bodies round but the hollow vpper face is the inwarde compasse about in the hollow Orbe or the bodies hollow A Center is the middle Prick in a Circle from which all right Lines drawne vnto the compasse about the same are equall betwéene the one and the other Also a Centre of the Sphere is a middle Pricke in the Sphere from which all right lines drawn vnto the imbossed vpper face we agrée in length The Exe trée is a right line drawne by the Centre of â—e Sphere and with both his endes pearcing vnto the â—des of the imbossed vpper face about which the Sphere 〈◊〉 turned The Poles are the verie endes of the Exe-trée appeaing on each side about which heauen is turned Also the â—oles of the turning are named the endes and tops and named besides the ending pointes of the Exe-tree drawne by the Centre of the Sphere about which the Shere and Circles of the Sphere are turned The Poles of the Sphere and Circles described in the Sphere are pointes consisting in the vpper face of the Sphere from which all right lynes drawne vnto the compasse of the Circles are equall Although euery greater Circle in the Sphere of the worlde hath his Poles yet is oftner mention made of the Poles of the worlde or Equinoctiall of the Zodiacke and Horyzont The Poles of the world or Equinoctiall are the two extreame poyntes and both endings of the Exe trée of the world about which the Sphere is turned The one of the Poles which eleuated sheweth to vs dwelling into the North and turneth alwaies about in our sight is named the Boreall and North Pole of the litle Beare neare to it which Pole is continualy séene and knowne by the two starres neare to it of which the one is notable and cleare of the thirde bignesse standing at the ende or top of the tayle of the little Beare distant from the very Pole 4. degrées and 9. minutes But the other dimmer of the fourth bignesse not farre distant from the other star afore is come nearer and doeth scarcely differ nowe 50. minutes from the place of the true and very Pole If any will know the Pole of the world or Pole starre let him turne his face towarde the North the sky then being cleare leauing the East on the right side and west on the left side and he shal see in the little Beare seauen stars placed like to the forme of the starres of the great Beare which are brighter Of these stars three doe fashion the tayle and that which is in the top of the tayle is named the Pole star which declineth in our time from the Equatour 85 degrées and 5â— minutes So that beeing no further off by this declination from 90 degrees the distance of it from the very Pole shall remaine and bee 4. degrées and 7. minutes and this starre also in processe of time shall be ioyned with the Pole The other Pole which through the swelling of the earth is continually hid to vs of the North is named the Meridionall or South Pole right against as it were the North Pole Beeing euermore so lowe depressed as the North Pole raysed in any countrey to the North aboue the Horizont The Poles of the Zodiacke are continually so farre distant from the Poles of the world as is the greatest declination of the Sun which in our time is founde and noted by obseruations to be of 23. degrées 28. minutes and 30. seconds But the Borcall or North Pole of the Zodiacke distant from the two dimme starres in the tryangle of the Dragon being stars of the sixt bignesse which a right line by imagination drawne from the third starre in the tayle of the little Beare vnto that constellation named Lyra expresseth the same that it is but a little further distance then two degrées The Poles of the Horizont are the twoe extreame pointes or ends of the right lyne drawne out of the Center of the Earth by the top ouer our head vnto the opposit places of the Dyametre of the Merydyan of which the one directly ouer our heade named the verticall poynte and of the Arabians Zenith the other right against named of them Nadir And the Poles of each of the greater Cyrcles doe differ from their Circles 90. degrées or a quarter of an other greate Circle of the Sphere For by the 23. proposition of Theodosius of the Sphere a right lyne drawne from the Pole of his Circle vnto the circumference is equall to ech of the foure quarter sides descrybed within the same Circle which foure quarter sides doe deuide the Circle into foure quarters Yet are each greater Circles of a Sphere equall betwéene the one and the other But seeing the equall right lynes doe take away the equall compasses of the equall Circles therefore should a lyne drawn from the Pole vnto the circumference of his Circle take away of the greater Circle one quarter of the other Circle drawne by the Pole euen like as the sides of a quarter described within the Circle By which appeareth that the Poles of the greater Circles doe differ or be distant by a quarter from their Circles as is aboue written What the World is and into how many partes the same is deuided with the motion of the celestiall Orbes THe Worlde after Orontius is defined to bee a perfitte and an entire composition of all things a deuine worke but finite and continually to be merueled at adorned with all kindes of formes and shapes of bodies that nature coulde make which in all partes are procreated and appeare and those first created by God so well in Earth as in Heauen by his onely worâ— of nothing to th'end the same might bée a proper mansioâ— place for man in which he might dayly behold and mak knowne Aristotle teacheth two definitions of the world the one that it is an apt frame wrought consisting both of heauen and earth and of the celestiall and inferiour bodies aptly distributed and of other naturall thinges in them contayned The other definition is that the world is a perfit body and most perfit rounde forme contayning the ordinance and distribution of bodies created by God to tend vnto a purpose which by God and through God is preserued The parts or Regions of the worlde are two as the Ethereall and Elementary The Etheriall region is the higher and vpper parte of the world which encloseth the Elementary region being wholy cleare and the light perfitte and contayning the Orbes of all the fixed starres and Planets distinguished by a certaine order frée of all mixture and all strange qualities nor harmed by any alterations In which the celestiall bodies are drawne about by certaine and continuall orders and times of the motions that they may so cause the diuersities of times dayes yeares and moneths and as well in the Elementary nature by his motion and light ingender mixe and temper togither the first qualities and prepare also other effects The Elementary region is the nether part
experience gainsayth and denieth muchlesse therefore can it be greater ten times By which is to be concluded that the water is but litle in quantity in respect of the earth although it may séeme very bigge being vp to the edges of the vpper face of the earth And if the waters had béene more bigger then the earth they had drowned or couered the whole earth euen of late yeares That the earth employeth the middle place of the Worlde and is the Center of the whole A Ristarchus Samius which was 261 yeares before the byrth of Christ tooke the earth from the middle of the world and placed it in a peculiar Orbe included within Marses and Venus Sphere and to bee drawne aboute by peculiar motions about the Sunne which hée fayned to stande in the myddle of the worlde as vnmoueable after the manner of the fixed stars The like argument doth that learned Copernicus apply vnto his demonstrations But ouerpassing such reasons least by the newnesse of the arguments they may offend or trouble young students in the Art wee therefore by true knowledge of the wise doe attribute the middle seate of the world to the earth and appoynte it the Center of the whole by which the risings settinges of the stars the Equinoctials the times of the increasing and decreasing of the dayes the shadowes and Ecclipses are declared The earth round about is equally distant from heauen therefore according to the definition of the Center the earth is the Center of the world That the stars haue alwaies one bignes in what place soeuer any shall beholde them therefore are they in an equall distance from the earth The roundnesse of the earthly globe hath a proportion vnto the roundnesse of heauen that is the certaine and proportionall parts in the earthly Globe doe answere to certaine proportionall partes of heauen therefore is the earth the Center of the world In that siftéene Germaine miles on earth doe answere to a degrée of the Meridian and that in euery houre doe fiftéene degrées arise of the Equinoctiall which coulde not be if the earth were not in the middle of the world For the vnequall Arks should otherwise appeare in the equal times and the equall partes of the Meridian shoulde the vnequall spaces on earth answere which experience dayly witnesseth vnto the contrary And hereof it ensueth that the earth stands in the middle of the world In euery Artificiall day doe sixe signes appeare and sixe like set vnder the earth therefore is the earth in the middle of the worlde and is also as a pricke to which the halfe doth regularly moue dayly The like is in the opposition of the Sunne and Moone when either light is in the Horizont which could not be if the earth should approch or come néerer vnto one part then vnto the other If it were néerer to eyther of the Poles then could not the vniuersall Equinoctials bee for that the one Arke alwaies either in the day and night time should be greater then the other The Eccclipses also coulde not bée in the changes and full moones For that there shoulde then bée vneuen spaces from the South vnto the North and from the East vnto the West If the earth were not as the Center of the worlde then of necessity shoulde these ensue that the earth shoulde approch either néerer to the East or West or South part and when any of the starres aswell the fixed as Planets shall come vnto that part they shall appeare nearer to vs then being in any other part of heauen and by that aboue saide they shall also appeare greater which is altogether vntrue and we also sée the contrary in that as aboue writen they alwaies appeare of one greatnesse eyther being in the East or in the West Also one halfe of heauen is alwaies aboue the earth and the other halfe vnder the earth and this is not onely found and knowne in one quarter of the earth but the like in euery place as the Equinoctials do witnes then which there can be no more euident tryal A third reason may bée alleadged if any imagined the earth vpon the Center to be parted into two equal halfes and that the eie is placed in the Center then shall the eie sée no more then the halfe of heauen By which appeareth that the swelling of the earth from the Center vnto his compasse about in making a comparison vnto heauen is as in a maner nothing And it is knowne to the learned in Astronomie that any of the fixed starres is by many times greater then the earth which if any behold them they appeare as poynts in heauen Now how much lesser would the earth appear if a man should behold it from his place Here learne by this demonstration following that the earth standing without the Center in the poynt B. being to the Meridiane as is the poynte A. nearer and when a star shall come vnto that poynte then shall it bée nearer to the earth and in the opposite poynt as is I. shall bee from the same much further than in any other place and shall euen there lesser appeare which by experience is quite contrary Further graunt that C. D. be the thwart Horrizont yet the contrary for the second reason E. B. K. being the Equatour which from the said Horrizont is deuided into two vnequall parts and by this consequent also must the Zodiacke bee deuided into two vnequall partes from the said Horrizont for that those two Cyrcles as hereafter shall bee taught doe crosse one another into equall parts Therefore when the sun by his proper motion carried from the East into the West shall come vnto the crossings of the Equatour and Zodiacke and that the greater part of these Cyrcles shall be vnder the earth it cannot be that the Equinoctium or a like day and night can bee through out the earth no not vnder the right Sphere much lesse can it be vnder the thwart Sphere IF this be vnpossible it shall be also as vnpossible that sixe signes may alwaies bee aboue the earth and the other sixe vnder the earth but rather that more of the signes shall be vnder the earth and more of them aboue euen as the earth is imagined to be deuided from the Horrizont aforesaid into two equall parts like as when it shall bée in the Center of the whole and that from each Center of the greater Cyrcles the earth is deuided into two partes As all these to any beholding the materiall Sphere are forthwith knowne at the first sight so by a third reason is to bee noted that when any imagineth by the lyne E. F. that the earth in the poynt G. standing as in the Center of the whole is deuided by the middle as well beeing in G. as H. for the excéeding distance from the Cyrcumference is vnpossible to sée alwaies the halfe heauen If the Earth be not in the middle of the Worlde then of necessitie shall it possesse some of these
the earth Albategnius affirmeth the Star of Mercurie to be least of all the starres and supposeth or accounteth him to be as one part of 19000. parts of the earth The highest ascention of Mercuries Sphere is from the earth after Albategnius distant 166. semidiametres but the lowest point in the same Orbe is 56. semidiametres distant from the earth THe Moone being lowest of all the Planets doth compasse about the whole Zodiack in 27. dayes 7. hours 43. minutes and 7. seconds She is lesser then the earth after the iudgement of Ptholomie by thrée hundreth nine times and a vnity more then eight parts For the triple proportion of the diametre of the earth vnto the moone by deuiding aboue the fift parts is euen the like as 27. vnto 5. But lesser she is then the sun by sixe thousand fiue hundreth thirty and nine times Copernicus by his obseruations founde the earth greater then the Moone by forty thrée times lesse then an eight part and of this the sunne also is founde greater then the moone by seauen thousand parts lacking thréescore seconds And the greatest distance of the new and full mòone from the earth after the mind of Ptholomie is 64. semidiametres and 10. scruples but after later obseruations 65. semidiametres and 30. scruples And the lowest to the earth is 55. semidiametres and 8. minutes THe Moone digressing from the Sun euery moneth and taking or receiuing a newe light as it were in that she is changed taketh a new light of the sun doeth after encrease by little and litle conceiuing dayly a bigger forme and light vntill shee come in right line against the sunne at what time she shineth with full light after returning againe vnto the sun she waxeth olde by loosing of her light by little and little and in the contrary maner cōmeth vnto the like formes of light vntil she comming vnder the beames of the sun bée quite out of sight Also for that the moone hath a body partly thin partly thicke solyde and shadowed therefore is she not equally filled round about with the beames of the sun but that the same halfe of her Globe or body which turned againe in heauen that beholdeth the sun is it which shineth and the other halfe turned away from the suns light is that which shineth not but remaineth shadowed That Heauen hath a round fourme and to be carried circularly FIrst heauen is equally distant roūd about from the earth and of this is heauen perfect rounde after the definition of the Sphere Which reason is thus proued that if heauen shoulde haue any other forme then perfect round then of necessity must the stars change their distances frō the earth what place vppon earth they shoulde purchase as somewhere more and somewhere lesse they shoulde bee distant and the standing of them changed should also alter their apparant bignesse in that they should appeare greater being séene néere hande and lesser being séene far off Yet neither of these happeneth but that they cōtinually kéeping a sunder are drawn about by vnchangeable spaces and holding a like bignesse and distance to all places of the earth That the stars about the quarters of the East or West appeare sometimes greater is not caused by reason of the shorter distance but for that their beams in the vapours which often times consist in the ayre betwéene the starres and our eie are then broken which breaking of them causeth the body of the star séene to appeare much greater in the eie then in déed it is That heauen is drawne circularly is thus knowne in that wée alwaies sée all the Stars from the East into the West to be drawne vpward and that the hemisphere in our sight is carried continually in distant cyrcles equidistant neuer changing the standing or distance one from another neither in bignesse as far as the iudgement of the eie can descerne neither any whit lessoned For they being drawue from the neather place as from the earth are caried by little and little And after they be thus come vnto the highest of their iourney as vnto the noon-stéede they decline again by little and little till they be brought down vnto the west quarter and there set and hidden vnder the earth and these places and times both of the risings and settings doe they repeate in certaine order Therefore by these it appeareth that they are drawne and carried by round By the second it is euident that the Starres which be néere the Pole Articke are neuer hidden out of our sight but are continually and vniformally drawn round about the Pole as the Centre in such sort that the stars neare to it make the lesser compasses and the stars further off doe define greater compasses So that the starres fastened to their proper Orbs as aforewritten are cyrcularly caried By which two motions of the stars as well tending vnto the West as otherwise it plainly appeareth that heauen is drawn about and caried round A manifest demonstration appeareth of the former argument by this figure here following That the Water and Earth are round Bodies and by a mutuall embracing doe make one Body and one hollovv vpperface THat the earth is round is thus proued Wheras in euery vpper face the length and breadth is considered The length of the vpper face of the earth is from the West into the East or contrariwise The bredth is from the South into the North or contrariwise That the earth also to bee rounde appeareth after length in that the Sun Moone and Stars doe neither arise nor set at one instant time alike to all persons dwelling in any parte of the earth But doe much sooner appeare and shine to them dwelling vnto the East and within a whiles after they shewe to them dwelling in the West By the second appeareth that one and the like Eclipse of the moone in diuers houres is séen both in the East and West For that which appeareth in the first houre of the night to them in the West is séene to them in the East parte in the second thirde or fourth houre euen as they come nearer vnto the East which would not be caused if the night to both places should happen and bée at one moment nor sooner woulde they appeare to them in the East part Againe there bée certaine stars which in their rising doe appeare sooner to them in the East parts then to them in the West as Plinie writeth of Arbelis being a towne in Asiria where an Eclipse of the Moone was séene in the second houre of the night which in Sicily was séene in the first houre of the night For the Assirians are more Easterly then the Sicilians and therefore doeth the sun set sooner with them then with the Siciliaus And when it was also the second houre of the night in Assiria the Sun first set in Sicilia about the first houre of the night Moreouer the Pole of the world acording to the diuersitie of places is eleuated and
depressed So that the cause of the diuersity of this appearance is onely the swelling of the earth To be briefe the beginnings and spaces of the dayes and nights and that in diuers places of the earth do vary and yet following in a maner one order But this variety could not happen if the earth were not Sphericall and all about equally rounde herein excluding both vallies and the toppes of hilles which applied vnto the body of the earth cause no inequalitie or diuersity at all For the swelling of the earth causeth that the stars be not séene togither in all countries but drawne about by little and little by a certaine succession and order that they so appeare sooner to them in the East part then to them in the West through the swelling as yet not aboue caried which swelling being high betwéene both is a let and cause of the later appearing of them to the west and by that meanes also kéepeth and hideth the stars the longer from their sight So that by these it euidently appeareth that the onely cause is the swelling of the earth If the earth were fashioned with a déepe hollownesse and compassed round about with a light inclosure then should the stars risen be soonest séene to them in the West partes and much later appeare to them in the East For that the higher inclosure to the hollownesse as a wal built about should be a let and hinderance to the sight of the beholders in such sort that those starres arising it shoulde hinder their sight If the earth were formed with places standing in sharp piller forme or in right line vp then should the stars appeare set and be hidden alike to those places and no differences of dayes should be caused but that they shoulde haue one like day and the sun also appearing to that fide which they shewed so that whiles the Sun runneth and compasseth about the backe parts they should be without light of the sun and should remaine al the time in shadow and darknesse And if it should haue a Cubicke for me then should they sée the sun sixe houres and loose or be without light and sight of the sun other eightéene houres If in round piller-wise as if the howndes were playne vnto both the Poles and the hollow partes should decline vnto the East and West then should no stars continually appeare to them dwelling in the hollow but that certaine stars should arise vp and set in the West and other certain stars néere to both the Poles should alwaies be hid To conclude if the whole earth were framed with an equal playnesse throughout then should the stars appeare at one moment to all countries and setting againe should hide the like out of sight and by that meanes shoulde the dayes begin and end alike and no differences shoulde bée obserued To all such arguments seing experience onely doth repugne or contrary them It is therefore manifest that the earth from the West towarde the East riseth vp into an equall swelling If the earth also were plaine from the East vnto the West then shoulde the starres arise so soone to them in the West as to those of the East which is a manifest error Also if the earth wéere playne from the North vnto the South and like from the South vnto the North then the starres which were to some of a continuall appearance should alwaies séene the fame and like which way or into what quarter soeuer a man goeth which also is vntrue But the cause which maketh the earth séene plaine is through the ouer great quantity which causeth it so to appeare to euery mans sight But that the earth is round according to latitude the diuers eleuations of the Pole and stars eyther alwaies in sight or continually hidden doth euidently declare For from the Equatour in going forth easilie towardes the North and that the Pole Articke be higher raysed and the stars néere to the Pole raysed vp then are the Stares right against like depressed and as they were out of sight and so much the more as they go further from the Equatoure nor the Northerly stars neuer set but continually drawne about in sight with heauen But the contrarie happeneth by going from the saide Cyrcle or Equatoure vnto the contrary part So that there is no greater cause of this diuersitie than the swelling of the earth which if the same shoulde bee plaine the starres opposite or right against according to latitude about the Poles shoulde offer and appeare togither to all countries which the swelling of the earth hindreth to be séene An instrument by which the round nesse of the Earth according to latitude may be proued and all those may easily be shewed which are taught of the dayes Artificiall That the Water hath a like swelling and runneth round THis by two reasons is prooued the first is most certaine by a mark or marks standing on the sea banke like as a tower stéeple or such like erected of purpose so that a shippe sayling into the déepe and carried so far off that no more of the sides or bottom can be descerned sauing the top of the mast which only appeareth to the sight Or thus that a marke stoode on the sea banke and a ship passing forth of the hauen sayling so far into the sea that the eie of the beholder being néere the foote of the mast cannot decerne the marke the ship in the meane time staying or standing still so that his eie being in the top of the mast shall perfectly sée that marke but the others eie being néere the foote of the mast shoulde rather better sée the marke than he which is in the top of the mast as may more euidently appeare by lynes drawne from either place vnto the mark so that the manifest cause of this appeareth to bee none other then the swelling of the water But here are all other impediments excluded that may otherwise hinder as mists foggs and such like vapours ascending Also a like reason of the impediments of this aboue written is for that the water ariseth into a swelling which hindreth the sight of the bottom or sides of the ship that being in a high place doeth not hinder the sight of the same as the top of the mast which either excéedeth or is equall with the swelling of the water For men sayling on the mayne sea sée nothing round about but the Sky and the Sea but comming nearer the banks do by litle and litle descry and sée either high hilles or cliffes as if they were rising forth of the water Also to those that dwell on a high ground the sun first ariseth and last setteth And to this agréeth that out of the higher places both more and further may bée séene into the sea then in vallies or lower places By all these therefore it is euident that the vpper face of the water swelleth as by the example following more plainly shall appeare but an other example of the same shall
North and South So that the foresaid right sections doe part the Horizont and cyrcumference of the same into foure quarters The foure principall windes of the common sorte are thus called that which bloweth from the East the Leuant winde and that right against it the Ponent that from the North Transmontanus and that right against it the Merâ—dional These foure of later yeares they haue deuided into 32. windes after the noted lines and pointes drawne in the Saylers carde and other Mappes euery where to be séene Also the Saylers compasse doth expresse so many windes directed by the adamant or lodestone which howe the same doeth direct and shewe the windes needeth not here be shewed séeing the same is sufficieÌ„tly known to euery sayler which by the guide of their compasse direct their course in clowdy weather either by day or night in marking diligently the points of the compasse how they coast To returne vnto the matter of the Meridiane the diuersitie of Meridianes is no otherwise caused then the swelling of the earth as in the first part I haue sufficiently written the cause of which is that one like parte of heauen cannot be the top or height of euery place Therefore one meridiane cannot serue all places but that in all places a proper Meridiane is caused ouer the head The meridiane also is that which when the sun commeth vnto the highest ouer vs foresheweth by his working and heat the midday This meridiane is a greater cyrcle passing by y â— poles of the world and Zenith or a direct pointe ouer the head abiding immoueable at the motion of the sphere This cyrcle is differing to euery Citty and people by reason of the East and West and is a proper meridiane caused ouer the heade For this is manifest that at the chaunging of the verticiall point there is caused an other Meridian through the swelling and roundnesse of the earth Also a man may of one meridian line describe many as writeth Iohannes a regio monte for in that instant of the Noonetide by letting downe right a plum line the shadowe of the line causeth a newe Meridiane line on the platforme Therefore these with the verticiall line in the the Center to the Horizont crossing one an other at right angles doe indicate the foure quarters of the worlde as the meridian line the North and South the verticial line the East and West The Horizont formeth the quarters of the east and west of which the one is called the East rising or easterly quarter or end the other called the West setting and quarter of the West The Meridiane defineth the boundes of the lowest and highest of heauen and the quarters or middle motions of the day and night time of which that consisting the vpper halfe Sphere is named the highest place and middle of heauen the other which containeth the lowest place right against it called the bothom or lowest of heauen The Meridiane is a greater cyrcle immoueable not one and the same euery where but to euery place peculiar and proper drawne by the top of the place and Poles of the worlde vnto which the sun carried by the motion of the first moouer doeth in the day time cause high Noone and in the night time drawne right against it causeth midnight If this cyrcle were moueable like others then at the motion of the sphere woulde it departe from our Zenith and so loose the name of the Meridiane neither woulde it deuide in proper place vnder it the artificial day into two equall parts séeing by that motion the Meridiane should approach néerer to one part of the Horizont then to the other part Nor should it stay the Horizont at right angles of which it is numbred and accompted amongest the outwarde cyrcles of the sphere The like affirmeth Proclus writing that the Meridiane is none of those cyrcles which is noted and decked with starres For the cyrcles of the sphere are distinguished by starres whereby those cyrcles may more easily be knowne in heauen The meridianes are changed by the continuall chaunging of place in the swelling or imbossing of the earth according to longitude For by going continually right forth toward the East and West it doeth purchase newe Meridianes as by going thrée miles forth then is an other pointe of heauen differing from the first ouer a mans heade and gone further by foure minutes of a degrée Proclus affirmeth that 300. furlongs cause no sensible alterations to happen of the Meridian and this is ment of those which are placed vnder diuers Meridianes and Parallelles For those which are placed vnder one Parallell and diuers Meridianes perceiue and sée no alteration at all Hee which goeth strait from the North into the South or they which directly iourney toward either of the Poles of the worlde doe continually trauaile vnder one Meridiane In that all Merdianes doe go from one Pole to another therefore no iourney causeth by this meanes an other meridiane There are as many meridians in number as there bée differences of verticiall points right ouer diuers parts of the earth in going toward the East and West The halfe of the equinoctiall hath 180. degrées whereof the Cosmographers doe assigne and distinguish so many meridians in such sorte that each Meridiane doeth passe by the twoe opposite degrées of that Equinoctiall and Poles of the world The longitude of a place is the arcke of the equinoctiall cyrcle or of any Parallell contained betwéene two Meridianes of which the one lyeth ouer the fortunate Iles and the other streacheth ouer the top of the proper place noted where the same distance of place is gathered from the fortunate Iles at the equinectiall or at the Parallell of the place The fortunate Iles are situated and lying in the sea called Oceanus Libicus beyond Mauritania betwéene the Equatoure and the tropicke of Cancer which in our time is called the Iles of Canarie and lie further into the North from the equatour then Ptholomie noted or acounted them But the latitude they accompted to bee a space of the earth lying betwéene either pole accompted in the Meridiane drawne by the poles of the worlde or a whole tract of the earth knowne and streached beyonde and on this side the equatoure toward either Pole of the worlde They stablished the beginning of the latitude in the equinoctiall as in the middle cyrcle exquisitely betweene either pole and common bound to both the Southerly and Northerly places So that the latitude of a place is the arke of the meridiane betwéene the equinoctiall and Parallell drawne by the top of the place or it is the distance of a place from the equinoctiall This alwaies is accounted in that meridian which hangeth directly ouer the top of the place and to one degrée of the same doe 500. surlongs or 15. Germaine miles answere The arks of the latitudes doe not differ from the eleuations of the pole but in the standing onely For the eleuation of the pole
and Orchades that be into the North and East which is distant from the furthest bound of Scotland but thrée dayes sayling if prosperous windes bée their helpe At this day men haue found beyond Thylen but somwhat into the East and most large bounds stretched and found beyond the articke or Northerly cyrcle these are whole without breaking of any sea betwéene and containe Suetia Norway Iseland Grunland and Lapeland The kingdome of Suetia appeareth most large and containeth sundry nations and people among which they are of most account the East and West Gutland people inhabiting neare to Norway And vnder the King of Suetia are the Lapeland people as the Finelapons and Dikilapons where are a wild and fierce people dwelling almost vnder the pole articke especially the Lapeland people to whome the sun neuer setteth in the summer for 40. dayes space Aboue these inhabit a people of a cubite long or high hauing small and crooked bodies named of some Pigmalions that liue vnder a very darke and bitter cold ayre or sky And aboue Scania néere to the West boundes of Suetia doeth Norway stretch into the North whose vttermost limit extendeth vnto the 71. degrée almost of the Northerly latitude Aboue this is the country named Iseland by reason of the frozen waters and sea where throughout the yeare it so bitterly fréezeth that through the ycie seas there thicke frozen it permitteth no ships to come vnto thē except in the thrée hottest months of the yeare It aboundeth with brimstone and burneth in many places through the sulphure brimstone veines Plinie writeth that the Occean sea in North is very large which in these our dayes is well knowne This also was learned of certaine skillfull sailers which inhabited and very much had traualed this coast that they knew not the limits or bounds of this sea toward the North but supposed that this sea did compasse the whole earth By this sea dwell many and mighty people as the Danes the Swedens Norwaies Gotelandes Finelands Russians and Pruchenians and vnder the pole artick the Laplands The reason why in these places such force of moysture aboundeth is for that a dayly and continuall cold of these places gathereth and thickneth the ayre and by a continual working resolueth into water For when the ayre is not throughly purged by the suns beames then the weaknes of them and far distance of the sun from these places must of necessity bee continually thicke and darke which afterwardes yéeldeth and giueth plentifull floodes by deawes and raines Albert mag in his booke de natura loci and 8. chapter assigneth a witty and laudable reason why the Northerly be inhabitable The cause he setteth downe in that sundry skillfull Mariners affirme that haue many times sailed into the Northerly partes of the Ocean sea that in those places is a continuall darknesse which when men sawe they returned for feare supposing nay rather doubting that none coulde saile any further in that quarter of the worlde through the darknesse and thicke mist which hindreth the direction of their iourney So that the nature of those places cannot bee sufficiently knowne to vs séeing no man as the learned report hath attempted thither through extremitie of colde their bearing sway And for that excéeding cold is a mortifying quality therefore a man may coniecture that few liuing creatures and beasts can there liue c. Yet the part of the Northerly Occean vnto the Easterly side is sufficiently knowne to many trauailers Although the vttermost boundes of the earth are not wholy knowne yet the nearest aprroaching to them shall here bee applied as the longitude of the earth distaunt betwéene Peru the Realme of America and Cathaya to expresse 315. degrées or if any minde to accompt the longitude from the fortunate Iles they may by a whole cyrcle containe them euen as the whole Orbe about in a maner doth partly giue place to the water and are partly dwellings for men beasts and other liuing creatures although some places of the earth bee more inhabited then others But as touching the latitude if towarde the North in the country of Lapous the south toward the vtmost coast of America shal end seing y ◠vtmost distance of the earth hath very litle béene noted of this shall small errour be caused If two places offered or giuen be placed vnder the Equatour of which the space is sought then the arke of the difference of latitude is the same with the arke of the distance neither doth the verticiall cyrcle differ from the Equatour For the equatour of either place doeth containe the verticiall points as may appeare in this tryangle noted with A. B. C. Of which if 15. germain miles be wrought into parts of the difference of longitude and any scruples after remaine deuide those by 4. For by so many minutes of a degrée doth a Germain mile answere that the distance shall make As Ptholomie writeth of the places vnder the Equatour The high lande or mountaine of the Satyres in the country of Syna whose longitude is of 175 degrées and no minutes nor hath any latitude Myrica an Ile of Ethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 85. degrées the angle of the difference of longitude betwéene the meridians of these places is straight or right and containeth a whole quarter or 60. degrées The like are these places standing vnder the equatour Colipolis a citty of India beyond the riuer Ganges which hath the longitude 194. degrées and 20. minutes Essina the greate Mart-towne of Aethiope vnder Aegipt whose longitude is of 70. degrées and 3. minutes The angle of the differēce of longitude which the meridians of these compasse is blunte and containeth 94. degrées and 17. minutes Againe the same or the like meridians containe and make a sharpe angle of 43 degrées as of the citty Nubarta of Taprobane which at this day is Sumatra and Colipolis of Inde beyond or aboue Ganges for it is distant from the west 122. degrées and 20. minutes and this containeth 164. degrées and 20. minutes If two places be giuen the one standing vnder the Equatour and the other distant toward any other quarter from it The first that the angle of the difference of longitude is straight to these here placed In that if two places giuen the one shall be vnder the equatoure but the other distant from the same toward some quarter thē must the angle of the difference of longitude bee considered If the same shal be right then shal the distance of either place be the quadrant of the greatest cyrcle As in this tryangle A. B. C. where the letter A. representeth the Pole of the equatour and the places giuen that the one be standing in the point B. vnder the equatour and the arke A. B. be the quadrant and that the other consisteth in the letter C. the angle then of the difference of longitude being C. A. B. is right By Regio a montano de trangulis appeareth
which we sée and obserue the celestiall bodies that rise aboue and set vnder it so that they euidently shew that the same deuideth heauen into two equall halfe spheres as aboue remembred For in euery moment doe sixe signes of the Zodiacke appeare aboue the earth as in the night to the eie may be numbred and noted that sixe signes set vnder the earth and be gone out of sight This is also called rationall séeing the eie cannot descerne vnto the highest heauen nor aptly frame this diuision of heauen into two equall halues yet the mind by examining gathereth and concludeth as by a perseuerance passing before and in the shewing of the starres that rise and set and in considering the tarriances of them in either halfe sphere This besides is called the artificiall horizone in that by the benefite of the astronomicall art it was inuented Or thus not much agréeing to the former the rationall horizone which of some is named natural and according to the mind of Ptholomie Cleomedes and Proclus belongeth vnto the Sphere of the fixed stars and reacheth euen vnto the same Sphere and deuideth heauen into equall halfe Spheres the one halfe appearing aboue the same circle and the other halfe not appearing hid vnder it Such a maner of imagining is not in vaine nor without cause determined and deuised séeing that men in the night and in a cleare season standing on an euen grounde may sée stars arise vnto sight in the East which a litle before appeared not to the sight and those after drawne by the first moouer vnto the West horizone that began to go downe be set and doe not after appeare By which they concluded that there is a cyrcle in heauen deuiding and ending matters in sight from those not séen So that they nothing doubted to call this cyrcle the rationall horizon which togither with the vpper face by the center of the earth stretched round about vnto heauen and by the foure quarters of the world as East West North and South deuided things séene from those not séene And a great helpe it giueth vnto this imagination that the earth is perfect round and imbossed in that of a Globe through his imbossing can be séene but the halfe at a time This also yéeldeth a helpe to reason by the appearances in the celestiall bodies although our sight cannot attaine vnto the starrie sky nor fully descerne heauen although a man earnestly looke vp and behold it yet doe we sée stars whose light extend vnto our eie As by this example may euidently appeare of that royall star named the heart of the Lion which in our time is in the 22. degrée almost of Leo. And the star standing on the left buttocke of Aquarius in the 22. degrée almost of the same signe◠that is diametraly or right against one the other situated Which doe on this wise that as the one appeareth aboue the horizone the other is hidden vnder it et e contra So that as the one riseth the other setteth and on this manner doe they continually Of which reason it is concluded that a certaine cyrcle deuideth heauen into twoe equall halues and do part as afore taught the things séene from those not séene Although the tariance be but small in that this star appeareth a very smal while aboue the earth through the same that this star of Aquarius is Southerly from the ecclipticke line it greatly forceth not The like examples may be applied of the superiour planets when they be situated or appeare opposite in heauen as they also may be euidently seen in the opposition of the sun and moone when they bee séene neare to the East and West horizone and where the moone is neare the suns way The diameter of the rationall horizone although the same cannot be found nor comprehended through his excéeding distaunce by exteriour sence and iudgement yet reason it selfe iudgeth that the same may extend vnto the starry sky whose sight from that not séene it doth describe and the same is of 32655932. Germaine miles and 20. minutes which distance by the outward senses is iudged as infinite The Pole of the rational horizon is the verticall point for it is distant by a quarter of the greatest cyrcle that is 90. degrées from the compasse round about of the horizon yet not to all places serueth one horizon for that as a man changeth place and country euen so ariseth a newe horizon whether so euer he trauaileth And new horizons also appeare and happen if a man either trauaile toward either of the poles of the worlde or in right line toward the East and West and the like vnto diuers quarters as into the North the East or West or contrariwise iourneying by the opposite course the Horizones vary and change And if the places bee either situated partly toward the East or West and partly toward the South or North the horizones there decline and varie them partly toward the East or West and partly toward the south or North which hapneth by reason that the City is not vnder one Parallell And Cities or countries situated vnder one meridiane doe vary their horizons directly either toward the South or North. There be as many horizons as there be meridiās And for so much as that of all places cannot bee one manner of Zenith therefore cannot one Meridiane serue for all places And séeing the Pole of the Horizone is the Zenith of it which is in the Meridiane and that to each place belongeth a proper Zenith and a proper Meridian it followeth that to each place belongeth a proper Horizone Toward the Poles by the chaunging of places are the horizons chaunged and the diuers eleuations of the Pole by a certaine occasion caused also they euidently declare a like alteration to bee caused in the respect of the opposite quarters of the East and West and doe procure and cause diuers beginnings of the daies and nights insomuch that the starres generally appearing and seene doe by order of times and in sundry places arise and set in the West and hide them vnder the Horizon For the same maner of Ecclipse which is seene at Arbela after Plinie in the fifte houre of the night to them of Carthage it appeareth in the second houre so that the sun sooner setteth to them of Arbela by thrée houres then to them of Carthage Therefore the horizon of Arbela is much further distant into the East then the horizon of Carthage The same rationall horizon as it were on the plainesse of the earth drawne and streached vnto the sky doeth the meridian extend to it downward and deuide the same into twoe halfe cyrcles of which the one declineth vnto the East and therof called the East quarter and the other vnto the West and of that named the West quarter And the diuers places of the suns rising and setting doe sundry wise deuide either halfe cyrcle For the Equinoctiall rising and the Equinoctiall setting which are points of the
but especially at Noone in euery wéeke be well perceiued to discend and go lower and lower vntil he become vnto the Tropicke of Capricorne or the winter cyrcle where he turneth againe as you may plainly learne and vnderstand by the former description of that cyrcle The Tropicke of Capricorne is a lesser cyrcle and one of the naturall cyrcles which is by the like space distaunt from the Equatoure into the South and described of the sun in the beginning of Capricorne as being vttermost toward the South which is the bound of the suns greatest departure from vs and of his longest digression vnto the South that he defineth and maketh This cyrcle also is called the winter Solstice and winter Tropicke in that when the sun coÌ„meth into this cyrcle it is presently winter that is the shortest day of the yeare Also the lessâ—â— portion of this cyrcle is to vs aboue the horizone and the greater beneath or vnder the Horizon Besides the suns iourney endeth at the south and crosseth or deuideth both the burning and temperate Southerly Zone The Brumall or winter tropicke as writeth Proclus that is furthest toward the South of all those which the sunne describeth by his drawing about of the first moouer into which when the sunne falleth he causeth his winterly returne so that the longest night of the yeare and shortest day is at that time procured From which he goeth no further toward the South but returneth vnto the contrary quarter of the world and hereof this Circle is called a Tropicke or circle of returne Now these thrée are principally noted the equatour and the two Tropickes for the course of the sunne That the instructions of the two Tropicks afore spoken of may more perfectly be vnderstoode conceiue this Figure heere demonstrated In which a h b e. is the meridian a d b. the right Horizone d. the Center of the principall a. the Northerly Pole b. the Southerly Pole g d c. the cyrcle of the Zodiacke h d e. the Equatour which here is ment to bée abatingly described when the sun shall bee in the center of the earth or in the true section of the Equatoure and Zodiacke as in the letter d. from which point when the sun returnes toward the Northerly pole a. vnder the cyrcle g d c. he then describeth in each day by the motion of the first mouer each Parallels vntill he be come in the Meridiane vnto the point g from which hee can not further ascend toward our Zenith in the meridian Of which in the same day the sun describeth g f. the parallell to the equatour which is called the Tropicke of Cancer in that the sun beginneth from this place to approach or draw nearer to the Equatoure vnto which when the sun shall come hee then descendeth vnto the neather halfe sphere in the halfe cyrcle d c. Hee being come againe vnto the point c doth from his center by the motion of the principall or first mouer in the Poles of the world describe the Parallell c i. that is the tropicke of Capricorne The Polare cyrcles are two of the lesser cyrcles neare to the Poles of the world being alike equall distant to the equatour which vpon the Poles of the equatour described are drawne by the Poles of the Zodiacke And these are named the Polare Cyrcles in that they bee neare to the Poles of which that neare to the Pole articke is called the arcticke cyrcle of the greater or lesser Beare drawne in it or for that this cyrcle is described about the pole articke the other that is right against is named the antarticke Cyrcle in that it is drawne aboute the Antarticke Pole Or thus the arcticke is a lesser cyrcle which the Northerly pole of the Zodiacke is so far distant from the Pole articke of the world as is the suns greatest declination or as Proclus writeth that the fore foote of the greater Beare by the dayly motion formeth The same cyrcle after the minde of the learned is distant from the equatour 66. degrées and 30. minutes almost To whome this altitude is higher by 23. degrées and almost 29. minutes To those parts of the earth is the pole arcticke extaunt in sight and continually appeareth It also secludeth and parteth the vntemperate Northerly Zone from the next temperate Zone where the Solsticiall Tropicke is made the Northerly cyrcle and in that place vnder this altitude of the pole 66. degrées and 31. minutes there all the stars and images contained from the solsticiall Tropicke vnto the Pole are seene as both the Beares the Dragon Cepheus Cassiopia Perseus Auriga or the Carter whole Bootes except from the knées downeward the crowne Hercules except the head and right arme the Harpe the Swan the great Horse Andromeda except the left Cubit the halfe of the Northerly Fish almost Deltoton a part of the backe of Taurus the necke and Northerly Horne a great parte of Gemini and the head and necke of Leo. And not vnlike to the former doth Proclus describe them where hee writeth that the Northerly cyrcle is the same which of al those that to vs continually be séen or appeare is for trueth the greatest and that also toucheth the Horizone at one onely point being wholy described aboue the earth And the stars that are inclosed within this cyrcle do neither rise nor set but are continually séen all the night drawn about the Pole The South or antarticke cyrcle is thus defined of him that the same is equal and equidistant to the Northerly or articke cyrcle and toucheth the Horizon at one point The whole of this cyrcle is hidden vnder our Horizone so that all the stars placed and drawn in it abide euer out of sight to vs. The like description that the antarticke Parallel is a lesser Cyrcle which the Southerly Pole of the Zodiacke draweth about as it were by the dayly motion doeth describe about the Southerly toppe of the world and is by a like space distaunt from the Equatoure and the antarticke pole of the world as the articke is from his opposite And doth seperate or deuide the vntemperate Southerly Zone from the next temperate Zone Further it is manifest that the distance of the Poles of the ecclipticke from the poles of the world doe agrée with the greatest bowing or declination of the ecclipticke or the sun In that the poles from their cyrcles bee alwaies distant a quarter of the cyrcle and the colure of the solstices is here taken for that which comprehendeth either Pole And when the quarters standing betwéene the poles and the cyrcles of the poles be in themselues or betwéene one the other equall as the arke of the same cyrcle then the middle arke common to both which as exempted goeth betwéene the poles of the world and the ecclipticke and so parteth and leaueth them equall For the one halfe of the other equall arks is from the poles of the ecclipticke vnto the poles of the world and the other is
Tropicks all heauen into fiue parts or Regions which they call zones The descriptions names qualities and vtilities of the Zones THe foure lesser cyrcles called Parallels that were afore described doe deuide the whole heauen towarde the Poles into fiue spaces which that heauen might bee compassed aboute with these larger swathes the astronomers of the same called them Zones or otherwise of the Latines Gerdils The Cosmographers by the same imagination applied doe also dispose and distribute the whole Globe of the earth into fiue roomes or spaces lying directly vnder and agréeable in proportion to them in heauen Wherefore a zone after the minde of the Gréekes is a portion tract or space of heauen or earth betwéene the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles being nighest equidistant or contained betwéene the roome equidistaunt and Pole of the world and gyrdeth or compasseth as it were the heauen or earth Or thus a zone is a space of earth like to the two Parallels or lesser cyrcles aboue which the astronomers imagine to run on the vpper face of the sphere And as the whole portion included by the two Tropicks called the burning zone doth compasse heauen as a gyrdle euen so imagine the roome of the earth lying right vnder the Tropicks The zones haue sundry names for of the Gréekes they be called zóne and of the Latines by a borowed word Zona as may appeare by Iulius Firmicus Macrobius Virgilius Ouide and other Latines That heauen or earth is imagined to bee gyrded about with these Martianus nameth them swathes Tully and Macrobius nameth them by the like reason gyrdles Ouide nameth them plagues that is roomes or spaces And how many zones they bee may easily appeare in that the astrologians Geographers Phisitions and Poets do deuide as well the heauen as earth into siue roomes or spaces by the foure Parallels or lesser cyrcles of which there bee two maner of zones the celestiall and the earthlie The celestiall are the cause of the earthly in that the earthly lie directly vnder them And of the zones the celestiall bee they which the astronomers by imagination describe and distribute in the hollow of heauen the earthly be they which lie perpendicularly vnder And both also be temperate and vntemperate zones The celestiall zones in that they haue nothing of the elementary qualities therefore doe they not by heat burne and scorch nor by cold make stiffe nor cause a temperate mixture of qualities or temperatnesse yet are they noted and descerned by the names of the qualities as the earthly zones which being the author of the sun and fountaine both of light and heate and running continually in the middle zone of heauen is diuersly felt according to the maner of the distance Or thus there are no qualities formally attributed to the celestiall zones but to them onely vertually which is on this wise to be vnderstoode as that the celestiall zones of themselues be neither cold hot nor temperate but are so called through the suns declination from the equatour as well into the North as into the South quarter of the world In the which declination is the like matter felte as well in the suns right sending downe of beames as in the thwart proiection of thē on the vpper face of the earth which diuersly changeth the heat 〈◊〉 The scorching or vntemperate middle Zone which through the heat and burning beames the sun there causeth when he is ouer the head or in the Noonestéed place is contained betwéene the boundes of the sunnes iourney which the two Tropicks make and includeth 47. degrées of heauen For the two Tropicks are on either side the equatoure so that it vseth the middle roome in the burning zone from which the sun towarde the North and South neuer declineth aboue 23. degrées and 29. minutes By which appeareth that it is there as hot in the middle of winter as it is in Spaine in the middle of summer and therefore not disagréeing to that which the auncient Cosmographers wrote that the countries lying vnder this space or rather vnder the equatour is vnhabited through the burning heate and of them for this cause named the burning or scorching zone But of later yeares it is found contrary in that at Molucca Good-hope Calicute and Samatra rich drugges and other fine spices haue beene there gotten by the Spantards and Portingals and yéerly haunted by them as at this day the same is throughly known to many which also confesse that the places vnder the Equinoctiall and the rich City Calecute being by the sea coast of Inde standing betwéene the equatour and our Tropicke of Cancer and vnto the other Tropicke South vnder the Burning zone that the places is habitable and peopled although very cumbersome with extremity of heat Also that space on earth containeth 685. Germaine miles or 23500. furlongs Ptholomie and Auicen affirme that the places betwéen the equatour and summer Tropicke is habitable and that many Cities bee there although the sunne in those places through his direct beames and especially vnder the equatour doth by the ouer much heat and continual heat burn and mightily scorch The like doe sundry others affirme which write that those places is conuenient for the life of creatures in that vnder the equatour there bee many waters which although resolued and run through the heate yet doe they breath and send vpward colde vapors which the sun continually maintaineth in drawing vp through his vehement heat and sending down mighty showers of raine which vapors in the night through the suns furthest distance vnder the earth and especially at midnight cause a mighty cold and chilling ayre which the sun after his rising vntill he be somewhat ascended aboue the earth cannot sodainly ouercome and put away that cold impression of the ayre So that the people there inhabiting bee monstrous of forme and haue rude wits wondrous wild and terible conditions like to wilde and furious beasts The countries which lie vnder the Southerly Parallels as those which are described by the Equinoctiall line vnto the summer Tropicke where the sun is drawne and runneth ouer the tops of them there through the aboundance of vapors rayne and night colde is the suns heate repressed mitigated and dulled so that the heades of the Ethiopians or Moores be litle hauing but litle and withered braines their bodies short hauing thicke crisped haire on their heades grosse and dull of senses blacke scorched or burned bodies withred or wrinckled faces crooked of stature being in a maner hot by nature and cruell condicions through the mightinesse of heat in those places And the constitution also of the ayre is there such that al liuing and cresent things on that earth are found and known to agrée with them Further it is to be noted and vnderstood that any there trauailing from the Northerly places the further they goe towarde the South somuch the stronger heat or burning they shalbe annoyed with The two temperate zones be next adioining to the burning zone the
and reasonable well furnished of all things néedfull for mans life So that in the same middle Region of the earth vnder the Equatour it appeareth that through the coldnesse of the night it doth there temper sufficiently the burning heat of the day Besides these after the mind of Hiero. Cardane in that Saturne Mercurie and the moon which properly are cold and moyst planets haue a great force in the Regions vnder this zone but especially the moon that worketh her most force there in the night time more then the other twoe and of this cause more temperatnesse in the day time Besides these it is well known that those people haue two summers and two winters in the yeare For in the yeare of our Lord 1530. at the will and charge of Charles the fift Emperor a parte of America westward was discouered where Peru among the rest was found richest both of Gold and other rich things and costly drugges which is situated in longitude of 290. degrées from the West toward the East and is distant 5. degrées from the Equatoure toward the South But what substance of Gold and other rich things hath yearely bene brought from this yle néedeth not here any further rehersall And the like is to be considered and noted of the other two zones contained betwéene the Polare cyrcles and Poles of the worlde Although Albertus Mag. denieth a commodious dwelling for men in those places and confirmeth the same by probable reasons yet experience reclaimeth and denieth those opinions of his and other ancient writers In that it is well knowne that Gothland Norway Russia Lapeland Groueland and diuers other countries towarde the North pole is inhabited and well peopled And Galeottus Naruiensis proueth that men dwell vnder the North pole affirming the same not to bee true that the cause of the cold there is onely the far distaunce of the sun as not of the heate by nearenesse of his comming In that the sun by reason of the signe in which he is either increaseth or diminisheth them with vs. Besides he affirmeth that the colde is not so dispersed rounde about as that it compasseth rounde after the forme of a cyrcle nor that the heate in like sort doeth run round about the whole body of the earth Further Cardane writeth that vnder the poles there is no such coldnes as some suppose in that the Moone Venus and Mars haue the greatest latitudes in respect of the sun and the others besides For the moon hath fiue degrées to the North Venus and Mars excéed vnto eight degrées Northward but Saturne which is the author of cold scarcely performeth thrée degrées Northward Besides these the Moone more auaileth Northward and Southward neare to the poles then the sunne in that she nearer approacheth those parts For the Moone as aboue said hath fiue degrées of latitude as well to the North as South so that when she shall be in the first degrée of Cancer with her greatest latitude Northward that is in the head of the Dragon she shal then be néerer by fiue degrées to the Northerly pole then the sunne And in like maner when she shalbe in the taile of the Dragon at the entrance and beginning of Capricorne she shall bee nearer the pole antarcticke by fiue degrées than the sun Although in the winter the moone should be in the beginning of Capricorn with the Southerly latitude of foure or fiue degrées yet may she worke and cause more in the change of weather and shall cause more in Scotland than the sun in that her power and vertue there is such But in Brasilia and vnder the antarcticke pole for two causes the one in that shee is there of such power and the other for that in her working she is nearer What the longitudes and latitudes of the celestiall Zones are THe longitude of Zones beginneth from the West and is extended by the Noonestéede into the East and from the East againe by the midnight pointe into the West The motions of the sun in the zodiacke and Poles of the zodiacke doe describe the latitude of the zones For the suns motion or the zodiacke do describe the burnt zone séeing the sun on the one parte of the zodiacke goeth toward the North vnto the elongation of 23. degrées 28. minutes and being by his dayly motion in the beginning of Cancer doth describe the Tropick of Cancer which is the bound of the two zones the burnt zone and Northerly temperate Zone And on the other part of the zodiacke doeth the sun goe into the South vnto the same elongation and being in the beginning of Capricorne doth likewise describe the Tropicke of Capricorne which is the bounde of the other twoe zones in that it distinguisheth the burnt from the southerly temporate zone And the space also included in these two cyrcles vsing the middle place is called the burnt zone and thus the burnt zone doth imploy 46. degrées and 57. minutes The Poles of the Zodiacke which are dayly about the Poles of the worlde from which they differ 23. degrées and 28. minutes and are drawn by the motion of the first mouer doe describe two cyrcles in the diuers parts of heauen as the Polare cyrcles which also be the bounds of the zones that distinguish the twoe temperate from the colde zones So that the latitude of either colde zone vnto the poles of the world is of 23. degrées and 28. minutes The other degrées of the semicyrcle are atributed to the temperate zones so that either zone containeth 43. degrées and 3. minutes What is the Longitude and Latitude of the earthly Zones THe longitude of the earthly zones is like to the longitude of the celestiall as from the West by the noon stéed into the East and from thence by the midnight pointe againe into the West And the latitude of them is like to the latitude of the celestial zones for as the maner of the latitude of the celestiall burnt Zone is vnto the whole cyrcumference euen so is the maner of the earthly burnt zone vnto the compasse about of the earthly Globe that is as 47. degrées is vnto 360. and so likewise conceiue of the others And that this may plainer appeare vse the figure following in which a l h e. is the meridian or Colure of the solstices e x l. the Equatoure a x h. the meridian s u p. the earthly Globe s n. the earthly Tropicke of Cancer k o. the Tropicke of Capricorne t u. and q p. the arcticke cyrcles To these answere f r o k b b. and d s m c c. also c ff b a g e e i. the celestiall cyrcles And what the proportion f d. is vnto the whole cōpasse d a k g f the same is as aboue written the proportion r s. vnto the whole cyrcumference of the earthly Globe and on this wise conceiue of the other cyrcles The letters f d. bee the latitude of the celestiall burnt zone and r s. of the earthly d c.
are they caried and sooner performe their courses which are néerer to the earth and contrariwise mooue by a slower pace and in longer tâ—â—e compasse and wander aboute the signes of the Zodiacke which are further distant from the earth Also in the middle of their courses as it were each doe often stacke or bee slow and often times stay as vnmoueable and sometimes are retrograde after againe quicken their course and by their swiftnes recouer that lost of the former tariance So that they neuer kéepe one manner of way but one whiles from the middle iourney of the Zodiacke doe wander into the North and another whiles into the South To conclude they be ascended high from the earth when they are named Apogei and discended again vnto the earth when they are named Perigei That there are two kindes of Starres the fixed and the Planets ALL the fixed stars that hang to the firmament or as Ptholomie affirmeth to the eight Sphere are named fixed not for that they consist vnmoueable but that they moue so meruellous slow that by iudgement of the eie they cannot be perceiued to mooue yet the practitioners haue and do find both by reason and obseruations that they alwaies seperated by vnmoueable spaces one from the other and are caried in parallels as it were in their Orbe Ptholomie Aristillus Timochares with the obseruations of Hipparchus ioyned vnto those which he knew noted that the fixed stars in a hundreth yéeres moued one degrée But Copernicus being of later yeares as about the yeare of Christ 1525. that examined the obseruations of the auncient men and compared them vnto those noted of him founde that not so many as a hundreth yeares but in seauentie and two yeares that the fixed had gone one degrée and that in euery Egiptian yeare which containeth 360. dayes the fixed to haue moued 50. seconds and in a day 8. thirdes and tenne fourths And so performed their whole course in twentyfiue thousand eight hundreth and sixtéene yeares 25816. Of these knowne and numbred of the ancient men are 1022. which they haue deuided into sixe differences of magnitudes and to these haue added certaine obscure and certaine cloudy stars The fixed stars of the first bignesse of which are numbred to be fiftéene and that both in bignesse and brightnes excéede all the other starres and in body excéede the earth 107. that is a hundreth seauen times with a eleuen thréescore fourths The fixed stars of the second bignesse of which are accompted 45. do excéede the earth in greatnes almost eighty seauen times The fixed stars of the third bignesse of which are numbred to be 208. doe ouerpasse or excéede the earth seauenty two times with a third part almost The fixed stars of the fourth bignesse of which are reckoned to be 474. that are fifty foure times greater then the Earth with a halfe or a little more of the earth The fixed stars of the fift bignesse of which are noted to bee 216. that excéede by their greatnesse the earth 31. times The fixed starres of the sixt bignesse of which are noted to be 50. doe excéede the earth eightéene times and a little more The darke stars are accompted 3. in number and the clowdy stars are reckoned to be fiue The fixed stars do differ in brightnesse standing color twinckling and especially in the configuration Many of the fixed stars also with the effects both in the bignesse and brightnesse being notable and néere together the ancient men that deuided them by a certaine reason haue gathered digested and fashioned them into forty and eight images or similitudes And vnto them through the congruence and similitude of the noted formes or figures they gaue apt names and for the same cause especially that they might the easier and sooner be discerned knowne and noted by their peculiar names Also they deuided the stars by the standing into the North and South and the signes of the Zodiacke The Northerly stars that decline from the Ecclipticke into the North are twenty and one in number The Southerly that decline from the Ecclipticke into the South are fiftéene in number The images that are named the signes are twelue in number which consist in the Zodiacke Of the celestiall Images and of their diuers names being in number 48. Of the Northerly _1 THe litle Beare hath seuen stars and of those that star which is in the top of the tayle is named the Pole star 2 The great Beare hath 27 stars 8 without forme 3 The Draggon hath 31. stars 4 The image named Cephe us hath 12 stars 5 The image Bootes or Lauceator hath 22. stars 6 The Boreall or Northerly crowne hath 8. stars 7 The image kneeling or Hercules hath 28. stars 8 The Harpe or Griepe falling hath 10. among these the brightest is that named the Harpe 9 The wilde Swanne or Griepe flying hath 17. 10 The image Cassiopia hath 13. stars 11 The image Perseus carying the heade Algoll hath 26. stars of which those which are on the lefte hande doe make the head Algoll or Gorgons 3. without forme 12 The Cartare hath 14. starres among those that which standeth on the lefte shoulder is the Goate and the other two are named the Kids 13 The image Ophiulcus or Serpentarius hath 24. stars 14 The Serpent hath 11. stars 15 The figure named the Arrow hath 5. stars 16 The Egle hath 9. stars 6. without forme 17 The Dolphin hath 10. stars 18 The deuision of the Horse hath 4. stars 19 The winged Horse or Pegasus hath 20. stars 20 The image Andromeda hath 23. stars 21 The Tryangle hath 4. stars The Summe of all the Starres are 360 The 12. Signes of the Zodiacke _1 THe image named Aries hath 13. stars 2 The image Taurus hath 23. of these fiue in the fore-head of Taurus named Succulae or Hiades and the greatest star of Hiades in the Southerly eie named Pallilicium and Pleiades on the back of Taurus 11. without forme 3 The images named Gemini are 18. stars of which Castor or Appollo goeth before Pollux or Hercules followeth 4 The image Cancer hath 9. stars among these Presepe and the cloudie star in the Breast 5 The image Leo hath 27. stars of these that which is in the heart of the Lion named Regulus 8. without forme among which is that constellation named Berenices bush of haire betweene the tops or endes of the Lion and great Beare 6 The image Virgo hath 26. stars of these that which is in the right wing especially Northerly is named Vindenuator but in her left hand a bright star named the earâ— of corne 6. without forme 7 The image Libra and klées of the Scorpion haue 8. stars and 9. without forme 8 The image named the Scorpion hath 21. stars the midle star of the thrée stars placed on the Body is named the heart of the Scorpion and 3. without forme 9 The image named Sagitarius hath 31 stars 10 The image named Capricornus hath 28. stars 11 The
Equinoctiall poynt is then imagined to be drawne aboute with the motion of the first moouer that hath the same Center with the earth at that time by which the playne of the Equatoure is then noted to passe So that this is the cause why Plinie giueth that name to it séeing a like day and night is caused the sun then running vnder the Equatoure throughout the earth as no man of skill maketh doubt of It is named the cyrcle of the high solstice but this commeth to passe by reason of those which dwell vnder the equinoctiall and haue foure solstices as two on hie two below hauing foure shadowes in the yeare and the sun passing twise a yeare by the Zenith right ouer their heads as when the sunne is in the beginning of Aries and Libra And to them also dwelling vnder the Equinoctial are two summers and two winters and the heat is mightiest and strongest when the sun draweth from them into the North or South yet doeth the sun alwaies burne the earth right vnder it causing a burning Zone and not parteth far from their heades So that their winters are not perfectly and simply named winters as with vs which are cold seasons in déede bnt rather with them is a continuall summer yet for that the causes of heate with them are not vnformally and in a like maner alwaies for that the sun doth not approch equally the Zenith of that parte as the same is known to many whereof the heat to them is not vnifourme and a like in burning But sometimes hotter and sometimes slacker and meaner of heate So that when the sun is in the Zenith as in the beginnings of Aries and Libra and that they are in their high solstices then is the heate most vehement with them yet not without the sun this heate can bee called mighty But when as the sun is gone from their Zenith which happeneth in the beginning of Cancer and Capricorne where their low solstices are the heate is then slacker that is lesser burning So that the weaker heate hapning in the lowe solstices may in a manner bée named colde in respecte of the most burning heate hapning in the high solstices yet it hath the nomination of winter although no cold may bée felt What the offices or vtilities of the Equinoctiall are THe causes whie the skilfull practisioners tooke and vsed the Equinoctiall with the offices which they attributed to it and the mani fold vses that it offereth is herein declared 1 It measureth the motion of the first and vppermost Orbe and sheweth the same to bée drawne about by a continuall and equall swiftnesse For that in euery equall houre doe fiftéene of the thrée hundereth and thrée score degrées of the same arise and so many degrées right against set and are hidden vnder the Horizont and that all the thrée hundreth and thrée score degrées in 24. houres are turned about in the appoynted times and in their periods continually agréeing And as the Equatour from the Poles of the worlde about which the first mouer is drawne and is of either side distant by equall spaces nor the Angle which is comprehended fashioneth with the Horizont doth neuer change euen so by the same order and like motion doeth the first heauen or moouer euidently shew it selfe to be caried about For the Equinoctiall measureth and determineth the motion of the first mouer in declaring his reuolution and yeare which yeare of the first moouer is the time of 24. houres equall But by what meanes the auncient astronomers first found that the Equinoctiall is drawne about in so many houres and it is supposed they came to the knowledge thereof by the office of some starre either in the Equinoctiall or placed neare it they perceiued the same as that the Equinoctial from some note marked of them did returne to it in such a certaine space as afore shewed 2 The diuers motions of the Zodiack which hapneth to it through the twart standing or lying as a cannon or rule doth dyrect and point out the beginnings boundes and time with the which each parts or degrées of the Zodiacke arise or doe set and with which they touch these or those quarters of the worlde For all the arckes of the Equatoure are drawne by a certaine and agréeable motion continually The parts of the Zodiacke drawne thwartly the Equatoure doeth not varie or is distant by like spaces from the Poles of the world nor turned about his but the same Poles of the worlde which doe differ by a long space from his and drawn about by a most vnlike motion and nothing at all agréeing in it selfe For that some parts or degrées are caried vp sooner or quicker and others appeare slower and later So that these vseth a more space of time in the rising slower and those other passe vp by a shorter and quicker space But séeing that in the Zodiack the wandring stars or Planets doe wander continually hither and thither and from one side of it to another and that vnto the middle cyrcle of it or ecclipticke line the places of all the fixed stars are referred and applied therefore cannot the times of the rising or setting of the starres bée knowne and noted except they shoulde be guessed and attained by the next arks of the equinoctiall It also declareth the equinoctialles which are caused in those proper dayes in which the sun hapneth to come into the equinoctiall cyrcle For these are caused the sun being in the first degrées of Aries and Libra in that the Zodiacke and Equinoctiall doe crosse each other in those places whereof Manilius thus writeth That these signes Aries and Libra cause a right Throughout the earth a like day and night 3. It defineth and measureth the spaces both of the naturall and artificiall dayes And although the sun which drawne about with the motion of the first moouer and in the proper motion caried forth in the meane time by force into the contrary when as hee causeth the times of the daies and nightes so wel as the differences of the natural daies mooued and runneth in the Zodiacke yet of his motion the day and night spaces cannot bee gatherrd through the diuersity and vnlikenesse of the ascending or arising of diuers parts or degrées of the Zodiacke But seeing the same motion is of all the partes of the Equatoure therefore are the ascentions of the arcks of the Zodiacke caried vp with the ascending of the nighest parts of the Equatour like arising So that both the dayes and houres by the equall motion of these are not founde and distinguished by the vnlike and vnequall motion of them in that these ascentions can be of these two cyrcles The Greekes by no meanes like of the same in that by a stedfast order they do mark the day and night times therefore they parte and deuide them into equall houres which they named times that from the degrées of the Zodiacke they might distinguish them For euerie fiftéene
the angle of the difference of longitude be blunt séeing the places are further distant then a whole quarter and thereby causeth a diuers reason and way of serch from the former which semblably the diuers quantity of the complement of the greater latitude doeth thrée manner of waies varie as in the same arke which perfectly knowne by the second is either greater or lesser The example of this appeareth of these two places the noble city Antiochia in Syria which was after caled Seleucia hath the longitude of 106. degrées and no minutes the latitude is of 40. degrées and 40. scruples The other of Toletum whose longitude is of 7. degrées and 4. scruples the latitude hath 37. degrées and 50. minutes The difference of longitude is of 98. degrées and 56. scruples which deducted from the halfe cyrcle or 180. degrées the difference that remaineth vnto the halfe cyrcle is of 81. degrées and 4. minutes The like example not much varying from the former of these two places as the noble city of Portugale named Lysebone whose longitude is of 4. degrées and 18. scruples the latitude hath 39. degrées and 38. scruples The other named Calecute although the latitude differeth hath the longitude of 112. degrées and no minutes the latitude is of 5. degrées and no minutes The difference of longitude containeth 107. degrées and 42. scruples more then the quadrant The same deducted from the halfe cyrcle doth expresse the difference remaining vnto the halfe cyrcle to bee of 72. degrées and 18. minutes The complement of the greater latitude is of 50. degrées and 22. scruples The complement of the lesser latitude is of 85. degrées and no scruples Another example of two places distant from the Equatour of which the one is distant from the middle of the Equatour into the North and the other into the South as this example further instructeth the one beeing the Ile of Thilen which in Ptholomies â—â—me was the vttermost bond of the earth knowne Northward that hath the longitude of 33. degrées the latitude Northerly of 63. degrees The other called the Ile of S. Thomas hath the longitude of 27 degrées and 20. minutes the latitude Southerly of 16. degrées The difference of longitude is of 5â— degrées â—nd 40. minutes The complement of the latitude Northerly is of 26. degrées A third example of the difference of other two places as Basâ—a of Taprobane which Ptholomie affirmeth to bee in longitude 126. degrées and in latitude toward the South 6. degrées and 30. scruples The other named Stocholma in the Realme of Suecia hath the longitude of 42. degrées and 38. scruples and the latitude of 60. degrées 30. scruples The complement of the latitude Boreal is 29. degrées and 30. minutes The common way of measuring of places with their spaces by the rules of longitudes and latitudes HEre before I haue somewhat written of sundry habitable places on the earth whose sundry points differ betwéene the one and the other either in the onely longitude or in the onely latitude or in the longitude and latitude both together Those places which do differ in the onely longitude be distant by equal spaces from the equatoure toward either of the Poles of the worlde the verticiall pointes of those places ended by the same Parallell ioyning next the same space betwéene yet each haue their owne proper meridians being not distant by a like space from the Westerly bounde The distance of these is alwaies gathered and noted in the same Parallel which commonly belongeth to either place standing or hanging right ouer the tops of them Those places which doe differ in the onely latitude are standing â—â—der the same meridiane but they haue diuers Parallels â—â—d each proper and those continually distant vnequally either towarde one pole from the middle of the Equatour if either place declineth vnto one and the same quarter or otherwise from the middle of the equatoure seuered and distant into the contrary quarters by equall or vnequall spaces If that one of the places looke into the South and the other into the North the distance of these is alwaies accompted in the common meridian Those places which do differ both in the longitude and latitude togither or both decline towarde one Pole of the world or seperated and distant from the midst of the equatoure towarde the opposite Poles as the one looking into y â— North and the other into the south or els by equal Parallels distant from the equatour of which two onely are in the Sphere If they bee reduced and applied vnto one great cyrcle per 3. secundi Theodosij or els bee vnder by vnequall Parallels and by an vnequall space The difference of the longitude of those which either bee towarde them or toward the Poles equally distant is alway gathered in the middle Parallell betwéen either of the bonds by arithmeticall proportion as afore taught But in those places which haue equall Parallels and equally dastant vnto the opposite quarters the difference of longitude is imagined noted in eithâ—â— of the equall Parallels Therefore the arke hath the distance of the places standing by the next space drawne ouerthwart by the pointes of those places which with the arks of the differeÌ„ce of either both of the longitude and latitude doth forme and make a sphericall tryangle right cornered alwaies in the vpper face of the Globe If that two meridianes méete and ende at the poles of the worlde and beeing cut by the ouerthwart cyrcumferences of the Parallels doe make with the included arkes of them right cornered tryangles through the foure right lesser angles but the angles beeing not right the arke of the distance of the places doth deuide them into two right cornered tryangles One of those tryangles is vsed in the coÌ„mon accompt for the right cornered because in places not farre distant from the equatoure the angles contained betwéene the mutuall sections of the meridians and Parallelles doe not so much varie from the right angles but in places far distant from the equatour they varie very much Now the rules for the diuers standing of places shall be taught in an easie and common maner If places doe differ in the onely longitude TO the searching and knowing of this like as in the former are the longitudes and latitudes of places giuen required by which they being founde séeing in the latitude there is no diuersity the difference of longitude is onely to be considered by deducting the lesser longitude out of the greater and then howemany miles by proportion of the Parallell vnder which the places stand or lie to the equatoure answere to one degrée of the same The same doth that rule set forth in the fourme of a table here following declare beeing drawne and made vnto this vse by the learned in which the miles that answere to one degrée of each Parallell are there founde and noted vnto one degrée of the distance of the Parallell from the equatour If to the whole
one on the Northerly and the other on the Southerly side of it And the beginnings of either bee the hotter the ends colder the middle of them exquisitly temperate in the other parts doth the heat either so much the more excéede or the bitter colde ouercommeth and ruleth as howe much the nearer they approach or come vnto the burning Zone or otherwise vnto either of the extreame Zones which continually cause a bitter and an extreame colde The cause of this diuersity is through the suns beames for the sun continually moouing in the middle iourney of heauen described betwéene the two Tropicks and digressing or going beyond the prefixed bounds of nature doeth not shew his beames vnto diuers parts of the earth in one manner but vnto the places right vnder and in the burning zone the tractes or countries contained vnder them doth he send downe right beames which stretcheth to the vpper face of the earth at right angles And vnto the countries of either temperate zone doeth the sun send downe thwart or slope beames And vnto the places vnder either cold zone doth he streach long beames on the plaine of the earth euen the like as being neare to the Horizone which neither reach vnto the vpper face of the earth nor cause angles but kéep an equall distance vnto it do streach forth infinitely But those beames of the sun doe neither giue light nor heat but turne backeward in that the property of the reflexion which of the beame against a solider resistance prohibiting or letting the penetration is a certaine repercussion and reuerberation that increaseth and doubleth the force of the direct beame and by the reflexed beame to it adioyned or at the least by his vertue applied and communicated Séeing this reflexion is the especiallest cause of the heat and that the angles of the reflexions falling doe continually make or be equal in the angles for that cause do they much vnlike increase the force of the directe beames and their effectes doe notably varie So that in the burning zone the reflexion stretcheth vnto right angles séeing the straight or right beames are caried led into themselues in such sort that as direct and reâ—lexen they méete and bee mixed and in this doubling as it were the vertue and force of the direct beames is on such wise increased that it kindleth burneth and consumeth And in either temperate zone is the reflexion caused at right angles in that the sun beames doe thwartly reach to the vpper face of the earth and are turned and extended backward vnto thwart angles which how much the néerer and liker they bee to the right so much the nearer doe they ioyne either beames togither by which they procéed and come into the nearer parts of the burning zone But so much the blunter as they streach so much the longer do they seperate either beames as howe much the more they are extended vnto the extreame or outmost bounds And for this cause doe they more heat then the fore parts of the temperate zone whose heate is a litle gentler or milder then the heate of the burning zone and the beames a litle further of whose colde notwithstanding differeth somewhat from the extreame or outmost vntemperate zones And those which streach and fall into the middle region of either temperate zone doe cause a meane betwéene the right and very sharp angles and yet not directly matched or ioyned nor doe they by so neare a space communicate their vertue as in the beginning of it neither by so large a distance as in the end but in the middle in a maner So that they cause and increase a temperate heate in the same zone But in the extreame or colde Zones is no reflexion of beames caused for those beames equally distant from the earth are streached forth infinitely and for that cause doe those neither giue light nor moue or procure heat neither doe those zones at any time warme either perfectly cleare or appeare bright but that they continually be foggy misty darke and bitter or extreame cold through the continuall mists which more and more increase especially toward the northerly pole And yet many affirme a reasonable dwelling in those places yea and vnder the Northerly pole but far colder and bitterer dwelling through the far being from the way of the sun and beholding of the comfortabler starres For the Sunne through his ouer far distance cannot by his presence aboue the earth comfort and heate This now is the perfect cause of the diuers and vniuersall coustitutions of the ayre and chiefe qualities in each zones so that of the particular constitutions be other causes But to returne vnto the temperate Zones the latitude of either temperate Zone is of 43. degrées almost of Germaine miles 645. and of furlongs 21500. So that the Boreallor Northerly zone beginning from the Tropick of Cancer endeth at the arcticke cyrcle or at the degrée of latitude 66. and 31. minutes And the Southerly from the Tropicke of Capricorne is extended or reacheth vnto the antarcticke cyrcle or the degrée of the Southerly latitude 66. and 32. minutes The vntemperate cold zones that reach froÌ„ either temperate vnto the poles of the worlde doe mooue continuall cold and frosts So that the beames of the sun although they pearse and enter through yet seeing they extende not backward nor through the reflexion or streaching backeward be strengthned and sharpned therefore can they not so heate that by the thawing they dissolue the earth and yse nor put away or voyde the mist. Now the vntemperate Northerly zone beginning from the 66. degrée and 31. minutes of the Northerly latitude endeth at the Pole arcticke and the vntemperate southerly zone begun from the same bounde of the Southerly latitude extendeth and endeth at the pole antarcticke Those people which dwell vnder the burning zone bee named of the Gréekes Amphiskioi Amphiscij in that the Noone shadowes at diuers times of the yeare goe or be cast to them twoe waies as toward the South or North. And twise also in the year runneth the sun right ouer their heades as is demonstrated in the second Theorme of Euclide so that at Noone it commeth to passe that they haue almost no shadow for the sun being direct or in right line ouer their heades at Noone hee then sendeth downe right Beames which are cast or streached to the plaine of the earth at right angles so that their shadowe falleth and is right vnder the feete and not on any side of them So that the sun in any other time of the yeare beeing without the verticall pointes the shadowes at Noone are one whiles cast into the South and another whiles into the North vnto them euen as the sun digressing from their toppes or Noonstéed is either caried into the North or otherwise declineth into the South This sorte of people which bee vnder either temperate zone are called of the Gréeke Cosmographers Eteroskioi Heteroscij in that they haue a single