but only in som coūtries thē not very large these wyndes oftētimes haue another maner of generatiō And that is on this maner It must néedes be cōfessed y e w tin the globe of the earth be wōderful great holes caues or dōgeōs in which whē ayer abondeth as it may by diuerse causes this ayer y t cannot abide to be pined in findeth a litle hole in or about those countries as it weare a mouth to break out of by this meanes bloweth vehemētly yet y e force vehemens extendeth not far but as y e wynde that cōmeth forth of bellowes neare the comming foorthe is stronge but farre of is not perceiued So this particular wynd in y e countrye where it breaketh forth is very violēt strong in somuch y t it ouerthroweth both trées houses yet in other countries not very farre distant no part of that boisteous blast is felt Wherfore this wynde differeth frō the generall wyndes both in qualities substaunce or matter for the matter of them is an Exhalation and the qualities suche as the nature of the Exhalation is very ayery but not ayere in deade but of this particular wynde the matter and substaunce is moste commonly ayer There is yet a thyrde kynde of wynde whiche is but a softe gentle and coole mouing of the ayre and commeth from no certaine place as the generall wynd doth yea it is felt in the shadowe vnder trees when in the whote lyght and shining of the sunne it is not perceiued It commeth whisking sodenly very pleasaunt in the heate of the sommer and ceaseth by and by This properly is no wynde ▪ but a mouing of the ayre by som occasion As for the generall wyndes thei blowe out of diuerse quarters of the ayre nowe East nowe West nowe South nowe North or els inclininge to one of the same quarters Amonge whiche the East wynde followyng the nature of the fyre is whote and drie the South wynde expressing the qualitie of the ayre is whote and moyste the Westerne blast agreing with y e waters propertie is colde and moyst The Northe that neuer was warmed with the heat of the sunne being cold and drye partaketh the conditions of the earth The midle wyndes haue midle mixed qualities after y e nature of those fowre principall wyndes more or lesse as they encline toward them more or lesse Generally the profit of all wyndes by the wonderfull wysdome of the eternall God is wonderfull great vnto his creatures For besydes y t these wyndes alter the weather some of them bryngyng rayne some drynes some frost and snowe whiche all are necessary ther is yet an vniuersall comoditie that ryseth by the only mouyng of the ayre Which were it not continually styred as it is would soone putrifie and beyng putryfied would be a deadly infection to all y t hath breath vpon the earth Wherfore this wynde whose sounde we heare and knowe not from whence it cōmeth nor whether it goeth for who can affirme from whence it was raysed or where it is layde downe as al other creaturs besyde doth teach vs the wonderfull and wyse prouidence of God that we maye worthely crie out with the Psalmist saye O Lorde howe manyfolde are thy wordes in wysdome hast thou made them all c. Let this be sufficient to haue shewed the generation of the wyndes ¶ Of earthquakes AN earthquake is a shaking of y e earth whiche is caused by meanes of wynde and Exhalations that be enclosed with in the caues of the earth and can fynde no passage to breake foorthe or els so narrowe a waye that it can not be soone enoughe delyuered Wherefore with great force and violēce it breaketh out and one whyle shaketh the earth another whyle rendeth and cleaueth the same sometyme it casteth vp the earth a great heyght into the ayre and some tyme it causeth y e same to synke a great depth downe swallowyng both cyties and townes yea and also mightie great moūtaignes leauing in the place wher they stoode nothyng but great holes of an vnknowen depthe or els great lakes of waters ¶ Of diuerse kindes of earthquakes DYuerse authors wryte dyuerselye of the kindes of earthquakes some makyng more and some lesse but we shall be content at this tyme to comprehende them in fowre sortes The first kynde is when the earth is shaken laterally to one syde whiche is when the whole force of the wynde dryueth to one place and there is no other contrary motion to let it This wynde if it be not great shaketh the earth that it trembleth as a man that hath a fyt of an agewe and dothe no more harme but if it be great and violent it louseth the foundations of all bydinges be they neuer so stronge and ouerthroweth whole cyties but specially y t great buildynges and not onely buyldinges but some tyme also casteth downe greate hylles ihat couer and ouerwhelme all the valley vnder them Many noble and great cities haue béen ouerthrowen by this kynde of earthquake It is wrytten that twelue of the mooste bewtifull cyties and moste sumptuous buildyngs in all Asia were ouerthrowne and vtterly destroyed with any earthquake Howe often Antiochia yea within short tyme was destroyed they whiche haue redde the histories can testifie Howe terrible was the earthquake that shooke Constantinople a whole yeare together that the Emperour all the people were faine to dwell abroade in the fieldes vnder tentes pauilions for feare their houses would fall on their heade it is recorded in Chronicles worthy to be remēbred The seconde kynde is when y e earth with great violence is lifted vp so that the buyldinges are lyke to falle and by and by synketh downe agayne this is when all the force of the wyndes stryueth to get vpwarde after the nature of gonpouder and fyndyng some waye to be delyuered out of bondage the earth that was hoysed vp returneth to his old place The third kynde is a gapinge rendyng or cleauing of the earth when the earth synketh downe and swalloweth vp cities and townes with castels and towers hylles and rockes ryuers and floodes so that they be neuer seen again Yea the Sea in some places hath béen dronke vp so that mē myght haue gone ouer on foote vntyll the tyme of tyde or flood returning couered the place with waters againe But in the lande where this earthquake swalloweth vp any cytie or countrie there apeareth nothing in the place thereof but a marueylous wyde and deape goulf or hole Aristotle maketh mention of diuers places and regions that were ouerthrouwen with this kynde of earthquake The fourth kynde is when greate mountaynes ar cast vp out of the earth er els when some part of the lande synketh downe and in steade thereof aryse ryuers lakes or fyers breakyng out w c smoke and ashes It causeth also ouerflowyngs of the sea when the
colde it is so knit together that it hangeth vntill either y e waight or some resolution cause it to fall downe The place wherein the cloudes doe hange is sayde to be in the midle region of the ayre because men sée it is necessary that there shoulde be a colde whiche should make those vapors so grosse and thycke whiche for the most part are drawen so thinne from the earth that they ar inuisible as the aier is And although they are knowen oftentime as Aristotle wytnesseth to be in the lowest region of the ayre neare to the earth in so muche that sometymes they fall downe to the earth with great noyse to y e great feare of men and no lesse losse and daunger Yet may it be reasonably thought that these cloudes were generated in y e midle region of the ayre farre distant from the earth whiche by their heuines doe by litle and litle sinke downe lower into y e lowest region and sometymes also fall downe to the earth The commen opinion is that they goe not hygher then nyne myle whiche because it leaneth to no reason is vncertayne Albertus Magnus whose reason also is to be doubted of affirmeth that the cloudes doe scarse exceade thrée myle in heyght when they are hyghest And some let not to saye that oftentymes they ascend not past the halfe of one myle in heyght Agayne other pretending to find out the truth by Geometical demonstrations make it aboue fiftie myle to the place where the generation of cloudes is Howe these men take the distaunce from the earth it is vncertain whether that they assigne y e least distance meane it from the hyghest part of the earth as are hyll toppes or from the commen playne Againe whether they y t assigne the hyghest distaunce to be from the lowest vallyes of the earth or from the hylle toppes The reason before shewed moueth me to thynke that the moste vsuall cōmen generation I meane the condensation or making thick of these thinne vapors into cloudes is in the midle region of the ayer But for the distaunce of the cloudes whē thei be generated I thinke they be somtime nine mile somtime in myle somtime halfe a myle somtyme lesse then a quarter of a myle from the earth ¶ Of Mystes THere be two kyndes of mistes y e one ascending the other descending That whiche ascendeth goeth vp out of the water or y e earth as smoke but doth not cōmenly spred ouer all other parts it is séen in ryuers and moyst places The other mist that goeth down toward the earth is when any vapor is lifted vp into the ayre by the heate of the sunne which not being strong enough to drawe it so high that the colde maye knitte it suffereth it after it is a lytle made thicke to fall downe agayne so it filleth al the ayre with the grosse vapors is called mistes being vsually a signe of fayre weather Of empty cloudes THere be certen cloudes y t ar empty send no raine they come of ij sortes For one sorte are the remnantes of a cloude that hath rayned whiche can not be cōuerted into water for ther dryenes Another sort is of them that are drawen vp of wett and drye places and be rather Exhalations then vapors that is they be daie whot light so that it wer harde for them to be turned into rayne They looke whyte lyke flocks of woile when y e lyght striketh into thē Ther be also empty clouds when y e wyndes haus dispersed abrode any cloud they ar scatered ouer al the skie but these cloudes though for a time they be emptye yet because they consist of such a substaunce as is watrye they may be and are often tymes gathered together and geue plētifull rayne Of the collours of cloudes we haue spoken in the second booke of fyry Meteors where those collours and the causes of them are described whiche séeme to be fyerye or may be thought to be inflamations or burninges as be redde fyry and yealowysh But besyde those there be whyte black blewe and greane Whyte cloudes be thynne and not very watery so that the lyght receiued in them maketh thē to appeare whyte Black cloudes be ful of thick grosse and earthely matter that maketh them looke so darke Blew cloudes be ful of thick grosse and earthly as the blacke so the light receiued in them maketh them to séeme blewe Grene cloudes are altogether watry resolued into water whiche receyuing into them the lyght appear grene as water doth in a great vessell or in the sea and ryuers ¶ Of Rayne AFter the generatiō of cloudes is wel knowen it shall not be hard to learn from whence the rayne commeth For after the matter of the cloud being drawen vp and by cold made thick as is sayde before heate followynge which is moste commenlye of the Southerne wynde or any other wynde of hotte temper doth resolue it againe into water so it falleth in droppes to geue encrease of fruit to the earth and moue men to geue thankes to God There be small showers of small droppes and there be great stormes of great droppes The showers with small drops proceade either of the small heat that resolueth the cloudes or els of the great distaunce of the cloudes from the earth The streames with great droppes contrariwyse doe come of greate heate resoluing or melting the cloude or els of smal distaunce from the earth Wherof we sée an experiment when water is powred forth from an highe place the droppes are smalle but if it be not from height it wyll either haue no droppes or very great The cause why rayne falleth in roūdroppes is both for that y e partes desire the same forme that the whole hathe whiche is round ▪ also that so it is best preserued against all cōtrary qualities like as we sée water powred vpon drye or greasy thinges to gather it selfe into roundels to auoyde the contrarietie of heate and dryenes It is not to be ommitted that raine water although a great part of it be drawen out of the sea yet moste commenly it is sweet and not salt The cause is because it is drawne vp in suche small vapors and that salt part is consumed by the heat of the sunne The rayn water doubtles doth more encrease and cherishe thinges growyng on the earth thē any other water wher with they may be watered because the rain water reteineth much of the sunns heate in it that is no smal comfort to all growyng plantes The water that commeth from heauen in rayne wyll sooner come to putrefaction or stinking then any other because it hath béen made very subtile by heate and also for that it is mixed with so many earthly corruptible substaunces Rayne water that falleth in the sommer by Auicens iudgemēt is more holsome then other water because it is not so colde and moist as other waters be but whotter and lighter
it changeth their collours froÌ„ black to whyte froÌ„ white to black Vitruuius wryteth that in Arcadia is a water called Nonacrinis whiche no vessell of syluer brasse or IroÌ„ can hold but it breaketh in pieces and nothynge but a mules hoofe wyll holde it and conteyne it In Illyria garmeÌ„tes y t are holdeÌ„ ouer amost cold well ar kindled set on fyre In the Ile of Andros where the teÌ„ple of Bacchus stoode is a well that the fift day of Ianuary flowed wyne Isidore sayeth there is a well in Italy that healeth the woundes of y t eyes In the Ile of Chios is a well that maketh men dulwitted that drinke therof There is another that causeth men to abhorre lust Lechnus a spryng of Arcadia is good against abortions In Scicilia are two spryngs of which one maketh a woman fruictfull and the other barren In Sardania be whote welles that heale sore eyes In an Ile of Pontus the ryuer Astares ouerfloweth the fieldes in whiche the shéepe that be fedde doth geue black mylke In Aethiopia is a lake whose water is lyke oyle Also manye sprynges of oyle haue brooken foorth of the earth which coÌ„meth of the viscositie or fatnes of y e same earth The lake Clitorie in Italye maketh men that drynke of it to abhorre wyne The lake Pentasium as Solinus saith is deadly to serpentes wholsom to meÌ„ Seneca wryteth of certeyn lakes that wyll beare men which can not swymm And that in Siria is a lake in whiche brickes do swymme and no heuy thing wyll sinke It is said that the ryuer Rhene in Germany wyll drowne basterd childreÌ„ that be cast in it but dryue alonde them that be lawfully begotten The ryuer Hypanis in Schithia eueryday bryngeth foorth litle bladders out of whiche flyes do come that die the same nyght Matrona the ryuer of Germany as y e common people saith neuer passeth day but he taketh some praye ¶ Of the Sea THe sea in this treatise hath place as a mixed substaunce for els the elemeÌ„t of waters being simple were not here to be spoken of The sea is the naturall place of the waters into which all ryuers and other waters are receiued at the length And here it is to be vnderstanded y t the very proper naturall place of the water were to couer al the earth for so be the elementes placed The earth lowest rouÌ„d about the earth the water about the water the ayre and about the ayre the fyre But God the most mighty and wyse creator of all thinges that the earth might in som partes be inhabited of men and beastes coÌ„maunded the waters to be gathered into one place that the drie londe might appeare and called the drie land earth and the gathering of waters he called seas In the sea are these two thinges to be considered the saltnes the ebbinge and flowyng ¶ Of the saltnes THe saltnes of the sea accordinge to Aristotles mynde is caused by y e sunn that draweth from it all thinne swete vapors to make rayne leauing the reste as the setling or bottom whiche is salt But men of oure tyme peraduenture more truely do not take this for the only and sufficient cause to mak so great a quantitie of water salt but say that the sea by Gods wysdome is gathered into such valleys of the earth as were other wyse barren vnfruictful such carthes are salte the sea water then mixed with that earth must néedes be salt els ryuers by Aristotles mynde should be salt as well as the sea The Reader maye chuse whiche opinion is most probable ¶ Of the ebbing and flowyng THe ebbing and flowing of the sea as Aristole semeth to teach is by reason of Exhalations that be vnder the water whiche dryue it to and fro according to contrary boundes and limites as vpwarde and downwarde of wyde and narrowe déepe and shallowe This opinion of Aristotle also as more subtile theÌ„ true experieÌ„ce teacheth men to mislike to ascribe the cause of ebbing flowyng to the course of the moone which ruleth ouer moysture as the sunne doth ouer-heate for froÌ„ the new Moone to the full all humors do encrease and from the ful to the newe moone decrease agayne Also the very true tyme of the ebbing and flowyng may be knowen by the course of the Moone with whome as the ladye of moysture we will close vp the fourth booke of moiste and watry impressioÌ„s ⧠The fift booke of earthly Meteores or bodies perfectly mixed THis last treatise conteyneth suche bodies whose chief matter is the earth are called ê‘fectly mixed because they ar not easly resolued in to the chiefe matter wherof they ar generated These are deuided into foure kyndes The first be diuerse sortes of earth the second be liquors concreat the third be metalls and metalliques the fourthe be stoones This deuision is not altogether perfect both for that ther be many of these mineralls whiche partake of two kyndes also for that the names of some of these kyndes may be sayde of other Yet mindyng as plainly as can be to declare the thynges them selues the controuersye and cauillation of names shall not greatly trouble vs. Especially seyng we pretende not to teache Philosophers but such as nede a ruder plainer instruction They may therfor be coÌ„teÌ„t w c this diuisioÌ„ which shal not serue them to dispute of these matters but to vnderstaÌ„d y e truth of these thinges that they desyre Of these fowr therfore we will speake orderly and generally not mynding to intreate of euery particuler kynde for that were infinit but to open suche vniuersall causes as they whiche haue witte may learne if they list to apply vnto al particulers ¶ Of earthes THe earth is an element one of the foure cold and drie moste grosse and solyde moste heauy and weighty the lowest of all other in place When I saye an element I meane a simple body vncompounded This earth is no Meteore but as it was shewed in the water to y e end ther should be generatioÌ„ of things there is no element that we can haue whiche is pure and symple but all are mixed and coÌ„pounde Our fyre is grosse and compounde so is our ayer our water and our earth But the earth notably and aboue the rest is mixed For the puer and naturall earth is drye and cold but we sée much to be moist and much to be hoat The naturall earth is blacke of collor but we sée many earthes white many yelowe and many redde So that first the greatest part of y e earth is mixed with water that maketh it to cleane together with ayer and some fyre which make an oyly fatt or claymy earth as is claye made c. Another great part is dryed not into the natural drienes of the first qualitie
in her worke as of vnperfect metals to make ê‘fect or els to force natur to his purpose by his quintessence elixors so that what by purging what by coÌ„cocting what by mixing of sulphur quicksiluer muche other like stuffe at length he turneth the wrong side of his gowne outward all the teeth out of his head his body froÌ„ helth to a palsey and then he is a Philosopher and so he will be called ¶ Of Syluer SIluer the most pure metalle next vnto golde hath indifferent good concoction in the earth but it wanteth sufficieÌ„t heat in the mixtur that maketh it pale It is founde as they saye running into diuerse vaines as all other metalles be but this most specially after y e shape fashion of a trée lying alonge with a bodye or stocke of proportion lyke to the body of a trée also with armes braunches leaues and fruictes This metall syluer lacketh sufficient heate and therfore coÌ„meth neyther to the collour soliditie nor perfection of golde and is generated in colde countries neare vnto the North and South poles In so greate quantitie that hasbandmen when they plowe the grounde turne vp syluer among the clottes in their dayly labours Whiche they doe hyde and conceale least the gready Princes for couetousnes of the metall should ouerturne and destroye their lande The golde mynes are contrarywyse moste founde in the whote countries of India and Aethiopia because in them is sufficient of heate for that vnhappy generation This syluer also the Alcumistes woulde fayne make by arte but Mercury the chief maister of the worke is so subtill and so slye that nothinge can holde hym nothing can kyll hym For if the glasse be not very thyck he wyll soone breake out of pryson and so there is nothyng left ¶ Of Copper COpper in collour comming nearest to golde beyng not solyde nor massy for of all metall golde is the heauiest geueth waye to corruption beyng infected with that greane minerall copperus Hereof be dyuerse kyndes brasse latine and suche lyke whiche differ in in digestion the copper beyng purest is of best digestion and nearest vnto golde and so the rest in lyke degrees Copper is moste lyke to syluer in the wayghte and in the hammeryng wherefore the Alcumistes haue learned to make it whyte that it deceyueth mens syghte handlyng but the Goldsmythes doe easely trye it by the teast of couÌ„terfect siluer maketh copper agayne Copper or brasse doth alwaye growe neare vnto the myne of copperus whiche runnyng with it in the digestion or naturall contoction hyndreth it of perfectioÌ„ maketh it to stynke and to be eaten of a greane â—â—se Muche a doe the Alcumistes haue to turne it into golde if it might be they dispute very reasonablye and conclude almoste necessarily in their talke that it may be conuerted into golde as a body that waÌ„teth litle of perfectioÌ„ which may be easely added vnto it But in conclusioÌ„ of the worke it is an harder matter to bryng it to passe then it was to purpose before they had done it to builde an abbay at euery myles ende vpoÌ„ Salisbury playne as one was mynded ¶ Of Tinne TYnne wherof great plenty groweth in the West partes of Englande in bewty and collour coÌ„meth nearest to siluer of siluer waÌ„teth nothing but soliditie hardnes For tinn is a rawe vndigested metall also very porose vncoÌ„pact which causeth it to crashe when it is broken or bitten So it faileth of heat in the coÌ„mixtioÌ„ also sufficieÌ„t digestioÌ„ in the earth Otherwise it is a fayre proffitable metal to serue y e vse of theÌ„ vnto whom siluer gold are not so plentiful ¶ Of Lead LEad also found in great abuÌ„dance w tin this realm is a rawe vndigested metal as tin is but yet of better digestioÌ„ theÌ„ coÌ„mixtioÌ„ For it is mixed w c a grosse earthy substance which maketh it to be in collor so black so fowl to corrupt So that of y e same fumes exhalatioÌ„s which if they had ben pure well digested if y e place matter wold haue suffered shold haue ben concreat into siluer for lack of the same lead is generated which comming plentifully doth better seruice theÌ„ syluer ¶ Of Iron IRon the most necessary and profitable of all other metalls yet as ill vsed of many as any other is generated of such substaunce as syluer is but myxed with a redde minerall whiche eateth it with redde ruste and also being of two extreme degestion passing all other metalls in hardenes And as other metals to the perfection of syluer wante sufficient coÌ„coction wherby they comme not to the same hardenes so Iron paseth and exceadeth syluer in immoderate digestion But though it come not to the perfectioÌ„ of syluer God forbidde that al Iron had béen tourned into syluer for then we should more haue myssed it then syluer or golde the want of whiche would hurder vs nothyng at al. ¶ Of Quick siluer THough quicksyluer be no metal yet because it is the mother of al metals some thynge is here to be spoken of it There be diuerse and sondrie opinions both of the generation and also the qualities of it whiche make the generation to be harde to fynde out For if the qualitie were certainly agreed vppon there were an easier waye founde to trye out the generation Some affirme that it is exceading whott and that they wolde proue by the swyfte percing ther of into other thynges that be porose Other saye it is exceadyng colde that they proue by the exceadyng weyght of it As for the percyng they saye is caused of the exceading moystnes of which qualitie both partes doe graunte that it is Concerning the generation some haue sayde that it is pure and elementall water some agayne hath thought that it droppeth out of heauen and is a part of the heauenly substaunce And other sayde that it is generated in the cloudes and falleth downe in the field in a circle on those round circles which are séen in many fieldes that ignoraunt people affirme to be the rynges of the fayries danses It is certayne that quick syluer hath dyuerse tymes fallen out of the cloudes as we haue declared in the treatyse of wonderfull and merueylous rayne but whether it so fall in circles it is doubtfull The moste probable opinion is that it is generated of moyste vapors of the earth coacted by cold much lyke to water as brymstone is of hotte fumes coacted by colde muche lyke to fyer And thus muche of metalles ¶ Of Stones STones the fourth kynde of earthlye myxed bodies haue two maner of generations by moste contrarie qualities For heate doth harden moyst bodyes in to stones as we sée that of claye it maketh exceadyng harde brycke Also the thoÌ„derboltes in the cloudes are generated by heate as before hathe ben shewed But colde dothe by congelyng generate many more stones then heate doth for the
but as a thing ones mixed and after dryed ether by to cold as sand grauell c. or els by heate as chalke oker c. And yet somwhat more plainly and particularly to discourse vpen these causes admitting the naturall collour of the earth to be black of y e water to be blewe of the ayre to be whyte of the fyre to be ruddy it followeth that vpon the mixtion of these collours or chief domination of them al thinges hath their collour The grosse substaunce of the earth therefore beinge diuersly myxed with other elementes and those myxtures againe being eftsones altered by dyuerse and sometime coÌ„trary qualities hath brought forth so manye kyndes of earth as claye marle chalke sand grauell c. Claye is mixed with fat moisture takyng his colloure of the mixture with redde from whyte but beyng colde it is not so fructfull as marle whiche is not alwayes so moiste as it Chalke is an earth by heat coÌ„cocted after diuerse mixtions and dried vp Oker both yelow redde with suche like are of the same nature with mixtioÌ„ of redde more or lesse Sande and grauell are dried erthes as it were froasen by colde grauell is grosse and apparent sand though it be finer is of the same generation coÌ„sisting of many small bodies which ar coÌ„geled into stones SaÌ„d semeth to be clay dried by cold and coacted together into small stones wherof some ar through shining which were the moyst partes the thicke were of the grosse parte The same is grauel but of greater stoones consisting The lyke iudgement is to be geuen of all other kyndes of earth whose generation by the similitude of these wyll not be very harde to fynde out They that lyst to knowe the diuerse kyndes of earthes must haue recourse to Plinius Cardane and other wryters that recite a great nomber of them but these are the chief and most commen kyndes ¶ Of liquors concreat WE take not lyquors coÌ„creat so largely as the worde dothe signifie for than should we comprehende bothe the other kyndes followyng But onely those liquors called in latin Succi which are as it were midle betwene metals stones of whiche some being fat only do burne as brimstone séecoles geate bitumen c. and the kyndes of all these other some doth not burne as salt aluÌ„ coperus saltpeter c. and the kindes of these Of the first sort which are generated of earthy ayry vapors fumes Exhalations the chief most notable is brimstone which semeth to be the matter of all drie whot qualities y t ar in earthly Meteores The rest are generated of such lyke vapors as brymstone is but theÌ„ they be diuersly mixed As y e coles haue much earth mixed with brimstone Gette séemeth to be all one but better concocted then coles Of amber is great contentioÌ„ whether it be a mineral or y e sperme of an whale for it is fouÌ„d in the sea cast vp on the shore Now y e whales séede being of the very same qualities is takeÌ„ more lesse coÌ„create of diuers hardnes som al most as hard as amber som softer som liquid Yet Cardan plainly defineth that amber is a minerall Whether he haue reason or experieÌ„ce coÌ„trary to y e vulgar opinion let them consider that list to coÌ„tende These minerals that will resolue with fyre it is apparent that they were concreat with colde In that they burne it is manifest they haue a fatte and claÌ„my substauÌ„ce mixed with them As the other kynde hath not whiche wyll not resolue so well with fyre as w c water whiche be salt coperus saltpeters c. these burne not being watry earthy not fatt vnctuus nor clammy These be of diuerse collours black as coles and geat because ther is much earthy substaunce mixed with their sulphureus matter Some be shere as saltt and alume hauing a substaunce watry dryed and concreat Coperus is greane because it hath muche colde matter that is blwe mixed with it Salt the most coÌ„men and necessary of all these liquors concreat that be moist not fatty hath two maner of generations one naturall and the other artificiall The naturall generation is when it is first generated in the earth after commeth the water of the sea and is infected with it out of whiche the salt is againe artificially gathered Of these liquors concreat be those strange wells and sprynges infected of whiche was spoken in the latter ende of the fourth booke Most notably brimstone causeth the whot bathes and burneth in aetna of Scicilia and Vesuuius of Italye casting vp the pumise stones of whiche is no place here to entreate ¶ Of Metalles MEtalles be substaunces perfectlye myxed that wyll melte with heate and be brought into all manner of fashions that a man wyl Of these the Alcumistes saye there be seuen kyndes to aunswere to the seuen Planetes Gold syluer copper tynne lead Iron quicksyluer that they cal Mercury But sauing their authorities quicksyluer is no more a metall then brymstone whiche is as necessarye to the generation of metall as quicsyluer is For they all agrée that all metalles are generated of sulphur that is brymstone whiche because it is whot they call the father and Mercury that is quicksiluer whiche because it is moyst they call the mother So by as good reason may they call brymstone a metalle as Mercury Then there remaineth but six perfect metalls Gold Syluer Copper Tinne Lead and Iron ¶ Of Golde THat moste vnprofitable and hurtfull of al metalls golde which most men disprayse and yet all men would haue is of all other metalles the rarest it is only ê‘fect all other be corruptible Gold neuer corrupteth by rust because it is pure from poysonus infection most solide that it receiueth not the ayre into it which causeth all thinges to corrupt It is perfectly concocted with sufficient heate and mixture of Sulphur all other metalls either are not so well concocted or els they haue not the due quaÌ„titie of brimstone This opinioÌ„ hath also place among the Alcumistes y t because nature in al her workes seketh the best ende she enteÌ„deth of al metals to make gold â–ª but being let either for wante of good mixture or good coÌ„coction she bringeth forth other metals in deede not so precius but much more profitable the lesse pretius the more ê“fitable for ther is more vse to the necessitie of mannes life in Iron and lead then is in golde syluer But either the bewtie or the perfectioÌ„ or at lestwyse the rarenes of gold siluer haue obteineth the estimatioÌ„ of al men so y t for them is sold al maner of things holy prophane bodely spirituall What paynes doth not men take to wynn gold euery man hath one way or other to hunt after it but y e Alcumist despising all other wayes as slow vnnaturall vnprofitable laboreth ether to helpe nature
cloudes into waters c. ¶ Why they be called perfectly mixed The last sort namely earthly Meteores are called perfectly mixed because they wil not easely be chaunged and resolued from that forme which they are in as be stones metalles and other mineralles According to the qualitie of the matter they are diuided into moist drie impressions consisting either of vapores or exhalations vapores are called moist and exhalations drie whiche termes must be well noted because they must be much vsed ¶ Of the general cause of al Meteores and first of the materiall cause The mater whereof the moste part of Meteores dooth consiste is either water or earth for out of y e water proceade vapors and out of the earth come exhalations Vapor as the Philosopher sayeth is a certain watrie thing and yet is not water so exhalation hath a certain earthly nature in it but yet it is not yearth For the better vnderstanding of vapors vnderstande that they be as it were fumes or smokes warme moist whiche will easely be resolued into water muche like to the breath that proceadeth out of a mans mouth or out of a pot of water standing on y e fiere These vapors are drawen vp from the waters and warry places by the heate of the Sunne euen vnto the midle region of the ayre and there after diuerse maner of meating with coldnes many kynde of moist Meteors are generated as sometime cloudes and rayne sometime snowe and hayle and that suche vapors are so drawen vp by the Sunne it is playne by experiēce for if there be a plash of water on a smothe and hard stoone standing in the heate of the sunne it wyl soone be drye whiche is none otherwyse but y t the sonne draweth vp the water in thinne vapores for no man is so fonde to saye that it can sinke into stoone or metall and it is as greatfoly to thinke it is consumed to nothyng for it is a general rule that that whiche is once a thing can not by chaunging become nothyng wherefore it followeth that the water on the stoone as also on the earth is for the moste part drawen vp when the stoone or earth is dried Exhalations are as smokes that be hoat and drie whiche because they be thinne lygther then vapors passe the lowest and midle region of the ayre and are caried vp euen to the highest region where for the excessiue heat by nearenes of the fier they are kindled and cause many kinde of impressions They ar also sometimes viscose ▪ that is to say clāmy by reason wherof thei cleuing together not being dispersed are after diuerse soortes set on fier and appeare somtims like Dragōs somtim like Goats somtime like cādels somtime like speares By y t which is spokē of vapors exhalations it is euidēt y t out of y e fier the ayer no matter wherof meteores shold consist can be drawē because of their subtiltie thinnes For al exhalatiō is by making a grosser body more thinne but y e fier we mean y e elemētal fier not the fire of the kitchē chimney is so subtil thin y t it cannot be made thinner likewise the ayre is so thin y t if it be made thinner it is chāged into fire as the fire if it wer made thicker wold becom aire so the aire being made grosser wold be turned into water Wherfor to cōclude this part y e great quantitie of matter that causeth these meteores is takē out of y e earth and the water As for y e aire the fire they ar mixed with this matter as with al other things but not so abundauntly that they may be sayd the material cause of any Meteore though without them none can be generated The efficient cause of all Meteores is that cause whiche maketh them euen they are not to nyghe to the direct beames nor to farre of from them there is a moderate heate drawyng out great aboundaunce of matter so that in those contries many Meteores of many sortes as generated as in the farre North partes are few but watrie impressions Also in Autumne Sprynge are oftener Meteores séen then in Sommer and Wynter except it be in such places where the Sommer and Wynter are of the temper of Spryng and Autūne Let this be sufficient for the efficient causes of impressions as well first and principall as second and particular Concerning the formall and finall cause we haue litle to saye because the one is so secret that it is knowen of no mā y e other so euidēt y t it is playne to all men The essentiall forme of all substaunces Gods wisdome comprehendeth the vniuersall chiefe and last end of all thinges is the glory of God Mydle endes if they may be so called of these impressions are manifold profites to Gods creatures to make the earth fruitfull to purge the ayre to sett forth his power to threathen his vengeaunce to punyshe the worlde to moue to repentaunce all the which are referde to one end of Gods eternall glory euer to be praysed Amen ¶ Of the places in whiche they are generated THe places in whiche Meteors are caused be either the ayre or the earth in y e aire be generated rayne hayle snow dew blasing starres thonder lightning c. In the earth be welles springs earthquakes metalls minerals c. made and as it were in their mothers belly begotten fashioned But for the better vnderstanding hereof such as haue not tasted y e principles of Philosophie must cōsider y e ther be iiij elemēts Earth water Ayre Fire one cōpassing another round about sauing y t the waters by Gods cōmaundement ar gathered into one place y t the land might apeare The highest is y e spere of the fire which toucheth the hollownes of the Moones heauen the next is the ayre whiche is in the hallownes of the fyer the ayre within his hollownes comprehendeth the water and the earth whiche bothe make but one Spheare or Globe or as the commen sort may vnderstande it one Bal. So eche elemēt is w cin another as y e skales of a perle ar on aboue another or to vse a grosse similitude as y e pieles of an oniō ar one w c in āother after y e same sort frō y e highest heuē to y e earth y t is lowest one part y t is greater compasseth roūd about another that is lesser But for this present purpose it is to be knowen y t the ayer is diuided into thre regions y e hyghest the midle and the lowest The hyghest because it is next to the region of y e fier is exceading hoate the lowest beinge next the earth and the waters is temperat and by repercussion or striking back of the sunne beames waxeth hoate and by absence of them is made colde being subiect to Wynter and Sommer The midle region of y e ayre is always exceading
cold partly because y e sonne beames can not be cast back so highe and partly because the cold that is there betwene y e heate aboue and the heate beneath it is so kept in that it can not get out so that it must nedes be excessiuely colde For the water and the earthe being both colde elementes after the sunnesetting in the nighte season dooe coole y e aire euen to the midle regioÌ„ But in the morning the sunne rysing warmeth y e ayre so farre as his beames whiche are beaten back from the earth the water can extende and reache whiche is not so highe as the midle region and by heate on both sides is inclosed and kept sauing that a litle thereof falleth downe in the night which the next day with much more is driuen backe againe Wherefore this region being so colde is darke and cloudye in so much that some doting Diuines haue imagined purgatorie to be there in the mydle region of the ayre In the hyghest region be generated Cometes or blasing starres and suche lyke of diuerse sortes In the midle region cloudes rayne stormes wyndes c. In the lowest region dewe frost horefrost mistes bryght rods candels burning about graues gallowses where ther is store of clamy fatty or oyly substaunce also lightes and flammyng fiers séene in fieldes c. ¶ And thus muche for the generall causes of all Meteores ⧠The seconde Booke of fyery Meteores A Fiery impression is an exhalation sett on fire in the highest or lowest region of the ayre or els apearing as though it were set on fire and burning They are therfore diuided into flames and aparitions Flames are they whiche burne in deade and are kindled with fire These are discerned by iiij wayes by the fashion of them by their place by the abuÌ„daunce of their matter by the wante of their matter Their placing is after the aboundaunce scarsetie of the matter wher of they consist for if it be great heauie and grosse it cannot be caried so farre as the midle region of the aire and therfore is set on fire in the lowest region if it be not so great light and full of heat it passeth the midle region ascendeth to the highest where it is easely kindled set on fire According to their diuerse fashioÌ„s they haue diuers names for they ar called burning stoble torches daunsing or leapinge Goates shooting or falling starres or candels burning beames rouÌ„d pillers spears shieldes globes or bowles fierbrandes laÌ„pes flying dragoÌ„s or firedrakes pointed pillors or broched steples or blasing stars called Cometes The time wheÌ„ these impressioÌ„s doth most apere is y e night season for if they were caused in y e day time thei cold not be séen no more then y e starres be séen because the light of y e sunne which is much greater dimmeth y e brightnes of theÌ„ being lesser ¶ Of the generation of the impression called burned stoble or sparcles of fire THe generation of this Meteore is this whan the matter of the Exhalation is in all partes a lyke thynne but not compacted or knit together then some parte of it being caried vp into the highest region by the fiery heate is set on fier before another part that commeth vp after it and so being kindled by lytle and lytle it flyeth abrooode lyke sparkles out of a chymney in so much that the common people suppose that an infinit number of starres fal down where as it is nothing els but the Exhalation that is thinne kindled in many partes sparkling as when sawe dust or coole dust is cast into the fyre ¶ Of Torches TOrches or fyer brandes are thus genâ—rated when the matter of the exhalation is long and not broad being kyndled at one end therof in the highest region of the ayre it burneth lyke a Torche or fyer brande and so continueth till all the matter be burned vp and then goeth out none otherwyse then a Torche when all the stuffe is spent must nedes burne no loÌ„ger ¶ Of dansyng or leaping Goates DAnsyng Goates are caused when the exalation is diuided into twoo partes as when twoo torches be séen together the flame appeareth to leape or dauÌ„ce froÌ„ one parte to the other much lyke as balls of wylde fyer daunce vp and downe in the water ¶ Of shotyng and falling Starres A Flying shooting or falling Sarre is when the exhalation being gathered as it were on a round heape and yet not throughly compacted in the hyghest parte of the lowest region of the ayer beynge kyndled by the soden colde of the mydle region is beaten backe and so appeareth as though a Starre should fall or slyde from place to place Sometyme it is generated after another sort for there is an exhalatioÌ„ long and narrowe whiche being kyndled at one ende burneth swiftly the fyer ronning from ende to ende as when a silke thread is set on fyer at the one end Some saye it is not so much set on fyer as that it is direct vnder some Starre in the firmament and so receiuing light of that starre semeth to our eyes to be a starre In deade some times it may be so but that is not so alwayes nor yet most coÌ„menly as it may be easely demonstrated The Epicurians as they are verye grosse in determining the chief goodnes so they are very fonde in assigning the cause of this Meteor For they say y t the starres fall out of the firmameÌ„t and that by the fall of them both thonder and lyghtning are caused for the lightening say they is nothyng els but the shyning of that starre that falleth which falling into a watrie clowde and being queÌ„ched in it causeth that great thonder euen as whoat yron maketh a noyce if it be cast into colde water But it is euident that y e starres of the firmament can not fall for God hath set them fast for euer he hath geuen them a commaundement whiche they shal not passe And though they shold fall into the cloude yet could they not rest there but with their weyght being dryuen downe would couer the whole yearth For the least starre that is séen in the firmameÌ„t is greater then all the earth Here wyl steppe foorth some mery fellow which of his conscience thinketh them not to bée aboue thrée yardes about and saye it is a loude lye for he can sée within the coÌ„passe of a bushell more theÌ„ xx starres But if his bushell were on fyre xx myle of I demaunde how bygge it would séem vnto him He that hath any wyt wil easely perceiue that starres being by al mennes confessioÌ„ so many thousand myles distant from the earth must neades be very great that so farre of should be séen in any quantitie Thus muche for the shootyng or fallynge Starres ¶ Of burnyng Candels WHen the Exhalation caried vp into the hyghest part of the ayre is in al partes thereof of equall and lyke thynnes also
sea bottom is lyfted vp and by this meanes arise many Ilandes in the sea that neuer were séen before These and other suche miracles are often to be founde in the wryters of histories also in the Philosophers as Aristotle Seneca and Plinius Neuertheles the effectes of some as moste notable it shall not be vnprofitable to recite Plato in his Dialogue intituled Timens maketh mention by the way of a wonderfull earthquake wherebye not only Africa was rent asonder from Europa and Asia as it is indead at this daye except a lytle necke by the redde Sea the Sea entring betwene them that nowe is called Mare mediterraneum But also a wonderfull great Ilande whiche he affirmeth was greater then Aphrica and Asia both called Atlantis was swallowed vp and couered by the waters in so muche that on the Sea called Atlanticum for a great whyle after no shippe could sayle by reason that the same huge sea by resolution of the earth of that myghty Iland was al turned into mudde The famous Ile of Scicilia was also some tyme a part of Italy and by earthquake rent asonder from it Seneca maketh mentiō of two Ilandes Theron and Therea that in his tyme first apeared It should séeme both by Aristotle and also by Herodotus that Egypt in aunciēt tyme was a goulphe of the sea and by earthquake made a drye lande During the raygne of Tyberius the Emperour twelue notable cyties of Asia were ouerthrowen in one nyght c. ¶ How so great wyndes come to be vnder the earth THe great caues and dennes of the earth must neades be full of ayere continually but when by the heate of the sonne the moysture of the earthe is resolued many Exhalations ar generate as well within the earth as without where as the places were full before so that they coulde receyue no more exepte part of that which was in them nor lett out in suche countries where the earth hath fewe pores or els where they bée stopped with moysture it must neades followe that these exhalations striuing to get out must neades rende the earth in some place or lifte it vp so that either thei may haue frée passage or els rowm inough to abide in ¶ Of the signes and tokens that goe before an earthquake most commonly THe first is the raging of the sea whē there are no tempestuous wyndes to styre it yea when the ayre is moste calme without wyndes The cause why the Sea then rageth is that the wynde beginneth to labour for passage that waye and fynding none is sent back and soone after shaketh the lande The seconde sygne is calmenes of the ayre and colde whiche cometh to passe by reason that the Exhalation that shold be abroade is within the earth The thirde signe is sayde to be a longe thine strake of a cloude seen whē the skye is cleare after the setting of the sonne This saye they is caused by reason that the Exhalation or vapor whiche is the matter of cloudes is gone into y e earth Other affirme that it is the Exhalation that breaketh out of som narrowe hole of the earth out of whiche the rest of the wynde cannot issue neither will it wayghte the tyme wherfore within a whyle after it séeketh and maketh it selfe by soden eruption a broader waye to be deliuered out of pryson Also the sunne certaine dayes before it appeareth dimme because the wynd that should haue purged and dissolued y e grosse ayere that causeth this dymnes to our eyes is enclosed within the bowels of the earth The water in the botome of deape welles is troubled and the sauor therof infected because the pestilēt Exhalations y t haue ben long inclosed within y e earth do thē beginne a litle to be sent abrode For thereof cometh it that in many places where earthquakes haue béen great aboundaunce of smoke flame ashes is cast out when the aboundaunce of brymstone that is vnder the grounde through violent motion is set on fyre breaketh forth Finally who knoweth not what stynking mynerals and other poysonous stuffe doth growe vnder the earth wherfor it is no wōder if well water before an earthquake be infected but rather it is to be marueiled if after an earthquake there followe not a greuous pestilence when the whole masse of infection is blowne abroade Last of all there is harde before it in the tyme of it after it a great noyse and sounde vnder the earth a terrible groanyng and a verye thondryng yea somtymes when there followeth no earthquake at all when as the wynde without shaking of the earth fyndeth a waye to passe out at And these for the moste part or at lest some of them are forewarninges that the moste fearfull earthquake wil followe then the which there is no natural thing that bryngeth men into a greater feare Cato was very curius to confesse him self that he repented that euer he went by water where as he might haue gone by lande But what lande can be sure if it be the Lordes will by this woorke of his to shake it what building so strong y t can defende vs when the more stronge the more danger the higher y e greater fall ¶ Of thonder THōder is a sound caused in y e cloudes by the breaking out of a whote dry Exhalation beating against the edges of the cloude It is often herde in spryng sommer by reason y t the heat of y e sonne thē draweth vp many Exhalations which meating in the midle regiō of the ayre w c colde moist vapors ar together with them inclosed in an hollowe cloud but whē the whot Exhalatiō cannot agrée w c the coldnes of y e place by this strife being driuen together made stronger and kēdled it wil neades breake out which soden violent eruptiō causeth y e noyse which we cal thōder A similitude is put by gret autors of moist wood y e cracketh in y e fire we may adde here vnto y e breaking of an egge in the fire of an apple or any like thing for whatsoeuer holdeth withholdeth enclosed any whot wind so y t it can haue no vente it wil séeke itself a way by breaking y e skinn shell or case It wer no ill cōparisō to likē thōder to the sound of a gonne which be both caused of the same or very like causes The soūd of thōders is diuerse after which men haue diuided y e thōders into diuerse kindes Making first ij sortes y t is small thōder great But as for the diuersitie of soūdes generally it cōmeth of y e diuerse disposition of y e cloudes one while hauing more holes then at another somtime thicker in one place then in another The smal or litle thōder is when y e exhalatiō is driuē frō side to side of y e cloude making a noise ether for
their images myght also be expressed in watry cloudes Hereto may be aunswered that the let is in the cloude which is neyther so harde as is the glasse nor yet so continuall as the water but consisteth of innumerable small droppes so that except the light of the starres were stronger it can in thē expresse no vniforme images of them as it doth in glasses and in the water Notwithstanding in wryters of wonders we reade some such like thing sometime to haue chaunsed There hathe béen often séen manye sunnes in the daye tyme and after the sunne settinge at the rysing of the full Moone there haue appeared manye Moones whiche was by this meanes that the same cloude that receiued the sunne beames in the morning taried in the same place at y e Moones rising was ready also to receiue her image ¶ Of wonderfull apparitions WE wil close this booke with a brief declaration of the natural causes of many thinges that are séen in y t ayre very wonderfull straunge to beholde which in these later yeares haue béen often séen and behelde to the great admiration of all men not without the singular prouidēce of God to forwarne vs of many daungers that hange ouer vs in these moste perilous tymes The aparition of which as it is most wonderfull so the serching of the cause to vs is moste harde difficulte A great deale the rather because no mā hath hetherto enterprysed to my knowledge to séeke out any cause of them but all men haue taken them as immediat myracles without any naturall meane or cause to procure them And I truly do acknowledge y t they ar sent of God as wonderfull signes to declare his power moue vs to amēdement of life in dede miraculus but not yet so y t they want a natural cause For if they be wel weyghed cōsidered it is not harde to finde y t they differ much frō such miracles as ar recorded in y e scripture and admitted of diuines So that as I ahhorre the opiniō of Epicures to thinke that suche thinges come by chaunce but rather by y e determined purpose of gods prouidence so I cōsent not with them that suppose when any thing is deriued from any naturall cause God the chiefe and best cause of al thynges is excluded Some of these wonderfull apparitions consist of circles and rainbowes of diuerse fashions placings as one with in another the edge of one touching another on deuiding or going through another with lyke placing of small circles about great circles or partes of smal circles some with the endes vpward som downward some asyde some acrosse but all for the most part in vniforme order constituted or placed for the order of them pleasaunt to beholde but for the strangenes somewhat fearfull Suche a lyke apparition is made with the sunns or Moones images ioyned vnto these circles set also in good vniforme order The cause of these is the meting together of all those seuerall causes that make the circles rayn bowees streames and images of the sunn or moone which ioyned altogether make the wonderful sight of strange raynbowes positions of circles crosses diuerse lyghtes which perteyne to the knowledge of Optice and Catroptice that teache howe by diuerse refractiōs and reflectiōs of beames such visions are caused So that he whiche wyll knowe howe they are generated must returne vnto the seuerall treatyses of raynbowes circles streames images of the sunne or Moone and if in thē he finde not knowledge sufficient to instructe him I must send hym to the demonstrations of perspectiue where he shall want nothyng Another sort of them no lesse often behelde within these fewe yeares then y e former but a great deale more straūge and wonderfull to looke vpon are the sightes of armies fighting in the ayre of Castels Cities and Townes with whole countries hauing in them hills valies ryuers woodes also beastes mē and foules monsters of whiche ther are no suche kyndes on the earth and fynally all maner of things and actions that are on the earthe as burialles processions iudgementes combates men women childrē horses crownes arme of certayne noble men contries weapons of all sortes sometymes starres angels as they ar painted w t the image of Christ crucified besieging of castels and townes many thynges and gesturs done by men or beastes the very similitude of persones knowen to the beholders as of late was séen the very image of the Emperour Charles insomuche that they whiche behelde it put of their cappes thinking verely it had béen he of Ihō Frederick prince Elector of Saxon who y e time was prysoner with thēperour Also the image of small crosses which hath ben not only in the ayre but also on the earth on mens apparell on dishes platters pottes al other things so that the Iewes haue béen full angry that they could neither washe nor rub them out of their aparell In Germany also fyers and many suche thinges as it were long stories séen in the ayre All these wōderfull aparitions may be caused two maner of wayes the one artificially the other naturally Artificially by certein glasses and instrumēts made according to a secret part of that knowledge whiche is called Catoptrice and so peraduenture some of them haue béen caused but the most part doubtlesse naturally when the disposition of the ayre hath béen suche that it hath receiued the image of manye thinges placed and done on the earth And because it is apte to receyue dyuerse images as well in one place as in another these monstruous formes and straunge actions or stories proceade of the ioyninge of dyuerse formes and actions as if twoo histories were confusely paynted in one the whole picture would be straunge or as the Poet sayeth if a paynter to a mans head should set a horses neck after dyuerse fethers Sometymes also one image is multiplied in the ayr into many or infinite as ar letters crosses whiche fill all the ayre euen beneathe And the light of the sunne receiued into litle partes maketh to apeare as it wer many smal starres Let this suffice concerning these wonderfull apparitions once agayne admonishyng the Reader thoughe I haue enterprysed to declare these by naturall reason yet beleuing y t not so much as on sparrow falleth to y e grounde without Gods prouidence I doe also acknowledge Gods prouidence bryngeth these to passe to suche ende as before I haue shewed vsing these causes as meanes and instrumentes to doe them ⧠The fourth booke of watry impressions THose be watry impressions that consist moste of water In y e treaty of thē are wont to be handled these impressiōs namely cloudes rayne dew hore frost hayle snowe springes ryuers and the great sea it selfe ¶ Of cloudes A Cloude is a vapor colde and moyste drawen out of the earth or waters by the heate of the sunne into the mydle region of the ayre where by
the midle region of the ayre abidyng in the lower region by colde of the nyghte is condensede into water and falleth downe in verye smalle droppes There is cōmen dewe swete dew One kynde of the sweet dewes is called Manna being whyghte lyke sugar whiche is made of thicke and clammye vapors whiche maketh it so to fall thicke and whyte It falleth onely in the East partes As for that Manna which God rained to the Israelites was altogether miraculous In Arabia as Plinius wryteth is a very pretious kynde of dewe y t is called Ladanum whiche falling vpon the herbe Cusus mixed with the iuyse of that hearbe which goates do eate is gathered of goates heares and kept for a great treasure Ther is another kind of swete dewes that falleth in England called the meldewes which is as sweet as hony being of such substance as hony is drawē out of sweet herbes flowers There is also a bitter kynde of dewe that falleth vpon herbes and lieth on them lyke brann or meale namelye because it is of an earthly Exhalation so remayneth when the moyster is drawē away this dewe kylleth herbes The commē dewe dronke of cattel toth rotte them because the matter is ful of viscositie bringing thē to a fluxiō Ther be thre thinges y e hinder dew from falling that is great heate great colde and wynde For dewe falleth in the most temperat calme tyme. ¶ Of hore froste HOare frost or whight frost is nothīg els but dewe congeled by ouermuche colde The South and East wynd doth cause dew but the North and Northern wyndes doe fryese the vapors and so it becommeth hoare froste whiche if that excessiue colde had not béén should haue turned into dewe The dewe and the hoare frost agrée in thre thinges namely in matter in qualitie of time and place of their generation In matter they agrée for they are both generated of a subtile thinne vapor also small in quantitie In qualitie of tyme they consent for both are made in a quiet calme tyme for if there were great wynde it would dryue away the matter and so cold ther be no generation Thyrdly they are both generated in the lowest region of the ayre for as Aristotle affirmeth vpō high hilles ther is neither dewe nor hoare frost They differ also in thre things For the hoare froste is congeled before it be turned into water so is not the dewe Secondly the dewe is generated in temperate weather the whight froast in colde weather Last of all whote wyndes as the South and East do cause dewe but cold wyndes as the Northe and Weast doe cause hoare froast Hoare froast doth often stynke because of the stinking matter whereof it consisteth which is drawen out of lakes and other muddy and stinking places ¶ Of Hayle HAyle is a hotte vapor in the mydle region of the ayre by the cold of that region made thicke into a cloude whiche falling downe to the soden colde of the lowest region is congeled into Ise. There be so many kyndes of hayle as ther be of rayn The fashion of hayl is sometyme round whiche is a token y t it was generated in the mydle region of the ayre or very neare it for falling frō hygh the corners are worne away When the hayle stones are square or thre cornered the hayle was generated neare the earth Often times there is harde a great sounde in the cloudes as it were of thōder before hayle or as it were of an army fighting c. the cause is that vapors of contrarie qualities beinge inclosed in the cloude doe striue to breake out make a noyse euen as colde water doth put into a seathing pot In spryng and haruest tyme is often hayle seldome in sommer and wynter In wynter there wanteth whot vapors in sommer the lowest regiō is to whot to congele the rayne falling downe In spring and Autumne there wanteth neither whot vapors to resist the colde nor sufficient colde to harden the droppes of that whot shower of rayne The haylestones are somtimes greater and sometimes lesser greater with greater colde and lesser with lesser cold There is seldome haile in the night for want of whot vapors to be drawē vp Sometime hayle rayne falleth together when the latter end of the cloud for want of colde in the lowest region is not congeled Hayle stones ar not so cleare as Ise because they are made of grosse earthy vapors ise is congeled of cleare water Hayle is sooner resolued into water then snowe because it is of a more sodē and swyft generation ¶ Of Snowe SNowe is a cloude congeled by greate colde before it be perfectlye resolued from vapors into water Snowe is whyght not of the proper colour but by receiuing the lyghte into it in so many small partes as in some or the whyghte of an egge beaten Snowe is often vpon highe hilles lieth long there because their toppes ar colde as they be neare to the mydle region of the ayre For oftentimes it rayneth in the vallye when it snoweth on the hylles Snowe melting on the high hilles and after frosen agayne becommeth so hard that it is a stone is called Christal Other matters of snowe because they ar cōmen with raine are nedeles to be spoken of To be shorte sléet is generated euen as snow but of lesse colde or els beginneth to melte in the falling Snowe causeth thinges growing to be fruitfull and encrease because the cold dryueth heate vnto the rootes and so cherysheth the plantes ¶ Of Springes and Riuers THe generation of springes is in the bowels of the earth therfore something must be sayde of the bodye of the earth The earth though it be solide and massy yet hath it many hollow gutturs and vaynes in whiche is alwayes ayer to auoyde emptines For the ignoraunt in Philosophie must be admonished y t all thinges are full nothing is emptye for nature abhorreth emptines so that where nothing els is there is ayre and vapors whiche by colde as it hath often ben sayde wylbe resolued into droppes as we sée experience in marble pillers suche lyke harde stoones towards raine This aier and vapors therfore being turned into droppes of water these dropps sweet out of the earth and fynde some issue at the length where many beyng gathered together make great aboundaunce of water which is called a fountayne or sprynge The cause why suche sprynges doe runne continually is because that aire can neuer wante in those vaines which by colde will alwayes be turned into water so that as fast as the water runneth forthe so faste is ayer agayne receyued into the place whereby it commeth to passe y t so many springes are perpetuall and neuer dried But if any be dried vp it is in a whot sommer and such springs also they be whose generation is not depe in the earth therfore the vapors may be made
moste parte of all the stones that are digged out of the earth are generated by colde whiche is able to conuerte any other kynde of myxed substaunce into stone as hath been partly shewed in the nature of welles and sprynges of whiche there be some in Englande whiche by their colde turne wodde or any lyke thyng into stones I sufficiently shalbe saide of the vertue of stones That vertue that is ascribed vnto them is eyther naturall or magicall Natural vertue is either that whiche is knowen to haue a naturall cause or a naturall effect as the Magnes or loadestone to drawe iron whiche is by a similitude of nature and suche an appetite as is betwene the male and the female Also the sayde Magnes moueth towarde the North and as some saye there is an other kynde founde in the Southe that draweth towarde the south They saye that there is great hylles of this stone in the North and South which maketh it looke that waye Other bryng a Mathematicall reason whiche because it is more curius then can be vnderstoode of the commen sort not exercised in Geometrie I omitte The gette and amber draw heares chaffe and lyke light matter but beyng before chaffed for heate is attractiue Also the precious stone called Astroites moueth of it self in vineger the sharpenes of the vineger percing it and the ayer excluded driuing it forward These vertues because I haue séen I haue set for an example generally all other lyke naturall vertues proceade of lyke naturall causes which by their effect the ingenious must seeke to fynde out As for Magicall vertues be they whiche are grounded of no reason or natural cause whiche if they take effect it is rather of the superstition credulitie of hym that vseth them then of the vertue of the stones As that an Emerald encreaseth loue a Saphir fauoure a Diamonde strength suche lyke vertues of whiche Albertus in his age surnamed the great tooke paynes to wryte a booke whiche I suppose be englished To conclude with the cause why stones melte not as mettalles doe may be gathered by y t which hath béen sayde before because they are congeled past that degrée also because there is left in them no vnctuus or clammy matter Let this suffise for stones so the whole purpose is at an ende W. F. FINIS THINKE AND THANKE LIVE IN FERE KNOWE THY SELFE FAR AND NERE ⧠Impryted at London in Fletestreate at the signe of the Faucone by William Griffith And they are to be sold at his shop in S. Dunstones churchyarde in the Weste 1563. Aristotles The material cause What be vapors what exhalations What the midle region is shalbe tolde afterward A generall rule What exhalations bee The efficieÌ„t cause What the regions of the aire be Sparkes of fyre Torches Daunsing Goates Shootinge starres The Epicurians opinion Psal. 148 The greatnes of Starres A profe of the stars greatnes Burning candels Burnynge beames round pillers Burninge Speares Shieldes Globes or Bowels Lampes Flyinge Dragons or fyre Drakes Of spires Fyre scatered Light that goeth before men and foloweth theÌ„ in the night Helena Castor Pollux Flames vpoÌ„ hears of men beastes Liuius Seruius Tullius Marius Comets or blaesinge starres The temper of the 4. quarters The signification of Comets Arist. Aparitions Collours in the aire Wyde gapinge of cloudes in the ayre RouÌ„d opening in the ayre Wynde The secoÌ„d kinde of wyndes the thirde kynd of wynde the qualities of the wyndes and the fowâ— quarters of the worlde the qualitie of midle wyndes the profit of wynde Ioan. 3. Psal. 104. Earthquakes Diuerse kyndes of earthquakes Twelue cities ouerthrowen with one earthquake Constantinople the chiefest citie of Grece now the Turkes pallace The secoÌ„d kynde The thyrd kynde Earthquake on the sea Aristot. The fourth kynde Newe Ilandes in the sea Arist. Seneca Plinius Plato A woÌ„derfull earthquake Africa Europa Asia the thre parts of the erth Mare mediterraneum because it goeth through the midst of the earth AtlaÌ„tis an Iland Seneca Theron Therea Arist. Herodotus Egipsom time a golphe of the sea The signes of an earthquake ThoÌ„dring vnder the earth Cato Thonder a similitude Diuerse kindes of thonder Smal thonder and the kindes therof Great thoÌ„der and the kindes therof How farr thuÌ„der is harde The profit of thonder Plutarchê° T. Quincius Flaminius LightniÌ„g FulgetiuÌ„ Coruscatio Fulgur Fulâ—â—â— FulgetruÌ„ The collor of this lyghtning Coruscation Fulgur The lightening is not before the thond though it seeme so Sight preuenteth hearing The thonderbolt caste out of the cloudes Strongest things are most hurt of lightenyng How depe thoÌ„der bolt goeth into the earth Aristot. Plinius Seneca Drie lightening Mony molten in meÌ„s purses swerds in scabberds Moist lightninge Why it maketh black Grosse lightning The marueiles of lightning Light poysoneth Senecae Wyne not ronning the vessels being broken LightniÌ„g purgeth a poysonous beast A snake breadeth no worms LightniÌ„g openeth his eyes that slepeth closeth his that waketh Lyuinge thinges turn their face towarde lyghtning Garments burnt the body vnhurt Lightning causeth blindnes swelling or leprosy Eutropius M. Tullius Cicero Apulia The wouÌ„des of lightning cold Sea calfe not hurt with lightening Bayes boxe seldom hurt with lightning The Eagle Iupiters harnes bearer Storme wyndes Whirle wyndes The troubles of whirlewyndes Fyered whyrlewynde Circles about the sunne the moone other sters Iupiter Venus Planetes Circles in the water The collours of circles Circles about a caÌ„dle the signes of these circles Virgilius Aratus Poetes Signe of frost Signe of fayre weather Signe of tempest Signe of rayne Ptolomeê° Signe of fayre weather Signe of snowe Arist. Antipho Rainbow Possidonius a pretious stone called iris A similitude Similitude of the raynbowe Rainbow of the sunn Rainbow of the Moone the white circle sene in the night Pithagoras Anaxagoras Democritus Cordanus Phaeton Ouid. Meta. Pr. Hebe Apollo Theophrastus Diodorus Possidonius Zodiake Arist. Sporades Possidoniê° Plinius The breadth of this circle Beames or streames Manye Sunnes at once Alexander the great Darius Many smal suns like stars Similitude The significatioÌ„ of many sunnes Galba Otho and Vitellius Manye Moones Plinius Why other sterrs are not so represented ObiectioÌ„ Syrius a great star seen at noone in Sommer An aunswer Wonderful aparitions Optice Catroptice Catoptrice Horatius Cloudes Arist. the height of the cloudes Albert Magnus Mystes Empty cloudes The collour of cloudes Rayne why rain water is not salt Auicen Salt raine Bitter raine The riuer Nilus Seneca Signes of rayne Of monstruous rayne Wormes froggs Fishes Mylke Blood Fleshe Auicen Stones Brycke Wheate Wolle Quicksyluer Chalke T. Liuius Iron Auicen Dewe Manna Plinius Arabia LadanuÌ„ Cusus bitterdew Hoar frost Arist. Hayle Snowe Originall of Cristall Springes Nothing is empty FouÌ„tains Brookes Ryuers Arist. Seneca Lakes Whote bathes Tastes of waters aristotle Well waeter vsed for vineger Bohemia Paphlagonia maruelus water ClituÌ„nus Propertiê° Boetia Melas Seneca Libia Seneca S. Augustine GaramaÌ„tes Scicilia Idumea Seneca Anthracius HuÌ„garia Seneca Theophrasius Vitruuiê° Arcadia Nonacrinus Illyria andros Bacchus Isidorus Chios Lechnus Scicilia Sardinia Pontus astares aetiopia Clitorius PentasiuÌ„ Solinus Syria Rhenus Hypanis Schithia Matrona The sea The naturall place of the water Gen. 1. Arist. Ebbinge and flowing aristotlâ—s Earthly bodies Of earths Plinius Cardanus Cardanus Aetna Vesuuius Metalls Mercury Sulphur Golde why gold rusteth not The opinion of the Alcumistes Siluer Copper â–ª Tinne Lead Iron Quicksyluer Stones The vertue of stones either natural or magicall Magnes Geat and amber draweth chaf Astroites a stone moueth in viner Albertus Magnus