Diuersitie of the Sonnes declination from Ptolomaeus to our time 28 Doris hir chiefe places 191 Drangiana 196 E. EArth what 43 Opinions of hir figure eodem The myddes of it 6 Obiections against hyr roundnes 44 And th' answeres 45 Earth and the worlde not one thing 10 Th' Earth a stone 45 Of th' Earths circuit diuers opinions 62 Th' Earth howe to describe it in a vniuersall carde 127 Or halfe th' Earth 125 Or th' eight part 122 Or one perticuler Region 121 Ebbe tydes 145 The cause of it 146 Theyr tyme. 151 Ebudae Ilandes ioyning to Irlande 172 Ecliptick lyne what 25 Eclipse of the Sonne who firste founde out 97. The cause of the Mone Eclipsed eodā Figures of Eclipsis 98. 99. 100. 101. 102. Elementary Region 40 Elementes why but iiij 41 Theyr situation place eodē Eleuation of the Pole howe to finde it 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. Emantba eodem 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 xi Heauen 12 Englande hir principall cities 173. 174. Englshie myles what they conteine in the length 56 Howe many barlie cornes therto answereth eodem Epact howe to finde it 148 Ephesus 191 Epirus hir chiefe Places 183 Eubae an Ilande 177 Euclides Elementaries 5 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Europe wherof it toke that name 170 The description of it 171 The Bignes of it eodem F. FIgures of the Moone Eclipsed 98 Florence 182 Fountaynes of marueylous nature 175 Fortunate Ilandes the first digree of Longitude 58 Their number 188 Fourlong a kinde of measure and his quan titie 56 Fraunce hyr description 178 Fretum what 144 Frosen zones two 66 Fruites of well spent time 2 G GAdira an Ilande 177 Gaditanum fretum where 184 Galenus countrey 191 Gelilo 198 Galitia hir Cities 191 Gazophilacion Astronomicum 89 Gedrosia 196 Gemma Phrisus way to finde the Longitude of places 109 Geographie what it is 5 Howe it differeth from Cosmographie 6 Geographicall plainsphere 137 Geometrie ned full in Cosmographie 4 Germany hyr description 189 Germane myles both commen great the quantitie 56. 57 Giantes Ilande 202 Glarians errour 59 His way to finde the Noonesteade lyne 82. Grene Iland 202 H HAppie men 1 Hayle ingendred where 42 Heauenly Region conteine x. Heauens 10 Th' eyghte nine and tenne Heauen who founde them out 12 Hecla a burnyng Hill 175 Hell where 82 Helga an Hill in Islande eodem Helicon the holy Hill 184 Heluetian myles 57 Hemisphere of th' Earth how to be drawen in a Carte 125 Hercules Pillers or Columnes 58 Heydelberge 181 Hierusalem 194 Hippocrates cuntry 198 Hircania and hir chiefe cities 195 Hilles the greatest in all tb ' Earth 44. Heteroscij 70 Homerus cuntrye 191 Horizont Circle what 18 Diuided in two partes 19 Th' vse of the Horizont 24 Horizont diuided into 32. Partes 156 Hote windes from the South the cause 158. Houre of the daye knowen by the coast of the Sonne 157. 158 I. IAcobus Staffe 105 Iamaica 198 Iberia hir chiefe Cities 193 Idumea hir Cities 194 Ilande what 112 Ilandes in Europe from 172. vnto 178. In Africke 188 In Asia 198 In America 201. 202 Illium 191 Illyria 182 Infortunate men 1 India within Gangis 196 Soutb India 198 ☞ An Instrument seruing to the describing of a Cuntrey 136 ☞ An Instrument seruynge to Nauigation 162 Iohn Faustus first founde out Printinge 181. Iohn Halifax called De sacro bosco 14 Irlande hir description 172 It hath plentie of Alume sea Cole and Wolues eodem It is without venamous wormes and beast eodem Island and her description 175. 176 Isthmus what 113 Italy and her chief Cities 182 Italian miles 56 Iucatan 198 India 194 Iaua the greater 198 Iaua the lesser eodem L LAc á kingdome 198 Lacus what 144 Lactantius petulancye 38 Laodicina and her cities 194 Laponto 202 Latitude of regions what 59 Latitude of Regions howe to find out from 91. Vnto 95 Length of miles 56 ☞ A leque what it conteineth eodem Licaonia her Cities 191 Line what it is 55. Line Eclipticke 25 London howe longe builded before Rome 173. before Cbristes Incarnation 174 Longitude taken two waies 58 Of Longitudes of places where the first degree is placed eodem Longitude of regions how to finde out sondry waies from 103 Vnto 108 Loode sterre and his configuration 166 Louaine 180 ☞ S. Lukes Country 193 Lybia interior 187 Lydia 191 Lyra. 82 M MAcedonia and her description 183 Madagascar an Iland 188 Mahometes Sepulcher where 194 Making of perticuler cardes by Longitude and Latitude 116. 117 ☞ Without Longitude and Latitude 137. 138. Mangi 197 Maiorica Minorica Ilandes 176. A Mappe for one Region 120 A Mappe for th' eight part of th' earth 122 A Mappe for halfe th' earth 125 A Mappe for all th' earth 127 Mare mortuum 144 Mare congelatum eodem Marmarica 187 Margiana 195 Mauritania Tingitana and her description 185 Mauritania Caesariensis 187 Measures of diuers sortes and quantitye eodem Medera an Iland 188 Media and her cities 195 Men moost happy 1 Men moost infortunate eodem Mentz 181 Meroë and her description 187 Meridian circle what 21 The vse of the Meridian 24 Meridian line howe to finde it 83. 84. 85. 86. 87. 88. Meridionall signes 26 Mesopotamia 194 Middle earth seas 143 Miles of diuers countries and their quantitie 56 Myllan 182 Minute what 25 Moabar 198 Moones age howe to finde it at all times 147. Moones shining euery month 149 What coste of the Moone make full Seas in the chefe costes of this our Ocean 151 Of Mone Eclipsed what is the cause 97 Figures of her Eclipses 98 Morfuli 198 Moscouia and the nature of the people 182 Mount Sinay 194 N NAplis 182 Neadle and his praise 160 Where it haue erred 160 How to correct it 161 Neptunus God of the seas 112. 159 Nicaea 191 Niniue 195 North Pole and his configuration 166 Norwich subiect to fire 174 Her picture set out 8 North windes cold and the cause 158 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Numidia and her chiefe places 187 O Ocean seas what 143 Olimpus a famous hill 44. 191 Oracles where geuen to the Gretians 184. Orchney Ilandes 171 Orontius 5 Obseruations of the Neadle where it haue erred 161 Ouides versis for the placing of the Sphere of the Sonne 11 The North Pole to be aboue the Horizont 37 The signes to ascend and descend equally vnder th' equinoctiall 32 The diuision of Zones 66 Oxford 174 P PAdua 182 Palus what 144 Pamphilia 191. Paris 189 Paradise where 82 Contention of the deuines touchinge it Loke in the praeface Pargamus 191. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 73 A Parallele what and their numbre 74 Their Table 78. 79 Persia. 195 Parthia eodem Peninsula what 113 Perticuler cardes made ij waies 115 Peru. 200 Phaenitia 193 Phaenix an hill 191 Philonicus what it signifieth 3 Places dictaunce how to find out 140. 141 Planets haue ij declinations 28 A plat forme what and how many waies spoken 55 Plato
I do not so muche fansye Ptolomaeus in lōgitudes latitudes for he was not able being so mighty à Prince to trauell into those countris that to à priuate person for the greate distaunce à sunder was impossible And therfore receiuinge as he confesseth obseruations at other mens handes dyd in many sundry places swarue from the trueth Ph. And that was not to be imputed vnto Ptolomaeus as à crime seyng the errour ensued by other mens obseruations But for this cause I haue made my fifthe Booke in the whiche I haue folowed Ptolomaeus in certaine pointes touchinge his natiue Countrey places to them adiacent In th' other I haue vsed later writers trauelles not omitting my owne as you shall euidētly perceaue Spoudeus I pray you giue me an example of these thinges spoken Phil. Here minding to describe the plat forme of Englande I draw as you se à right line in the middes of the Mappe And because I finde in my fift boke that it is frō the Weast part of the same to th' East 11. digres I diuide this streght line beynge the Meridian Line for the middes of this Regiō into xj equall partes or portions Then do I searche how much the Pole Arctik is eleuated aboue th'Aequinoctiall in the furdest north part of Englande finde it 61. for vnder the name of Englande I comprehend the whole Ilande cōteyning also Schotlande Irelande Therfore I enter into the Table goyng before finde answering to 61. digr 29. minutes 5. secondes 19. thirdes Which space I take with my cōpasse in one of the diuisiōs of Lōgitude that I made in the meridian line so my compasse not opened wider I begin at the Meridian Line in the higher part of the Card make on either side 5. pricks that is to sai v. on the left hād v. on the right hād in like ma ner I find the south part to differ frō th'equinoctial lj di wherfore entring into the Table I find answering to lj dig 37. min. 45. seco 33. thir And with my cōpasse I take the like portion in one of the diuisions of the Meridian line then with my compasse I diuide the lower parte of the Table as I did the hier Then draw I right Lines from the Prickes in the hier part of the Table vnto the prickes in the lower part wright at th'endes of them the Digrees of Lōgitude as also in the diuisiōs of the Meridiam line I wright the digrees of latitude Thē seke I in the fifth boke for the notable Cities Townes Villages suche like place them in this card according to their true Longitude Latitude as in the card of Englād following you may well perceiue Spoudeus Nowe I perceiue by the makinge and describyng of this onely Mappe that the whole worke doeth chieflye depende vppon the Meridian Line appointing by them the longitudes of Regiōs by Paralleles of Climates whose vse in à Carde is to limite the Latitude frō th'Equinoctiall So that obseruing this order of you prescribed I may in like sorte at my pleasure drawe à Carde for Spaine Fraunce Germany Italye Graece or any perticuler regiō yea in à warme pleasaunt house without any perill of the raging Seas danger of enemies losse of time spending of substaunce werines of body or anguishe of minde Oh how precious â Iewell is this it may rightly be called à Cosmographicall Glasse in which we may beholde the diuersitie of countries natures of people innumerable formes of Beastes Foules Fishes Trees Frutes Stremes Meatalles Phi. You shall haue iust ccasiō to affirme whan as you vnderstande the whole cōmoditie of the same But I will shewe you to describe iij. or iiij Regiōs in one Mappe yea or so manye as are cōteined in th'eyght portion of th' Earth And therefore I call it à Carde conteining th'eyght part of th' Earth whose compasse in what quātitie you please the greater the better note it with A. B. C for the easier vnderstanding vn till you are exercised herein Then deuide the compasse of this Circle in iij equale partes marke the pointes of the diuision with A. B. C. After place th' one ende of the cōpasse in A. stretche out th' other ende vnto B. or C. with thy compasse draw an arcke or portion of à Circle from B. to C. Then set th' one ende of the compasse in B. draw the like arcke frō A. vnto C. After place the one ende of thy cōpasse in C describe the like arck frō B. to A. And here note that A. doth signifie the North or south Pole And th'arke B. C. the quadrant or iiij part of th'Equinoctial Circle This arke B. C. you shall di uide equallye in the middes at that pointe place D. Then draw à right line from A. vnto D. this shall repraesent the meridiane line for the middes of this carde This line shall you diuide into 90. partes euery one shall repraesent à digree or into 18. portions euery one shall answere vnto v. digr Or if the Mappe be small into 9. portions euery suche diuision shall signifie 10. digrees Then placing th' one ende of your compasse in A. extende or stretch out th' other vnto euery of these diuisions drawe arkes or portions of circles from th'arck A. B. vnto th'arck A. C. These ended you shall write in euery diuision from B. to C. th'equinoctiall vnto A. the Pole Arctik 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. or 5. 10. 15. 20 or 10. 20. 30. according to the diuision of the meridiane line After you shall accompt in this diuision 23. digrees 28. minutes from the quinoctiall which is the sonnes greatest declination and draw ther à double arke whiche shall serue for the Tropicke of Cancer or Capricorne noted with E L in like manner accompt 23. degrees 28. minutes from the North or South pole in that space draw in like sort à double arke which shal be in stead of the polary circle either Arctike or Antarctike set th'endes of it I K. and so are all the paralleles of latitude answering your mappe perfaitly finished Spou. I vnderstand the protracture of them very wel But shall there be but one Meridiane line for all thys Mappe Phil. Yes verely ther shal be so many as there are paralleles of latitude whose nombre as I saide was 90. Spou. Now I perceiue the reasō of this artificial working for like as the circuite of the heauens is distributed into 360. parts so in like maner the compasse of th' earth is also into 360 portions deuided both toward the Poles also from West to East Therfore I pray you shew me the waye howè to draw these meridiane lines Philo. You shal deuide the arke B D Cinto 90. or 18. or els 9. portions equally as I did the latitude from A vnto D. In like sort you shall deuide the polary Circle I K. then drawinge in
these diuisions from th'equinoctiall by the diuisions of the Polary Circle vnto A Arkes or portions of Circles you shal haue the frame preparid in whiche you shall in the same maner that you did for England place such portion of the world as it can aptly receiue Spo. But may I not describe here the paralleles climates taking thē out of the table in the second boke as Ptolomaeus doth in his Geographie Phi. Yes verely it shall adorne the mappe not omitting the principall windes seruing for that part of th' earth nor yet th'inhabitāts called for the diuersitie of shadows Periscij Heteroscij Amphiscij but nowe beholde the frame of whose composition we haue made so manye wordes Spou. This mappe doth liuely expresse your meaning so that ther is none I suppose so ignorāt or dul but that without great difficultie he may practise the like ther fore I require you procede in the descriptiō of à Card for halfe the face of th' Earth whiche as I coniecture wyll conueniently serue for our Hemisphere Philo. Not for our Hemispere onely but also for any one halfe portion of th' earth as well seruing th' vse of thē that dwell vnder vs directly called therfore Antipodes as also any other But I will leaue to speake of th' vse of it because of it self it is manifest wil make plain vn to you the cōposition artificial praeparatiō of it First with your cōpase describe à Circle as great as your carde shal be withī which draw an other Circle à finger bredth distant iust to this also an other Then part these Cir cles in the middes with à right lyne th'endes of which ar A. C. crosse this lyne in the middes with an other ryghte line B. D. So is your Circle parted into 4. equal portions Then deuide euery portion in the cōpasse of the circle into 90. partes in this maner First into 3. then euery of thē againe into 3. after into 2. laste into 5. After write in them 5. 10. 15. 20. 25. 30. c frō B. C. vnto D A. so is the whole cōpasse of your card parted into 360. portions Spoud Unto what vse serueth the crosse lines drawen thorow the face of the Mappe Philo. The line A. C. repraesenteth the meridiane as the line B. D. The halfe Aequinoctiall circle Also A. C. repraesenteth the Poles of the world the plages or partes of the same north south as B. signifieth the weast D. th' East Spou. I perceiue your minde therfore procede Phi. Thē applie the ruler to the digr of the circle of A. B. C. note th'intersections of the ruler in th'Aequinoctiall in like maner do in th' other halfe Circle A. D. C. this ended you shall describe from A. vnto C. Paralleles or halfe circles by these diuisions in th'Equinoctiall then write on them from B. to D. 10 ▪ 20. 30. 40. c. Also you shall apply the ruler to the circle diuiding the Meridiane line A. C. as you did th'equinoctial B. D. describe in th'interfectiōs in like maner halfe circles which shall serue for Paralleles of Latitude Then accompte in the circle from B. toward A. xxiij digr 28. min. describe an arcke which shall repraesent the halfe tropick of Cancer also frō A. toward B. accōpte xxiij digr 28. min. draw with your compasse another arcke which shall signifie the halfe Articke or polary circle in like maner do with the tropike of Capricorne th'Antarticke circle After place the halfe part of th' earth in the mappe thus praepared describe the Climates Paralleles inhabitaūts winds with theyr proper names the mappe shal be perfaitlye finished as for example you maye beholde the frame of the Hemisphere of th' Earth before placed Spou. This carde should seme to giue à great light knowledge vnto Nauigation And if I do praepare me an other Mappe for th' other Hemisphere I shall in these two cōpraehende conteine th' vniuersall Earth Phil. Trew it is but as touching the light it bringeth to Nauigation we will make mētion of at our next meting now I will shewe you how in one carde or Mappe you may describe all th' earth in such wise as shal be most perfait in that forme figure whiche shal be right pleasant Spou. I pray you then begin I shall giue diligence Phi. First describe on some plaine place an halfe circle A. B. C. vpō the center D. so great as thou wilte haue the carde after deuide the right lyne A. D. into 90 portions equally Then place th' one ende of your compasse in A. stretching forth th' other ende vn to 86. degr xv min. xx secondes in the line A. D. so with your Compasse draw an arke frō D. vnto the halfe circle A. B. C. whiche shall crosse it in B for by this way th'arke A. B. being extended right forth shal be as long as the right line A. D. Then you shal diuide this arke A. B. into 90. equal partes After with your compasse take the quātitie of th'arke A. B. and placing th' one ende in B. take the lyke quātitie in the half circle towardes C. whiche in like maner you shal diuide into 90. portiōs so th'arke A. B E shal be parted into 180. parts Again with thy compasse take the lengthe of the line A. D. th' one ende beynge placed in A. take the lyke proportion from A. to F. so that A. F. shal be equall to the line A. D. Then diuide the line A. F. into 90. partes equally as you did A. D. after placing th' one fote of thy cōpasse in the Cēter D. thou shalt draw arkes in euery of the diuisiōs or els euery fift or x. diuision onlye note the hiest Arke nexte with G. H. then enter into the table folowing find out how many degrees in lōgitude answereth to 80. degrees of latitude north frō th'equinoctiall which in the table are 140. degrees 40 minutes that number you shal accompt in the half circle from A vnto E. applying your ruler vnto th' end of this nōber vnto the cēter D. drawà short line whiche shal extēd vnto H. again enter into your table with 70. degrees of Latitude you shall finde 138. degrees 23. minutes which I accompt from A toward E as before applying my ruler to the shorte line the degrees in Longitude with my pen I draw an other shorte line In like maner I do with th' other paralleles of Latitude 60. 50. 40. 30. 20. 10. Spou. So that by entringe into the table accompting the degrees in Longitude frō A. towardes E drawing short lines one at th' end of an other ther ariseth as it wer a portion of a circle frō D to B. if I could in like maner find the proportiō of th'equinoctiall vnto the South paralleles whiche in like nōbre are 90. thē the whole forme wolde repraesent
to passe ouer waters where to walke through woodes and wher most aptly to remaine at night If al these were not as it serueth to infinite vses more then time will permit to repete yet this one were sufficiēt to kepe it in honor that by it in so small à lumpe or piece of clay beholding such strange formes of men beastes foules and fishes such diuersitie of times such burning hilles such merueilous stones metalles plants we are inforced to confesse th' omnipotency and wonderous worke of God This is it that prouoked Dioscorides to leaue cities townes trauail into deserts wods to serch the nature of herbes This caused Atlas Ptolomaeus Alfonce to be so diligēt in setting out the heauens course forme of this earthly mansion The vtilitye of this alured Orpheus Solon Democritus Pythagoras Eudoxus Plato Hipparchus Polybius Strabo an hundreth more of the auncient Philosophers to leaue their country frends acquaintāce not doubting perel of the seas dāgers of enemies losse of substāce werines of body or anguish of mind Yea the sweatnes therof was so great that Strabo after his trauails said that if any arte were requisite for à Philosopher it was Cosmographie And Homer called Vlisses the wi sest among the Graecians because he knew the natures of people and the diuersitie of nations Adding that his eloquence prudence fortitude constancye other like vertues mete for à man insued of hys perigrinations trauails which remaining at home he shuld neuer haue learned by any preceptes discipline or teacher But seing diuers in oure age are desirous of knowledge no lesse then the Philosophers were yet can not trauaile for the discorde of nations the sondrye sectes of people and diuers other impedimentes our refuge is to saye with Propertius Cogor et è Tabula pictos ediscere Mundos In Tables set out Countries to decerne Constrained am I and eke for to learne In which I had almoste through making ouer much hast forgotten to resight the benefits we receiue of Cosmographie in that she deliuereth vs from greate and continuall trauailes For in à pleasaunte house or warme study she sheweth vs the hole face of all th' Earthe withal the corners of the same And from this perigrination thy wife with sheadinge salte teares thy children with lamentations nor thy frendes with wordes shal dehort perswade the. In trauailing thou shalt not be molested with the inclemencye of th' Aere boysterous windes stormy shoures haile Ise snow Comming to thy lodginge thou shalt not haue à churlish vnknowne hoste which shall mynister meate twise sodden stinking fish or watered wine Going to rest thou shalt not feare lowsy beddes or filthy sheates In Somer the sōne with his fierye beames shall not vexe thee nor yet in winter stormye Saturnus shal make thy beard frosen In sayling thou shalt not dread Pirates feare Peries and greate windes or haue à sicke stomacke through vnholsome smelles Therfore these things considered who is not incoraged to acheue suche an interprice as shall redounde to his countries fame his perpetuall memorye what wise man dothe not delite to reade such thinges as Emperoures Kinges Princes haue painfully trauailed in esteming ther labours plentuouslye rewarded with the frute of this Art But least these my wordes should stirre vp the greadye appetides of diuers to this knowledge then to wante herein that mighte satisfie the same beholde I haue compiled this my Cosmographical glasse By which such as are delighted in trauailing as well by land as water shal receiue no small comfort If I be not deceiued th' other sort by it may also protract set out perticuler cardes for anye countrye Region or prouince or els th' vniuersall face of th' earth in à generall Mappe Firste if they describe Parallele circles in the Mappe answeringe to the like circles in the heauens by the right or croked Horizont th' equinoctiall polary circles and altitude of the pole to limite out the Zones Climates Paralleles of Longitude and Latitude which being once praepared you shall place there in the countries hilles fluddes seas fortresses Ilandes cities desertes such like according to the praecepts of th' art as are placed on the platte forme of th' earthe And that the praeceptes myghte seme the more facile plaine I haue reduced it into the forme of à Dialoge the names of the personages in dede fained but yet most aptly seruing our institutiō In which Spoudaeus repraesenting the Scho ler maketh doubtes asketh Questions obiecteth yea some tyme digresseth not from the fonde imaginations of the grosse witted Vnto which Philonicus supplying th' office of à teacher answereth to to all th'obiections giueth praeceptes VVhat diligēce I haue giuen in time of the Printing to the correction herof and also in diuisinge sundry newe Tables Pictures demonstrations praeceptes that you may easely iudge by readyng the same worke Also what charges the Printer hath susteined that his good will might not be wanting that shal be euident conferryng his beautiful Pictures letters with suche workes as herto hath bene published And thus I leaue the with my Cosmographicall Glasse requiryng that these my trauayles labours be not rewarded with ingratitude or ill reporte And if for the difficultie of the worke any errour escape remember I am the firste that euer in oure tongue haue written of this argument therfore am constrained to finde out the pathe whiche if it be not at this time made plaine smothe pleasaunt if God graūt life leisure I trust so to treade it againe that both night and day walking in the same thou shalt not misse of the desired Port. Againe fare well fauoure me as I wishe thy furderaunce in knowledge At Norwich the xviij of Iuly 1559. THE FIRST BOOKE OF THE Cosmographicall Glasse conteinyng the necessary Principles required in this Art and therfore is an Isagoge or Introduction vnto the hole worke The Interloquutors ▪ Philonicus Spoudaeus Spoudaeus LATELY CALlyng to my remembraunce the Race that euery mā in this his trāsitory life haue to runne and that faultes committed in this course for want of time can scarslye with great difficultie labour and diligence any thing be amended I was of force compelled to confesse those most happy whiche vse this time being so great a treasure as repentaunce maye take no place And on the other part those most miserable mē yea rather Images and pictures of men then very men in dede whiche imploy their busy cure care in stealing Idlenes vayn pastimes long sleapes dronkennes lasciuious toying swe ring scraping and gatheryng of Plutos corne together as though they had more time then myght be well spent in the exaltyng of Uertue supplāting of Uyce and profiting their Countrie Frindes and Consanguinitie In time past folowing only nature as Ruler and guide men did more earnestly and as it weare with an insatiate mynde seke Uertu for
necessary for thē which either sayle or trauell Spou. But you do then obserue the distaunce of the places in miles Phil. No verely for if I were caried by lande into places vnknowē blindfilded as they terme it or by the violence of troublesome wether on the sea driuen from my course I can declare how many miles I am from my countrey how many leaques from my proper course Spoud Then surely it must haue in it muche difficultie seyng that there springeth of it so muche vtilitie and profite Philo. The waye is very facile without great laboure I will no lenger make you muse theron You shall prepare à parfait clocke artificially made such as are brought from Flaūders we haue thē as excellently without Temple barre made of our countrymen Spoud Do you not meane such as we vse to weare in the facion of à Tablet Phi. Yea truely when as you trauell you shall set the nedle of youre Diall exactlye on the hour found out by the sonne on the daye by some starre in the night thē traueling withoute intermission whan as you haue traueled .xx. yea .xl. miles or more if your next place whose longitude you desire be so far distant then marke in your Diall the houre that it sheweth after with an Astrolabe or Quadrant finde out the hour of the day in that place if it agre with the same which your clock sheweth be assured your place is north or South frō the place you came from therfore haue the same lōgitude meridiā line But the time dif fer subtract th' one out of th' other the differēce turn into degrees minut of th'equinoctiall as before then adde or subtract as in th' other .ij. precepts going before But now behold the skie is ouer cast with cloudes wherfore let vs haste to our lodgings ende our talke for this presente Spoud With a righte good will THE THIRD BOOKE OF THE Cosmographicall Glasse in which is vttered the making and protracture of the Face of th' Earth both in Cartes Perticuler and also vniuersall with diuers necessarye thinges incidente hereto Philonicus SEINGE THAT in oure laste daies talke it was made euidente vnto you what the Longitude Latitude Circuite of th' Earth was how you also might find the same by diuers sondrye waies moreouer the deuision of th' Earth into zones by the helpe of Paralleles it shuld seme nowe conueniente to shewe you the cause wherefore all these are learned to what finall end they are desired Therfore leaste you shulde be lefte destitute of the principal tresure of Cosmography that is to delineat protract or set forth the platforme of th' vniuersall face of th' earth or els perticulerli any one portiō of the same I will this day also do my endeuor to shewe you the waye how to attain hereunto Spo. Wold to god that fortune had vnto me geuē of her tresure that I might sōwhat al though not recōpēce yet shew forth my good wil for this your great pains trauell For in dede siluer gold is to base to recōpence knowledge with that did the famous kinges princes in th' old time well perpende Whan they did not only geue th'inuentors of any new Science Art or profitable thing for à publike weale aboundaunce of treasure but also for perpetuall memorye made an Image to represente suche à persone and called him à God for his inuention So was Neptunus called God of the seas for that he founde the Arte of sayling Aeolus the God of windes because he inuented the true vse of them Ceres à Goddesse for finedinge out tillage But what make I discourse in these thinges to you whiche knowe them muche better then I. Ph. Heare by I gather your good will to th'aduancemente of learning But it is not treasure which at youre handes I craue but only that you shew your selfe enemy vnto ignoraunce thorowe your industrious labour both in profitinge your selfe also your natiue country But or we procede further in thys oure busynesse I wyll brieflye open vnto you certaine names whiche we vse in Geographie with th'interpretation of the same and histories with Poëtes abound also with them And firste you muste consider that th'Earthe beinge inuironed compassed aboute with the greate Ocian seas semeth as it were an Ilande after Strabo his minde notwithstandinge there is à greate difference betwixt an Iland and th'Earthe for an Ilande is a portion of th'Earthe seperated from the hole by waters whiche do circuite it on euerye side so that you can not iourney by lande either from Europe Asia or Afrike vnto your coūtry but muste vse herein Nauigation Spoud Unto your description do agree America Sicilia Iaua the Rodes Candie Delos Therasia and England in which we inhabite Philon. It it true now you shall furder note that the seas deuide th' Earth 4. sundry waies for either it is an Iland or little differing there from and therfore called Peninsula or Isthmus or Continēs Spoud So that Peninsula differeth from an Ilande because in some parte it is ioyned to à greater portion of th' Earth wythoute seperation as Tauricà Thrasia Cherronesus also Cymbrica Aurea in India Philo. Isthmus doeth differ from them bothe signifieth à portion of th'Earthe hauynge of eyther sydes the raginge Seas suche are founde agreable to this description properly Corinthiacus and Thrasius Spou. But howe doeth Continens differ from these three Ph. I will shew you it is à portiō of th' Earth which is not parted by the Seas à sounder but is continually in length so that you may go from one parte vnto another without nauigation as Saxonie Bohemie Sueuelande c. Spod By these I gather there is no portion of th' Earth but it is either an Ilande or that whiche you call Peninsula Isthmus or Continens Philon. No verely but nowe beholde the figure Yet ther remaineth to shew you what this worde Oceā Sea meaneth what we call Promontorium Fretum Lacus Stagnum Fluuius Palus c. which I reserue vntill we speake of Nauigation And nowe we will tourne to our scope You shall cōsider that the face of th' Earth is protraste drawne two sundry waies either on à roūd plate forme for which inuention the Globe moste aptlye serueth or els on à plaine plat forme as à Card in which we drawe th'vniuer sall Earth or els but the half or the one part yea you please but one particuler Region which is proper to Chorographie as I said to you in the first booke Spo. Th' inuention should seme much better to drawe th' Earth in à playne plate fourme theron à Globe for in it we maye behoulde the whole face of th'Earthe wythout anye remouynge or tournynge of the Carde on the Globe you shall be compelled to turne firste one parte then another or you can vew any great portion of
it Phil. Yet because it doeth most euidently in figure represent the forme of th' Earth it should seme more apt for this institution But I will leaue his composition vntill I shewe you the making of it among other instrumeÌ„tes And your cause alleaged against this forme as I suppose did minister occation to Ptolomaeus to delineat describe th' Earth in à plaine forme And bicause that right lines onely vsed in this busines did cary errour with them as the fornamed Ptolomaeus noted in Marinus the Geographers inuention therefore he vsed in this protraction suche lines as might answere proportionallye the lines discribed in a Globe But nowe I will leaue to vse more wordes herein will begin the work it self And least that the difficultie of the thing mighte somwhat discouragie you I will first nosel traine you vp in making a cart for à Region But here note that à perticuler card is made by knowing the distance of places without Longitude Latitude of Regions which forme of working I wyll here after open or by Longitudes with which firste we will begin And then shewe you the making of à Carde for the eight part of th' Earth after for halfe th' Earth last for the hole vniuersal face of th' Earth Spoud I thanke you sir nowe I perceiue your great care in obseruing à methode order in teaching with the manifolde vtilitie springing of the same But seing you wil begin first with the descripsion of à RegioÌ„ I pray you let your diligence that waye bende to the settyng out of our countrey So shall the example be the more familier your paines nothing the greater Phil. I wyll accoÌ„plish your desire in describinge à perticuler RegioÌ„ Countrey or Prouince Firste you shall drawe à right line in such length in the middes of your parchement or paper as it will aptly receiue This line shall represent the meridiaÌ„ Line for the middes of that RegioÌ„ Then diuide this line into so many equal portioÌ„s as the latitude of the regioÌ„ is drawynge right Lines or paralleles in euery of the same diuisioÌ„s according to the capacitie â—…f the plat forme of thy paper or parchement write on th'endes of these paralleles 32. 33. 34. or 40. 41. 42. according to their distaunce froÌ„ th'Equinoctall after you shall coÌ„sider howe many digrees the north part of your regioÌ„ is froÌ„ th'equinoctiall entringe into this Table folowing which is intituled the quaÌ„titie proportioÌ„ of th'Equinoctall or any great Circle vnto euerye parallele both North and Southe from them searche how many minutes and secondes answereth to the furdest of these degrees in latitude with thy compasse take the like space in anye of the diuisions of latitude and then beginninge at the hier parte of the Carte for that shall represente the Northe parte make prickes with thys compasse from the Meridiane line on bothe A PROFITABLE TABLE SHOVVING THE quantitie and proportion of th'Equinoctiall vnto euerye Parallele both towarde the Pole Arctick Antarctick making euery digree 60. minutes Latitude of Paralleles   Latitude of Paral.   Latitude of pural  Dig.  Mi. Se. Thir  Dig  M S. T.  De.  Mi. Sec. Th. 0  60 0 0  31  51 25 48  62  28 10 6 1  59 59 27  32  50 52 58  63  27 14 22 2  59 57 18  33  50 19 13  64  26 18 8 3  59 â—…5 4  34  49 44 32  65  25 21 26 4  59 51 14  35  49 8 57  66  24 24 15 5  59 46 18  36  48 32 28  67  23 26 38 6  59 40 17  37  47 55 5  68  22 28 35 7  59 33 10  38  47 16 50  69  21 30 7 8  59 24 58  39  46 37 44  70  20 31 16 9  59 15 41  40  45 57 46  71  19 32 3 10  59 5 18  41  45 16 57  72  18 32 28 11  58 53 51  42  44 35 19  73  17 â—…2 23 12  58 41 20  43  43 52 52  74  16 32 18 13  58 27 20  44  43 9 37  75  15 31 45 14  58 13 4  45  42 25 35  76  14 30 55 15  57 57 20  46  41 40 46  77  13 29 49 16  57 40 33  47  40 55 12  78  12 28 29 17  57 22 42  48  40 8 52  79  11 26 55 18  57 3 48  49  39 21 49  80  10 25 8 19  56 43 52  50  38 34 2  81  9 23 10 20  56 22 54  51  37 45 33  82  8 21 1 21  56 0 53  52  36 56 23  83  7 18 44 22  55 37 52  53  36 0 32  84  6 16 18 23  55 â—…3 49  54  35 16 2  85  5 13 46 24  54 48 46  55  34 24 53  86  4 11 7 25  54 22 42  56  33 33 6  87  3 8 25 26  53 55 40  57  32 40 42  88  2 5 38 27  53 27 37  58  31 47 43  89  1 2 50 28  52 58 37  59  30 54 8  90  0 0 0 29  52 28 38  60  30 0 0       30  51 57 4  61  29 5 19     both sides then accompte howe farre distaunte the south parte of thy Region is from th'Equinoctiall by the helpe of the Table you shall knowe howe many minutes answereth to one digree then with your coÌ„passe take the like proportion of the digrees of Latitude your compasse not opened wider make prickes from either syde of the meridian line in the lower part of the Carde for that signifieth the south coast of that regioÌ„ After draw right lines from the prickes in the hier part of the Table vnto the Prickes in the lower part And write in them the degrees of Longitude as 10. 11. 12. or 20. 21. 22. then is thy carde made ready to serue thy necessary vse Spou. This beinge ended what is then requisite to be obserued to the perfait finishing of this carde Phil. Only to seeke oute of Ptolomaeus Geographie or my fifth booke the latitudes of Cities Townes Villages Hilles Riuers or other notable thinges in that Region conteined accordinge to those noÌ„bres to place theÌ„ in your card or mappe Spou.
which they praepare head with stones the teath of Fishe for that they want Iron all metall gold except They haue warre with th' inhabitauntes of the countrey next them which haue an other language But it is not for richesse for inlarging their segniory or election of à king but for to reuenge the deathes of their praedicessors There is no law or order obserued of wedlocke for it is lawful to haue so many wemen as they affect to put them away with out any daunger They be filthy at meate in all secrete actes of nature comparable to brute beastes Their bread is rotes theyr meate mans fleshe for all theyr enemies which they ouercome they with great bankettyng deuoure Their houses are builded like the shape of Belles couered with leaues palmes of trees they vse no kinde of Marchandise and as for golde Pearle stone that we haue in great prise they haue in no esti mation For theyr richesse is in fethers of diuers colours stones which they hange on their eares lips for an ornatur They do honour the Sonne Mone Sterres There is also in the weast part of America à region cal led Peru most riche of all other that hitherto haue bene founde both of meatalles praecious Drugges Their shepe be of suche fertilitie that they twise yearlye haue Lambe Th' inhabitantes are ciuill wise prudeÌ„t skilful of marchandise But yet they know not Christ. The middes of America is in digrees 330. 0. The pole Antarctik 10. 0. The breadth of it is 2100. English miles the leÌ„gth 3000. miles There are diuers and sundry Ilandes about America in our dayes founde oute of whiche hereafter shall folow the principall PERV VVITH THE shore towarde Spaine Peru. 290. 5. 0. south pole Archay Chersonâ—…sus 303. 0. 5. 0 Caput de Stado 317. 0 â–ª 2. 30 Sinus aquae dulcis here are vij Ilandes founde in which are great plentie of Pearle praecious Stones 322. 0. South Pole 5. 0. Rio grande 329. 0. South pole 4. 30 S. Rochi 341. 0. South pole 8. 15 Caput S. Crucis here Magelanus founde à Giaunt x. fote in length 345. 0. 140. Rio. s. Iacobi 356. 0. 23. 30 Rio dâ—… s. Lucia 341. 0. 27. 20 ILANDES ADIOYning to America Riqua the lesser 296. 0. 10. 0 Riqua the greater 300. 0. 9. 0 Th' Iland of Giants 308. 7. 5. 0 Th' Ilande of Brasil 305. 4. 6. 10 La ponto 318. 30. 4. 0 Spagnolla here is found Gua iacuÌ„ that healeth the Neapolitane sicknes And the middes of th' Ilande coÌ„teine 305. 0. 23. 0. ¶ ILANDES TOVVARD Africke are innumerable of whiche these are founde oute Todosanctos 332. 30. 17. 0 Deforana 323. 0. 18. 0 Degadalupo 331. 10. 15. 30 Caput de bonauentur 294. 10. 4. 10 The grene Iland 347. 0. 14. 0 FINIS A PLENTIFVL TABLE CONTEYNING the principall matters of the whole worke reduced into th' ordor of th' Alphabete for the spedier findynge of suche thinges as you require A ABILE one of Hercules Columnes 58. 187 Aegyptians first founnd the 8. heauen 12 Aequinoctiall Circle what 22 His vse 24 AeÌ„r diuided into iij. Regions 42 Aeolus God of windes 112. 159 Aetna a burning Hill 176 Africke hyr description 184 wherof it toke name eodem Albania 193 Albetragnius errour in placing Venus aboue the Sonne 11 Alexander the great were borne 183 Alfonsus 2 He first founde out the x. heauen 12 Where he dwelt 178 Alphraganus 11 Ambicon 198 America hir description 200 Amphiscij 68 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 190 Angle of Sight what 137 what a perfit Angle 138 Andwarpe 180 Antarctick circle what 37 Antiochia 193 Antipodes 21. 70. 80 Apians way to finde the Longit. 106 Apollo first â—…ounde Physicke 2 Where he gaue Oracles 184 Arabia 195 Archimedes deuised Glassis to burne with all 2 Arctick circle what 36 ☞ Argentina loke Strausborough Argument of the whole worke 8 Aria Ariana 196 Aristotle 9 Arithmetick neadfull in Cosmographie 4 Armenia â—…yr chiefe places 193 Armusa 198 Asia the thirde parte of th' Earth â—…yr Adescription 190. 191 scij 69 Assiria 194 Atlas 2 Atreus first found the Sonnes Eclypse 97 Auicenna defended 81 Axe tree what 14 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 B. BAbilon 194 Bactriana hir Cities 195 Bagpipe vsed in Warre 172 Barbarica Mauritania 185 Barly corne the least measure 56 Blasing Sterres ingendred where 42 Body what it is 55 Bononie 182 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Barno 198 Brasil an Ilande 202 Burnyng Hilles 176. 175 Burning zone 66 Polybius errour herein 65 That it is habitable eodem Bythinia 19â—… C. CAdmos an Hill 191 Caesariensis Mauritania 187 Calicute the nature of th' inhabitauntes 196 Calpe one of Hercules Pillers 58. 178 Cambridge 173 Canarian Ilandes the first digr of Lon. 58 Their numbre 188 Capadocia 193 Cardes perticuler made ij wayes 115 And howe to make them 116. 117 Caria hir Cities 191 Carmania 195 ☞ A Carte for tlâ—…â—…ight part of th' Earth 122 For the halfe part of th' Earth 125 For the whole face of th' Earth 127 ☞ Cayla loke Quiola Center what 14 Ceres Goddesse of Corne. 112 Chatay 197 Chorographie what 6 Howe it differeth from Cosmographie Geographie 7 Cilicia 193 Circle what howe it differeth from a Sphere 17 Circles Arcticke Antartik 37 Circles greater lesser 39 Circuit of th' Earth howe to find it out 60 How many English myles it conteyneth 61. Cities gouerned of the Signes Planetes 134 Cleomedes 9 Climate what 73 Diuision of them after Ptolomaeus eodem Their number 74 Their names 75 South Climates 76 Theyr Table 78. 79 Cooblentz 181 Colchis 193 Collen where the Pilgrimage is to the thre kinges 181 Colure circles ij theyr definition 36 Cometes ingendred where 42 Constantinople 184 Contentes of the first boke 51 Continens what 113 Coos 198 Corsica an Ilande 176 Cosmographie mete for all estates 4 Cosmographie most excellent of all Sciences eodem Cosmographies definition 5 Howe it differeth from Geographie 6 Cosmographie excelleth Geographie and Chorographie 8 The principall part of it 111 Cosmographicall Glasse 120 Crates errour placinge the Luminaries aboue th' eight heauen 11 Crete an Ilande 177 Cuba 198 Cumpasse vnknowen to th' olde Hydrographers 160 The Cuntrey of Pygmeans 191 Curua hir chefe cities 163 Cyamba 197 Cyclades Ilandes 176 Cyprus 198 D. DAlmatia 182 Damascus 193 Declination what 28 Declination howe to be sought out by instrument 29 ☞ A Table of the Sonnes declination 31 Democritus errour in placing of Mercury 11. Destinction of Zones 65 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 64 Diameter of a Sphaere what howe it differeth from th' Axe tree 15 Digree what 25 Digrees of Longitude of places froÌ„ whence accompted 58 Dimention what it is 55 Distaunce in myles of diuerse places howe to finde out 140 Distaunce of places howe to finde out 141 Diuersitie of opinions touchinge th' earth bis circuit 62
Metamorphos The error of Crates Albetragnius Democritus and Plato The AegiptiaÌ„s found out but 8. heauens Ptolomaeus found out the 9. heauen Alfonsus first founde the. 10 heauen out Theodosius Proclus Euclide Orontius Iohn Halifax Lib. 1. prop. 1. What a ceÌ„ter is Lib. 1. prop. 3. What the axe tree is What a diameter is and how it difereth from thâ—… axe tree aforsayd The spheare is taken two wayes A right sphere The poles of the worlde what thei are An oblique or croked sphere Lib. 1. defi 14. How a sphere and a Circle differ The principall circles in the Sphere of the world are x. in numbre What the Ho rizont is A question Th' answere An obiection Th' aunswere The Horizont deuided into two partes A right Horizont A croked Ho rizont What the Me ridian is * Zenit is that point or prick imagined to be directly ouer our heades is alwaye 90. degrees froÌ„ the East South Weast and North. Lib. 1. prop. 3. Antipodes What th' quinoctiall is Lib. 9. What the zodiack is * This lyne is called the ecliptick becau se in it is the coÌ„tinual course of the SoÌ„ne and that all Eclypses as well of him as of the mone can not be but in this lyne What a signe is What a degre is What a minute is Septemtrional signes Meridionall signes The vse of the zodiack Euery Planet haue two decli nations The diuersitie of the Sonnes declinatioÌ„ froÌ„ Ptolomaeus time vnto our age How to finde out by Instrument the Sonnes DeclinatioÌ„ What the som mer tropick is What the winter Tropick is The foure tymes of the yeare whereof they take beginning What the two coloures are What the are ticke circle is What the An tarctickcircle is Lib. 2. Geor. Li. 2. Theor. â—… Lactantius petulancie Why sum Circles are called greater and some lesser Th' other part of the diuision of the worlde Why ther can be but iiij Ele mentes Lib. 2. de gene ratione Lib. primo de Coelo A generall maior The situation place of th' Elementes Th' Aere deuidid into thre Regions Where Cometes and blasing Sterres are ingendred Where Haile and Snow is ingendred What th'Erth is Diuersitie of opinions touching th'Erth his fourme An obiection against the round fourme of th' Earth These Hilles are the greatest in all the Earch * This is the fa mous Hill of which Poëtes so muche intreate in the top of whiche the Gentils builded an aul ter making to Iuppiter Sacrifice Th'answere to the first obiection Th' earth is a stone The 2. obiectioÌ„ Th'answere In lib. 1. de Mundo Example of ij Eclipses of the Moone Ptolomaeus Cleomedes Philo. Aristotle E. Reignholt Orontius WhaÌ„ the SoÌ„ne is in the Tropick of Capricorne In both Aequi noctiall pointes In the Tropick of Cancer what is taught in this seconde Booke What DimeÌ„tion is What a Point is What a Lyne is What a Plat fourme is What a Body is Lib. 2. cap. 23. Natura hist. Heluetian mi les The quantitie of an Englishe mile Longitude taken two waies Ptolomaeus Hercules Pillers In Prologo li. 2. Geographiae What Latitud is Glarianus errour Howe to finde out the Circuit of th' Earth * The verticall Poynte Zenit or Pole of the Horizont is so much distance from the Equinoctiall how much the Pole is eleuated aboue the HorizoÌ„t And like as the meridian euer do describe the Northe and Southe costes so dothe the verticall Parallele the East and West An example Diuersitie of opinions touching th' earth his circuit What a Zone is Parmenides Possidomus The burning zone Temperate zones FroseÌ„ Zones Polybius error 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 An obiection Lib. 1. Metamorphos The Answer Ptolomaeus Auicenna Vesputius Columbus Erasmus Reignholt Amphiscij Ascij hath two Somers two Winters lib. 9. Libro 9. Lib. 2. cap. 4. Heteroscij Antipodes Lib. 3. Periscij How a Zone a Climate differ Ptolomaeus de uision of Climates What a Parallele is South Climates The quantitie of climates Paralleles South Paralle les Antipodes Auicenna Auicenna defended Aphoris 3. proposi â—… Pardaise where Lira Eratosthenes Polybius Hell where In Agamemnone To finde out the Meridian Line after Glarians maner The seconde way The. iij waye The iiij way The v. way To finde the Noonesteade Line by night GazophilacioÌ„ AstronomicuÌ„ To finde oute th' eleuation of the Pole aboue the Horizont An obseruation Fol. 31. 32. The Sonnes de clinatioÌ„ north The Sonnes de clinatioÌ„ south The third way The. 4. way The Astronomie â–ª Ringe Lib. 1. fol. 6. Atreus found first oute the time of Eclipses Aristotle The cause of the mone Eclipsed Howe to finde the Longitude of Regions by an Eclypse How to turne the houres of the daye into degrees minuces An obseruation of an Eclipse Apians waye to find out the Longitude of places Iacobes staffe Fol. 27. Whan the Mone is West of the Starre What is to be wrought WhaÌ„ the mone is Easte of the Sterre An example Another way The principall part of Cosmographie The noble rewarde of learnyng in times paste Neptunus Aeolus Ceres What an Ilande is Peninsula Isthmus Continent An objection against the te restriall Globe Th'Answere A particuler carde made ij waies The argument of the thirdâ—… booke The maner of making a perticuler Carte for any RegioÌ„ Ptolomaeus ex cused An example Cosmographicall Glasse The making of a Carde conteininge the whole Earthe ♈ ♂ ♉ ♀ ♊ ☿ ♋ ☽ ♌ ☉ ♠☿ ♎ ♀ ♠♂ ♠♃ ♑ ♄ â™’ ♄ ♓ ♃ To make a Carte without knowing LoÌ„gitude Latitude The Geographicall plaine Sphere Th' Angle of sight Th' Angle of sight A perfit Angle To finde the distaunce in miles of diuers places Howe to finde the distaunce of places Time tedious Th' Ocean sea Sinus what it here signifieth Mare mediteâ—… ranium The red Seas Mare Mortuâ—… Mare Cagelasum What Fretum iâ—… What Lacus is What Stagnum is What Palus is The cause of spring ebbe tides Li. 3. de Dieb decret cap. 2. An obiection Th'answere The cause of Ebbyng and flowing How at all tymes to finde th'age of the Moone An example Th'Epacte To know howe loÌ„g the Moone doth shine euery night An example An example How to know th'exacte time of ebbinge and flowyng An example What the winde is Foure Principall windes Marcus Manilius The Horizont parted into 32 partes The number of windes infinite North windes colde South windes hote An obiection Th'Answere Windes temperate vnder th'eqninoctiall A question Th'Answere Vlisses Diomedes Aneas Neptunus Aeolus The compasse vnknowen to th' olde Hydre graphers The praise of the neadle Obseruations of the nedle where it hath erred How to correcte the nedle Fol. 91. 92. 93. 94. Howe to direct a shippe to any Porte How to know in what place they are beyng driuen from theyr course Fol. 77. 78.