Hards v. Flocks Havilah v. Gold Heaven v. Quicksilver Hebrews v. Quicksilver Hell v. Quicksilver Herrings v. Ashes Hens v. Eggs. Hides v. Bellows Hisperides v. Gold Holy Ghost v. Regulus Hony-Comb v. Putrefaction Horse v. Dung Hungary v. Mines Iclingham v. Earth Idols v. Dung Jesus v. Gold Inch v. Meeasures India v. Gold Industry v. Alchimist Ink v. Copperas Iron v. Metals Oars Ising-glass fish v. Conglutinate Isop v. Gold Ivory v. Black King v. Regulus Lapis celestis v. Vitriol Lead v. Metals Oars Leather v. Expression Lees v. Pulveration Leimster v. Flocks Lethargy v. Littarg Letters 24 v. Regulus Leven v. Firmentation Limbus patrum v. Quicksilver Limbus Infantium v. Quicksilver Limpet fish v. Conglutinate Linnen v. Expression Linsy woolsy v. Timode Linseed-Oyl v. Oyls Liquid v. Regulus Litturgy v. Littarge Loadstone v. Gold Lombardy v. Gold Luna v. Quicksilver Magnas v. Loadstone Magnes v. Loadstone Magnus v. Loadstone Magnetism v. Loadstone Mediterranean v. Gold Mendip v. Mines Menstruum v. Extraction Mice v. Putrefaction Mercury v. Quicksilver Miles v. Measure Quicksilver Mill-stones v. Quarry Mines Royal v. Copper Mine-Counties and no Mine-Counties v. Mines Miniature v. Colours Minium v. Quicksilver Moon v. Quicksilver Money v. Coin Mortar v. Earth Moses v. Gold Musick Instruments v. Bells Mutes v. Regulus Nails v. Loadstone Navigation v. Loadstone Needle v. Loadstone Nigro Fl. v. Gold Nilus v. Gold Nitre v. Minerals Norwich v. Boyling North v. Petrefaction Oakers v. Arsnick Earth Obedience see Regulus Officers v. Alchimist Mint Oky hole see Petrifaction Onion see Loadstone Os Oris Os Ossis see Bone Orpiment see Minerals Ox see Dragons blood Oysters see conglutinate Palm see Measures Palmistry see Measures Paper see Filtration Paradice see Gold Peat see Turfe Peacock see Dung Pencils see Coal Pint see Measures Pison see Gold Planks see Planks Planets see Colours Plant see Loadstone Plate see Silver Pliers see Pincers Plawing see Boyling Plimouth see Calcine Poland see Mines Policy see Polish Pools Hole see Putrefaction Pouder see Weight Pouder of Projection see Alchimist dulcification Flowers pulveration Prayer see Gold Priest see Gold Pugil see Measures Purification see Gold Putte see Polish Quenching see Steel Quicksilver see Gold Metals Pulveration Ratsbane see Arsenick Reason see Ground Rebeckah see Gold Red Lead see Lead Religion see Gold Resurrection see Calcine Gold Pulveration Dust Ashes Quick-silver Riddle see Rattar Rising see Yest Runt see Ox Sables see Sands Sand see Earth Russet Saphire see Metals Sandiver see Minerals Scarlet see Gold Scurf see Scales Scruple see Measures Screen see Rattar Seeve see Rattar Sentences see Regulus Separation see Cement Shafts see Mines Sheppy Island see Copper as Sillables see Regulus Silver see Metals Sinoper see Armoniack Skin see Gold Smerna-soap see Bacon Snails see conglutinate Putrefaction Sodom see Bitumen Sods see Turf Snakes see Egg. Solomon see Gold Soul see Loadstone Span see Measures Speckled see Missy Spittle see Flegm Spring see Salt Stanneries see Tin Sterling money see Money Steer see Ox. Stibium see Minerals Stills little see Limbeck Stones see Petrefaction Sublimation see Fixation Sugar see Dulcification Sulphur see Flegm Minerals Tabacco pipe see Coal Talck see Minerals Plaster Teasle tree see Petrefaction Terrella see Loadstone Terra Sigillata Lemnia Arminia see Earth Testis v. Test Thane see Athanor Thumb see Measures Thummim see Alchimist Tide-Well see Boyling Tin see Metals Tongs see Pincers Touch-stone see Marble Needle Travelling see Money Tree of Life of good and ill see Alchimist Gamahez Truth see Ballance Variation see Load-stone Venice see Mines Venus see Quick-silver Vermilion see Quick-silver Virgula Divina see Xanthus Vitriol see Flegm Visuvius see Bitumen Vitriol see Minerals Union see Cement Vowel see Regulus Vows see Regulus Urine see Alchimist Wales see Mines Water see Gold Wax see Plaster Weapon salve see Bacon Weather see Load-stone Wells v. Boyling Mines Wheel Wheat see Measures White lead see Lead Wisset see Blanch. Withy Tree see Coal Wooll see Flocks Wood see Gold Petrefaction Work see Needle Words see Regulus World see Vein Yard see Measures Yest see Fermentation Zambre see Gold Zaclar see Gold THE Reader is desired to amend or connive at the Omissions of the folio's of the first 80 pages and to alter these words p. 8. l. 24. r. Tentare p. 16. l. 15. r. Ceneres p. 20 l. 25. r. or woolen p. 29. l. 15. r. koinos p. 41. l. 13. r. Warner p. 42. l. 11. r. Moving p. 60. l. 15. r. Lamins p. 64. l. 31. r. Maritime p. 74. l. 27. r. Thumb p. 92. l 20. dele And r. It. p. 97. l. 4. r. draining p. 110. l. 7. r. Herbert p. 120. l. 11. dele un r. Drest p. 121. l. 10. r. Coasts p. 128. l. 11. r. Emerald l. 21. r. Lazuli Some other there are by want of points or vowels or Consonants or misplacing of Capital Words wherein I hope the Reader will pardon the Printer confidering my Circumstances ESSAYS EXPLAINING Metallick WORDS Alphabetically disposed as a DICTIONARY or INDEX to the whole Note T. signifies the Teutonical or Upper German Language L. The Latine A. The Anglican or English The rest are written at large being but seldom used AL A AL ALCHIMIE T. Alkumy L. Alchimia but by Plautus is writ Orchimia which may well have relation to our word Ore or Oar. The Lord Verulam tells us 'T is an ART of Distilling or Drawing Quintessences out of Metals by Fire separating the pure from the impure setting at liberty such Bodies of Metals as are bound and imprisoned and bringing to perfection such as are unripe and this is the chief subject of this Book now in his Lordships mentioning Fire in this Definition it seems only to relate to Culinary Fires But I apprehend this ART looks higher even to the use of Celestial Fires from the Sun and Stars and their influential Heats gain'd by Contractions Reflections c. which are or may be used in this Art as will be shewn ALCHIMIST T. Alchumist L. Alchimista from the Greek Alkamos or Hebrew Alkum is one that is used or skill'd in the Art of Alchimy or Chimistry and therefore in A. he is commonly call'd Alchimist or Chimist Melter Prover Assayer or Extracter of Quintessences and such an one was our Author But before we fix our Title or Epithite to the Master of this Science it is fit to shew the Progresses of it at the first step to it he is called a Miner or he that finds out and digs or causes to be dig'd the Metallick Oar out of such Mines The second is the Washer or he that washeth the Oars from their useless Excrements or adherences The third is the Stamper that knows how to beat or stamp them by mills or otherwise into such Particles as that they may be fitted for smelting Ovens which are the great melting Works but called Smelting for distinction from the lesser The fourth is the Smelter of the great Quantities in those great Ovens or Furnaces The Fifth
durable than those which are done with oyl or gums l. 2. c. 4. s 1. see Nealing AMONIACK see Armoniak ANTIMONY T. Speiz and Speiz-glass which is properly Glass made of Antimony L. Stibium and it is also called by some Mineralists Red Lion Wolf and Proteus in respect of its various qualities It is a heavy bright Oar like Lead but more speizy and porous and less ponderous and some give it the name of white stone or imperfect Metal because they say it is the beginner or producer of Silver or Lead and the extracts made out of it are of singular Virtues of which his late Highness Prince Ruperts red drops were chimically made and given with good success for most Diseases l. 4. c. 17. AQUA FORTIS which for brevity is printed Fort. T. Scheid-wasser called by Lat. Chimists Aqua separatoria and is a composition of Nitre and Vitriol c. and this liquor is used for dissolving and separating Gold and Silver and hath many other excellent properties as may be collected from the 5 Books l. 2. c. 16. to c. 34. AQUA regis is a water made of Aqua fort and other compositions and is of a more strong and corrosive nature than aqua for t and it is observable the aqua for t is a specifick for silver and this aqua regis for gold for it will touch only gold and not silver l. 2. c. 28. Aqua argentea see Quick silver and metals Aqua Vitrioli see Vitriol and minerals Aqua dulcis see common water Aqua fontis see Spring water ARGOL T. Weinstein L. Tartarum and in English Tartar or the Lees of Wine which sticks to the sides of wine-Vessels hard and dry like a crust and therefore sometimes called Argol-stone from its compacted hardness and this is of great use in metallick Operations l. 1. c. 10. s 17. and other places l. 1. See Feces ARITHMATICK T. Rechenkunst L. Arithmatica the Art of Numbring or Reckoning according to the T. and this Art of all others is the most assisting to the Metallick Science in judging of the goodness of Metals after Fining and Refining them l. 1. c. 1. ARMENICK See Armoniack ARMONIACK T. gives it the Latine Name Bolus Armeni and we Bole Armoniack and I find these words of kin both in their Orthography and Pronuntiation viz. Amoniack Armenick and Armoniack The first Pliny tell us l. 24. is a Gum which he calls Gumma Amoniaci of a glutinous nature like other Gums and so may be used for Metallick Vessels The second viz. Armenick I find the word Sal always joyned with it and so called Sal Armenicus and this Salt was antiently accounted a natural Salt but that being now unknown to us we use the Armenicus which is made of the Vrine of Elephants or Camels as 't is said boyled to a Lixivium or Salt and called Sal Armenius or Armeniacus and this is of great use for purifying and refining of Metals To the third Armoniacus the word Bole is added I suppose for distinction sake Pliny c. 35. mentions a Stone which he calls Lapis Armeni of which he counts several sorts but the best of those he saith are of a blew colour and calls it verd de Azure being of great price and esteem with Painters but the common Armoniack he calls Synoper and we Synople from a City of that name where it was plentiful and 't is probable this is the same which we call Bole Armoniack being of a reddish colour and this is oft used by our Author and for distinction the word Gum is put to the first Salt to the other and Bolus to this which I write to prevent Errors in Medicines or Metallick Experiments l. 2. c. 20. ARSNICK T. Arsenick L. Auripigmentum We Orpine or Orpiment and commonly Rats-Bain being used to kill Rats of Arsnick there are two sorts yellow and red which some by mistake esteem to be red Oker Pliny l. 34. saith it is of the same substance with Sandarack and inclines to that Colour the best of which saith he resembleth Gold and therefore I suppose called yellow orpiment There is also a white or Christalline Arsnick which is compounded of Salt and the yellow Orpiment so becomes transparent like Christal and from thence is made the white Rats-bane and it may be observ'd this white consists of two parts viz. a crusty or external part and a Christaline or internal part and this makes metal brickle the other solid and of the Regulus of this mineral a good metal may be made l. 1. c. 14. s 1. See Sulphur ASHES T. Ashen L. Ciner A. Ashes and these are made so by the power of Fire from metals minerals stones bones earth and wood which puts me in mind of those trees which plentifully grows in England call'd Ashes T. Esschen or Asschen-Baum quod optimos cerneres efficiant Minslaw but the L. calls it Fraxinus and of this Ashen-wood I have seen the great effects of it at Yarmouth and Laistoff in Suffolk for with this wood and no other they dry their Herrings which is a profitable commodity to them and it seems that the Salt and drying Vapours of that Wood do cure for so is their term their Herrings of all malignities and doubtless that wood is most proper where it is to be used for dissolving metals and the ashes of it rather than any other for metallick uses except Bone-ashes and especially for Salt-Petre which is the Subject of the 5th Book l. 2. c. 20. s 5. See Dust Bone-Ashes Pulveration c. ASSAYER T. Probirer L. Probator A. Assayer or Tryer. To ASSAY T. Probiren L. Probare Which we call also to Assay Prove or Try Metals all intending the same thing though different in Dialect but there is another Word of the like signification which is written with an E. as Essayer and to Essay c. both are rendred by Dictionarys to Try L. Tentare Probare Now I think some have committed an Error herein and ought to have made a more clear distinction for I take Assaying to have relation only to things of Weight as Metals c. from the word As or Assis which signifies a pound Weight or 12 Ounces or the whole of any substance which may be divided into parts and especially applicable to the greatest or smallest Coins that are made of any Metal which many times were and still are of Copper or Brass which the L. call Aes and thereupon I suppose it is sometimes writ Essaying without a diphthong and so confounded these two words in their applications and to confirm my just distinction of them We read in the Stat. of H. 6. c. 12. that the Kings Officer of the Mint who as the Statute saith is indifferently appointed between the Master of the Mint and the Merchant which brings Silver thither to be minted is called the King's Assayer and not Essayer and in the Records Assaisiator not Essaisiator See Goldman 's Dict. And some latin Records render it metallorum prebendorum
find some few Omissions they may upon that account be the more kindly dispens't with 5. I do retain many antient and Saxon Words upon the account of their affinity to the like Words which are still used among us and these are hinted in the Dictionary 6. In the Dictionary or second part the first Words which I thought fit to explain are in Capital Letters and next the Teutonick and Latine Words for those Capitals and other Languages as occasion requires and these I collected from G. Agricola Alstidius Cowel Minshaw and Skinners Dictionarys for the Teutonick from Cooper and Holiock for the Latine from Florio for the Italian from Cotgrave for the French and from Waltons Lexicon for the Oriental Tongues which with a German was all the help I had for the use of above 600 Words but the two chief Languages of which I make the greatest use are the Teutonick and Latine this from the old Romans who continued among us above 500 years the other from the Saxons who were mixt with us as long from both of which Nations we gain'd a particular knowledg of Mines and Metals as may be evident from many Roman and Saxon Works which remain here under their Names to this day and many of our Monarchs particularly Queen Elizabeth did think fit to desire the assisting SKILL of the Germans to improve OURS to prevent which trouble I here publish part of their Art and intend more Lastly I have given it the Title of FLETA which is borrowed from an eminent Lawyer who whilst he was Prisoner in the FLEET writ his Learned Book of the Common Laws of England and thereupon as 't is said he call'd his Book FLETA Cowel to which I add MINOR in submission to his great Learning and for its affinity to the word MINER viz. one who Labours in the Mines as I do in Learning the Metallick Art To conclude I have writ some things from Authentick Authors too many to recite here and some from my own Conceptions and Observations now as they pleased me in writing so I hope they will not displease others in reading JOHN PETTUS THE PREFACE OF Lazarus Erckern To his five following BOOKS TO learn and understand the way of Assaying Proving and Refining of Metalls is an Excellent Noble Science and an Antient and profitable Art long since found out by the Art of Alchimy and Chimistry as also all other Works of the Fire by which not only the nature of Oars and Mines and what Metalls contained in them are known but also how much there is in a Centner or in greater or lesser Weights and not only so but this Art also teacheth how to Examine each Metal by it self as whether there be any Adulterated or mixt Metal with it what and how much the same is and then which way those Metals may be separated from such mixtures or adulterations as also by several ways to cleanse and separate other incorporated Metals so that they may be judged to be fine clean and free from mixtures therefore this Art is very profitable to Minerists and such as work in Mines and intend to have benefit by them and such Artists must endeavour by all means to learn and exercise themselves in the same that they may thereby reap a Profit to themselves and others and preserve themselves from Inconveniencies and Dangers by their want of knowledge therein By this Art of Refining and the Profit that acrews by it many good and rich Mines have been discovered which otherwise would have lain concealed and by the Advantage of these Discoveries many Cities and Villages have been built Lands have been improved in their Values and People thereby increased and plentifully maintained As also great and mighty Trades and dealings with Gold Silver Copper and other Metals here and in other Countreys exercised and the Coiners of Coin and Minting Works have been multiplyed by their Guardians and Masters for from Gold and Silver Money is made and much improved so that the true Insight Tryal and Examination of this Art cannot be in any wise omitted or neglected as that which is highly necessary to be known And such Artists as have exercised themselves in the Knowledge of Assaying and fundamentally and diligently practised the same are by Princes Lords and Communities thought worthy not only of great Thanks but been also promoted and recompenced by them For this ART of Assaying is the very Inlet and Mother of many other honorable and profitable Sciences as Experience teaches us and the more a man finds out the more he is stir'd up to the contemplating and doing things of an higher Nature So that the Knowledg of Metallick Oars and Minerals are first to be inquir'd into namely How each one according to their Nature Figure Form and Colour are distinguishable from each other Which without great diligence and daily Practice cannot be known because God the Almighty Creator in the beginning of the Creation of the World hath placed Metals and Minerals in the Mountains Valleys and Veins of the Earth and causeth them to grow there He hath also given to all and each of them an outward Form and Colour by which the one from the other may be distinctly known Secondly The Knowledg of the Fire is a principal part of this Science and very necessary to be inquired into that he may the better know how to govern the same so that he may give no Metal more Fire than its due but to every one its proportion of Heat and Cold as necessity requires to add or take from it in its Operation After the Knowledg of Governing the Fire the Artists must have the Knowledg also of making all the Instruments and Furnaces for this either by his own handy work skillfully to prepare them or at least to direct that they may be well made whereby he may not be hindred in his working but by his own diligence accomplish them In like manner he must be careful in procuring good and just Scales and Weights and to know also how to make them in case such Artificers should be wanting and fit them to all Metals and he must have great Care in preserving them from Dust and that they be alwayes pure and clean so that as occasion serves he may rely on the certainty of Proofs by them Next to the former Directions he must be well skill'd experienced and exercised in the Art of Arithmetick for the numbring and casting up Accounts which to Assaying Coins and Refining Works are very necessary and is one of the Master pieces in this Metallick ART And every Assayer must not only diligently learn this numeral Science necessary to be known for the Proving of Metals or what belongs thereto but also all such Arts and Sciences as may accomplish his full Designs therein Now though it would not have been unserviceable to have writ of all such things more largely in this Preface and Entrance to what
is brought into the Mines or other Tiling Water may come among it but such Waters as above you may prove and further after your pleasure make profit by them Also on this wise you may prove all Wells or Springs of Salt after the beforementioned little proof and search and know properly how rich they be And I was willing to mention these Instructions for Section 5 salty-Proofs that those who are now concerned may know how the better to manage them Thus much loving Reader I have writ of proving all Section 6 sorts of Oars and Mettals and other necessary things fit to be known for proving and meltiug them to the good and profit of all Mine-workers and young Assayers and for such as are ignorant of these Arts and this I have done in five Books most faithfully and dilligently and also given very large Instructions by writing and Sculpturing the same and I desire for this time that every one who loves or inclines to these Sciences will be content with it and accept of my good Intentions for these are not designed for Magisterial Artists Now in these Books I have not undertaken to treat of all Oars singly upon preparing and melting them in the great Works because I could not well discharge my self therein in respect that it would be a greater Task than my present Services can admit of yet I will reserve it to a farther Opportunity and I will also respite my Labour to discover how the Gold and Silver upon the Coyn'd Works are to be ordered upon diverse certain Contents and so made to profit which would require a particular and more large Volumn considering that it is a great Work and for many years with other things pertaining to the Coyn'd-Works have been as Secrets and therefore I Section 7 will also let them be as Secrets for the present And although Goldsmiths common Assayers and Merchants do suppose when they can reckon some dressings of the Crucible they have the perfect Art yet they want the most needful and best parts namely they have not been with the Coiners neither have they any true understanding or exercise of it and therefore in these matters nothing could be done with fruit or profit Section 8 Now concerning the Generation of Oars and Metals of which the Philosophers and Naturalists have wrote and disputed very much I leave all of them to others with their Rules and Opinions of the Mine-Workers by reason that their thoughts and presumptions are not only uncertain but oft-times wide and agree not together yet I really believe That God the Almighty Creator hath reserved these Mysteries to his Almightyness and that Gold Silver and all Metals through his Everlasting Word the Son of God from whom Heaven and Earth and all things which are in them have their Creation and Being are to this day preserved and multiplied and that the knowledge of them are come to clear light and published for his Glory and the good of Mankind for which glorious Guifts every one ought with pure Zeal to praise and thank God from his Heart and imploy all his dilligence and reason so that what he may have out of the Mine-Works may be used to the praise of God and to the profit help and advantage of his Neighbors whereby God the Almighty will not only bless it but also richly Multiply the Possessors of it and cause them to injoy it to the Salvation of their Souls Now may the Lord God Creator and Preserver of all Creatures be graciously pleased to open the hidden Treasures of the rich Gold Sope also of Gold Silver and all Metallick Veins for upholding the Posterity of the Poor Sons of Adam and by blessings and long continuance preserve them for his beloved Son our Lord Jesus Christs sake and that we may use them with thanks and praise Amen FINIS Fleta Minor Spagyrick LAWS The Second Part. CONTAINING ESSAYS ON Metallick WORDS Alphabetically composed as a DICTIONARY TO Lazarus Erckern Illustrated with two Sculptures By Sir John Pettus of Suffolk Knight Scire tuum nihil est Nisi te scire hoc sciet alter LONDON Printed for the Author by Thomas Dawks his Majesty's British Printer at the West-end of Thames-street 1683. Kind Reader YOV are desired to take notice That all the following words are only transciently used in the Essays and therefore referr'd to the Capitals of the Dictionary and the Capitals of the Dictionary are referr'd to some parts of the five Books of Erckern Adam vide Gold Aegipt v. Gold Aegiptians v. Quick-silver Aethiopia v. Gold Aes v. Brass Aetna v. Bitumen Affrica v. Gold Alabaster v. Marble Plaster All v. Chimistry Allays v. Mony Allum v. Minerals Almonds v. Blanch. Alpha v. Regulus Amethist v. Metals Antimony v. Metals Minerals Antartick v. Gold Loadstone Antidotes v. Dung Architecture v. Calcine Armoniack v. Minerals Aarons Bells v. Bell. Arsenick v. Mineral Artick v. Gold Loadstone Ashes v. Gold Pulveration Asses v. Bone Asia v. Gold Atlantick v. Gold Auricalcum v. Wire Barly corn v. Measures Money Barme v. Yeast Bees v. Putrefaction Regulus Beergood v. Yest Beer v. Blink Black Lead v. Lead Blood v. Gold Blood-stone v. Polish Boards v. Planks Boar v. Bacon Borneo flu v. Gold Botanist v. Colour Bread v. Feces Brimstone v. Minerals Bullock v Ox. Buxtons Wells v. Mines Calcanthum v. Sublimatum Calaminaris v. Brass Mineral Camelion v. Eggs. Camel v. Armoniack Capa longa fish v. Conglutinate Cedar v. Gold Ceruse v. Lead Chaldeans v. Quick-silver Chalck-stone v. Lead Lime China earth v. Earth Chiromancy v. Measures Cinders v. Coal Cinnabar v. Minerals Quick-silver Clay v. Loadstone Cloath v. Filtration Coaches v. Yellow Coin v. Mint Mony Consonants v. Regulus Constellations v. Loadstone Copper v. Metal Corrosion v. Calcine Counterfeits v. Mony Christ v. Gold Crocus v. Verdigrease Cubit v. Measures Cup v. Pipkin Damp v. Evaporation Mines David v. Gold Dew v. Feces Diamonds v. Metal pulveration Discourses v. Regulus Devils arse v. Mines Dodmans v. conglutinate Dogs v. Dung Dovegang v. Mines Dram v. Measures Ducks v. Dung Dung v. Eggs Gold Durdans v. Petrefaction Dust v. Pulveration Earthquake v. Boyling Ebb v. Loadstone Eden v. Gold Eels v. Putrefaction Eldon hole v Mines Electrum v. Metals Elbow v. Measures Ell v. Measures Elephant v. Armoniack and Dragons Blood England v. Load-stone Waterstones c. English Mines v. Mines Equinoctial v. Gold Erckern Etimology v. Alchimist Essays v. Assay Europe v. Gold Eye v. Needle Fathom v. Measures Fermentation v. Yest Finger v. Gold Fish v. Eggs. Flax v. Flux Flesh v. Gold Flowing v. Loadstone Flower v. Fermentation Yest Flies v. Putrifaction Fort v. Measures Foam v. Yest Frankincense v. Xiphion Froth v. Litarge Yest Fullers earth v. Earth Fusile v. Fusion Gallenist v. Quick silver Ganges v. Gold Geese v. Dung Gems v. Colours Metals German Mines v. Mines God v. Gold Regulus Goldsmiths v. Gold Gold v. Metals God's-good v. Yest Gums v. Yellow Gunpowder v. Boyling Pulveration Guts v. Bells Guenea v. Gold
Air and Earth but the upper windows that had only the more tender motion of the Air to offend them had little hurt and this was general except in Churches whose Windows were all shatter'd having no floors to defend them against the motion of Earth and Air. I was pleased with these outward accidental causes but soon after I saw a Spring on one side of the highest Hills in Darbyshire within the Peak-Forest and 30 miles from the Sea that eb'd and flowed four times in the space of an hour call'd Tides Well and for this I will not pretend to give a Reason being so far from the Sea or any probable outward cause BOLUS see Armoniack It signifies a certain proportion from whence we might have the word Boul or Bole which is used by Miners to measure out their dig'd Oars both for the King Proprietor or themselves or for other uses BONE Ashes T. Bein Ashen Lat. Os Ciner A. Ashes and from ciners cinders so as the Latines have no proper word for it but Ciner the Cinders or ashes of Ossium or bones in the plural Now the Latines have the like word Os signifying a mouth distinguished in their Genitive cases one making Os ossis the other Os oris one signifying spiration from the Greek the other duration and they may well be coupled for the nourishment which goes into the mouth gives nutriture to the Bones and is the Original of its duration of which I have writ more fully in my Fodinae Regales and our Author gives several Directions what Bones are fittest to be used to the making of Tests and Crucibles for dissolving Mettals either of Beasts or Fishes of which you may see his Opinion in several places l. 1. c. 5 6 7 c. See Ashes Incineration Pulverisation Now Pliny N. H. l. 11. c. 37. tells us that the bones of Asses have a more musical nature in them being made into Pipes than any other bones so that it may be worth the Trial for Bell-Founders who make their Furnaces and Tests of Bone-Ashes to try if tests made of bones of those dull Asses in stead of other bones can make their Bells of a more active sound The ordinary Bone-Ashes made of Beasts is a considerable Trade about London not only for Goldsmiths c. but for our Mines in England for whilst the Leasees of our Society did work the Mines of Consumlock and Talibont in Cardigan shire in Wales two old Roman Mines as I have shewn else where every year there were at least 800 Tun sent from hence thither by Sea by which may be guessed what is or might be spent in the other 28 Mine Counties in England and Wales if our Mines were duly set on work but they being neglected we send great quantities to other Nations for the same use for which the Merchants pay outward 6 s 8 d for every thousand Bones and we pay for their bringing them into us 1 l. 5 s. for every Barrel of their Ashes which we might burn and employ for ours BORAX T. Borras L. Borax and Christocolla which Pliny calls the Ordure or Dung of Gold yet Gold-smiths and Silver-Smiths use it for their chiefest sodering of Gold or Silver and joyning one metal with the other and indeed bringing all metals to perfection besides it hath medicinal properties l. 2. c. 4. s 2. and in many other places Pliny reckons it among Minerals and describes it to be a green Earth but of four sorts the best from Copper Mines the second from Silver the third from Gold and the fourth and worst from Lead he tells us also of an Artificial Borax which he saith comes from a putrified Vein of metals there is also another kind made by Art of Roch Alum and Bole Armoniack and other Ingredients which is used also by Goldsmiths But the right Borax hath another quality for it being mixt with Arsnick it takes off the poisonous quality of the Arsnick whereby it may be safely put to metals as a dissolvent BOTTELLS T. Krugs See Instruments and their Cruises Jugs Pots c. BOTTOM T. Boden l. 1. c. 33. L. Fundus A. Foundation or the lowermost part of any thing the word is also used for a bottom of thread T. Vin-Gleuen or a clew of thred L. Glomus which is only the Foundation on which the thred is wound and so call'd the bottom BRAN T. Kleyen Gruesck L. Aplauda Furfur because it makes a double theft by taking away it self and also much of the good flower with it however this Bran is very useful by its mixtion with such stuff as is used for glasing and strengthning the outward and inward parts of such earthen Pots or Vessels as are made for Metals by making the matter stick the more close and firm and is it self destroyed like many innocent men to make way for others l. 2. c. 20. s 6. BRASS T. Ertz. L. Aes and it is a great Error that most Writers run into by promiscuously giving the title Aes for both Brass and Copper as if they were the same Metals whereas Aes or Brass is not a proper Metal but compounded of a Metal viz. Cuprum or Copper and Lapis Calaminaris or Cadmiae which is a mineral and from the mixture of these two Brass is made as may be seen in Erckern lib. 3. c. 28. which in T. is called Galmay Now there is of this Calamin two sorts Natural as in the third Book and Artificial l. 4. c. 8. s 7. made of the dregs of Metals but the natural he saith comes from Britain and indeed we have mountains of it especially in Glocester-shire Sommerset-shire and Notinghamshire but we let the Calaminaris go for Ballast into forein parts in very great quantities before it be wrought so as the best Brass beyond Sea is made of our stone rather than their own which deserves a further consideration and I remember about 30 years since one Demetrius a German did set up a Brass-work in Surry and with the Expence of 6000 pound as he told me made it compleat and to good profit but the forein Merchants joyning with some of ours found wayes to bring him into Suits and meeting with no incouragement he was at last necessitated to submit the work to his own ruin and unspeakable prejudice to the Kingdom in loosing so beneficial an Art having here both the best Copper and Calamine of any part of Europe See Stones and Copper Now whereas Pliny Cap. 33. speaks of about 18 several Mines of Brass we must not understand it as a specifick Metal though the word Aes is vulgarly applyed to both but those Mines were either Copper mines capable of being made Brass or so many several sorts of Lapis Cadmiae or Calamin from the composition of all which with Copper Brass was made more or less both in Quantity and Quality and this Art of composing it is said by him to be first invented by Cadmus a Grecian contemporary with Joshua in
Metals See Calcine and Ashes INCORPORATE or Incorporation that is when Metals are mixt they are called Incorporated or their Bodies joyned together and from hence Bodies Politick or a number of Men joyned in a Fraternity are called Incorporations because they consist of all sorts of Tempers and Metals l. 2. c. 1. s 2. INFUNDING Infusing and Infusion lib. 1. that is a pouring or putting in but the Infusion of Metals and of Plants have two ways of proceedures See Fusions INGOT called by that name in the Teutonick and English and is a little long Vessel wherein Gold is cast which Vessel is called an Ingot and the piece of Gold taken out of it hath the same Name l. 2. c. 47. and Sculp XXVIII Fig. 5. INSPERG is oft used in Erkern from Inspergo when one Metal hath certain parcels or sprinklings of other Metals whereby their goodness is seen before proving l. 4. c. 1. INSPISSATION is the method of Fixation of Metals INSTRICK is a Term of Art used to signify the first work in separation of Metals l. 3. c. 22. IRON and Steel see Metal T. Eysen Iron-man L. Ferrum and Chalybs l. 2. c. 20. s 2. See Oars JUG T. Krug Heb. Chug A. Jug or Pot so it seems we do retain the Word which is of little difference from the Hebrew KE K KE KETTLE T. Kessel L. Cacubus See Utensils KELL or Kiln or Kill for metallick Matters T. Kalck-Ofen L. Fornax and Calcaria A. Kill they are also used by that name for drying Malt c. See Furnaces and Ovens KEINSTOCKS I retain the word as very proper and is fully explained l. 3. c. 22. See Thornels LA L LA LADDER See Utensils LEACH l. 3. c. 26. this word I retain signifying hard work often mentioned by Erkern and the Etimology may be because such hard Work do occasion Le Ach on the Ach in the Joynts of the Operators LAMINS T. Bleck L. Lamina A. the Plates of Metals l. 4. c. 4. LAPIS LAZULI l. 1. of which Blew Vitriol is made LAPIS CALAMINARIS L. Cadmia see Cadmia Calaminaris and Stones LAPIS TUTIJ a Compound made of Calaminaris good for sore Eyes See Calaminaris and Stones LATTEN T. Latton Auri Chalcum and Orichalcum also Coronarius and is a Compound of Copper and Lapis Calaminaris and so cast into Forms and not wrought with Hammers in respect of its friableness or brittleness that which is also made of thin Plates of Iron and so Tin'd over is vulgarly called Latton See Plates Iron Tin LEAD T. Bley L. Plumbus it is called also Howel Aurum Philosophorum because it doth as it were govern Gold and other Metals in their Precipitations and from thence wee use this word to lead or conduct because this Metal doth as it were lead and conduct us to the knowledge of all other Metals l. 4. and several other parts see Metals and certainly no Metal hath more excellent effects in Chyrurgery than the Artificial Leads made of it under the names of white and red Lead and therefore it is put under the highest Planet Saturn slow in motion and sure in operation and of this virtual metal we have as good and as great quantities in England and Wales proportionably as in any parts of Europe besides the great quantity of Silver contained in it But before I close this Discourse because it was omitted in the word Ceruse I must inform you that for this common Lead which is a natural Metal and plentiful in all our Mine-Countries there are Mills erected such as the Society for the Mines Royal have in Wales where they make white Lead which is only a product of that Metal Lead corrupted with Vinegar or Vrine and afterwards being ground in the Mills and formed into a white colour is called white Lead and after that Refined and then hath the name of Ceruse which yields the best and most perfect white and at these Mills there is made also red Lead of the common Metal Lead and is brought to that colour only by the Art of using Fire to it and both being thus made as well the red as the white are of excellent use not only for Painters c. but to all Chirurgeons as I have said There is also a mineral Lead which we call Black Lead something like Antimony but not so shining or sollid of which sort I know but of one Mine in England and this yields plenty both for our selves and other Nations and this Mine is in Cumberland which they open but once in seven years I suppose the reason is least they should dig more then they can vend this also is used by Painters and Chyrurgeons c. with good success especially being mixt with the products of Metals and of late it is curiously formed into cases of Deal or Cedar and so sold as dry Pencils something more useful than Pen and Ink. There is also a white Mineral in England called white Chalk tending to a transparency but of a Leadish quality and therefore I place it here rather than under Earths or Stones LEAD GLASS See Fluss LEATHER See Utensils LIMBECK T. Alimbick L. Alimbicus quia extrahendo materiam lambit Minshaw and also called sublimatorium quia materiam evehat in sublime and he saith it is an Arabian word but in short it is a kind of an Oven or Furnace made of Metals vulgarly called a Still and used more for distilling Waters than Metals and is sometimes mentioned by Erckern but chiefly as an Helmet to the Athanor or great Furnace l. 2. c. 32. s 7. Now of these Stills I deny not but those which we commonly use are very fit for their purposes but I have contrived one whereof I have made often Tryals which perform the like with much less fire and less trouble because the fire need not to be tended but once in 10 or 12 hours and the Waters of several sorts which I have Distilled in it are every way as effectual but the manner and way of Distilling therein doth every day improve in my Experiments and when it is fitted to effect all the intents and purposes of the common Stills with some additions which they cannot perform I shall divulge the Invention without Patent or any expected Reward but thanks See Quick-silver LIMETS See Files LIME CALX I have writ something of this under the word Calcine but now I shall speak of Lime or the Calx of Lime-stone or Chalk-stone which Calx is used both in Cementings Lutings and in melting of Metals with other Ingredients but the great use of this Lime is to make Mortar for Buildings and therefore I shall refer it to the word Mortar only observe this That when Lime-stone or Chalk whilst it is immediately from the Pit or Quarry because it is properly a Stone though of a soft nature is called unslack't or unburnt Lime but when it is burnt called slack't and so all Metals unburnt or burnt may be also called unslack't or slack't and the
is two German Ells and the like of many other Measures I intend this at first only as a Caution to Assayers c. in making Furnaces or Instruments according to the German or English proportions which must be left to their Ingenuity to judge what lengths or bredths are best suiting to their Operations MEDALLS T. Schraw grochen L. Sigillum fusile that is a piece of cast Gold or Silver wherein some observable thing is represented and is given by Princes as Memorials of Virtue or notable Accidents and are accounted rather gratifying Presents than currant Coyns and the word signifies also Counters or something imprest on them worthy of our account MELTER T. Schmeltzer L. Fusor and by our English Mine-Workers as at Consumlock and Tallibant c. in Wales where they still retain the words Smelter and Smelting which was brought into us 1. Q. Eliz. by one Hosetter a German but in fining the Metals after they are smelted for distinction the work is called melting and remelting or fining and refining See Alchimist Metalls Utensils MENSTRUUM which we Translate Flowers and define them to be Purgatio frigidi indigesti humoris quem natura quasi noxium ejicit now the word Menstruum as it relates to the Female Sex of which you may read in Pliny l. 7. c. 15. is pernitious but our Menstruum relates only to Metalls which are all seven of the Neuter Gender and the menstrual parts of them do afford many great vertues and excellent medicines and is the most sublime part of the Scoria's of metalls and therefore also called Flowers from its nature of flowing and shewing it self on the top or corners of the Vessells where it usually resides MERCURY See Metalls Mineralls and Quicksilver METALS T. Metal and Ertz and the Metal-Worker Berck-hawer and Berck-werk from Berg mons wherein they are generally found and Werk Opus and the Latin Metallum and Metallarius A. Miner the kinds of Metals are accounted seven viz. Gold Silver Copper Iron Lead Tin and Quicksilver which I treat of in their Alphabetical Discourses But as a Deputy Governour for the Mines Royal in England and Wales I must aquaint you That 1. as for Gold we have it not in Sands as in Africa or America or so intermixt with other Minerals that it will requite the charge of Separation and yet upon information of two Mines one at Pullox-hill in Bedfordshire and another in little Tawnton in Glocestershire which as was pretended contained a great quantity of Gold in the Oar we granted two distinct Leases but they proved not at all successful 't is true that among the Tin-Mines in Cornwall they find little pieces of Gold and seldom above the worth of 10 s. But this as they dig for Metal not in the Metal 2. As for Silver we have none but intermixt with other Metals especially in Lead And in the time of the late Wars Mr. Bushel set up Mills at the Mines in Cardiganshire and made out of those Lead-Mines 20 l. of Silver out of every Tun of Lead and at Shrewsbury a Mint by his Majesties Permission was set up and then coined so much as paid that part of his Army but it doth not now answer the Expence or at lest the knowledge of it is kept from us and I am confident we have several Lead-Mines in England which would yield in every Tun from 20 l. to 80 l. of clear Silver and why this is not put in practise I shall hereafter disclose 3. Of Copper we have very good and plentiful See the word Copper and why those also are not wrought I shall say more hereafter 4. Iron is not in our Patent only Iron-Wire for the making of which we have Mills at Tinturn in Monmouthshire See more in Word Wire 5. Of Lead We have the Government both in England Wales and part of Ireland except the Lead-mines at Dovegang in Darby-shire and at Mendyp in Somerset-shire and also all other Mines that do not hold Gold or Silver because in those two places and some others the Lead is look'd upon to be so poor that no Silver can be extracted from them or at least not proportionable to the charge of fining c. of which you may see more in my Book called Fodina Regalis 6. Of Tin we have also the Power of Inspecting them in all Mines except Cornwall where they are managed by a peculiar Court called the Stanneries from Stannum the L. for Tin of which you my see more fully in Cambdens Britania p. 185. and for other Tin-Mines none do venture on them because of the great Product of Cornish-Mines 7. Of Quicksilver we have very little or none in our Mines so as we are forc'd to have it from beyond Seas for which reason whatever others account of this as the seventh Metal we cannot because it is not our Native Metal and therefore we may rather chuse Antimony of which we have plenty or Brass of which we may make sufficient for our selves and Neighbours And there is another Metal which Pliny makes the seventh Metal by the name of Electrum containing upon dissolution the fourth part of Gold and a fifth of Silver but we have none such yet such a thing is mentioned in Holy Writ see Fodinae Regales And as for Gems we often find in our English Mines Saphirs Amethists c. but very imperfect for want of a stronger heat as in hotter Countries and about Bristol in the Callamine Hills there are plenty of such Stones which imitate Diamonds where I had the luck to find one of a good value which I caused to be cut and set and yielded a fine splendor MINERALLS T. A. L. Mineralia these are Metals of a middle nature between the 7 Metals and Stones of which sort Erckern mentions these Allum Antimony or Stibium Armoniack Arsnick Brimstone Sulphur Calaminaris Cinabar Talk Vitriol Nitre Orpiment Sandover c. which I treat of also distinctly in their Alphabetical Discourses but of all these we have so great plenty in England and Wales that we need not have recourse to Foreign parts for them only in those Countries where the Metals are not I do not find any of these or scarce any other Mineral for it seems they are of a friendly nature not to part Mines Ertz-Grub from Ertz-metallum and Grub fodere which Word Grub we still retain in England in the same sense L. minera which relates to places in the Earth where Mettals or Minerals are found and I conceive the word Mine is no other than a translation of Meus which the Belgicks write Miine and the T. Mein and A. Mine so as doubtless they have all this sence that that Metal or Mineral which I find in the Earth is Mine Proprio Jure salvo Rege and this is still a custom at Mendip and at the Dovegang before mentioned however altred in other places but here it only signifies the place or Bed where the Metal or Mineral is lodged without
abounds in Metals and Minerals yet Erckern acknowledgeth that they have a better sort of Copper and Lead from the Mines in Poland as it seems p. 268. and a better sort of Gold from Hungary p. 108. India and Aethiopia p. 101. and a better sort of Lapis Calaminaris and other good Oars of Metal from England which Erckern calls Britain p. 286 and a better sort of Soap to contemper Metals from Venice than their own so though we have as good Mines in England yet we are forc'd for want of a constant use of them and thereby improve our Knowledg to borrow the Products of their Mines and indeed our chief Knowledg how to work them as I find by our Records and they may well have greater Experience than our selves because Erckern tells us That the Mine at Goslar formerly under the D. of Saxony but now under the D. of Brunswick hath been in constant working for above 700 years to his time and Heylen tells us That the D. of Saxony's Mines the Territories not so big as England yields to him above 130000 l. yearly now why ours are not made so beneficial to us I attribute it either to Reasons of State or want of Knowing the several Arts which belong to the Working of them MINT T. Muntz vel locum ubi monetam cuditur L. Monetarium Officina monetaria Taberna monetaria Officina Cusoria A. it signifies vvith us as Cowel renders it the place vvhere the the King's Coyn is formed be it Gold or Silver which is at this present and long hath been in the Tower of London though it appear by divers Stories and other Antiquities that in antient time the Mint vvas at Callis Ann. 21 R. 2. cap. 6. and An. 9. H. 5. stat 5. cap. 5. the Officers belonging to the Mint have not been alvvayes alike at this present they seem to be these the Warden vvho is chief of the rest and is by his Office to receive the Gold or Silver of the Goldsmiths and to pay them for it and over-see all the rest belonging to this Function his Fee is an hundred pounds per Annum the Master-Worker who receiveth the Gold or Silver from the Warden causeth it to be melted and delivers it to the Monyers and taketh it from them again when it is made his Allowance is not any set Fee but according to the pound weight the third is the Controller who is to see that the Money be made to the just Assize to over-see the Officers and Control them if the Mony be not as it ought to be his Fee is one hundred Marks per Annum them the Master of the Assay who weigheth the Gold or Silver and seeth whether it be according to Standard his Yearly Fee is also one hundred Marks then the Auditor to take the Accompts and make them up Auditor-like next the Surveyor of the melting who is to see the Gold or Silver cast out and not to be altred after it is delivered to the Melter which is after the Assay-Master hath made trial of it then the Clerk of the Irons who seeth that the Irons be clean and fit to work with next the Graver who Engraveth the Stamps for the Moneys then the Smiters of Irons who after they be Engraven smiteth them upon the Money next the Melters that melt the Bullion that is Gold or Silver in the Mass or Billot before it come to the Assaying or Coyning then the Blanchers that do aneal boyl and cleanse the Money reducing it to its natural colour viz. to yellow if Gold and to white if Silver next the Porter that keepeth the Gate of the Mint then the Provost of the Mint who is to provide for all the Monyers and to over-see them lastly the Monyers who are some to sheer or clip the Money some to forge it some to beat it abroad some to round it and others to stamp or coyn it their Wages is not by the Day or Year but uncertain according to the weight of the Money Coyned by them Other Officers have been in former times now useless because Mills are used for that purpose and the Art of Mintage and Assaying of Metals is much improved by his Majesties great skill and insight into that Affair See Coin c. Now it seems by Cowel That Mints were erected in most parts of England but he mentions no particulars except Cumberland Northumberland and London see his Title Moniers yet under the word Mint he cites the 21. of R. 2. c. 16. and 9. of H. 5. c. 5. in which two Kings Reigns the Mint was removed to Callis being then under the English Jurisdiction and I do not find it either before or since removed from the Tower of London except in the late Usurpation and then his Majesty caused one to be Erected at Shrewsbury to Coyn the Silver which was brought thither from the Mines in Wales of which I have spoken before MISPICKLE T. Miszpickle I know no other word for it being mentioned as a kind of Oar distinct from others l. 1. c. 2. s 11. and l. 3. c. 1. s 6. but it may be derived from the next word Missy See Oars MISSY T. Missy A. L. Misy which G. Agricola from Pliny calls Atramentum sutorium or Shoe-makers Black but Pliny makes it a kind of Vitriol and is confessed to be a mineral and the Oar sparkling like Gold so as I conceive Mispikle is an Oar of the same nature only spotted which the T. calls spickled A. speckled so it is a kind of Missy-Oar speckled MONEY T. Muntz L. Moneta Pecunia c. see Coyn Metals Measures and Weights and this Money is proportioned from 20 Grains of Barly Corns which make a scruple according to Physicians terms or a Penny according to metallick terms and 20 pennyes make an Ounce and 12 Ounces either of Gold or Silver makes a pound according to the Trojan computation and thence called Troy Weight as for Haver du-poise weight or Haver weight it hath 16 Ounces to the Pound and Metals and Gems are not concerned with it however the Barly-Corn bears the sway in both so the poor products of the superficies of the Earth seems to give Laws to all our subterranean Treasures both before and when it is made passable and communicable or currant Money whereby I conjecture that the word sterling Money may not improperly be derived from Sterilis or natural unfructified Ground which is proper for Barly whereas fertil dung'd or artificial Grounds makes it more ponderous and its Grains not of so true a standard for sterling Money as those of a more Natural Earth Now to all Silver or Gold Money there is an Allay that is a taking away part of the fine Metal and adding the like part of the baser that is of Copper c. and this is done upon two accounts first that the baser Metal may make the finer to be more apt for Coynage the other is that the Soveraign of that Government where it is