Selected quad for the lemma: earth_n

Word A	Word B	Word C	Word D	Occurrence	Frequency Band	MI	MI Band	Prominent
earth_n	north_n	pole_n	south_n	3,753	5	10.5697	5	false

Text snippets containing the quad

ID	Title	Author	Corrected Date of Publication (TCP Date of Publication)	STC	Words	Pages
A16189	The light of navigation Wherein are declared and lively pourtrayed, all the coasts and havens, of the VVest, North and East seas. Collected partly out of the books of the principall authors which have written of navigation, (as Lucas Iohnson VVaghenaer and divers others) partly also out of manie other expert seafaring mens writings and verball declarations: corrected from manie faults, and inlarged with manie newe descriptions and cardes. Divided into tvvo bookes. Heerunto are added (beside an institution in the art of navigation) nevve tables of the declination of the sonne, according to Tycho Brahes observations, applied to the meridian of Amsterdam. Together with newe tables and instructions to teach men the right use of the North-starre, and other firme starres, profitable for all seafaring men. By William Iohnson.; Licht der Zee-vaert. English	Blaeu, Willem Janszoon, 1571-1638.	1612 (1612)	STC 3110; ESTC S117230	368,446	360

built although without ground or true foundation A BREEF AND SHORT INTRODVCTION FOR THE vnderstanding of the Celestiall Sphaere as farre as it concerneth the Art of Seafaring CHAPT I. Of the two Poles of the World THe Earth with the Waters making both together a perfect and just round Globe the which all Mathematicians by good and infallible reas●ns confirme as also by experience it is found so to be This Globe the Everlasting and Almightie God hath firmely placed in the middle of the world as a center or middle point thereof hath so placed the Heavens as a hollowe Globe with so unmeasurable wydenes round about the same that the distance thereof is equally set and separated from the earth in all places alike like unto the compas of a circle which is equally drawne and separated from the middle point thereof and hath so ordayned that every 24 howres it is caried about the world by the which dayly motion it draweth with it all the heavenly lights as the Sonne Moone and all the starres the which also by that meanes everie 24 howres are carried round about the whole World as it is dayly seen This moveing or stirring of the heavens is performed upon two sure fast pointes that stand directly each against other in such manner as if a bale should be turned round upon two pinnes as upon an axeltree So suppose that you see a straight line stretching out from one of the aforesayd pointes of the heavens to the other like to an axeltree the same is it that passeth right through the center that is through the middle of the earth this line is called the Axeltree of the world and the two pointes aforesayd the Poles or Axeltree pointes of the World the one named the North the other the South Pole Now that this may be the better understood I wil declare it by this figure CHAP. II. Of the Equinoctiall Line THe whole circle of the Heavens is devyded into 360 degrees or steppes whereby by the foresayd Chapter wee may perceave that the two poles are distant one from the other 180 degrees that is half the circle of the Heavens Right in the middle between both the Poles we suppose a circle to be placed which we call the Equinoctiall Line or the Equator and is so called for that whensoever the Sonne cometh to this circle the day and night is of one length throughout all the World This circle is in all places equally distant from both the Poles of the World to wit 90 degrees devideth the Heavens in two equal partes whereof the one reacheth northward and is called the North-part the other southward and is called the South-part as it is plainly seen in the foresaid Globe or Figure where you see the circle E C the Equinoctiall Line standing just of one length from the Poles B D deviding the Heavens into two equall partes as the North-part E B C and the South-part E D C. CHAP. III. Of the Tropikes and Zodiacke THree and twentie degrees 31 ½ minutes northward from the Equinoctiall Line there is a circle supposed to be which is called Tropicus Cancri or the course of the Sonne in Cancer for that when the Sonne cometh by course unto that circle he beginneth to turne again towards the Equinoctiall And likewise 23 degrees 31 ½ minutes southward from the Equin●ctiall Line there is another circle supposed to be which is called Tropicus Capricorni or the course of the Sonne in Capricornus for that when the Sonne in winter tyme cometh to this circle he beginneth again to turne unto the Equinoctiall These two circles goe round about the Heavens and are equally distant from the Equinoctiall But how in what manner toucheth the Sonne in his course once in Sommer another tyme in Winter those two circles It happeneth thus we suppose a great circle to be in the Heavens wherein the Sonne holdeth his course which lyeth thwart-wise over the Equinoctiall that is the one half northward the other half southward in such manner that in the place where he goeth most northward from the Equinoctiall Line there he entreth into Tropicus Cancri and where he goeth most southward from the Equinoctiall Line there he entreth into Tropicus Capricorni The two pointes or places where he goeth or cutteth over the Equinoctiall stand right over against each other so that both the Equinoctiall and these two circles are devided into two equall parts which pointes are called the one the Equinoictall in Lent and the other the Equinoctiall in Harvest which by the Figure enseweing more playnely appeareth Example Let A be the Earth B C D the Heaven E F C G the Equinoctiall B the North-pole D the South-pole and the Line B A D the Axeltree of the World as aforesayd Then the Circle K L is Tropicus Cancri lying northward from the Equinoctial Line the circle H I Tropicus Capricorni southward from the Equinoctiall Line K F I G is the great Circle wherein the Sonne hath his continuall course lying crosse-wise over the Equinoctial reaching northward beyond the Line to Tropicus Cancri in K and southward beyond the Line to Tropicus Capricorni in I. The Equinoctiall in Lent is F and the Equinoctiall in Harvest is G in the places where this Circle the Eqvinoctiall cutt or passe through each other This Circle is commonly called the Zodiack although the right name therof is the Eclipticke Line or the passage of the Sōne being the right middle part of the Zodiack for the Zodiack it self is a Circle almost 20 degrees broad that is on each side of this Circle or passage of the Sonne 10 degrees This Circle aforesayd is devided into 12 even partes each part having a proper signe belonging unto it everie signe hath 30 degrees so that the whole Circle as all other Circles doe conteyneth 360 degrees The names of the signes are Aries Taurus Gemini Cancer Leo Virgo Libra Scorpius Sagittarius Capricornus Aquarius and Pisces and these are placed in this manner Aries beginneth where the Equator the Zodiack cut or passe through each other in the Equinoctiall of Lent and follow in order as aforesayd so that the beginning of Cancer is just at Tropicus Cancri Libra on the other side beginneth where the Equator the Zodiack cut or passe through each other againe in the Equinoctiall of Harvest and the beginning of Capricornus is just where the Zodiacke or Eclipticke Line toucheth Tropicus Capricorni and so forth CHAP. IIII. Of the course of the Sonne IN this Zodiack or Ecliptick Line aforsayd the middle point of the Sonne hath his course without once going out of it passing through it everie yeare once that is everie moneth through one signe and everie day almost a degree Upon the 20 of March stilo novo and the 10 of March stilo vechio when the dayes nights are just of one length throughout al the World then the Sonne entreth into the

measuring with uncutt Staves perfect and right as it should be the fault thereof is not in the Crosse-staves uncutt but in themselves for that they knowe not how to use the Staffe aright nor understand not the true ground thereof Others that will seeme wiser then the former give a reason thereof to wit that the Staffe must be cutte because of the hollownes of the eye for that otherwise the Staff cannot come to stand so that the end thereof be conjoyned to the middle point or center of the eye or sight this reason hath some showe of truth but notwithstanding is alike untrue erroneus for the Staffe may verie well be sett either on the innermost or outtermost corner of the eye so that the sight of the eye may fall to answer just to the end of the Staffe that this is truth we will prove with good reason as followeth Sette the great Crosse with the middlemost upon like degrees to witte each upon such as for that purpose are marked upon the Staffe then applie the Staffe the Crosses so firmely remayning unto your eye in such manner whether it be on the innermost or uttermost corner it is all one as that you discerne the endes of the Crosses both above beneath just over each other in forme as this figure specifieth If then you drawe straight lines by the endes of the Crosses A B and D C they shall meete just in the middle point of your sight And inasmuch as the Crosses are placed upon like degrees the lines aforesaid shall meet just upon the end of the Staffe seeing that that end of the Staffe representeth the center of the quadrant whereby your staffe is marked So then the foresaid lines or endes of the Crosses answer both just upon the ende of the Staffe and also upon the sight so that it followeth necessarily and appeareth evidently that the ende of the Staffe the sight meet in one or to speak properly both of them stand just in the center of the quadrant Therefore whensoever with the Crosse-staffe you wil take the height of the Sonne or of any Starre then observe diligently how many degrees it is elevated above the Horizon and place the two Crosses upon so many degrees then applie the Staffe to your eye in such manner as that you may see the endes of the Crosses just over each other according as is taught before in such forme then as you finde the Staffe to stand to your eye shall you place the Staffe taking away one of the Crosses when you desire to measure according to such height this is a sure rule which will never faile neither can you possibly misse if you follow it CHAP. XV. Of the breadth of the Landes THe breadth of Landes or Countries is no other then the distance or widenes that is betweene the said Landes and the Equinoctiall Line which is reckoned in a double manner that is northerly and southerly to the number of 90. Such Lands or Countries as lye right under the Equinoctiall Line have no breadth but such as lye northward from it have northerly breadth and they that lye southerly have southerly breadth Example The Iland of S. Thomas in the River Gaban in Guinea lyeth right under the Line and therefore hath no breadth neither northerly nor southerly The Cap S. Vincent in Spaine lyeth northward from the Line 37 degrees and therefore the northern breadth of Cap S. Vincent is 37 degrees The point of Lezaret in England lyeth northward from the Line 50 degrees therefore the north breadth of Lezaret is 50 degrees The Cap de bona Esperance lyeth southward from the Line 34½ degrees therefore the southerly breadth of Cap de bona Esperance is 34 1 ● degrees In like manner you must understand and reckon other Landes Countryes and Townes CHAP. XVI Of the height of Landes and Countries and what it is THe height and breadth of Landes Countries although that in them selves they are divers thinges yet they are alwaies one like unto the other Any Countrie being situated under the breadth of 30 degrees lyeth also in the heigth 30 degrees which by Sea-faring men is taken without difference but what it is or what it hath in it or signifieth fewe men understand and yet it behoveth a Sea-faring man that seeketh for the height of any Countries to be expert therein for that no man without it can well understand how any Instrument whether it be Astralabium or Crosse-staffe no nor the Sea-compasse it self should wel be used for that these things are al built upon one foundation like a chaine hang one upon the other But it may be that some man will object and say that there are many Pilots which do not well understand such things and yet are able to goe directly unto divers places whither they desire to sayle which I confesse to be true but tell me how many times are they deceived how manie times are they in great doubt and fear and how seldome dare they trust unto the height which they have taken or reckoned whē they are to seek out any countrie there by how often tymes hath it heretofore happened that for want of such knowledge ships have sayled out of their way either behinde England or upon France which thought to passe through the chanell between England and France and that in so short and well knowne and common sayled water as to come out of Spaine or France what would such men doe if they should passe the Line and were to seeke or finde out certaine Ilands or that after they had sayled up and downe the Seaes certaine moneths together should then seek out for Lande but I am of this opinion which I knowe everie man will grant that it is much better and more assured to goe a way being guided by his owne eye-sight then like a blinde man to be led by another and knoweth not whether that other seeth well or not but to come againe to our matter touching the height of Countries it is no other but the height of the Pole above the Horizon that is to say so many degrees as the Pole in any Land is lifted up above the Horizō so much is the height of such a Countrie and this height agreeth alwaies with the breadth as aforesaid In the 10 chapter it is shewed that wheresoever a man goeth or turneth alwaies the one half of the Heavens sheweth it self above the Horizon and the other half is hidden from us in the first Chapter it is said that the two Poles stand right one against the other whereby it is evidently to be understood that whensoever a man being upon the earth is right under the Equinoctiall Line that then both the Poles of the World lye right in the Horizon one in the south and the other in the north as much as a man travaileth northward from the Equinoctiall Line and winneth breadth northerly so much the north Pole riseth above the Horizon and

the south Pole contrarie wise goeth so much under on the contrarie as many degrees as a man goeth from the Equinoctiall Line southward and winneth breadth southward so much the south Pole riseth above the Horizon and the north Pole goeth so much under which may easily be understood by the Figure hereafter following In this figure the undermost rondel that turneth about signifieth the Heavens N the north pole S the south Pole AE the Equinoctiall the uppermost edge of the half moveable rundle signifieth the Horizon the one half of the Heavens is above it and the other half just under it the round bale in the middle signifieth the Earth whereon you see a litle man that may be turned upon the Earth southward and northward Now perfectly to marke and perceive that which is before written that is to knowe what heigth is that it alwaies agreeth with the breadth bring the litle man upon the Earth-globe right under the Equinoctiall that is to say that it have no breadth neither northward nor southward then you shal see that both the Poles lye just with the Horizon that neither of them both are elevated above it nor depressed under it and with all you shall see that they that dwell under the Equinoctial have no heigth or elevation of the Pole nor yet any breadth But if you remove the man so much northward that he goeth tenne degrees upon the Earth that is that he commeth tenne degrees upon the north beadth you shall see that the north-north-Pole shall be raised or elevated tenne degrees above the Horizon in the north and the south Pole shall goe tenne degrees under the Horizon and if you remove the man upon the Earth more northerly as thirtie fortie or fiftie degrees the north Pole will also be so much elevated and the south Pole to the contrarie so much depressed under the Horizon so that if you turne the man upon the Earth to ninetie degrees then the north Pole also will be elevated ninetie degrees that is the Pole wil stand right above his head and the Equinoctiall will joyne with the Horizon in one circle that which thus is said of the Elevating of the north Pole is also in the same manner to be understood of the south Pole for if likewise you move the man upon the Earth in the figure toward the south the south Pole will be elevated above the Horizon as much as the man in breadth goeth southward and the north Pole will goe so much under the Horizon One thing is herein to be noted that as much as the Pole riseth above the Horizon just so much the Equinoctiall goeth under it and when the Pole goe●h under the Equinoctiall riseth againe in equall proportion But above all you must marke that the number of the Poles elevation added to the heigth of the Equinoctiall alwayes make even 90 degrees so that when the Pole is elevated thirtie degrees in the north the Equinoctiall is elevated sixtie degrees in the south but if the south Pole be elevated above your Horizon twentie degrees the Equinoctiall will be elevated in the north seventie degrees which is clearly understood and shewed in this manner we alwaies see half the heavens above the Horizon as aforesaid which is twice ninetie degrees from the south to the Zenith or the point just over our heads and from the Zenith to the Horizon in the north Now seeing that betweene the Equinoctiall and the Pole there are alwaies ninetie degrees as is shewed in the second Chapter it followeth that that which is beneath the Pole and the Equinoctiall maketh also ninetie degrees therefore when we knowe the heigth of the Equinoctiall and take it out of ninetie that which resteth over is alwaies the heigth of the Pole This also may be seene in the figure aforesaid CHAP. XVII How to finde the heigth of the Pole by the Sonne TO finde the heigth of the Pole by the Sonne one thing is specially to be marked to wit whether you are northward or southward from the Sonne whether the Sonne standeth northward or southward from you is easily knowne when you are in such a place upon the Earth as is farre from the Line or from the Sonne but when the Sonne is neere almost above your head then you can not well see it with your eye therefore set a compasse before you that you may see where north and south is then take your Astrolabium and set it so that the one edge thereof stand right south and the other north and then you shall see at a haires breadth whether the Sonne being at the heigth standeth northward or southward from the head-point or Zenith if then you will seeke the heigth of the Pole when you are on the north side of the Sonne that is when the Sonn is southward from you then take the just heigth first and as much as the declination of the Sonne is northward take it out of your heigth that which resteth is the heigth of the Equinoctiall in the south With northerly declination which subtracted out of ninetie as in the former Chapter is declared then you have the heigth of the north Pole Example In this figure let P be the north Pole and G the south Pole E H the Equinoctiall A B the Horizon Z the Zenith and D the Sonne let the heigth of the Sonne B D be sixtie degrees above the Horizon the northerly declination D E eight degrees if then you take D E eight degrees frō B D the heigth of the Sonne there will rest B E two-and fiftie degrees which is the heigth of the Equinoctiall which taken out of ninetie degrees resteth eight-and-thirtie degrees for the heigth of the north Pole A P as in the sixteenth Chapter is shewed If the declination be southerly then adde it to the heigth aforesaid taken and then if the addition be lesse then ninetie With southerly declination then looke upon the heigth of the Line in the south which taken out of 90 as aforsaid it leaveth you the heigth of the north Pole Let the height of the Sonne be D B 40 degrees the southerly declination of the Sonne E D 20 degrees then adde E D 20 degrees to D B 40 degrees it maketh E B 60 degrees the height of the Equinoctiall which subtracted from 90 as E G the distance betweene the Equinoctiall and the south Pole then there will rest 30 for B G that is as much as the south Pole is gone under the Horzion as before is shewed so much as the one Pole is under the Horizon just so much is the other above it the north Pole P shall here be elevated 30 degrees But if the height of the Sonne being added unto the declination maketh more then 90 degrees then you must understand that the Equinoctiall is northward from your head just so much as the aforesaid addition is more then 90 so consequently the south Pole also shall be so much elevated Example How you

aforesaid I desire to know the age of the Moone the 28 of Iulie the Epact is 19 whereunto I adde 5 for the moneths past from March and 28 more for the dayes of the moneth that are past which together maketh 52 from which I subtract 30 there resteth 22 and that is the age of the Moone upon that day that which is here alledged concerneth the New Stile wholly CHAP. XXV Of the Sea-cardes IT is well knowne unto everie man specially to all those that understand the groundes of Cosmographie that the Earth and the Sea together is a round bodie or Globe so that it is impossible in such sort to set downe and shewe the same or the partes thereof in one plat forme or carde that they may be well distinguished without error for it is impossible to make a thing that is round to be like in all proportions with that which is flatte so that the cōmon flatte Sea-cardes many tymes in some places are untrue specially those that set forth great voyages farre from the Equinoctiall but the Sea-cardes that are cōmonly used here aboutes for the East West voyages by Sea they are reasonable true or els the faults therin are so smale that they cannot be any hinderance thereunto they are most fitt Instruments to be used by sea and our old farefathers which first practised them did great pleasure profit unto Seafaring men The want that we finde in them consisteth herein is thus found If a man were to sayle to a place with three points into the Sea the two first points might be sayled by their strokes and distances but from the second to the third place that is the third side of the triple point it wil fayle both in the stretching and the distance Example I sayle from the Lezard with a right course to the Ilands of Canaria and from thence againe to the Ilands of Corvo Flores for the which two strokes and distances my Carde is well made but if I wil sayle again from Corvo to Lezard frō whence I first sayled the Carde will shewe me an imperfect course that is it will shew farther in the Carde then it is and it shal differ also in the stretching so that you must set your course more northerly then the Carde sheweth In our short wayes as aforesaid this is not much marked is litle esteemed but they that sayle to West-India they perceive it well ynough When they sayle outward they hold their way farre southward and there finde their Cardes just with their due lengths because the Cardes are made for the purpose but returning home againe when they hold their course northerly then they finde the way to be shorter then their Cardes shew it The cause thereof is this all the lines in flat Sea cardes from south to north are al over drawn just even each som other from the Equinoctiall to the Pole but upon a round Globe which is made in forme like the Earth they are not of alike widenesse but the more Northerly they are the nearer they come one to the other so that two strokes of south and north at the breadth of 60 degrees are but half so wide one from the other as upon the Equinoctiall Line and under the Pole they fall close together Wherefore if two ships being under the Equinoctiall distant from each other 200 leagues both of them may sayle right north without let or hinderance they would come to the height of 60 degrees and be but 100 leagues one from the other and if they should hold on the same course they would at last meet both together under the Pole but if you should prick the course of those two shippes in a flat Sea-carde the distances in the Carde would remaine alike whereby it is playnely seene that al places in the Sea-cardes lying farr northward are much to great unles they be drawne lesse which cannot well be done without making other places falser but how all such places may be made even and holpen you may see it in the Sea-cardes of West India which were printed and made by us Amongst manie Pilots there is an opinion that they had rather use the written Cardes then such as are printed esteeming the printed Cardes to be imperfect and say that the written Cardes are much better and perfecter they meane the written Cardes that are dayly made by men are everie day corrected the printed never but herein they are not a litle deceived for the printed Cardes in each respect are as good yea better then the written for that the printed Cardes are once in everie point with al care and diligence made perfect in regard that they serve for many for that being once well made all the rest may with as litle labour be made good as wel as bad But the Sea-cardes that are written can not be made so sound nor with such speed because so much cost for one peece alone were to much but are all one after the other with the least labour copied out and many tymes by such persons that have litle or no knowledge therein Whatsoever there is yet resting to be corrected or made better is as easie to be corrected in the Cardes that are printed as in them that are written which wee also are readie to doe at our charge if any man can by good pro shewe us any thing that is to be corrected in the Cardes that are printed by us The ende of the Introduction THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE LIGHT OF NAVIGATION VVHEREIN ARE DESCRIBED AND DRAVVEN all the Coasts and Havens of the VVest Seas as of Holland Zealand Flanders France Spaine and Barbarie ALSO Of the Ilands of Canaria Madera and the Flemish Ilands together with the South and VVest Coasts of Ireland and England AT AMSTERDAM Printed by VVilliam Iohnson dwelling upon the VVater by the Old Bridge at the Signe of the Golden Son-dyall Anno 1612. Set heere the first Carde noted with N. 1. Caarte vande Zuyder-Zee en van de vermaerde Stromen ende Gaten van't Vlie ende Texel wat zanden platen drooghten diepten ende ondiepten daein gheleghen zÿn ende hoemen die zoo in 't op al 's afzeylen schouwen ende mÿden zal Description de la Zuyder-Zee et des tresrenommez fleuves du Texel et Vlie monstrant tous sables bancqs secheresses et autres inconveniens sur lesdictes fleuves et par quel moyen on les peult eviter CHAPTER I. THE DESCRIPTION OF the Streame running in the Flie and the Tessel and hovv you must sayle out of the Flie and the Tessel I To sayle from Amsterdam and Enchuysen to the Flie. TO sayle from Amsterdam to the fal of Urck you must sayle in the middle of the water to Tyort and if you wil sayle from thence over Pampus with a ship that drawes much water that is at least tenne foot or more then keep Marker church without upon the Land of Udam called Schyteldoecks haven so long till the

sort you must doe with the rest Marke That the declinatiō of the Starres which we have here also in the seventh chapter set downe doe not agree and fall out alike with that which we have set downe in our Degree-bookes of Anno 1605 the reason is that these are placed according to the yeere of our Lord 1608 and 1609 as it is said in the aforesaid Chapter but in the aforesaid Degree-bookes they are placed according to Anno 1600 whereby you may partly see the alteration of the declination of the fixed Starres An admonition how to take the height THe Sonne the Starres cōming neare unto the Horizon shine and shewe themselves alwaies to be higher then naturally they are and you shall alwaies take them higher which happeneth by meanes of the vapours exhalatiōs which by reason of the heat of the Sonne continually rise up from the earth and the nearer the heavenly lights approch unto the Horizon the more are they marked of us in regard that the aforesaid vapours and exhalations the nearer they approch unto the Horizon the thicker they shewe and by that meanes the heavenly lights seeme higher in our sight The Sonne standing upon the Horizon shineth 34 min. higher in our sight then naturally he is the starres about half a deg which they loose by litle and litle by rising up frō the Horizō the Sōne to 30 deg the Starres to 20 deg high but how much that may import in severall heights as by long and much curious observation hath by the aforesaid Tycho Brahe bene found out you shall see by these Tables following A table of the Sonnes Refraction or rising up by occasion of vapours or exhalations The Sonne being high 0 degrees shineth 34 minutes higher then it is indeed 1 degrees shineth 26 minutes 2 degrees shineth 20 minutes 4 degrees shineth 15 minutes 7 degrees shineth 13 minutes 10 degrees shineth 10 minutes 16 degrees shin●th 7 minutes 23 degrees shineth 3 minutes 32 degrees shineth 1 minutes A Table of the Starres refraction or rising up by occasion of vapours or exhalations The fixed Starres being high 0 degrees shine 30 minutes higher then they are indeed 1 degrees shine 22 minutes 2 degrees shine 15 minutes 4 degrees shine 11 minutes 7 degrees shine 8 minutes 11 degrees shine 5 minutes 15 degrees shine 3 minutes This is requisite to be well marked by them that sayle farre northward and finde the Sonne nere unto the Horizon for it may differ half a degree if you use it in the north at the lowest and in the south at the highest If you will see and marke it better in another manner put a peece of mony or some thing els in an emptie paile or tubbe then goe or steppe so farre back that you loose the sight of the mony and stand still there then let another man fill the paile or tubbe full of water and the peece of mony will be so much elevated or lifted up that you shal see it a good waie above the side of the paile or tubbe where as before you could not see it and in such sorte the heavenly lights that are neere the Horizon by meanes of the vapours and exhalations are lifted up CHAP. XIX Of the North-starre and how you shall finde the Height thereby N is the north Starre P is the north Pole W is the Wagon and C are the Starres of Cassiopea whereof B is the brest This is a certaine and a generall rule which by no meanes can faile and in al places of the Earth where we may see use the north Star is without any alteration How you must use the North starre when you take the Watchers upon the four chief strokes in the Compasse AL Seafaring men commonly use the north Starre when they take the Watchers upon one of the eight-quarter strokes of the Compasse whereunto they have certaine tables to knowe how much the north Starre standeth upon everie stroke of the compasse either under or above the Pole that is how many they shall adde or subtract to or from each Starre In most part or the bookes made for Seafaring it is shewed that when the Watchers stand in the east that then the North Starre standeth beneath the Pole a degree and an half some say a degree and 40 minutes and again when the Watchers stand in the west that then the North Starre standeth as much that is a degree an half above the Pole Now if East and West were used and understood by Seafaring men when the middlemost Watcher is just East and West with the North-starre that generally in all heights places without any difference certainely they should be much deceived by such rule and custome for such working is not generall but in each height severall and so working in that manner they must use severall tables The North-starre is alwaies more under the Pole when the Watchers stand in the east then he is above the Pole when the Watchers stand in the west as in the table following you may see being about the Equinoctiall it should not differ much but there a man can not use it but as soone as you sayle northward leave the Equinoctial Line then it beginneth to alter and the more northerly that you goe the more it differeth so that at last before you come to the height of 80 degrees and that the Watchers come to stand in the west the North Starre is a great deale under the Pole how much this may differ upon one str●ke it may be reckoned by this example When you are under the height of 20 degrees and that the Watchers stand in the west that is when the middlemost Watcher in the west standeth just as high above the Horizon as the North-starre then the North-starre shal stand above the Pole one degree and two minutes but comeing under the height of 80 degrees and that the middlemost Watcher standeth in the west just as high as the North-starre then the North-starre shall stand 35 minutes beneath the Pole which with the former differeth verie neare two whole degrees that upon one stroke And although two such places are farre distant one from the other notwithstanding hereby it may easily be perceived and understood by men of judgment that this alteration as you sayle from the one place unto the other by litle litle encreaseth Many men herein note a great difference because thereby they cānot gesse right and yet can not understand what the cause therof is so that some of them to mend it cutt off a peece of their Crosse-staffe others make themselves tables according to their owne fantasies one thus much the other so much yet without any ground or understanding so that in their need they dare not trust to the●r owne doings Others for this cause wholly reject the North-starre esteeming it altogether unfit to take the height by but that is done for want of understāding for having good tables to that