_o passage_n to_o the_o suevi_n some_o few_o day_n after_o he_o understand_v by_o the_o ubii_n that_o the_o suevi_n have_v bring_v all_o their_o force_n to_o one_o place_n and_o have_v command_v such_o nation_n as_o be_v under_o their_o dominion_n that_o they_o shall_v send_v they_o force_n of_o horse_n and_o foot_n upon_o this_o intelligence_n he_o make_v provision_n of_o corn_n &_o choose_v a_o sit_v place_n to_o encamp_v in_o he_o command_v the_o ubii_n to_o take_v their_o cattle_n and_o all_o their_o other_o good_n from_o abroad_o out_o of_o the_o field_n into_o their_o town_n hope_v that_o the_o barbarous_a and_o unskilful_a man_n
reparation_n of_o honour_n be_v a_o chief_a point_n in_o the_o carriage_n of_o a_o army_n be_v for_o he_o that_o leave_v a_o enemy_n upon_o a_o loss_n receive_v when_o his_o soldier_n be_v either_o awe_v or_o well_o beat_v must_v look_v to_o find_v the_o same_o spirit_n and_o courage_n in_o they_o when_o they_o shall_v come_v again_o to_o confront_v the_o enemy_n as_o they_o have_v when_o they_o last_o leave_v he_o with_o a_o disadvantage_n which_o be_v nothing_o else_o but_o a_o unskilful_a continuance_n of_o his_o own_o loss_n and_o a_o preparation_n to_o a_o second_o overthrow_n in_o the_o war_n the_o roman_n have_v with_o annibal_n in_o all_o the_o fight_v they_o make_v marcellus_n they_o continue_v their_o first_o loss_n unto_o the_o battle_n at_o nola_n at_o what_o time_n by_o marcellus_n good_a direction_n they_o give_v he_o a_o overthrow_n which_o be_v the_o first_o time_n that_o ever_o annibal_n soldier_n begin_v to_o give_v place_n to_o the_o roman_n and_o repair_v the_o roman_n valour_n again_o after_o so_o many_o battle_n as_o they_o lose_v for_o than_o they_o be_v persuade_v that_o they_o fight_v not_o with_o a_o enemy_n altogether_o invincible_a but_o that_o he_o be_v subject_a to_o loss_n and_o overthrow_n and_o in_o respect_n of_o this_o so_o happy_a a_o fortune_n restore_v the_o roman_a soldier_n to_o their_o ancient_a valour_n and_o good_a fortune_n it_o be_v that_o liviâ—_n say_v ingens_fw-la eo_fw-la die_fw-la res_fw-la ac_fw-la nescio_fw-la a_o maxima_fw-la illâ—_n bello_fw-la guess_v a_o sit_v a_o great_a piece_n of_o service_n be_v perform_v that_o day_n putabat_fw-la &_o i_o think_v i_o may_v say_v the_o great_a that_o be_v do_v in_o that_o war_n caesar_n do_v well_o understand_v this_o philosophy_n and_o therefore_o he_o labour_v to_o repair_v the_o breach_n which_o the_o enemy_n have_v make_v in_o the_o valour_n of_o his_o soldier_n by_o light_n and_o small_a skirmish_n before_o he_o will_v adventure_v to_o hazard_v the_o main_a drife_z of_o the_o business_n in_o any_o set_a conflict_n and_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o he_o have_v a_o purpose_n to_o leave_v the_o enemy_n for_o a_o time_n whereby_o he_o seem_v to_o end_v the_o former_a service_n wherein_o he_o have_v a_o special_a care_n not_o to_o depart_v with_o the_o last_o blow_n have_v always_o before_o that_o time_n have_v the_o better_a for_o the_o condition_n of_o the_o end_n do_v challenge_n much_o of_o the_o former_a proceed_n and_o do_v draw_v the_o opinion_n of_o man_n to_o deem_v of_o all_o as_o the_o conclusion_n import_v according_a as_o claudius_n nero_n tell_v his_o soldier_n semper_fw-la quod_fw-la postremo_fw-la adjectum_fw-la sit_fw-la id_fw-la rem_fw-la totam_fw-la videri_fw-la traxisse_fw-la as_o the_o end_n of_o the_o service_n be_v so_o the_o whole_a seem_v to_o have_v be_v chap._n xxv_o the_o hedui_n revolt_n caesar_n pass_v his_o army_n over_o the_o river_n loire_n the_o three_o day_n he_o repair_v the_o bridge_n at_o the_o river_n elevar_n caesar_n and_o carry_v over_o his_o army_n there_o he_o understand_v by_o viridomarus_n and_o eporedorix_n that_o litavicus_n be_v go_v with_o all_o the_o enemy_n horse_n to_o solicit_v the_o state_n of_o the_o hedui_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v requisite_a that_o caesar_n shall_v send_v they_o before_o to_o confirm_v the_o state_n and_o keep_v they_o in_o loyalty_n and_o although_o caesar_n do_v mistrust_v the_o state_n of_o the_o hedui_n for_o many_o cause_n and_o do_v think_v that_o the_o departure_n of_o these_o two_o noble_n will_v hasten_v their_o revolt_n yet_o he_o do_v not_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o detain_v they_o lest_o he_o shall_v either_o seem_v to_o do_v they_o wrong_n or_o to_o give_v any_o suspicion_n of_o distrust_n at_o their_o departure_n he_o propound_v unto_o they_o brief_o how_o well_o he_o have_v deserve_v of_o their_o state_n how_o low_a and_o weak_a they_o be_v when_o he_o receive_v they_o confine_v within_o their_o town_n their_o land_n extend_v all_o their_o associate_n take_v from_o they_o a_o tribute_n lay_v upon_o they_o pledge_v extort_a from_o they_o with_o great_a contumely_n and_o into_o what_o fortune_n and_o greatness_n he_o have_v bring_v they_o again_o that_o not_o only_o they_o have_v recover_v their_o former_a state_n but_o do_v exceed_v the_o dignity_n and_o favour_n of_o all_o former_a time_n and_o with_o these_o mandate_n he_o let_v they_o go_v noviodunum_n be_v a_o town_n of_o the_o hedui_n situate_v in_o a_o convenient_a place_n upon_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n loire_n thither_o have_v caesar_n send_v all_o the_o hostage_n of_o gallia_n the_o corn_n the_o public_a treasure_n and_o the_o great_a part_n of_o the_o baggage_n of_o the_o army_n and_o thither_o he_o have_v likewise_o send_v great_a store_n of_o horse_n which_o he_o have_v buy_v in_o spain_n and_o italy_n for_o the_o service_n of_o this_o war_n eporedorix_n and_o viridomarus_n come_v thither_o and_o understanding_n touch_v the_o affair_n of_o their_o state_n that_o liâ—avicus_n be_v receive_v into_o bibract_n by_o the_o hedui_n which_o be_v the_o metropolitan_a city_n of_o their_o state_n and_o that_o convictolitanis_n their_o chief_a magistrate_n and_o a_o great_a part_n of_o the_o senate_n be_v come_v unto_o he_o and_o that_o public_a messenger_n be_v send_v to_o vercingetorix_n touch_v a_o league_n of_o peace_n and_o amity_n they_o do_v not_o think_v it_o fit_a to_o omit_v so_o great_a a_o opportunity_n and_o thereupon_o have_v slay_v the_o guard_n at_o noviodunum_n with_o such_o other_o as_o be_v there_o either_o by_o way_n of_o trade_n or_o travel_n they_o divide_v the_o money_n and_o the_o horse_n between_o they_o and_o take_v order_n that_o the_o hostage_n of_o the_o other_o state_n shall_v safe_o be_v convey_v to_o bibract_v for_o the_o town_n forasmuch_o as_o they_o think_v they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o keep_v it_o lest_o the_o roman_n may_v make_v any_o use_n of_o it_o they_o burn_v it_o such_o corn_n as_o they_o can_v carry_v on_o the_o sudden_a they_o convey_v away_o in_o boat_n the_o rest_n they_o either_o burnedor_n cast_v it_o into_o the_o river_n they_o begin_v to_o raise_v force_n in_o the_o country_n next_o adjoin_v to_o dispose_v of_o watch_n and_o garrison_n on_o the_o bank_n of_o the_o river_n loire_n to_o show_v their_o cavalry_n in_o all_o place_n to_o strike_v fear_n into_o the_o roman_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v exclude_v they_o from_o provision_n of_o corn_n or_o drive_v they_o through_o necessity_n of_o want_n to_o forsake_v the_o province_n whereof_o they_o be_v the_o rather_o assure_v forasmuch_o as_o the_o loire_n be_v much_o swell_v by_o a_o fall_n of_o snow_n whereby_o it_o be_v unpassable_a at_o any_o foard_v these_o thing_n be_v know_v caesar_n think_v it_o necessary_a for_o he_o to_o make_v haste_n especial_o if_o he_o must_v make_v up_o the_o bridge_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v give_v they_o battle_n before_o they_o have_v gather_v a_o great_a head_n for_o touch_v his_o pupose_v for_o return_v into_o the_o province_n he_o do_v not_o think_v it_o fit_a by_o any_o mean_n both_o in_o respect_n of_o the_o shame_n and_o in_o famy_n thereof_o as_o also_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o opposition_n of_o the_o hill_n gebenna_n and_o the_o difficulty_n of_o the_o passage_n do_v hinder_v he_o but_o especial_o for_o that_o he_o do_v exceed_o desire_v to_o join_v himself_o with_o labienus_n and_o the_o legion_n that_o be_v with_o he_o and_o therefore_o make_v great_a journey_n both_o by_o day_n and_o night_n beyond_o all_o man_n expectation_n he_o come_v to_o the_o river_n loire_n where_o the_o horseman_n have_v sound_n a_o convenient_a foard_v for_o the_o necessity_n of_o the_o time_n that_o the_o soldier_n may_v pass_v over_o with_o their_o arm_n and_o shoulder_n above_o the_o water_n to_o hold_v up_o their_o weapon_n dispose_v the_o horse_n in_o the_o river_n to_o break_v the_o force_n of_o the_o stream_n and_o the_o enemy_n be_v affright_v upon_o their_o first_o show_n he_o carry_v over_o his_o army_n in_o safety_n and_o have_v satisfy_v his_o soldier_n with_o corn_n which_o he_o find_v in_o the_o field_n and_o good_a store_n of_o cattle_n he_o determine_v to_o march_v towards_o the_o senones_n observation_n the_o great_a difficulty_n that_o ever_o caesar_n find_v in_o the_o course_n of_o these_o war_n gallia_n be_v at_o this_o instant_n upon_o the_o revolt_n of_o the_o hedui_n for_o whereas_o that_o state_n after_o caesar_n come_v into_o gallia_n be_v ever_o repute_v the_o favourite_n of_o the_o roman_a empire_n have_v receive_v such_o special_a privilege_n and_o prerogative_n above_o the_o rest_n as_o may_v tie_v they_o with_o a_o inviolable_a bond_n of_o amity_n to_o the_o people_n of_o rome_n it_o be_v not_o to_o be_v expect_v that_o they_o shall_v forsake_v so_o great_a a_o stay_n or_o favour_v any_o thing_n that_o may_v
he_o have_v overcome_v by_o his_o valour_n chap._n xxxi_o vercingetorix_n send_v away_o the_o horse_n caesar_n enclose_v alesia_n with_o a_o strong_a wall_n vercingetorix_n think_v it_o best_a to_o dismiss_v all_o the_o horse_n caesar_n and_o send_v they_o away_o in_o the_o night_n before_o the_o fortification_n be_v perfect_v by_o the_o roman_n at_o their_o departure_n he_o command_v they_o that_o every_o man_n shall_v repair_v unto_o his_o own_o state_n and_o send_v all_o to_o the_o war_n that_o be_v able_a to_o bear_v arm_n he_o lay_v open_v his_o desert_n towards_o they_o and_o do_v adjure_v they_o to_o have_v regard_n to_o his_o safety_n and_o not_o to_o suffer_v he_o to_o be_v deliver_v over_o to_o the_o torture_n of_o the_o enemy_n that_o have_v so_o well_o deserve_v of_o the_o common_a liberty_n wherein_o if_o they_o shall_v prove_v negligent_a fourscore_o thousand_o choose_a man_n will_v perish_v with_o he_o in_o that_o place_n and_o look_v into_o their_o provision_n he_o find_v that_o they_o have_v corn_n scarce_o for_o thirty_o day_n but_o by_o spare_v and_o good_a husbandry_n it_o may_v be_v make_v to_o serve_v long_o with_o these_o mandate_n he_o send_v out_o the_o horseman_n in_o silence_n about_o the_o second_o watch_n of_o the_o night_n at_o that_o part_n of_o the_o town_n where_o the_o work_n be_v not_o perfect_v he_o command_v all_o the_o corn_n to_o be_v bring_v unto_o he_o upon_o pain_n of_o death_n the_o cattle_n he_o distribute_v to_o the_o soldier_n by_o pole_n whereof_o there_o be_v great_a store_n bring_v out_o from_o the_o mandubii_fw-la the_o corn_n he_o begin_v to_o measure_v out_o very_o spare_o all_o the_o force_n which_o he_o have_v place_v before_o the_o town_n he_o receive_v within_o the_o wall_n and_o so_o he_o purpose_v to_o attend_v the_o supply_n of_o gallia_n which_o be_v know_v by_o therunne-awayes_a and_o captive_n caesar_n appoint_v to_o make_v these_o fortification_n he_o draw_v a_o ditch_n of_o twenty_o foot_n in_o breadth_n and_o depth_n with_o straight_a side_n as_o broad_a at_o the_o bottom_n as_o at_o the_o top_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o work_n he_o make_v forty_o foot_n short_a of_o that_o ditch_n which_o he_o do_v for_o these_o reason_n that_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o the_o roman_n may_v not_o easy_o be_v enclose_v about_o with_o a_o army_n of_o soldier_n which_o he_o think_v to_o prevent_v by_o take_v in_o so_o great_a a_o circuit_n of_o ground_n and_o second_o lest_o the_o enemy_n sally_v out_o upon_o a_o sudden_a shall_v in_o the_o night_n come_v to_o destroy_v the_o work_n or_o in_o the_o daytime_n trouble_v the_o soldier_n with_o dart_n and_o cast_a weapon_n as_o they_o be_v busy_v about_o the_o work_n this_o space_n of_o forty_o foot_n be_v leave_v he_o make_v two_o ditch_n of_o fifteen_o foot_n in_o breadth_n and_o depth_n the_o innermost_a whereof_o be_v carry_v through_o the_o field_n and_o the_o low_a ground_n he_o fill_v with_o water_n draw_v out_o of_o the_o river_n behind_o they_o he_o make_v a_o ditch_n and_o a_o rampire_n of_o twelve_o foot_n and_o strengthen_v it_o with_o a_o parapet_n and_o pinnacle_n and_o with_o great_a bough_n of_o tree_n cut_v in_o cag_n like_a unto_o a_o heart_n horn_n which_o he_o set_v where_o the_o hovel_n be_v join_v to_o the_o rampire_n to_o hinder_v the_o enemy_n from_o climb_v up_o and_o make_v tower_n round_o about_o the_o whole_a work_n in_o the_o distance_n of_o fourscore_o foot_n one_o from_o another_o at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o roman_a soldier_n be_v both_o to_o get_v stuff_n for_o the_o fortification_n to_o go_v a_o harve_n for_o provision_n of_o corn_n and_o to_o make_v such_o great_a work_n our_o force_n be_v much_o weaken_v and_o be_v to_o seek_v corn_n and_o stuff_n far_o off_o from_o the_o camp_n the_o gall_n also_o oftentimes_o attempt_v to_o destroy_v the_o work_n and_o to_o sally_v out_o of_o the_o town_n at_o divers_a port_n therefore_o caesar_n think_v it_o fit_a to_o add_v thus_o much_o more_o to_o the_o foresay_a work_n that_o the_o fortification_n may_v be_v make_v good_a with_o the_o less_o number_n of_o man_n he_o make_v ditch_n round_o about_o the_o work_n of_o five_o foot_n deep_a and_o in_o they_o he_o plant_v either_o the_o body_n of_o tree_n or_o great_a firm_a bough_n sharpen_v into_o many_o pike_n and_o snag_n be_v bind_v together_o at_o the_o bottom_n that_o they_o may_v not_o be_v easy_o pluck_v up_o and_o spread_v themselves_o at_o the_o top_n into_o very_o sharp_a cag_n there_o be_v of_o these_o five_o rank_n so_o combine_v and_o enfold_v one_o in_o another_o that_o which_o way_n soever_o the_o enemy_n shall_v enter_v upon_o they_o he_o will_v necessary_o run_v himself_o upon_o a_o sharp_a stake_n these_o they_o call_v cippi_n before_o these_o in_o oblique_a course_n after_o the_o manner_n of_o a_o quincunce_n be_v dig_v hole_n of_o three_o foot_n deep_a narrow_a at_o the_o bottom_n like_o a_o sugar_n loaf_n these_o they_o set_v with_o round_a stake_n of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o man_n thigh_n with_o a_o sharp_a harden_a point_n in_o such_o sort_n that_o they_o stick_v not_o above_o four_o finger_n out_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o for_o the_o better_a fasten_n of_o they_o they_o stick_v all_o a_o foot_n within_o the_o ground_n the_o rest_n of_o the_o hole_n for_o the_o better_a order_n of_o the_o matter_n be_v hide_v with_o osier_n and_o spread_v of_o these_o be_v eight_o course_n three_o foot_n distant_a one_o from_o another_o and_o these_o they_o call_v lily_n from_o the_o resemblance_n they_o have_v to_o the_o figure_n of_o that_o flower_n before_o these_o be_v galthrop_n of_o a_o foot_n long_o fasten_v in_o the_o earth_n and_o head_v at_o the_o top_n with_o barb_a hook_n of_o iron_n sow_v up_o and_o down_o in_o all_o place_n in_o a_o reasonable_a distance_n one_o from_o another_o and_o these_o they_o call_v stimuli_fw-la the_o inner_a fortification_n be_v thus_o perfect_v he_o follow_v the_o even_a and_o level_a ground_n as_o much_o as_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o place_n will_v give_v he_o leave_v and_o take_v in_o fourteen_o mile_n in_o circuit_n and_o make_v the_o like_a fortification_n in_o all_o point_n against_o the_o enemy_n without_o as_o he_o have_v do_v against_o the_o town_n to_o the_o end_n that_o if_o he_o be_v drive_v upon_o occasion_n to_o depart_v and_o leave_v the_o work_n it_o may_v be_v no_o danger_n for_o he_o to_o leave_v the_o camp_n forasmuch_o as_o a_o few_o man_n will_v defend_v it_o he_o command_v every_o man_n to_o have_v forage_n and_o provision_n of_o corn_n for_o thirty_o day_n the_o first_o observation_n i_o promise_v in_o my_o former_a observation_n to_o speak_v somewhat_o touch_v the_o roman_a work_n and_o to_o show_v the_o use_n they_o make_v of_o they_o in_o their_o great_a occasion_n but_o this_o description_n of_o the_o work_n at_o alesia_n do_v so_o far_o exceed_v the_o enlargement_n of_o comment_v word_n that_o it_o have_v drown_v the_o eloquence_n of_o great_a historian_n and_o in_o stead_n of_o exposition_n and_o enforcement_n have_v draw_v from_o they_o speech_n express_v great_a admiration_n than_o belief_n circa_n alesiam_n say_v paterculus_n tantae_fw-la res_fw-la gestae_fw-la quantas_fw-la audere_fw-la vix_fw-la hominis_fw-la perficere_fw-la nullius_fw-la nisi_fw-la dei_fw-la fuerit_fw-la so_o great_a thing_n be_v do_v at_o alesia_n that_o they_o may_v seem_v too_o great_a for_o any_o man_n to_o attempt_v or_o any_o but_o a_o god_n to_o effect_v to_o enclose_v a_o town_n with_o a_o ditch_n and_o a_o rampire_n of_o eleven_o mile_n in_o circuit_n be_v a_o matter_n worthy_a the_o roman_a army_n but_o to_o add_v such_o variety_n of_o work_n and_o to_o make_v such_o strange_a trape_n and_o opposition_n against_o a_o enemy_n be_v admirable_a to_o the_o hearer_n and_o not_o that_o only_a but_o to_o make_v the_o like_a work_n without_o to_o keep_v the_o gall_n from_o raise_v the_o siege_n do_v double_a the_o wonder_n by_o which_o work_n he_o do_v besiege_v and_o be_v besiege_v take_v the_o town_n and_o overthrow_v the_o enemy_n in_o the_o field_n such_o as_o since_o that_o time_n have_v imitate_v this_o industry_n only_o by_o a_o small_a ditch_n and_o a_o rampire_n for_o i_o think_v no_o man_n ever_o make_v such_o work_n have_v wrought_v wonder_n in_o matter_n of_o war_n castruccio_n get_v the_o name_n of_o renew_v the_o ancient_a military_a discipline_n in_o italy_n chief_o for_o that_o he_o besiege_v pistoia_n and_o with_o the_o help_n of_o a_o double_a trench_n according_a to_o the_o example_n of_o caesar_n he_o keep_v in_o the_o pistoyans_n on_o the_o one_o side_n and_o keep_v out_o a_o army_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o thirty_o thousand_o foot_n and_o three_o thousand_o horse_n in_o such_o manner_n as_o in_o the_o end_n he_o
be_v the_o extreme_a contrariety_n of_o opinion_n which_o be_v usual_o deliver_v upon_o dispute_n of_o such_o difficult_a case_n whereinis_fw-la quantum_fw-la alteri_fw-la sententiae_fw-la deest_fw-la animi_fw-la tantum_fw-la alteri_fw-la superesse_fw-la solet_fw-la one_o man_n opinion_n speak_v too_o much_o courage_n and_o another_o as_o much_o too_o little_a civ_o as_o curio_n say_v upon_o the_o like_a occasion_n medio_fw-la tutissimus_fw-la ibis_fw-la the_o mid_n the_o safe_a way_n be_v phoebus_n direction_n to_o his_o son_n phaeton_n in_o a_o matter_n of_o difficulty_n and_o great_a hazard_n and_o observe_v in_o this_o place_n by_o the_o gall_n chap._n xxxiiii_o the_o gall_n do_v set_v upon_o caesar_n camp_n both_o from_o the_o town_n and_o the_o field_n side_n the_o mandubii_fw-la caesar_n who_o have_v receive_v the_o army_n into_o the_o town_n be_v themselves_o thrust_v out_o with_o their_o wife_n and_o child_n they_o coming_z to_o the_o roman_a work_n do_v with_o weep_a tear_n beseech_v they_o to_o receive_v they_o into_o bondage_n and_o relieve_v they_o with_o food_n caesar_n give_v order_n they_o shall_v not_o be_v receive_v and_o set_v a_o guard_n on_o the_o rampire_n to_o keep_v they_o out_o in_o the_o mean_a time_n comius_n and_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o captain_n that_o have_v the_o chief_a command_n give_v they_o come_v to_o alesia_n with_o all_o their_o force_n and_o have_v take_v a_o hill_n on_o the_o outside_n they_o sit_v down_o not_o above_o half_a a_o mile_n from_o our_o work_n the_o next_o day_n bring_v their_o cavalry_n out_o of_o their_o camp_n they_o fill_v all_o that_o plain_a which_o as_o i_o have_v already_o say_v extend_v three_o mile_n in_o length_n before_o the_o town_n set_v their_o foot-force_n a_o little_a distant_a from_o that_o place_n and_o hide_v they_o upon_o high_a ground_n the_o prospect_n lie_v open_a out_o of_o the_o town_n into_o the_o field_n and_o upon_o the_o sight_n of_o these_o succour_n they_o run_v together_o and_o congratulate_v each_o other_o and_o all_o their_o mind_n be_v fill_v with_o gladness_n and_o thereupon_o the_o next_o day_n they_o bring_v their_o force_n and_o place_v they_o before_o the_o town_n and_o begin_v to_o cover_v the_o next_o ditch_n unto_o they_o with_o hurdle_n and_o to_o fill_v it_o up_o with_o earth_n and_o to_o provide_v themselves_o to_o sally_v out_o and_o to_o endure_v all_o chance_n caesar_n have_v dispose_v of_o all_o his_o army_n on_o each_o side_n of_o the_o work_n that_o if_o there_o be_v occasion_n every_o man_n may_v both_o know_v and_o keep_v his_o place_n he_o command_v the_o cavalry_n to_o be_v carry_v out_o of_o the_o camp_n and_o to_o charge_v the_o enemy_n there_o be_v a_o fair_a view_n out_o of_o all_o the_o camp_n which_o be_v seat_v round_o about_o upon_o the_o ridge_n of_o the_o hill_n and_o all_o man_n mind_n be_v bend_v upon_o the_o expectation_n of_o the_o event_n of_o the_o fight_n the_o gall_n have_v mingle_v among_o their_o horse_n some_o few_o archer_n and_o light-armed_n soldier_n which_o may_v relieve_v their_o fellow_n be_v overcharge_v and_o sustain_v the_o force_n and_o assault_v of_o our_o horse_n by_o these_o be_v many_o hurt_n upon_o a_o sudden_a and_o forsake_v the_o fight_n the_o gall_n be_v persuade_v that_o their_o man_n have_v the_o better_a of_o the_o fight_n perceive_v our_o man_n to_o be_v overcharge_v with_o multitude_n on_o all_o side_n as_o well_o those_o that_o be_v besiege_v as_o the_o other_o that_o come_v to_o relieve_v they_o they_o take_v up_o a_o shout_n and_o a_o howl_a to_o encourage_v their_o people_n and_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o matter_n be_v carry_v in_o the_o sight_n of_o all_o man_n so_o that_o nothing_o can_v be_v hide_v whether_o it_o be_v well_o or_o ill_o do_v the_o desire_n of_o honour_n and_o the_o fear_n of_o ignominy_n do_v stir_v up_o both_o side_n to_o prowess_n and_o valour_n and_o have_v fight_v with_o a_o doubtful_a fortune_n from_o noontide_a until_o almost_o sunsetting_a the_o german_n on_o the_o one_o side_n with_o thick-thronged_n troop_n give_v a_o fierce_a charge_n upon_o the_o enemy_n and_o put_v they_o to_o flight_v whereby_o it_o happen_v that_o the_o archer_n be_v circumvent_v and_o slay_v in_o like_a manner_n on_o the_o other_o side_n our_o mea_fw-la find_v they_o to_o give_v ground_n do_v follow_v they_o even_o to_o their_o camp_n and_o give_v they_o no_o time_n to_o recover_v themselves_o such_o as_o be_v come_v out_o of_o alesia_n return_v back_o sad_a into_o the_o town_n despair_v of_o victory_n one_o day_n be_v intermit_v in_o which_o time_n they_o make_v provision_n of_o great_a store_n of_o hurdle_n ladder_n and_o hook_n about_o midnight_n they_o march_v silent_o out_o of_o their_o camp_n and_o come_v to_o the_o work_n on_o the_o field_n side_n and_o take_v up_o a_o sudden_a shout_n to_o give_v notice_n of_o their_o come_n to_o they_o of_o the_o town_n they_o cast_v their_o hurdle_n upon_o the_o ditch_n and_o with_o sling_n arrow_n and_o stone_n they_o begin_v to_o put_v our_o man_n from_o the_o rampire_n and_o to_o put_v in_o practice_v such_o thing_n as_o belong_v to_o a_o siege_n at_o the_o same_o time_n the_o shout_n be_v hear_v vercingetorix_n sound_v the_o trumpet_n and_o bring_v his_o man_n out_o of_o the_o town_n our_o man_n betake_v themselves_o to_o the_o fortification_n according_a as_o every_o man_n place_n be_v allot_v he_o the_o day_n before_o and_o with_o sling_n and_o bullet_n which_o they_o have_v lay_v ready_a upon_o the_o work_n they_o do_v beat_v down_o the_o gall_n their_o sight_n be_v take_v away_o through_o the_o darkness_n of_o the_o night_n many_o wound_n be_v receive_v on_o both_o side_n and_o many_o weapon_n be_v cast_v out_o of_o engine_n m._n antonius_n and_o c._n trebonius_n legates_n who_o have_v the_o charge_n of_o those_o part_n where_o our_o man_n be_v most_o lay_v to_o cause_v man_n to_o be_v take_v out_o of_o the_o further_a castle_n and_o to_o be_v bring_v to_o second_v they_o the_o gall_n be_v a_o good_a way_n distant_a from_o the_o work_n do_v much_o hurt_n with_o multitude_n of_o weapon_n but_o approach_v near_o either_o they_o strike_v themselves_o unwitting_o upon_o the_o galthrop_n or_o fall_v into_o the_o hole_n be_v strike_v through_o the_o body_n with_o the_o sharp_a stake_n or_o die_v with_o mural_a pile_n be_v cast_v from_o the_o rampire_n and_o the_o tower_n many_o wound_n be_v receive_v on_o all_o side_n as_o the_o day_n appear_v the_o gall_n fear_v lest_o they_o shall_v be_v charge_v on_o the_o open_a side_n by_o a_o sally_n from_o the_o upper_a camp_n retire_v back_o again_o to_o their_o fellow_n on_o the_o inner_a side_n whilst_o they_o bring_v out_o such_o thing_n as_o be_v prepare_v beforehand_o by_o vercingetorix_n and_o be_v fill_v up_o the_o first_o ditch_n be_v somewhat_o long_o in_o the_o execution_n of_o these_o thing_n they_o understand_v that_o the_o other_o gall_n be_v depart_v before_o they_o themselves_o can_v come_v near_o the_o work_n and_o thereupon_o they_o return_v into_o the_o town_n without_o do_v any_o thing_n observation_n the_o gall_n commit_v the_o command_n of_o this_o great_a army_n to_o four_o general_n general_n contrary_a to_o practice_v of_o warlike_a nation_n and_o the_o order_n which_o nature_n observe_v throughout_o all_o the_o several_a kind_n of_o creature_n among_o who_o there_o be_v never_o body_n find_v of_o many_o head_n but_o one_o hydra_n be_v make_v as_o it_o seem_v or_o rather_o feign_v to_o be_v make_v to_o the_o end_n that_o hercules_n may_v have_v a_o task_n answerable_a to_o himself_o and_o make_v it_o one_o of_o his_o twelve_o labour_n to_o kill_v the_o beast_n the_o serpent_n amphisibaena_n be_v say_v to_o have_v two_o head_n amphisibaena_fw-la whereby_o she_o either_o lose_v the_o use_n of_o local_a motion_n or_o at_o the_o least_o move_v so_o imperfect_o one_o head_n take_v one_o way_n and_o the_o other_o another_o way_n as_o there_o be_v no_o certain_a or_o direct_a passage_n in_o her_o creep_v these_o many-headed_a army_n do_v resemble_v these_o serpent_n be_v carry_v according_a to_o the_o sense_n of_o their_o several_a head_n and_o distract_v by_o the_o diversity_n of_o their_o many_o leader_n the_o government_n of_o rome_n consist_v of_o several_a magistrate_n have_v sovereign_a authority_n give_v occasion_n oftentimes_o to_o make_v two_o head_n to_o one_o body_n but_o with_o such_o success_n as_o they_o be_v force_v in_o the_o end_n to_o create_v one_o head_n for_o the_o repair_n of_o that_o loss_n which_o the_o multiplicity_n of_o leader_n have_v bring_v upon_o their_o state_n as_o it_o happen_v in_o the_o war_n against_o the_o fidenates_n revolt_v which_o nothing_o but_o their_o recourse_n to_o a_o dictator_n can_v make_v happy_a to_o their_o empire_n whereupon_o livy_n say_v tres_fw-la tribuni_fw-la
better_a understanding_n of_o this_o noble_a history_n to_o say_v somewhat_o of_o the_o person_n here_o mention_v and_o first_o of_o fabius_n fabius_n as_o descend_v of_o the_o noble_a and_o most_o ancient_a family_n of_o the_o patrician_n order_n be_v able_a of_o themselves_o to_o maintain_v war_n a_o long_a time_n against_o the_o veij_n a_o strong_a and_o warlike_a town_n until_o at_o length_n they_o be_v all_o unfortunate_o slay_v by_o a_o ambushment_n fastis_fw-la which_o ovid_n mention_v where_o he_o say_v haec_fw-la fuit_fw-la illa_fw-la dies_fw-la in_fw-la qua_fw-la veientibus_fw-la arvis_fw-la tercentum_fw-la fabâ—iter_fw-la cecidere_fw-la duo_fw-la this_o be_v that_o black_a day_n when_o in_o veian_a field_n three_o hundred_o and_o six_o fabiâ—_n be_v kill_v only_o there_o remain_v of_o that_o house_n a_o child_n then_o keep_v at_o rome_n which_o in_o tract_n of_o time_n multiply_v into_o six_o great_a family_n all_o which_o have_v their_o turn_n in_o the_o high_a charge_n and_o dignity_n of_o the_o commonweal_n among_o who_o he_o that_o supplant_v hannibal_n by_o temporize_v and_o get_v thereby_o the_o surname_n of_o maximus_n max._n be_v most_o famous_a as_o ennius_n witness_v unus_n homo_fw-la nobis_fw-la cunctando_fw-la restituit_fw-la rem_fw-la non_fw-la ponebat_fw-la enim_fw-la rumores_fw-la ante_fw-la salutem_fw-la ergo_fw-la postque_fw-la magisque_fw-la viri_fw-la nunc_fw-la gloria_fw-la claret_n one_o man_n by_o wise_a delay_n have_v save_v our_o state_n who_o rumour_n after_o public_a safety_n set_v for_o which_o his_o fame_n grow_v every_o day_n more_o great_a but_o c._n fabius_n here_o mention_v never_o attain_v to_o any_o place_n of_o magistracy_n other_o than_o such_o command_n as_o he_o hold_v in_o the_o war_n under_o caesar_n lentulus_n lentulus_n the_o consul_n be_v of_o the_o house_n of_o the_o cornelii_n from_o who_o be_v say_v to_o come_v sixteen_o consul_n he_o be_v from_o the_o beginning_n a_o mortal_a enemy_n to_o caesar_n and_o so_o continue_v to_o his_o death_n which_o fall_v unto_o he_o in_o egypt_n by_o commandment_n of_o king_n ptolemy_n after_o pompey_n be_v slay_v scipio_n be_v father_n in_o law_n to_o pompey_n after_o the_o death_n of_o caesar_n daughter_n scipio_n and_o by_o that_o mean_v obtain_v the_o government_n of_o asia_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o civil_a war_n he_o bring_v good_a succour_n to_o assist_v his_o son_n in_o law_n as_o it_o follow_v in_o the_o three_o commentary_n and_o upon_o the_o overthrow_n at_o pharsalia_n he_o flee_v into_o africa_n where_o he_o renew_v the_o war_n and_o become_v chief_a commander_n of_o the_o remain_a party_n against_o caesar_n but_o be_v in_o the_o end_n defeat_v he_o make_v towards_o spain_n and_o fear_v by_o the_o way_n lest_o he_o shall_v fall_v into_o his_o enemy_n hand_n he_o slay_v himself_o marcellus_n be_v of_o the_o ancient_a family_n of_o the_o claudii_n marcellus_n which_o come_v original_o from_o the_o sabine_n on_o his_o behalf_n there_o be_v a_o oration_n extant_a of_o tully_n entitle_v pro_fw-la marcello_n he_o be_v afterward_o slay_v by_o one_o chilo_n m._n antonius_n be_v famous_a in_o all_o the_o roman_a history_n anton._n for_o attain_v in_o a_o small_a time_n to_o so_o great_a a_o height_n in_o that_o government_n for_o in_o all_o the_o war_n of_o gallia_n he_o be_v but_o a_o treasurer_n under_o caesar_n which_o be_v the_o least_o of_o all_o public_a place_n of_o charge_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o civil_a warn_v he_o be_v make_v tribune_n of_o the_o people_n and_o within_o less_o than_o eight_o year_n after_o come_v to_o be_v fellow-partner_n with_o octavius_n caesar_n in_o the_o government_n of_o the_o empire_n and_o if_o cleopatra_n beauty_n have_v not_o blind_v he_o he_o may_v have_v easy_o through_o the_o favour_n of_o the_o soldier_n supplant_v his_o competitor_n and_o seize_v upon_o the_o monarchy_n the_o name_n of_o cassius_n be_v ominous_a for_o trouble_v to_o the_o state_n of_o rome_n cassiâ—s_n and_o their_o end_n be_v as_o unfortunate_a this_o l._n cassius_n for_o his_o part_n after_o the_o great_a trouble_n he_o have_v stir_v up_o in_o spain_n be_v drown_v in_o the_o mouth_n of_o the_o river_n eber._n piso_n be_v make_v censor_n in_o the_o consulship_n of_o l._n paulus_n and_o claudius_n marcellus_n piso_n have_v himself_o be_v consul_n eight_o year_n before_o in_o the_o year_n of_o rome_n 695_o succeed_v caesar_n and_o bibulus_n and_o be_v the_o man_n against_o who_o tully_n pen_v that_o oration_n which_o be_v extant_a in_o pisonem_fw-la touch_v the_o office_n of_o censor_n it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o about_o the_o year_n of_o rome_n 310_o the_o consul_n be_v distract_v with_o multiplicity_n of_o foreign_a business_n omit_v the_o censure_n or_o assessment_n of_o the_o city_n for_o some_o year_n together_o whereupon_o it_o be_v afterward_o think_v fit_a that_o there_o shall_v be_v a_o peculiar_a officer_n appoint_v for_o that_o service_n and_o to_o be_v call_v censor_n forasmuch_o as_o every_o man_n be_v to_o be_v tax_v rank_v and_o value_v according_a to_o his_o opinion_n and_o censure_n the_o first_o part_n of_o their_o office_n consist_v in_o a_o account_n or_o valuation_n of_o the_o number_n age_n order_n dignity_n and_o possession_n of_o the_o roman_a citizen_n for_o it_o be_v very_o material_a for_o the_o state_n to_o know_v the_o number_n of_o their_o people_n citizen_n to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v be_v inform_v of_o their_o own_o strength_n and_o so_o shape_v their_o course_n according_o either_o in_o undertake_v war_n transplant_n colony_n or_o in_o make_v provision_n of_o victual_n in_o time_n of_o peace_n it_o be_v also_o as_o requisite_a to_o know_v every_o man_n age_n age_n whereby_o they_o grow_v capable_a of_o honour_n and_o office_n fast_n according_a to_o that_o of_o ovid_n finitaque_fw-la certis_fw-la legibus_fw-la est_fw-la aetas_fw-la unde_fw-la petatur_fw-la honos_fw-la in_o certain_a law_n age_n be_v define_v 4._o and_o thence_o be_v honour_n have_v m._n antonius_n command_v that_o the_o name_n of_o the_o roman_a child_n shall_v be_v bring_v into_o the_o treasury_n within_o thirty_o day_n after_o they_o be_v bear_v 3._o according_a to_o which_o custom_n cens_fw-la francis_n the_o french_a king_n publish_v a_o edict_n anno_fw-la 1539_o that_o every_o parish_n shall_v keep_v a_o register_n of_o burial_n and_o christen_n which_o since_o that_o time_n be_v use_v in_o england_n the_o distinction_n of_o condition_n and_o state_n call_n range_v every_o man_n in_o his_o proper_a order_n be_v as_o necessary_a in_o the_o commonweal_n ability_n and_o as_o worthy_a of_o the_o censor_n notice_n as_o any_o thing_n beside_o neither_o may_v the_o assessment_n of_o man_n ability_n be_v omit_v which_o be_v ordain_v that_o every_o man_n may_v bear_v a_o part_n in_o the_o service_n of_o the_o state_n in_o which_o respect_n 6._o servius_n tullus_n be_v commend_v for_o rate_v man_n according_a to_o their_o wealth_n whereas_o before_o that_o time_n every_o man_n pay_v alike_o for_o man_n be_v take_v to_o be_v interest_v in_o the_o commonweal_n according_a to_o their_o mean_n the_o last_o and_o base_a sort_n of_o citizen_n be_v name_v capitecensi_fw-la aetis_n and_o be_v set_v in_o the_o subsidy_n at_o three_o hundred_o seventy_o five_o piece_n of_o money_n such_o as_o be_v not_o assess_v have_v no_o voice_n in_o the_o commonweal_n the_o second_o and_o chief_a part_n of_o this_o office_n be_v in_o reform_v manner_n 6._o as_o the_o ground-plot_n and_o foundation_n of_o every_o commonwealth_n to_o which_o end_n they_o have_v power_n to_o inquire_v into_o every_o man_n life_n if_o any_o one_o have_v play_v the_o ill_a husband_n and_o neglect_v his_o farm_n or_o leave_v his_o vine_n untrimmed_a the_o censor_n take_v notice_n of_o it_o if_o a_o roman_a knight_n keep_v his_o horse_n lean_a it_o be_v a_o matter_n for_o they_o to_o look_v into_o they_o depose_v or_o bring_v in_o new_a senator_n they_o review_v all_o degree_n and_o condition_n of_o man_n advance_v this_o man_n from_o a_o mean_a tribe_n to_o a_o more_o honourable_a and_o pull_v another_o down_o they_o have_v the_o care_n of_o building_n repair_v of_o high_a way_n with_o other_o public_a work_n and_o be_v repute_v of_o the_o best_a rank_n of_o magistrate_n in_o rome_n roscius_n l._n roscius_n have_v former_o be_v one_o of_o caesar_n legate_n in_o gallia_n as_o appear_v in_o the_o five_o commentary_n tertiam_fw-la in_o essuos_fw-la l._n roscio_n the_o three_o legion_n among_o the_o essui_n under_o l._n roscius_n the_o prator_n be_v judge_n in_o cause_n of_o controversy_n and_o difference_n between_o party_n and_o party_n and_o be_v as_o the_o caddy_n among_o the_o turk_n chap._n iii_o the_o senate_n prepare_v for_o war_n the_o next_o day_n after_o the_o senate_n assemble_v out_o of_o the_o city_n law_n where_o pompey_n according_a to_o such_o instruction_n as_o he_o have_v former_o give_v to_o scipio_n extol_v
they_o have_v consult_v of_o the_o matter_n make_v a_o answer_n in_o writing_n and_o return_v it_o by_o they_o to_o caesar_n whereof_o this_o be_v the_o effect_n that_o he_o shall_v return_v into_o gallia_n quit_v ariminum_n and_o dismiss_v his_o army_n which_o if_o he_o do_v pompey_n will_v then_o go_v into_o spain_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n until_o assurance_n be_v give_v that_o caesar_n will_v perform_v as_o much_o as_o he_o promise_v the_o consul_n and_o pompey_n will_v not_o forbear_v to_o levy_v soldier_n the_o condition_n be_v too_o unequal_a to_o require_v caesar_n to_o leave_v ariminum_n and_o to_o return_v into_o his_o province_n and_o pompey_n to_o hold_v province_n and_o legion_n belong_v to_o other_o man_n to_o have_v caesar_n dismiss_v his_o army_n and_o he_o to_o raise_v new_a troop_n to_o promise_v simple_o to_o go_v to_o his_o government_n but_o to_o assign_v no_o day_n for_o his_o departure_n insomuch_o that_o if_o he_o have_v not_o go_v until_o caesar_n time_n of_o government_n have_v expire_v he_o can_v not_o have_v be_v blame_v for_o falsify_v his_o promise_n but_o forasmuch_o as_o they_o appoint_v no_o time_n for_o a_o conference_n nor_o make_v any_o show_n of_o come_v near_o there_o can_v no_o hope_n be_v conceive_v of_o peace_n the_o first_o observation_n caesar_n lie_v at_o ravenna_n within_o his_o government_n of_o gallia_n and_o understand_v how_o matter_n pass_v at_o rome_n caesaris_fw-la according_a as_o plutarch_n report_v command_v divers_a of_o his_o centurion_n to_o go_v before_o to_o ariminum_n without_o any_o other_o armour_n than_o their_o sword_n and_o to_o possess_v themselves_o thereof_o with_o as_o little_a tumult_n as_o they_o can_v and_o then_o leave_v the_o troop_n about_o he_o to_o be_v command_v by_o hortensius_n he_o continue_v a_o whole_a day_n together_o in_o public_a sight_n of_o all_o man_n to_o behold_v the_o fence_n of_o the_o sword-player_n at_o night_n he_o bathe_v his_o body_n and_o then_o keep_v company_n with_o such_o as_o he_o have_v bid_v to_o supper_n and_o after_o a_o while_n rise_v from_o the_o table_n wish_v every_o man_n to_o keep_v his_o place_n for_o he_o will_v instant_o come_v again_o howbeit_o have_v secret_o command_v some_o of_o his_o follower_n to_o attend_v he_o in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v give_v least_o suspicion_n he_o himself_o take_v a_o coach_n which_o he_o have_v hire_v 96._o and_o make_v show_n of_o go_v a_o contrary_a way_n turn_v sudden_o towards_o ariminum_n when_o he_o come_v to_o the_o little_a river_n rubicon_n which_o divide_v his_o government_n from_o the_o rest_n of_o italy_n he_o stand_v confound_v through_o remose_n of_o his_o desperate_a design_n and_o wist_v not_o whether_o it_o be_v better_a to_o return_v or_o go_v on_o but_o in_o the_o end_n lay_v aside_o all_o doubtful_a cogitation_n he_o resolve_v upon_o a_o desperate_a adage_n dice_n import_v as_o much_o as_o fall_v back_o fall_v edge_n and_o pass_v over_o the_o river_n never_o stay_v run_v with_o his_o coach_n until_o he_o come_v within_o the_o city_n of_o ariminum_n 2._o where_o he_o meet_v curio_n and_o antonius_n tribune_n of_o the_o people_n and_o show_v they_o to_o the_o soldier_n as_o they_o be_v drive_v to_o fly_v out_o of_o rome_n disguise_v like_o slave_n in_o a_o carrier_n cart_n it_o be_v say_v that_o the_o night_n before_o he_o pass_v over_o this_o river_n he_o dream_v that_o he_o lie_v with_o his_o mother_n in_o a_o unnatural_a sense_n but_o of_o that_o he_o himself_o make_v no_o mention_n this_o city_n of_o ariminum_n be_v now_o call_v râ—mini_n and_o stand_v in_o romania_n upon_o the_o adriatic_a sea_n in_o the_o pope_n dominion_n the_o river_n rubâ—con_n be_v ancient_o the_o bound_n of_o gallia_n over_o which_o augustus_n cause_v a_o fair_a bridge_n to_o be_v build_v with_o this_o inscription_n jussu_fw-la mandatuve_a p._n r._n cos._n imp._n mili_n tiro_n commilito_fw-la manipularis-ve_a cent_z turmaeve_a legionari-ve_a armat_fw-la quisquis_fw-la es._n hic_fw-la sistito_fw-la vexillum_fw-la sinito_fw-la nec_fw-la citra_fw-la hunc_fw-la amnem_fw-la rubiconem_fw-la ductum_fw-la commeatum_fw-la exercitum-ve_a traducito_fw-la si_fw-it quis_fw-la hujusce_fw-la jussionis_fw-la ergo_fw-la adversus_fw-la fecit_fw-la feceritve_a adjudicatus_fw-la esto_fw-la hostess_fw-la p._n r._n ac_fw-la si_fw-it contra_fw-la patriam_fw-la arma_fw-la tulerit_fw-la sacrosque_fw-la penates_fw-la e._n penetralibus_fw-la asportaverit_fw-la sancio_fw-la plebisci_n senatus-ve_a consult_v ultra_fw-la hos_fw-la fines_n arma_fw-la proffer_n liceat_fw-la nemini_fw-la s._n p._n q._n r._n the_o substance_n whereof_o be_v that_o it_o shall_v be_v unlawful_a for_o any_o man_n to_o come_v over_o the_o say_a river_n arm_v under_o penalty_n of_o be_v adjudge_v a_o enemy_n to_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o a_o invader_n of_o his_o own_o country_n the_o second_o observation_n if_o this_o manner_n of_o proceed_v be_v bring_v into_o dispute_n and_o the_o reason_n require_v why_o caesar_n keep_v not_o himself_o in_o the_o province_n of_o gallia_n where_o he_o may_v have_v hold_v his_o government_n according_a to_o his_o own_o desire_n or_o otherwise_o have_v draw_v his_o adversary_n to_o buckle_v with_o the_o strength_n of_o those_o conquer_a legion_n and_o so_o bring_v the_o business_n to_o a_o short_a end_n with_o as_o great_a probability_n of_o good_a success_n as_o by_o any_o hazard_n of_o undertake_v it_o be_v to_o be_v understand_v that_o in_o case_n of_o this_o nature_n which_o seldom_o admit_v any_o treaty_n of_o accord_n he_o that_o strike_v first_o and_o have_v the_o advantage_n of_o the_o forehand_n be_v well_o enter_v into_o the_o way_n of_o victory_n for_o the_o rule_n be_v of_o old_a significes_fw-la that_o if_o a_o enemy_n have_v a_o design_n in_o hand_n it_o be_v far_o more_o safe_a to_o begin_v first_o and_o by_o way_n of_o prevention_n to_o give_v the_o onset_n on_o he_o rather_o than_o to_o show_v a_o readiness_n of_o resist_v his_o assault_n for_o if_o blow_n of_o necessity_n must_v be_v way-maker_n to_o peace_n it_o be_v a_o mistake_v to_o be_v either_o want_v or_o behindhand_o therein_o beside_o the_o gain_n which_o attend_v this_o advantage_n 6._o for_o he_o that_o stand_v affect_v to_o deny_v what_o be_v just_a negat_fw-la and_o of_o right_n due_a do_v nevertheless_o grant_v all_o thing_n which_o the_o sword_n require_v and_o will_v not_o stick_v to_o supply_v all_o unjust_a refusal_n with_o as_o great_a a_o overplus_n of_o what_o may_v be_v demand_v 1._o for_o which_o cause_n caesar_n stay_v not_o the_o come_n of_o his_o whole_a army_n but_o begin_v with_o those_o force_n which_o be_v ready_a at_o hand_n and_o so_o prevent_v all_o intendment_n he_o put_v his_o adversary_n to_o such_o a_o straight_a that_o they_o quit_v italy_n for_o fear_n and_o leave_v rome_n with_o whatsoever_o be_v sacred_a or_o precious_a therein_o to_o the_o mercy_n of_o they_o who_o they_o have_v adjudge_v enemy_n to_o their_o country_n chap._n vi_o caesar_n take_v divers_a municipal_a to_n for_o which_o regard_n caesar_n he_o send_v m._n antonius_n with_o five_o cohort_n to_o aretium_n man_n but_o he_o himself_o stay_v at_o ariminum_n with_o two_o legion_n and_o there_o intend_v to_o enrol_v new_a troop_n tignium_n and_o with_o several_a cohort_n take_v pisaurum_n fanum_n and_o ancona_n in_o the_o mean_a while_n be_v advertise_v that_o thermus_n the_o praetor_n do_v hold_v tignium_n with_o five_o cohort_n and_o fortify_v the_o place_n and_o that_o all_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v well_o incline_v towards_o he_o he_o send_v curio_n thither_o with_o three_o cohort_n which_o he_o have_v at_o pisaurum_n and_o ariminum_n upon_o notice_n of_o who_o come_v thermus_n doubt_v of_o the_o affection_n of_o the_o town_n draw_v his_o cohort_n forth_o of_o the_o city_n and_o flee_v the_o soldier_n by_o the_o way_n go_v from_o he_o and_o repair_v homeward_o curio_n be_v there_o receive_v with_o the_o great_a contentment_n and_o satisfaction_n of_o all_o man_n upon_o notice_n whereof_o caesar_n conceive_v hope_n of_o the_o favourable_a affection_n of_o the_o municipal_a town_n bring_v the_o cohort_n of_o the_o thirteen_o legion_n out_o of_o their_o garrison_n varus_n and_o march_v towards_o auximum_n a_o town_n hold_v by_o actius_n with_o certain_a cohort_n which_o he_o have_v bring_v thither_o with_o he_o who_o have_v send_v out_o divers_a senator_n picenum_n make_v a_o levy_v of_o man_n throughout_o all_o the_o country_n of_o picenum_n caesar_n come_v being_n know_v the_o decuriones_fw-la of_o auximum_n repair_v to_o actius_n varus_n accompany_v with_o great_a troop_n of_o people_n and_o tell_v he_o that_o the_o matter_n concern_v not_o he_o at_o all_o for_o neither_o themselves_o nor_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o municipal_a town_n will_v shut_v their_o gate_n against_o such_o a_o commander_n as_o caesar_n be_v that_o by_o great_a and_o worthy_a service_n have_v so_o well_o deserve_v of_o the_o commonwealth_n and_o therefore_o advise_v he_o
march_n he_o make_v towards_o domitius_n aeâ—obarous_a aenobarb_n who_o be_v at_o corfinium_n corfinium_n tell_v he_o that_o caesar_n be_v at_o hand_n with_o two_o legion_n domitius_n have_v raise_v twenty_o cohort_n out_o of_o albania_n marsia_n marsia_n and_o pelignia_n pelignia_fw-la adjacent_a country_n asculum_n be_v take_v in_o and_o lentulus_n drive_v out_o caesar_n make_v inquiry_n after_o the_o soldier_n that_o have_v leave_v lentulus_n and_o command_v they_o to_o be_v enrol_v for_o he_o and_o after_o one_o day_n abode_n for_o the_o provision_n of_o corn_n he_o march_v towards_o corfinium_n upon_o his_o approach_n thither_o domitius_n send_v five_o cohort_n out_o of_o the_o town_n man_n to_o break_v down_o the_o bridge_n of_o the_o river_n which_o be_v about_o three_o mile_n off_o the_o vanguard_n of_o caesar_n army_n incounter_v with_o domitius_n soldier_n drive_v they_o from_o the_o bridge_n and_o force_v they_o to_o retreat_v into_o the_o town_n whereby_o caesar_n pass_v over_o his_o legion_n make_v a_o stand_n before_o the_o town_n and_o encamp_v himself_o under_o the_o wall_n the_o first_o observation_n it_o be_v well_o observe_v by_o guicciardine_n 2._o that_o insolency_n and_o timidity_n be_v never_o find_v asunder_o but_o do_v always_o accompany_v one_o another_o in_o the_o same_o subject_n for_o the_o mind_n be_v the_o centre_n of_o all_o such_o motion_n do_v according_a to_o every_o man_n nature_n give_v the_o like_a scope_n to_o passion_n of_o contrariety_n and_o extend_v they_o both_o to_o a_o equidistant_a circumference_n as_o if_o courage_n shall_v happen_v to_o dilate_v itself_o to_o insolency_n then_o be_v doubtfulness_n in_o like_a manner_n enlarge_v to_o cowardice_n and_o will_v embase_v man_n thought_n as_o low_o as_o they_o do_v rise_v in_o height_n by_o insult_v for_o which_o cause_n it_o be_v advise_v by_o such_o as_o treat_v of_o morality_n that_o man_n be_v well_o wary_a in_o admit_v dilatation_n of_o passion_n or_o in_o suffer_v they_o to_o fly_v out_o beyond_o the_o compass_n of_o reason_n which_o contain_v the_o measure_n of_o aequability_n officiis_n commend_v by_o cicero_n to_o be_v observe_v throughout_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o man_n life_n lentulus_n the_o consul_n may_v be_v a_o instance_n of_o this_o weakness_n and_o learn_v other_o moderation_n by_o shun_v his_o intemperancy_n for_o in_o question_n of_o qualify_a the_o rage_n of_o these_o broil_n and_o sort_v of_o thing_n to_o a_o peaceable_a end_n his_o arrogancy_n be_v incompatible_a with_o term_n of_o agreement_n and_o oversway_v the_o senate_n with_o heedless_a impetuosity_n and_o again_o when_o his_o authority_n and_o consular_a gravity_n shall_v have_v settle_v the_o distract_a commons_o and_o make_v good_a his_o first_o resolution_n his_o overhasty_a fly_v out_o of_o the_o city_n do_v rather_o induce_v the_o people_n to_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v no_o safety_n within_o those_o wall_n not_o for_o so_o small_a a_o time_n as_o may_v serve_v to_o have_v shut_v the_o treasury_n at_o his_o heel_n and_o so_o he_o become_v as_o abject_a as_o before_o he_o show_v himself_o insolent_a concern_v these_o word_n aperto_fw-la sanctiore_fw-la aerario_fw-la aerarium_fw-la render_v the_o inner_a chamber_n of_o the_o treasury_n leave_v open_a it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v that_o aerarium_fw-la be_v their_o public_a treasury_n and_o by_o the_o appointment_n of_o valerius_n publicola_n festus_n be_v make_v within_o the_o temple_n of_o saturn_n whereof_o divers_a man_n make_v divers_a conjecture_n macrobius_n say_v that_o as_o long_o as_o saturn_n continue_v in_o italy_n there_o be_v no_o theft_n commit_v in_o all_o the_o country_n and_o therefore_o his_o temple_n be_v think_v the_o safe_a place_n to_o keep_v money_n in_o plutarch_n think_v rather_o that_o the_o make_n of_o the_o treasury_n in_o that_o place_n do_v allude_v to_o the_o integrity_n of_o the_o time_n wherein_o saturn_n reign_v for_o avarice_n and_o deceit_n be_v not_o then_o know_v among_o they_o s._n cyprian_n be_v of_o a_o opinion_n that_o saturn_n first_o teach_v italy_n the_o use_n and_o coinage_n of_o money_n and_o therefore_o they_o give_v the_o keep_n thereof_o to_o his_o deity_n howsoever_o it_o be_v manifest_a that_o not_o only_o the_o public_a treasure_n be_v there_o keep_v but_o also_o their_o record_n chart_n ordinance_n and_o edict_n together_o with_o such_o book_n as_o be_v elephantini_n for_o their_o immeasurable_a greatness_n call_v libri_fw-la elephantini_n contain_v all_o their_o act_n of_o senate_n and_o deed_n of_o arm_n achieve_v by_o the_o commander_n abroad_o as_o also_o their_o military_a ensign_n which_o they_o fetch_v always_o from_o thence_o when_o they_o go_v into_o the_o field_n 4._o and_o there_o likewise_o do_v such_o ambassador_n as_o come_v to_o rome_n enregister_n their_o name_n as_o plutarch_n affirm_v it_o be_v call_v aerarium_fw-la of_o ae_z signify_v brass_n for_o that_o the_o first_o money_n use_v by_o the_o roman_n be_v of_o that_o metal_n until_o the_o year_n of_o rome_n 485_o as_o pliny_n witness_v 33._o when_o they_o begin_v first_o to_o coin_v piece_n of_o silver_n mark_v with_o the_o letter_n x._o whereof_o the_o ytook_v the_o appellation_n of_o denarium_fw-la as_o value_v ten_o ass_n of_o brass_n which_o before_o they_o use_v for_o their_o coin_n and_o every_o of_o the_o say_a ass_n weigh_v 12_o ounce_n touch_v their_o order_n observe_v in_o their_o treasury_n for_o their_o dispose_n and_o lay_v up_o of_o their_o money_n we_o must_v understand_v that_o as_o body_n politic_a require_v necessary_a and_o ordinary_a treasure_n to_o be_v employ_v in_o such_o manner_n as_o may_v best_o concur_v with_o the_o public_a honour_n and_o weal_n of_o the_o same_o so_o there_o must_v be_v special_a care_n to_o provide_v against_o unusual_a and_o extraordinary_a casualty_n which_o be_v not_o remove_v but_o by_o speedy_a and_o effectual_a remedy_n according_a to_o which_o providence_n the_o roman_n dispose_v of_o their_o treasure_n and_o take_v the_o twenty_o part_n of_o their_o receipt_n which_o they_o call_v aurum_fw-la vicesimarium_fw-la vicesimarium_fw-la and_o reserve_v it_o apart_o in_o a_o inner_a chamber_n where_o it_o lay_v so_o privilege_v that_o it_o be_v a_o capital_a crime_n to_o touch_v it_o but_o in_o extreme_a and_o desperate_a necessity_n as_o in_o time_n of_o war_n with_o the_o gall_n or_o in_o a_o sedition_n and_o tumult_n of_o the_o people_n livy_n affirm_v as_o much_o where_o he_o say_v 24._o caetera_fw-la expedientibus_fw-la quae_fw-la ad_fw-la bellum_fw-la opus_fw-la erant_fw-la consulibus_fw-la aurum_fw-la vicesimarium_fw-la quod_fw-la in_o sanctiore_fw-la aerario_fw-la adultimos_fw-la casus_fw-la servatur_fw-la promi_fw-la placuit_fw-la prompta_fw-la ad_fw-la quatuor_fw-la millia_fw-la pondo_fw-la auri._n the_o consul_n furnish_v all_o other_o thing_n needful_a for_o the_o war_n it_o be_v resolve_v that_o the_o vicessimary_a gold_n shall_v be_v bring_v forth_o and_o employ_v which_o say_v gold_n be_v reserve_v in_o the_o inner_a treasury_n till_o such_o time_n as_o affair_n happen_v to_o be_v in_o a_o desperate_a condition_n according_o there_o be_v 4000_o pound_n of_o gold_n take_v out_o the_o second_o observation_n such_o as_o affect_v office_n and_o dignity_n in_o a_o state_n must_v ever_o have_v mean_n to_o court_v sovereignty_n according_a as_o may_v best_o suit_v with_o her_o politia_n either_o as_o she_o be_v espouse_v to_o a_o monarch_n or_o leave_v in_o trust_n to_o a_o multitude_n hence_o it_o be_v that_o the_o roman_n to_o gain_v the_o favour_n of_o the_o people_n and_o to_o make_v way_n for_o their_o own_o end_n be_v very_o sumptuous_a in_o set_v forth_o show_v and_o spectacle_n of_o divers_a sort_n and_o fashion_n and_o special_o of_o gladiator_n or_o fencer_n as_o best_o fit_v a_o roman_a disposition_n and_o more_o please_a than_o other_o of_o any_o kind_n roscio_n equidem_fw-la say_v tully_n existimo_fw-la nullum_fw-la tempus_fw-la esse_fw-la frequentioris_fw-la populi_fw-la quam_fw-la illud_fw-la gladiatorum_fw-la neque_fw-la concionis_fw-la ullius_fw-la neque_fw-la vero_fw-la ullorum_fw-la comitiorum_fw-la i_o very_o believe_v that_o there_o be_v at_o no_o time_n a_o great_a concourse_n of_o people_n then_o be_v at_o the_o fenceing-playes_a neither_o at_o a_o oration_n nor_o at_o a_o assembly_n of_o the_o state_n and_o in_o another_o place_n id_fw-la autem_fw-la spectaculi_fw-la genus_fw-la erat_fw-la quodomni_fw-la frequentia_fw-la atque_fw-la omni_fw-la hominum_fw-la genere_fw-la celebratur_fw-la quo_fw-la multitudo_fw-la maxim_n delectatur_fw-la that_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o show_n which_o be_v celebrate_v with_o the_o flock_v together_o of_o all_o sort_n of_o people_n it_o be_v a_o thing_n the_o multitude_n be_v extreme_o delight_v with_o their_o manner_n be_v to_o keep_v great_a number_n of_o these_o fencer_n in_o some_o convenient_a and_o healthful_a town_n of_o italy_n as_o at_o ravenna_n and_o capua_n which_o be_v as_o seminary_n of_o these_o people_n and_o there_o to_o train_v they_o up_o in_o the_o feat_n of_o fence_v until_o they_o have_v
occasion_n to_o use_v they_o in_o their_o show_n bustis_fw-la either_o at_o their_o triumphal_a entry_n into_o the_o city_n upon_o their_o victory_n or_o at_o the_o funeral_n solemnity_n of_o some_o personage_n of_o memory_n or_o otherwise_o at_o their_o feast_n and_o jollity_n quinetiam_fw-la exhilarare_fw-la viris_fw-la convivia_fw-la caede_fw-la mos_fw-la olim_fw-la itaâ—_n &_o miscere_fw-la epulis_fw-la spectacula_fw-la dira_fw-la the_o death_n of_o man_n make_v mirth_n at_o feast_n of_o old_a and_o banquet_n than_o be_v grace_v with_o fencer_n bold_a they_o fight_v common_o man_n to_o man_n at_o all_o advantage_n and_o be_v seldom_o excuse_v until_o one_o of_o the_o two_o lay_v dead_a upon_o the_o place_n neither_o be_v he_o then_o quit_v that_o have_v slay_v his_o companion_n but_o stand_v liable_a to_o undertake_v another_o and_o so_o a_o three_o until_o he_o have_v foil_v six_o or_o seven_o combatant_n and_o if_o his_o hap_n be_v to_o prevail_v so_o often_o he_o be_v then_o honour_v with_o a_o garland_n wound_v about_o with_o ribbon_n of_o wool_n lemniscâ—_n which_o they_o call_v lemnisci_n and_o receive_v of_o the_o praetor_n a_o great_a knot_a staff_n war_n call_v rudis_fw-la which_o he_o afterward_o carry_v about_o with_o he_o as_o a_o ensign_n of_o liberty_n these_o bloody_a spectacle_n continue_v unto_o the_o time_n of_o constantine_n the_o great_a and_o be_v by_o he_o prohibit_v as_o likewise_o also_o by_o arcadius_n and_o honorius_n and_o utter_o abolish_v after_o the_o reign_n of_o theodorick_n king_n of_o the_o goth_n let_v he_o that_o will_v look_v further_o into_o the_o fashion_n of_o these_o show_v read_v what_o lipsius_n have_v write_v concern_v the_o same_o that_o which_o i_o observe_v herein_o be_v 1._o the_o use_n which_o the_o state_n make_v hereof_o for_o howsoever_o these_o sight_n and_o solemnity_n be_v set_v forth_o for_o the_o compass_v of_o private_a end_n yet_o nevertheless_o the_o commonweal_n draw_v benefit_n from_o the_o same_o for_o a_o multitude_n be_v of_o a_o fickle_a and_o mutable_a nature_n be_v no_o way_n so_o well_o settle_v with_o contentment_n of_o the_o time_n or_o keep_v from_o novelty_n and_o innovation_n as_o with_o public_a show_n and_o entertainment_n which_o be_v as_o stay_v to_o their_o affection_n that_o they_o swerve_v not_o from_o the_o government_n by_o which_o they_o live_v in_o civil_a consociation_n so_o we_o read_v how_o the_o grecian_n institute_v as_o popular_a entertainment_n their_o olympian_a nemean_a isthmian_a and_o pythian_a game_n the_o roman_n their_o apollinary_a secular_a gladiatory_a and_o hunt_v show_v with_o tragedy_n and_o comedy_n and_o all_o for_o the_o satisfaction_n of_o the_o people_n wherein_o howsoever_o the_o grecian_n seem_v more_o judicious_a for_o invent_v such_o game_n as_o may_v both_o exercise_n and_o entertain_v the_o people_n yet_o the_o roman_n sail_v not_o of_o the_o end_n aim_v at_o in_o these_o spectacle_n which_o be_v to_o inure_v they_o to_o blood_n and_o slaughter_n and_o to_o make_v they_o dreadless_a in_o case_n of_o horror_n but_o to_o leave_v all_o show_v of_o this_o nature_n as_o either_o too_o little_a for_o earnest_n or_o too_o much_o for_o pass-time_n it_o shall_v suffice_v to_o note_v that_o these_o public_a entertainment_n be_v so_o far_o expedient_a as_o they_o consist_v of_o pleasure_n and_o comeliness_n for_o as_o their_o chief_a end_n be_v to_o pleasure_n and_o content_v the_o people_n so_o their_o manner_n must_v be_v direct_v by_o lawfulness_n and_o honesty_n in_o which_o respect_n a_o tragedy_n be_v more_o commendable_a than_o a_o comedy_n forasmuch_o as_o few_o comical_a argument_n do_v sympathize_v with_o honesty_n the_o three_o observation_n to_o be_v great_a and_o of_o a_o large_a proportion_n do_v not_o take_v away_o casualty_n of_o inconvenience_n nor_o can_v it_o give_v a_o privilege_n to_o free_a thing_n from_o distemperature_n tall_a man_n be_v as_o subject_a to_o fever_n as_o other_o of_o lesser_a stature_n and_o great_a empire_n as_o easy_o disturb_v as_o the_o state_n of_o petty_a prince_n o_o faciles_fw-la dare_v summa_fw-la deos_fw-la 1._o eademque_fw-la tueri_fw-la difficiles_fw-la 37._o o_o god_n easy_a to_o grant_v but_o to_o preserve_v your_o gift_n as_o hard_a it_o be_v easy_a to_o attain_v the_o end_n of_o high_a desire_n then_o to_o keep_v it_o be_v get_v and_o better_o be_v the_o assurance_n of_o seek_v then_o of_o possess_v the_o roman_a people_n that_o have_v overawe_v the_o world_n with_o arm_n and_o leave_v no_o kingdom_n unfoil_v with_o the_o fear_n of_o then_o legion_n be_v as_o much_o dismay_v at_o a_o subject_n disloyalty_n as_o be_v possible_a for_o a_o mean_a state_n to_o be_v amuze_v upon_o a_o alarm_n of_o any_o danger_n and_o that_o city_n which_o suffer_v no_o enemy_n to_o approach_v near_o her_o confine_n but_o in_o the_o condition_n of_o a_o captive_n be_v not_o trust_v as_o able_a to_o give_v she_o own_o people_n safety_n sic_fw-la turba_fw-la per_fw-la urbem_fw-la praecipiti_fw-la lymphata_fw-la gradu_fw-la velut_fw-la unicarebus_fw-la spes_fw-la foret_fw-la afflâ—ctis_fw-la patrios_fw-la excedere_fw-la muros_fw-la inconsultaruâ—â—_n so_o through_o the_o street_n with_o headlong_a madness_n run_v the_o multitude_n as_o if_o their_o case_n no_o other_o hope_n have_v leave_v of_o safety_n then_o to_o quit_v their_o native_a wall_n the_o advantage_n be_v that_o kingdom_n of_o great_a command_n have_v great_a help_n in_o case_n of_o disturbance_n but_o be_v otherwise_o as_o subject_v to_o apprehension_n of_o distrust_n as_o those_o of_o lesser_a power_n to_o resist_v chap._n viii_o câ—sar_n go_v on_o with_o the_o siege_n of_o corfinium_n and_o take_v it_o domitius_n be_v thus_o engage_v caesar_n send_v out_o skilful_a man_n of_o the_o country_n with_o promise_n of_o great_a reward_n to_o carry_v letter_n to_o pompey_n entreat_v and_o pray_v that_o he_o will_v come_v and_o relieve_v he_o for_o caesar_n by_o reason_n of_o the_o straightness_n of_o the_o passage_n may_v with_o two_o army_n be_v easy_o shut_v up_o which_o opportunity_n if_o he_o neglect_v thereabouts_o himself_o with_o above_z 30_o cohort_n of_o soldier_n beside_o a_o great_a number_n of_o senator_n and_o roman_a knight_n be_v in_o danger_n of_o run_v a_o hard_a fortune_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n he_o exhort_v his_o man_n to_o courage_n and_o resolution_n place_v his_o tormenta_fw-mi artillery_n on_o the_o wall_n assign_v every_o man_n his_o quarter_n to_o be_v make_v good_a promise_v in_o public_a assembly_n of_o the_o soldier_n four_o acre_n apiece_o to_o each_o man_n out_o of_o his_o own_o land_n and_o possession_n and_o the_o like_a rateable_a part_n to_o the_o centurion_n and_o evocati_fw-la meanwhile_o it_o be_v tell_v câ—sar_n that_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o sulmo_n a_o town_n distant_a seven_o mile_n from_o corfinium_n sulmo_n be_v desirous_a to_o receive_v his_o command_n but_o that_o they_o be_v restrain_v by_o q._n lucretius_n a_o senator_n and_o actius_n pelignus_n that_o keep_v the_o town_n with_o a_o garrison_n of_o seven_o cohort_n whereupon_o he_o send_v thither_o m._n antonius_n with_o sive_fw-la cohort_n of_o the_o seven_o legion_n who_o ensign_n be_v no_o soon_o discover_v by_o those_o of_o the_o town_n but_o the_o gate_n be_v open_v and_o the_o inhabitant_n and_o soldier_n come_v all_o out_o to_o gratulate_v and_o welcome_a antonius_n lucretius_n and_o actius_n convey_v themselves_o over_o the_o wall_n actius_n be_v take_v and_o bring_v to_o antony_n desire_v to_o be_v send_v to_o caesar_n antonius_n return_v the_o same_o day_n bring_v actius_n and_o the_o soldier_n that_o be_v find_v in_o sulmo_n to_o caesar_n who_o he_o take_v to_o his_o army_n and_o send_v actius_n away_o in_o safety_n caesar_n the_o three_o first_o day_n make_v great_a work_n to_o fortify_v his_o camp_n cause_v store_n of_o corn_n to_o be_v bring_v from_o the_o town_n next_o about_o he_o and_o there_o determine_v to_o stay_v the_o come_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o his_o force_n within_o the_o space_n of_o those_o three_o day_n the_o eight_o legion_n come_v unto_o he_o with_o 22_o cohort_n new_o enroll_v in_o gallia_n together_o with_o three_o hundred_o horse_n which_o the_o king_n of_o noricum_n have_v send_v unto_o he_o upon_o the_o arrival_n of_o which_o force_n he_o make_v a_o second_o camp_n on_o the_o other_o side_n of_o the_o town_n and_o appoint_v curio_n to_o command_v it_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o time_n be_v spend_v in_o compass_v the_o town_n with_o a_o rampâ—er_n and_o with_o castle_n the_o great_a part_n of_o which_o work_n be_v finish_v it_o chance_v at_o the_o same_o time_n that_o such_o as_o be_v send_v to_o pompey_n return_v the_o letter_n be_v read_v domitius_n dissemble_v the_o truth_n pâ—ly_n give_v out_o in_o the_o council_n of_o war_n that_o pompey_n will_v come_v speedy_o to_o succour_v they_o and_o therefore_o wish_v that_o no_o man_n shall_v be_v dismay_v but_o to_o prepare_v such_o thing_n
by_o prowess_n and_o valour_n they_o patient_o endure_v all_o the_o wound_n they_o receive_v the_o enemy_n force_n be_v supply_v and_o renew_v by_o such_o cohort_n as_o be_v often_o send_v out_o of_o the_o camp_n through_o the_o town_n that_o fresh_a man_n may_v take_v the_o place_n of_o such_o as_o be_v weary_v out_o and_o the_o like_a be_v caesar_n fain_o to_o do_v send_v fresh_a cohort_n to_o that_o place_n to_o relieve_v the_o weary_a after_o they_o have_v thus_o continual_o fight_v for_o the_o space_n of_o five_o hour_n together_o and_o that_o our_o man_n be_v much_o overcharge_v with_o a_o unequal_a multitude_n have_v spend_v all_o their_o weapon_n they_o draw_v their_o sword_n and_o ascend_v up_o the_o hill_n to_o charge_n and_o assault_v the_o enemy_n and_o have_v slay_v a_o few_o of_o they_o the_o rest_n be_v drive_v to_o make_v retreat_n the_o cohort_n be_v thus_o put_v back_o to_o the_o wall_n and_o some_o of_o they_o for_o fear_n have_v take_v the_o town_n our_o man_n find_v a_o easy_a retreat_n our_o cavalry_n do_v from_o a_o low_a ground_n get_v up_o unto_o the_o top_n of_o the_o hill_n and_o ride_v up_o and_o down_o between_o the_o two_o army_n make_v our_o soldier_n to_o retreat_n with_o better_a case_n and_o so_o the_o fight_n succeed_v diverse_o about_o seventy_o of_o our_o man_n be_v slay_v in_o the_o first_o on_o set_n and_o among_o these_o be_v slay_v q._n fulginius_n captain_n of_o the_o first_o hastate_n centurie_n of_o the_o fourteen_o legion_n who_o for_o his_o exceed_a valour_n be_v prefer_v to_o that_o place_n from_o the_o low_a order_n six_o hundred_o at_o least_o be_v wound_v and_o of_o afranius_n party_n be_v slay_v t._n caecilius_n centurion_n of_o a_o primipile_n order_n and_o four_o centurion_n more_o 4_o beside_o two_o hundred_o soldier_n but_o such_o be_v the_o opinion_n of_o that_o day_n business_n that_o either_o side_n believe_v they_o leave_v with_o the_o better_a afranius_n party_n be_v so_o persuade_v for_o that_o they_o long_o stand_v to_o handy-blow_n and_o resist_v the_o violence_n of_o our_o soldier_n although_o in_o all_o man_n judgement_n they_o be_v the_o weak_a as_o also_o for_o that_o they_o at_o first_o take_v and_o hold_v the_o place_n which_o give_v occasion_n of_o that_o fight_n and_o in_o the_o first_o encounter_n compel_v our_o man_n to_o turn_v their_o back_n our_o man_n in_o like_a manner_n think_v they_o have_v the_o better_a in_o regard_n they_o have_v maintain_v fight_n for_o five_o hour_n together_o in_o a_o place_n of_o disadvantage_n and_o with_o a_o unequal_a multitude_n that_o they_o ascend_v up_o the_o hill_n with_o their_o sword_n draw_v and_o compel_v their_o adversary_n to_o turn_v their_o back_n and_o to_o retreat_v into_o the_o town_n maugre_o the_o disadvantage_n of_o the_o place_n the_o first_o observation_n in_o this_o direction_n which_o caesar_n give_v to_o take_v the_o little_a hill_n between_o ilerda_n and_o afranius_n camp_n we_o may_v observe_v the_o danger_n depend_v upon_o the_o mischieving_a of_o a_o action_n for_o the_o fail_n of_o a_o purpose_n in_o seek_v to_o obtain_v that_o which_o will_v prove_v of_o great_a advantage_n do_v oftentimes_o draw_v man_n into_o as_o great_a inconvenience_n and_o as_o the_o end_n in_o every_o design_n pretend_v gain_v so_o the_o mean_n thereof_o do_v give_v way_n to_o hazard_v from_o whence_o it_o consequent_o follow_v that_o such_o as_o be_v employ_v in_o execution_n have_v need_n to_o use_v all_o endeavour_n not_o to_o falsify_v the_o ground_n of_o good_a direction_n by_o negligent_a or_o inconsiderate_a carriage_n but_o rather_o to_o make_v good_a any_o want_n or_o defect_n by_o serious_a and_o wary_a prosecution_n of_o the_o same_o and_o the_o rather_o for_o that_o it_o special_o concern_v their_o good_a that_o have_v the_o charge_n and_o handle_n of_o command_n for_o they_o first_o be_v like_a to_o feel_v the_o smart_n of_o any_o error_n commit_v therein_o or_o otherwise_o to_o have_v the_o honour_n of_o any_o fortunate_a success_n consistit_fw-la forasmuch_o as_o virtue_n have_v all_o her_o praise_n from_o action_n concern_v the_o use_n of_o run_v we_o be_v to_o understand_v that_o the_o roman_n among_o other_o their_o exercise_n of_o arm_n have_v special_a practice_n of_o this_o eth._n as_o available_a in_o four_o respect_n 9_o according_a as_o vegetius_n have_v note_v run_v first_o to_o the_o end_n they_o may_v charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o great_a force_n and_o violence_n second_o that_o they_o may_v possess_v themselves_o with_o speed_n of_o place_n of_o advantage_n three_o that_o they_o may_v ready_o discover_v as_o shall_v be_v find_v expedient_a upon_o all_o occasion_n and_o last_o to_o prosecute_v a_o fly_a enemy_n to_o better_a purpose_n and_o effect_n 18._o and_o this_o as_o seneca_n say_v they_o practise_v in_o peace_n that_o be_v accustom_v to_o needless_a labour_n they_o may_v be_v able_a to_o discharge_v necessary_a duty_n and_o 26._o livy_n among_o the_o military_a exercise_n use_v by_o scipio_n to_o fit_v his_o man_n for_o those_o glorious_a exploit_n which_o he_o afterward_o achieve_v say_v that_o the_o first_o day_n the_o legion_n run_v four_o mile_n in_o arms._n and_o suetonius_n affirm_v that_o nero_n have_v appoint_v a_o race_n for_o the_o praetorian_a cohort_n carry_v a_o target_n lift_v up_o before_o they_o with_o his_o own_o hand_n and_o that_o galba_n do_v more_o admirable_o for_o be_v suit_v of_o purpose_n to_o make_v himself_o eminent_a he_o direct_v a_o field-race_n with_o a_o target_n himself_o run_v as_o fast_o as_o the_o emperor_n chariot_n for_o twenty_o mile_n together_o the_o second_o observation_n the_o second_o thing_n to_o be_v note_v in_o these_o specialty_n be_v the_o bold_a enterprise_n of_o caesar_n man_n in_o charge_v the_o enemy_n with_o their_o sword_n draw_v against_o the_o hill_n whereby_o make_v they_o to_o give_v back_o they_o have_v a_o easy_a and_o safe_a retreat_n from_o the_o danger_n wherein_o they_o be_v engage_v whereby_o we_o may_v observe_v that_o difficulty_n of_o extremity_n be_v never_o better_o clear_v then_o by_o adventurous_a and_o desperate_a undertake_n according_a to_o the_o condition_n of_o disease_n and_o distemperature_n of_o the_o body_n officiis_fw-la which_o be_v light_n and_o easy_a be_v cure_v with_o mild_a and_o easy_a potion_n but_o be_v grievous_a and_o doubtful_a do_v require_v sharp_a and_o strong_a remedy_n which_o do_v also_o in_o like_a manner_n appear_v throughout_o the_o whole_a course_n of_o nature_n and_o particular_o in_o weight_n for_o as_o ponderous_a and_o heavy_a body_n be_v not_o move_v but_o with_o a_o counterpoise_n of_o great_a force_n no_o more_o can_v extremity_n of_o hazard_n be_v avoid_v but_o by_o like_a perilous_a enforcement_n and_o hence_o grow_v the_o difference_n between_o true_a valour_n and_o foolhardy_a rashness_n be_v but_o one_o and_o the_o same_o thing_n if_o they_o be_v not_o distinguish_v by_o the_o subject_n wherein_o they_o be_v show_v for_o to_o run_v headlong_o into_o strange_a adventure_n upon_o no_o just_a occasion_n be_v to_o show_v more_o levity_n than_o discretion_n and_o again_o to_o use_v the_o like_a boldness_n in_o case_n of_o extremity_n deserve_v the_o opinion_n of_o virtuous_a endeavour_n as_o be_v well_o observe_v by_o homer_n 6._o in_o the_o person_n of_o hector_n persuade_v the_o trojan_n that_o flee_v away_o to_o stand_v and_o make_v a_o head_n against_o the_o grecian_n this_n be_v the_o time_n say_v he_o consider_v the_o danger_n wherein_o we_o be_v to_o use_v that_o prowess_n and_o courage_n which_o we_o boast_v of_o and_o according_o diomedes_z censure_v glaucus_n in_o the_o same_o place_n for_o offer_v himself_o to_o the_o fury_n of_o the_o grecian_n either_o thou_o be_v some_o god_n say_v he_o or_o else_o but_o a_o lose_a and_o forlorn_a man_n which_o may_v serve_v to_o learn_v we_o the_o true_a use_n of_o courage_n that_o ordinary_o be_v never_o more_o show_v then_o in_o misemployment_n the_o three_o observation_n i_o have_v already_o in_o the_o observation_n of_o the_o second_o commentary_n of_o the_o war_n of_o gallia_n legion_n discourse_v particular_o of_o the_o part_n of_o a_o legion_n where_o it_o appear_v that_o in_o caesar_n time_n a_o legion_n consist_v of_o five_o thousand_o man_n or_o thereabouts_o and_o according_a to_o the_o sufficiency_n and_o experience_n of_o the_o soldier_n be_v divide_v into_o three_o part_n the_o first_o and_o mean_a of_o such_o as_o follow_v a_o ensign_n be_v call_v hastati_fw-la the_o second_o principes_fw-la and_o the_o three_o and_o chief_a sort_n triarii_n and_o according_a to_o this_o division_n have_v their_o place_n and_o precedency_n in_o the_o army_n again_o each_o of_o these_o three_o kind_n be_v divide_v into_o ten_o company_n which_o they_o call_v maniple_n and_o every_o maniple_n be_v subdivide_v into_o two_o century_n or_o order_n
cremona_n whereof_o tacitus_n have_v this_o description_n histor_n praelium_fw-la tota_fw-la nocte_fw-la varium_fw-la anceps_fw-la atrox_n his_o rursus_fw-la illis_fw-la exitiabile_fw-la nihil_fw-la animus_n aut_fw-la manus_fw-la nâ—_n oculi_fw-la quidem_fw-la provisu_fw-la juvabant_fw-la etc._n etc._n the_o fight_n be_v doubtful_a and_o bloody_a the_o whole_a night_n now_o this_o party_n go_v to_o the_o worse_o by_o and_o by_o that_o a_o stout_a heart_n or_o a_o valiant_a hand_n avail_v little_a neither_o can_v the_o eye_n see_v before_o they_o either_o advantage_n or_o disadvantage_n and_o thus_o be_v all_o night-work_n condemn_v wherein_o either_o order_n or_o honour_n be_v of_o any_o moment_n the_o second_o observation_n i_o have_v already_o note_v in_o the_o former_a commentary_n the_o use_n of_o exact_a and_o particular_a discovery_n of_o the_o country_n where_o a_o party_n be_v engage_v than_o which_o nothing_o do_v more_o advantage_n a_o commander_n to_o expedite_v the_o happy_a issue_n of_o a_o war_n for_o by_o that_o mean_v he_o be_v not_o only_o able_a to_o judge_v of_o any_o motion_n which_o the_o enemy_n shall_v offer_v and_o to_o give_v sure_a direction_n to_o frustrate_v and_o make_v void_a the_o same_o but_o also_o to_o dispose_v himself_o according_a as_o shall_v seem_v expedient_a for_o his_o safety_n wherein_o if_o a_o place_n of_o such_o consequence_n as_o be_v here_o mention_v shall_v by_o design_n be_v aim_v at_o this_o history_n show_v how_o much_o it_o import_v either_o party_n to_o obtain_v it_o and_o therefore_o caesar_n have_v reason_n to_o make_v his_o passage_n through_o valley_n and_o rock_n rather_o than_o to_o lose_v victory_n for_o want_v of_o labour_v in_o a_o uneasy_a way_n this_o lucius_n decidius_n saxa_n or_o didius_n saxa_n employ_v in_o this_o discovery_n be_v afterward_o advance_v by_o caesar_n to_o be_v tribune_n of_o the_o people_n whereat_o tully_n be_v so_o much_o offend_v 1â—_n how_o can_v i_o omit_v say_v he_o this_o decidius_n saxa_n philip._n a_o man_n bring_v from_o the_o further_a end_n of_o the_o world_n who_o we_o see_v tribune_n of_o the_o people_n before_o we_o ever_o see_v he_o a_o citizen_n chap._n xxiii_o caesar_n refuse_v to_o fight_v upon_o a_o advantage_n offer_v contrary_a to_o the_o opinion_n and_o desire_n â—f_o all_o man_n there_o be_v a_o opportunity_n then_o offer_v of_o do_v something_o to_o purpose_n caesar_n neither_o be_v caesar_n ignorant_a thereofâ—_n such_o a_o overthrow_n give_v before_o their_o face_n do_v consequent_o so_o discourage_v they_o that_o it_o be_v think_v they_o will_v not_o endure_v a_o charge_n especial_o be_v compass_v about_o with_o the_o cavalry_n in_o a_o indifferent_a and_o open_a place_n where_o the_o matter_n be_v to_o be_v decide_v by_o battle_n which_o be_v on_o all_o side_n instant_o desire_v at_o caesar_n hand_n for_o the_o legate_n centurion_n and_o tribune_n of_o the_o soldier_n come_v joint_o unto_o he_o desire_v he_o to_o make_v no_o doubt_n of_o give_v battle_n for_o all_o the_o soldier_n be_v very_o ready_a and_o forward_o thereunto_o whereas_o the_o contrary_a party_n have_v 〈◊〉_d many_o argument_n of_o fear_n and_o discouragement_n enemy_n first_o in_o that_o they_o do_v not_o succour_v their_o fellow_n second_o in_fw-la asmuch_o as_o they_o have_v not_o bouge_v from_o the_o hill_n which_o they_o have_v take_v for_o a_o retreat_n neither_o have_v they_o withstand_v the_o charge_n and_o incursion_n of_o the_o cavalry_n but_o have_v throng_v pell-mell_o together_o and_o confuse_o mingle_v their_o ensign_n one_o with_o another_o no_o man_n either_o keep_v his_o place_n or_o his_o colour_n and_o if_o he_o fear_v the_o inequality_n and_o disadvantage_n of_o the_o place_n he_o may_v take_v some_o other_o of_o more_o indifferency_n for_o certain_o afranius_n can_v not_o long_o stay_v where_o he_o be_v but_o must_v depart_v from_o thence_o for_o want_v of_o water_n caesar_n be_v in_o hope_n to_o end_v the_o matter_n without_o either_o blow_n or_o wound_v of_o his_o man_n forasmuch_o as_o he_o have_v cut_v off_o the_o enemy_n from_o victual_n and_o why_o then_o shall_v be_v lose_v a_o man_n although_o it_o be_v to_o gain_v a_o victory_n why_o shall_v he_o suffer_v his_o valiant_a and_o well-deserving_a soldier_n to_o be_v so_o much_o as_o hurt_v or_o wound_v or_o why_o shall_v he_o put_v the_o matter_n to_o the_o hazard_n of_o fortune_n especial_o when_o it_o no_o less_o concern_v the_o honour_n and_o reputation_n of_o a_o commander_n to_o vanquish_v a_o enemy_n by_o direction_n and_o advice_n theâ—_n to_o subdue_v they_o by_o force_n of_o arm_n be_v move_v withal_o with_o a_o tender_a commiseration_n of_o such_o citizen_n of_o rome_n as_o be_v consequent_o to_o be_v hazard_v or_o slay_v in_o the_o sight_n whereas_o he_o desire_v to_o work_v out_o his_o own_o end_n with_o their_o safety_n this_o opinion_n of_o caesar_n be_v disallow_v by_o most_o man_n and_o the_o soldier_n will_v not_o stick_v to_o speak_v plain_o among_o themselves_o forasmuch_o as_o such_o a_o occasion_n of_o victorâ—â—_n be_v overslipt_v that_o when_o câ—â—sar_n will_v have_v they_o they_o will_v not_o fight_v he_o notwithstanding_o continue_v firm_a in_o his_o opinion_n and_o fall_v as_o little_o off_o from_o the_o enemy_n to_o lessen_v and_o abate_v their_o fear_n and_o amazement_n petreius_n and_o afranius_n upon_o the_o opportunity_n give_v they_o withdraw_v themselves_o into_o their_o camp_n caesar_n have_v possess_v the_o hill_n with_o garrison_n of_o soldier_n and_o shut_v up_o all_o the_o passage_n lead_v to_o iâ—erus_n encamp_v himself_o as_o near_a as_o he_o can_v to_o the_o enemy_n the_o commander_n of_o the_o adverse_a party_n be_v much_o afflict_a that_o they_o have_v absolute_o lose_v all_o mean_n of_o provision_n of_o victual_n and_o of_o gain_v the_o river_n iâ—erus_n consult_v together_o of_o other_o course_n there_o be_v two_o way_n leave_v open_a the_o one_o to_o return_v to_o ilerda_n and_o the_o other_o to_o tarracon_n and_o while_o they_o be_v consider_v of_o these_o thing_n it_o be_v tell_v they_o that_o such_o as_o go_v out_o for_o water_n be_v very_o much_o press_v by_o our_o cavalry_n whereupon_o they_o place_v many_o court_n of_o guard_n as_o well_o of_o horse_n as_o auxiliary_a footman_n interlace_v the_o legionary_a cohort_n among_o they_o and_o begin_v also_o to_o reâ—se_v a_o rampire_n from_o the_o camp_n to_o the_o watering-place_n that_o the_o soldier_n may_v safe_o without_o fear_n fetch_v water_n within_o the_o bound_n of_o their_o fortification_n which_o work_n petreius_n and_o afranius_n divide_v between_o themselves_o and_o for_o the_o perfect_a of_o the_o same_o have_v occasion_n to_o go_v far_o off_o from_o the_o camp_n by_o mean_n of_o who_o absence_n the_o soldier_n take_v liberty_n of_o free_a speech_n one_o with_o another_o go_v out_o and_o as_o any_o man_n have_v a_o acquaintance_n or_o neighbour_n in_o each_o other_o camp_n 4._o they_o seek_v he_o out_o and_o first_o they_o all_o give_v thanks_o to_o all_o our_o party_n that_o they_o have_v spare_v they_o when_o they_o be_v terrify_v and_o amaze_v the_o day_n before_o in_o regard_n whereof_o they_o acknowledge_v to_o hold_v their_o life_n by_o their_o favour_n and_o afterward_o inquire_v how_o they_o may_v safe_o yield_v themselves_o to_o their_o general_n complain_v that_o they_o have_v not_o do_v it_o in_o the_o beginning_n and_o so_o have_v join_v their_o force_n with_o their_o ancient_a friend_n and_o kinsman_n and_o have_v proceed_v thus_o far_o in_o their_o communication_n they_o require_v assurance_n for_o the_o life_n of_o afranius_n and_o petreius_n lest_o they_o shall_v seem_v to_o conceive_v mischief_n against_o their_o general_n or_o betray_v they_o in_o seek_v their_o own_o safety_n which_o thing_n be_v agree_v upon_o they_o promise_v to_o come_v with_o their_o ensign_n to_o caesar_n camp_n and_o thereupon_o seâ—t_v to_o caesar_n some_o of_o the_o centurion_n of_o the_o first_o order_n as_o deputy_n to_o treat_v of_o peace_n in_o the_o mean_a time_n 4._o they_o invite_v their_o friend_n on_o either_o side_n into_o the_o camp_n insomuch_o as_o both_o their_o lodging_n seem_v but_o one_o camp_n many_o of_o the_o tribune_n of_o the_o soldier_n and_o centurion_n come_v to_o caesar_n recommend_v themselves_o to_o his_o favour_n and_o the_o like_a do_v the_o grandee_n and_o chief_a prince_n of_o spain_n who_o they_o have_v command_v out_o to_o take_v party_n in_o this_o war_n and_o to_o remain_v with_o they_o as_o hostage_n and_o pledge_n these_o inquire_v after_o their_o old_a acquaintance_n and_o ancient_a host_n by_o who_o each_o man_n may_v have_v access_n to_o caesar_n with_o some_o commendation_n in_o like_a manner_n afranius_n his_o son_n deal_v with_o caesar_n by_o the_o mediation_n of_o sulpitius_n a_o legate_n touch_v his_o own_o and_o his_o father_n life_n all_o thing_n sound_v of_o joy_n and_o mutual_a
be_v far_o off_o he_o appoint_v storehouse_n and_o magazine_n in_o certain_a place_n and_o impose_v carriage_n of_o corn_n upon_o the_o country_n border_v about_o they_o in_o like_a manner_n he_o command_v what_o grain_n soever_o shall_v be_v find_v at_o lissus_n parthenia_n or_o any_o other_o place_n to_o be_v bring_v unto_o he_o which_o be_v very_o little_a forasmuch_o as_o the_o country_n thereabouts_o be_v rough_a and_o mountainous_a and_o afford_v no_o corn_n but_o that_o which_o be_v bring_v in_o from_o other_o place_n as_o also_o that_o pompey_n have_v take_v order_n in_o that_o behalf_n and_o a_o little_a before_o have_v ransack_v the_o parthinians_n and_o cause_v his_o horseman_n to_o carry_v away_o all_o the_o grain_n which_o be_v find_v among_o they_o observation_n the_o first_o thing_n that_o caesar_n do_v after_o their_o approach_n near_o one_o unto_o another_o be_v to_o offer_v battle_n as_o the_o best_a arbitrator_n of_o the_o cause_n in_o question_n and_o most_o fit_v the_o usance_n of_o the_o ancient_a roman_n metaph._n but_o forasmuch_o as_o the_o endeavour_n of_o such_o as_o be_v in_o action_n be_v always_o order_v by_o he_o that_o be_v the_o sufferer_n and_o that_o pompey_n refuse_v to_o accept_v thereof_o know_v himself_o to_o be_v much_o strong_a in_o force_n better_o accommodate_v have_v a_o far_o great_a party_n in_o the_o country_n and_o the_o sea_n whole_o at_o his_o command_n which_o advantage_n be_v like_a to_o end_v the_o business_n without_o hazard_n of_o a_o battle_n caesar_n bethink_v himself_o of_o some_o other_o project_n which_o may_v take_v away_o the_o scorn_n of_o that_o refusal_n by_o undertake_v such_o thing_n as_o much_o import_v the_o state_n of_o his_o adversary_n for_o in_o such_o case_n when_o a_o enemy_n will_v not_o fight_v somewhat_o must_v be_v do_v to_o cast_v dishonour_n or_o great_a inconvenience_n upon_o he_o or_o at_o least_o to_o make_v overture_n of_o new_a opportunity_n and_o therefore_o he_o take_v a_o course_n either_o to_o draw_v pompey_n to_o fight_v or_o to_o force_v the_o town_n wherein_o all_o his_o provision_n of_o war_n be_v store_v up_o or_o otherwise_o to_o cut_v he_o off_o from_o the_o same_o the_o least_o of_o which_o be_v a_o sufficient_a acquittance_n of_o any_o disgrace_n which_o the_o neglect_n of_o this_o offer_n may_v seem_v to_o infer_v have_v thereby_o occasion_n to_o use_v that_o of_o the_o poet_n jam_fw-la sumus_fw-la ergo_fw-la pares_fw-la now_o we_o be_v even_o chap._n xvi_o caesar_n go_v about_o to_o besiege_v pompey_n caesar_n be_v inform_v of_o these_o thing_n caesar_n enter_v into_o a_o deliberation_n which_o he_o first_o take_v from_o the_o very_a nature_n of_o the_o place_n wherein_o they_o be_v for_o whereas_o pompey_n camp_n be_v enclose_v about_o with_o many_o high_a and_o steep_a hill_n he_o first_o take_v those_o hill_n and_o build_v fort_n upon_o they_o and_o then_o as_o the_o condition_n of_o each_o place_n will_v bear_v he_o make_v work_n of_o fortification_n from_o one_o fort_n to_o another_o and_o determine_v to_o enclose_v pompey_n about_o with_o a_o ditch_n and_o a_o rampire_n and_o especial_o upon_o these_o consideration_n for_o that_o he_o be_v great_o straighten_v through_o want_n of_o corn_n and_o that_o pompey_n be_v strong_a in_o horse_n he_o may_v with_o less_o danger_n supply_v his_o army_n from_o all_o part_n with_o provision_n as_o also_o to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v keep_v pompey_n from_o forage_v and_o so_o make_v his_o cavalry_n unserviceable_a in_o that_o kind_n and_o further_o that_o he_o may_v abate_v and_o weaken_v the_o exceed_a great_a reputation_n which_o pompey_n have_v attain_v unto_o among_o foreign_a nation_n when_o it_o shall_v be_v noise_v throughout_o the_o world_n that_o he_o be_v besiege_v by_o caesar_n and_o dare_v not_o fight_v pompey_n will_v by_o no_o mean_n be_v draw_v to_o leave_v the_o commodity_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o town_n of_o dyrrachium_fw-la have_v there_o lay_v up_o all_o his_o provision_n of_o war_n arm_n weapon_n engine_n of_o what_o sort_n soever_o beside_o corn_n which_o be_v bring_v from_o thence_o to_o his_o army_n by_o ship_v neither_o can_v he_o hinder_v caesar_n fortification_n unless_o he_o will_v accept_v of_o battle_n which_o for_o that_o time_n he_o be_v resolve_v not_o to_o do_v only_o it_o remain_v as_o the_o last_o thing_n he_o can_v think_v of_o to_o possess_v himself_o of_o as_o many_o hill_n as_o he_o may_v and_o to_o keep_v as_o much_o of_o the_o country_n as_o he_o can_v with_o good_a and_o strong_a guard_n and_o by_o that_o mean_n to_o distract_v as_o much_o as_o possible_o he_o may_v caesar_n force_n as_o according_o it_o fall_v out_o for_o have_v make_v twenty_o four_o castle_n and_o fort_n he_o take_v in_o twenty_o five_o mile_n of_o the_o country_n in_o circuit_n and_o do_v forage_v within_o that_o space_n and_o there_o cause_v many_o thing_n to_o be_v set_v and_o plant_v by_o hand_n which_o in_o the_o interim_n serve_v as_o food_n for_o horse_n and_o as_o our_o man_n perceive_v their_o fortification_n to_o be_v carry_v and_o continue_v from_o one_o castle_n to_o another_o without_o intermission_n they_o begin_v to_o fear_v lest_o they_o have_v leave_v some_o place_n to_o sally_v out_o and_o so_o will_v come_v upon_o they_o behind_o before_o they_o be_v aware_a and_o the_o reason_n they_o make_v their_o work_n thus_o perfect_a throughout_o the_o whole_a inward_a circuit_n be_v that_o our_o man_n may_v not_o enter_v in_o upon_o they_o nor_o circumvent_v they_o behind_o but_o they_o abound_v in_o number_n of_o man_n exceed_v in_o their_o work_n have_v also_o on_o the_o inside_n a_o less_o compass_n to_o fortify_v and_o as_o caesar_n go_v about_o to_o take_v any_o place_n albeit_o pompey_n be_v resolve_v not_o to_o fight_v or_o interrupt_v he_o with_o all_o his_o force_n nevertheless_o he_o send_v out_o his_o archer_n and_o slinger_n of_o which_o he_o have_v great_a number_n by_o who_o many_o of_o our_o man_n be_v wound_v and_o stand_v in_o great_a fear_n of_o the_o arrow_n and_o almost_o all_o the_o soldier_n make_v they_o coat_n conibus_fw-la either_o of_o quilt_n or_o stiffen_a or_o of_o leather_n to_o keep_v they_o from_o danger_n to_o conclude_v either_o party_n use_v all_o force_n and_o mean_n to_o take_v place_n and_o make_v fortification_n caesar_n to_o shut_v up_o and_o straighten_v pompey_n what_o he_o can_v and_o pompey_n to_o enlarge_v himself_o and_o possess_v as_o many_o hill_n as_o convenient_o he_o may_v which_o give_v occasion_n of_o many_o skirmish_n and_o encounter_n observation_n we_o may_v here_o take_v notice_n of_o the_o strange_a enterprise_n that_o ever_o be_v undertake_v by_o a_o judicious_a soldier_n for_o where_o else_o may_v it_o be_v read_v or_o understand_v that_o a_o weak_a party_n go_v about_o to_o besiege_v a_o strong_a adversary_n and_o to_o enclose_v a_o whole_a country_n by_o castle_n and_o tower_n and_o perpetual_a fortification_n from_o hill_n to_o hill_n to_o the_o end_n he_o may_v shut_v he_o up_o as_o he_o lie_v encamp_v in_o the_o field_n but_o herein_o appear_v the_o infinite_a and_o restless_a endeavour_n of_o a_o roman_a spirit_n and_o the_o work_v they_o wrought_v to_o achieve_v their_o own_o end_n and_o yet_o not_o beside_o the_o limit_n of_o reason_n â—rexit_fw-la for_o if_o that_o of_o seneca_n have_v any_o affinity_n with_o truth_n that_o a_o man_n be_v but_o a_o common_a or_o rather_o contemptible_a thing_n unless_o he_o raise_v himself_o above_o ordinary_a course_n it_o be_v more_o special_o verify_v in_o a_o soldier_n who_o honour_n depend_v upon_o the_o superlative_a degree_n must_v seek_v out_o project_n beyond_o all_o equality_n and_o the_o rather_o upon_o such_o inducement_n as_o be_v here_o allege_v iâ—â—_n which_o show_v good_a reason_n he_o have_v to_o be_v so_o mad_a chap._n xvii_o a_o passage_n that_o happen_v between_o both_o party_n about_o the_o take_n of_o a_o place_n among_o these_o fight_n and_o encounter_n caesar_n it_o happen_v as_o caesar_n nine_o legion_n have_v take_v a_o certain_a place_n and_o there_o begin_v to_o fortify_v pompey_n have_v possess_v himself_o of_o the_o hill_n next_o adjoin_v thereunto_o and_o begin_v to_o hinder_v our_o man_n from_o their_o work_n and_o have_v from_o one_o side_n a_o easy_a access_n unto_o it_o first_o with_o archer_n and_o slinger_n &_o afterward_o with_o great_a troop_n of_o light-armed_n man_n and_o engine_n of_o battery_n he_o begin_v to_o disturb_v they_o in_o their_o business_n neither_o be_v our_o man_n able_a at_o one_o and_o the_o same_o time_n to_o defend_v themselves_o and_o go_v on_o with_o their_o fortification_n caesar_n see_v his_o soldier_n wound_v and_o hurt_v from_o all_o part_n command_v they_o to_o fall_v off_o and_o leave_v the_o place_n but_o forasmuch_o as_o they_o be_v to_o make_v their_o retreat_n