9_o broad_a and_o they_o be_v support_v upon_o two_o rank_n of_o pillar_n which_o make_v a_o wing_n on_o each_o side_n the_o proportion_n of_o their_o breadth_n and_o length_n be_v take_v three_o way_n the_o first_o be_v when_o have_v divide_v the_o length_n into_o 5_o 3_o be_v allow_v for_o the_o breadth_n the_o second_o be_v when_o have_v divide_v it_o into_o 3_o 2_o be_v allow_v for_o the_o breadth_n the_o three_o be_v when_o have_v make_v a_o equilateral_a square_n the_o diagonal_a of_o this_o square_n be_v take_v for_o the_o length_n and_o the_o side_n for_o the_o breadth_n the_o height_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o length_n take_v from_o the_o pavement_n below_o to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o plat-fonds_a or_o flat-roof_n which_o be_v hollow_v on_o the_o other_o side_n the_o beam_n the_o seven_o part_n of_o the_o whole_a height_n the_o proportion_n that_o the_o alley_n which_o be_v in_o the_o middle_n between_o the_o pillar_n have_v with_o the_o wing_n be_v different_a according_a to_o the_o magnitude_n of_o the_o vestibule_n or_o entry_n for_o the_o great_a they_o be_v or_o the_o lesser_a the_o wing_n have_v a_o proportionable_a breadth_n with_o the_o alley_n in_o the_o middle_n so_o that_o if_o the_o vestibule_n or_o entry_n be_v 100_o foot_n long_o the_o wing_n have_v only_o for_o their_o breadth_n the_o 50th_o part_n of_o the_o length_n and_o when_o it_o be_v but_o 30_o foot_n long_o they_o have_v only_o the_o 3d._a part_n art_fw-la iii_o of_o hall_n the_o ancient_n have_v three_o sort_n of_o hall_n viz._n the_o corinthian_a the_o egyptian_a and_o the_o cyzican_n the_o corinthian_a have_v pillar_n round_o about_o against_o the_o wall_n and_o these_o pillar_n support_v the_o floor_n make_v in_o form_n of_o a_o vault_n surbaissee_fw-fr the_o egyptian_a hall_n have_v their_o pillar_n distant_a from_o the_o wall_n in_o the_o manner_n of_o the_o peristyle_n and_o they_o support_v only_o a_o architrave_n without_o a_o frise_n and_o without_o a_o cornice_n upon_o this_o architrave_n there_o be_v another_o row_n of_o pillar_n between_o which_o be_v the_o window_n the_o floor_n which_o reach_v from_o the_o pillar_n to_o the_o wall_n serve_v for_o a_o terrasse_n without_o the_o cyzican_a hall_n have_v this_o in_o particular_a that_o they_o be_v turn_v to_o the_o north_n and_o have_v a_o prospect_n of_o the_o garden_n they_o be_v principal_o make_v use_n of_o by_o the_o greek_n the_o proportion_n 6._o of_o these_o hall_n be_v as_o follow_v their_o length_n be_v double_a their_o breadth_n and_o as_o to_o their_o height_n this_o rule_n be_v observe_v to_o have_v the_o height_n of_o all_o sort_n of_o apartment_n that_o be_v not_o so_o broad_a as_o long_o they_o add_v their_o length_n to_o their_o breadth_n and_o take_v half_a of_o the_o sum_n for_o their_o height_n the_o apartment_n which_o be_v no_o long_o than_o broad_a have_v in_o height_n their_o breadth_n and_o half_a their_o breadth_n art_fw-la iv._o of_o the_o distribution_n of_o the_o apartment_n among_o the_o ancient_n the_o roman_n and_o the_o greek_a order_v 10._o and_o distribute_v different_o their_o apartment_n for_o the_o roman_n have_v their_o court_n and_o entry_n magnificent_a but_o the_o greek_n have_v only_o a_o narrow_a entrance_n through_o which_o they_o pass_v into_o a_o peristyle_n this_o entry_n have_v of_o one_o side_n a_o porter_n lodge_n on_o the_o other_o 4._o side_n the_o stable_n the_o apartment_n of_o these_o two_o nation_n differ_v in_o this_o the_o apartment_n of_o the_o woman_n be_v separate_v from_o the_o apartment_n of_o the_o man_n among_o the_o greek_n insomuch_o that_o they_o dine_v apart_o they_o have_v likewise_o particular_a room_n reserve_v for_o stranger_n apart_o where_o they_o only_o give_v they_o lodging_n and_o never_o treat_v they_o above_o one_o day_n chap._n iii_o of_o thing_n that_o equal_o appertain_v to_o public_a and_o private_a building_n article_n i._o of_o aqueduct_n in_o order_n to_o the_o bring_n of_o water_n to_o town_n and_o city_n the_o level_n must_v be_v exact_o take_v to_o the_o end_n it_o may_v be_v know_v whether_o the_o water_n can_v be_v bring_v thither_o or_o no._n the_o ancient_n to_o this_o end_n make_v use_v of_o a_o instrument_n call_v corobates_n 6._o which_o be_v direct_v by_o a_o lead_n and_o by_o water_n when_o the_o wind_n hinder_v they_o from_o make_v use_n of_o the_o lead_n they_o bring_v their_o water_n three_o several_a way_n viz._n by_o aqueduct_n by_o pipe_n of_o lead_n and_o pipe_n bake_v in_o a_o potter_n furnace_n they_o allow_v for_o the_o channel_n or_o sewer_n of_o the_o aqueduct_n for_o every_o 100_o foot_n half_o a_o foot_n of_o declination_n or_o slope_v and_o if_o any_o hill_n be_v in_o their_o way_n they_o dig_v through_o they_o make_v vent_v to_o give_v air_n at_o convenient_a distance_n the_o pipe_n of_o lead_n be_v at_o least_o 9_o foot_n long_o they_o make_v they_o of_o bend_a sheet_n or_o plate_n and_o of_o different_a thickness_n according_a to_o the_o proportion_n of_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o pipe_n these_o pipe_n have_v likewise_o their_o necessary_a declination_n or_o slope_v and_o if_o any_o valley_n be_v in_o the_o way_n they_o make_v it_o equal_a to_o the_o level_n with_o a_o wall_n they_o likewise_o make_v many_o vent_v to_o give_v the_o water_n air_n and_o to_o know_v where_o to_o mend_v the_o pipe_n the_o pipe_n of_o potter's-work_a be_v two_o inch_n thick_a they_o be_v join_v together_o with_o mortar_n mix_v with_o oil_n and_o when_o they_o have_v conde_n or_o joint_n to_o make_v they_o make_v use_v of_o a_o red_a free_a stone_n which_o they_o pierce_v through_o to_o receive_v the_o two_o end_n of_o the_o pipe_n art_fw-la ii_o of_o well_n and_o cistern_n it_o be_v remark_v oftentimes_o that_o the_o water_n which_o be_v under_o the_o earth_n have_v many_o bad_a quality_n and_o exhale_v vapour_n which_o often_o stifle_v those_o which_o work_n in_o the_o well_n after_o that_o they_o be_v dug_n &_o the_o water_n begin_v to_o gather_v together_o the_o ancient_n have_v this_o precaution_n to_o let_v a_o lamp_n gentle_o down_o into_o it_o and_o if_o it_o extinguish_v it_o they_o take_v it_o for_o a_o infallible_a sign_n that_o the_o water_n be_v bad_a the_o cistern_n be_v make_v to_o receive_v rain_n water_n in_o great_a conservatory_n under_o ground_n who_o wall_n on_o all_o side_n and_o at_o the_o bottom_n be_v build_v with_o mortar_n of_o strong_a lime_n and_o sand_n and_o pebble_n all_o well_o beat_v together_o they_o make_v several_a conservatory_n and_o the_o water_n pass_v from_o one_o to_o another_o to_o the_o end_n it_o may_v leave_v all_o the_o dirt_n in_o the_o first_o and_o second_o they_o likewise_o put_v salt_n in_o their_o cistern-water_n to_o make_v it_o more_o subtle_a art_fw-la iii_o of_o machine_n for_n carry_v and_o lift_v up_o great_a stone_n and_o burden_n ctesiphon_n and_o his_o son_n metagenes_n architect_n of_o the_o temple_n of_o ephesus_n invent_v machine_n to_o carry_v great_a stone_n out_o of_o which_o pillar_n and_o architrave_n be_v to_o be_v make_v that_o which_o be_v make_v to_o draw_v the_o pillar_n 6._o be_v but_o a_o sort_n of_o a_o frame_n as_o long_o as_o the_o pillar_n in_o the_o end_n of_o which_o be_v fasten_v pin_n of_o iron_n which_o enter_v into_o the_o end_n of_o the_o frame_n and_o serve_v instead_o of_o a_o axletree_n the_o pillar_n itself_o serve_v for_o a_o wheel_n and_o this_o have_v the_o desire_a effect_n because_o of_o the_o disposition_n of_o the_o place_n through_o which_o these_o stone_n be_v to_o be_v draw_v which_o be_v a_o flat_a and_o level_a country_n the_o other_o machine_n for_o draw_v of_o architrave_n be_v the_o same_o frame_n which_o have_v two_o wheel_n at_o each_o end_n which_o support_v the_o architrave_n which_o serve_v instead_o of_o a_o axletree_n for_o the_o raise_n of_o great_a weight_n 9_o they_o have_v three_o sort_n of_o machine_n the_o first_o be_v compose_v of_o three_o piece_n of_o wood_n which_o be_v join_v together_o at_o top_n by_o a_o pin_n which_o go_v through_o they_o all_o so_o that_o there_o be_v two_o of_o these_o piece_n which_o be_v on_o one_o side_n a_o little_a distance_n one_o from_o the_o other_o and_o the_o three_o be_v opposite_a to_o they_o the_o two_o which_o be_v together_o on_o the_o one_o side_n have_v a_o handmill_n which_o draw_v a_o rope_n which_o pass_v within_o a_o truckle_n with_o three_o pulley_n of_o which_o that_o part_n which_o have_v the_o two_o pulley_n be_v fasten_v to_o the_o top_n of_o the_o machine_n and_o that_o which_o have_v but_o one_o be_v fasten_v to_o the_o weight_n to_o be_v draw_v up_o the_o second_o machine_n be_v strong_a 2._o than_o the_o first_o because_o the_o moulin_n have_v more_o pulley_n and_o instead_o of_o a_o moulin_n
eurythmy_n and_o symmetry_n but_o we_o have_v think_v it_o proper_a only_a to_o make_v use_n of_o the_o word_n proportion_n because_o eurythmy_n be_v a_o greek_a word_n which_o signify_v nothing_o else_o but_o proportion_n and_o symmetry_n although_o a_o word_n common_o use_v do_v not_o signify_v in_o the_o vulgar_a language_n what_o vitruvius_n understand_v by_o proportion_n for_o he_o understand_v by_o proportion_n a_o relation_n according_a to_o reason_n and_o symmetry_n in_o the_o vulgar_a language_n signify_v only_o a_o relation_n of_o parity_n and_o equality_n for_o the_o word_n simmetria_n signify_v in_o latin_a and_o greek_a relation_n only_o as_o for_o example_n as_o the_o relation_n that_o window_n of_o eight_o foot_n high_a have_v with_o other_o window_n of_o six_o foot_n when_o the_o one_o be_v four_o foot_n broad_a and_o the_o other_o three_o and_o symmetry_n in_o the_o vulgar_a language_n signify_v the_o relation_n for_o example_n that_o window_n have_v one_o to_o another_o when_o they_o be_v all_o of_o a_o equal_a height_n and_o equal_a breadth_n and_o that_o their_o number_n and_o distance_n be_v equal_a to_o the_o right_n and_o the_o left_a so_o that_o if_o the_o distance_n be_v unequal_a of_o one_o side_n the_o like_a inequality_n be_v to_o be_v find_v in_o the_o other_o decorum_n or_o decency_n be_v that_o which_o make_v the_o aspect_n of_o the_o fabric_n so_o correct_v that_o there_o be_v nothing_o that_o be_v not_o approve_v of_o and_o found_v upon_o some_o authority_n it_o teach_v we_o to_o have_v regard_n to_o three_o thing_n which_o be_v design_n custom_n and_o nature_n the_o regard_n to_o design_n make_v we_o choose_v for_o example_n other_o disposition_n and_o proportion_n for_o a_o palace_n than_o for_o a_o church_n the_o respect_n we_o have_v to_o custom_n be_v the_o reason_n for_o example_n that_o the_o porch_n and_o entry_n of_o house_n be_v adorn_v when_o the_o inner_a part_n be_v rich_a and_o magnificent_a the_o regard_n we_o 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proportion_n decorum_n and_o oeconomy_n this_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o we_o divide_v this_o first_o part_n only_o into_o three_o chapter_n the_o first_o be_v of_o the_o solidity_n the_o second_o of_o the_o convenience_n the_o three_o of_o the_o beauty_n of_o the_o fabric_n chap._n ii_o of_o the_o solidity_n of_o building_n article_n i._o of_o the_o choice_n of_o material_n the_o material_n of_o which_o vitruvius_n speak_v be_v stone_z brick_n wood_n lime_n and_o sand._n all_o the_o stone_n be_v not_o of_o one_o sort_n for_o some_o be_v soft_a some_o hard_a and_o some_o extreme_o hard_a those_o that_o be_v not_o hard_o be_v easy_o cut_v and_o be_v good_a for_o the_o inner_a part_n of_o the_o building_n where_o they_o be_v cover_v from_o rain_n and_o frost_n which_o bring_v they_o to_o powder_n and_o if_o they_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o building_n near_o the_o sea_n the_o salt_n particle_n of_o the_o air_n and_o heat_n destroy_v they_o those_o that_o be_v indifferent_o hard_a be_v fit_a to_o bear_v weight_n but_o there_o be_v some_o sort_n of_o they_o that_o easy_o crack_v with_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o fire_n there_o be_v likewise_o another_o sort_n of_o stone_n which_o be_v a_o kind_n of_o freestone_n some_o be_v red_a some_o black_a and_o some_o white_a which_o be_v as_o easy_o cut_v with_o a_o see_v as_o wood._n the_o best_a brick_n be_v those_o which_o be_v only_o dry_v and_o not_o bake_v in_o the_o fire_n but_o there_o be_v many_o year_n require_v to_o dry_v they_o well_o and_o for_o this_o reason_n at_o utica_n a_o city_n of_o africa_n they_o make_v a_o law_n that_o none_o shall_v make_v use_n of_o brick_n which_o have_v not_o be_v make_v five_o year_n for_o these_o sort_n of_o brick_n so_o dry_v have_v their_o pore_n so_o close_o in_o their_o superficies_n that_o they_o will_v swim_v upon_o water_n like_o a_o pumicestone_n and_o they_o have_v a_o particular_a lightness_n which_o make_v they_o very_o fit_a for_o all_o sort_n of_o building_n the_o earth_n of_o which_o these_o brick_n be_v usual_o make_v be_v very_o fat_a and_o a_o sort_n of_o white_a chalky_a clay_n without_o gravel_n or_o sand_n which_o make_v they_o light_a and_o more_o durable_a they_o mix_v straw_n with_o they_o to_o make_v they_o better_o bind_v and_o firm_a the_o wood_n which_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o all_o building_n be_v oak_n poplar_n beech_n elm_n cypress_n fir_n but_o some_o of_o they_o be_v not_o so_o proper_a for_o building_n as_o other_o the_o fir_n because_o it_o have_v great_a plenty_n of_o air_n and_o fire_n and_o but_o little_a earth_n and_o water_n be_v light_n and_o do_v not_o easy_o bend_v but_o be_v very_o subject_a to_o worm_n and_o fire_n the_o oak_n which_o be_v more_o earthy_a last_v for_o ever_o under_o ground_n but_o above_o ground_n be_v apt_a to_o cleave_v the_o beech_n which_o have_v little_a of_o earthiness_n humidity_n and_o fire_n but_o great_a plenty_n of_o air_n be_v not_o very_o solid_a and_o easy_o break_v the_o poplar_n and_o the_o linden_n tree_n be_v only_o good_a for_o light_a work_n they_o be_v easy_o cut_v and_o so_o fine_a for_o carve_v the_o alder_n be_v good_a to_o make_v pile_n of_o in_o marthy_a place_n the_o elm_n and_o the_o ash_n have_v this_o property_n that_o they_o do_v not_o easy_o cleave_v and_o that_o they_o be_v pliable_a the_o yoke-elm_n be_v likewise_o pliable_a and_o yet_o very_o strong_a this_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o they_o make_v yoke_n for_o their_o ox_n of_o they_o in_o old_a time_n the_o pine_n and_o the_o cypress_n have_v this_o defect_n that_o they_o easy_o bend_v under_o any_o weight_n because_o of_o their_o great_a humidity_n but_o they_o have_v this_o advantage_n that_o their_o humidity_n do_v not_o engender_v worm_n because_o of_o their_o bitterness_n which_o kill_v they_o the_o juniper_n and_o the_o cedar_n have_v the_o same_o virtue_n of_o hinder_v corruption_n the_o juniper_n by_o its_o gum_n which_o be_v call_v sandarax_n and_o the_o cedar_n by_o its_o oil_n call_v cedrium_fw-la the_o larch-tree_n have_v likewise_o the_o same_o virtue_n but_o its_o particular_a property_n be_v that_o it_o will_v not_o burn_v there_o be_v a_o remarkable_a story_n of_o this_o wood_n which_o be_v that_o when_o julius_n caesar_n besiege_v a_o castle_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o alps_n there_o be_v a_o tower_n build_v of_o this_o wood_n which_o prove_v the_o principal_a defence_n of_o the_o place_n he_o think_v to_o take_v it_o easy_o by_o make_v a_o great_a fire_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o tower_n but_o for_o all_o this_o great_a fire_n the_o tower_n do_v not_o suffer_v the_o least_o damage_n the_o olive-tree_n be_v likewise_o very_o serviceable_a if_o it_o be_v put_v in_o the_o foundation_n and_o wall_n of_o city_n for_o after_o it_o have_v be_v singe_v a_o little_a and_o interlace_v among_o the_o stone_n it_o last_v for_o ever_o and_o be_v out_o of_o all_o danger_n of_o corruption_n lime_n be_v make_v of_o white_a stone_n or_o flinty_a pebble_n the_o hard_a the_o stone_n be_v which_o it_o be_v make_v of_o the_o better_a it_o be_v for_o building_n that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o soft_a spongy_a stone_n be_v proper_a for_o plastr_v there_o be_v five_o sort_n of_o sand_n viz._n sand_n that_o be_v dug_n out_o of_o the_o ground_n river_n sand_n gravel_n sea-sand_n and_o pozzolana_n which_o be_v a_o sand_n peculiar_a to_o some_o part_n of_o italy_n the_o best_a sand_n be_v that_o which_o be_v rub_v between_o the_o hand_n make_v a_o little_a noise_n which_o that_o sand_n do_v not_o which_o be_v earthy_a because_o it_o be_v not_o rough_a another_o mark_n of_o good_a sand_n be_v that_o when_o it_o be_v put_v upon_o any_o thing_n that_o be_v white_a and_o shake_v off_o it_o leave_v no_o mark_n behind_o the_o sand_n which_o be_v dug_n out_o of_o the_o
earth_n have_v all_o these_o quality_n and_o be_v esteem_v the_o best_a vitruvius_n make_v four_o sort_n of_o it_o viz._n white_a black_a red_a and_o bright_a like_o a_o carbuncle_n if_o it_o happen_v that_o there_o be_v no_o good_a place_n to_o dig_v sand_n in_o we_o may_v make_v use_n of_o sea-sand_n or_o river-sand_n which_o be_v likewise_o better_a for_o plaster_v than_o the_o sand_n which_o be_v dig_v which_o be_v excellent_a for_o building_n because_o it_o dry_v quick_o gravel_n likewise_o be_v very_o good_a provide_v the_o grosser_n part_n be_v take_v away_o sea-sand_n be_v worst_a of_o all_o because_o it_o be_v long_o adry_v and_o for_o this_o reason_n where_o it_o be_v make_v use_n of_o in_o building_n they_o be_v force_v to_o desist_v sometime_o till_o it_o dry_v the_o sand_n which_o be_v find_v near_o naeple_n call_v pozzolana_n be_v so_o proper_a to_o make_v good_a mortar_n if_o it_o be_v mix_v with_o lime_n that_o not_o only_o in_o the_o ordinary_a fabric_n but_o even_o in_o the_o very_a bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n it_o grow_v into_o a_o wonderful_a hard_a body_n in_o old_a time_n they_o make_v use_v of_o it_o for_o mole_n or_o port_n of_o the_o sea_n for_o after_o have_v make_v with_o pile_n and_o board_n a_o partition_n they_o fill_v up_o the_o whole_a compass_n of_o the_o partition_n with_o this_o mortar_n which_o dry_v of_o itself_o in_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o water_n and_o become_v a_o solid_a body_n art_fw-la ii_o of_o the_o use_n of_o the_o material_n the_o first_o thing_n we_o shall_v have_v a_o care_n of_o before_o we_o begin_v to_o build_v be_v to_o have_v the_o stone_n dig_v out_o of_o the_o quarry_n before_o they_o be_v use_v and_o to_o expose_v they_o in_o some_o open_a place_n to_o the_o end_n that_o those_o which_o be_v endamage_v by_o the_o air_n during_o this_o time_n may_v be_v put_v in_o the_o foundation_n and_o those_o that_o prove_v durable_a and_o good_a may_v be_v keep_v for_o the_o wall_n above_o ground_n we_o must_v 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and_o dryness_n call_v infernates_n be_v very_o good_a for_o building_n this_o superfluous_a humidity_n endamage_n tree_n so_o much_o that_o we_o be_v sometime_o constrain_v to_o make_v a_o hole_n at_o the_o foot_n of_o the_o tree_n and_o let_v it_o run_v out_o which_o be_v the_o occasion_n of_o the_o practice_n which_o be_v observe_v in_o cut_v of_o wood_n for_o building_n to_o tap_n that_o tree_n at_o the_o foot_n cut_v not_o only_o the_o bark_n but_o even_o some_o part_n of_o the_o wood_n itself_o and_o so_o leave_v it_o for_o some_o time_n before_o it_o be_v fell_v it_o be_v likewise_o easy_a to_o judge_v of_o what_o great_a importance_n the_o drain_n of_o this_o superfluous_a humidity_n be_v for_o strengthen_v the_o timber_n and_o hinder_v corruption_n 5._o from_o this_o that_o those_o pile_n which_o be_v interlace_v among_o the_o stone_n in_o the_o wall_n and_o fortification_n of_o town_n endure_v for_o ever_o without_o corrupt_v when_o they_o have_v be_v burn_v a_o little_a on_o 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the_o house_n and_o give_v sufficient_a proof_n that_o they_o be_v well_o bake_v and_o make_v of_o good_a matter_n the_o walling_n with_o brick_n be_v so_o much_o esteem_v among_o the_o ancient_n that_o all_o their_o fabric_n as_o well_o public_a as_o private_a and_o their_o most_o beautiful_a palace_n be_v build_v with_o they_o but_o that_o which_o principal_o make_v this_o sort_n of_o building_n be_v esteem_v be_v its_o great_a duration_n for_o when_o expert_a architect_n be_v call_v to_o make_v a_o estimate_n of_o building_n they_o always_o deduct_v a_o 80th_o part_n of_o what_o they_o judge_v the_o building_n cost_v for_o every_o year_n that_o the_o wall_n have_v be_v stand_v for_o they_o suppose_v that_o the_o wall_n can_v not_o ordinary_o endure_v more_o than_o fourscore_o year_n but_o when_o they_o value_v building_n of_o brick_n they_o always_o value_v they_o at_o what_o they_o cost_v at_o first_o suppose_v they_o to_o be_v of_o a_o eternal_a duration_n to_o make_v the_o right_a use_n of_o lime_n and_o sand_n and_o to_o make_v good_a mortar_n of_o they_o it_o be_v necessary_a that_o the_o lime_n be_v first_o well_o quench_v and_o that_o it_o be_v keep_v a_o long_a time_n to_o the_o end_n that_o if_o there_o be_v any_o piece_n of_o it_o that_o be_v not_o well_o burn_v in_o the_o kilo_n it_o may_v be_v extinguish_v at_o leisure_n soften_v as_o well_o as_o the_o rest_n this_o be_v of_o great_a importance_n particular_o in_o plaster_v and_o work_n of_o stuck_n which_o be_v a_o composition_n of_o marble_n fine_o beat_v with_o lime_n for_o if_o any_o little_a piece_n remain_v that_o be_v not_o well_o bake_v when_o they_o come_v to_o be_v make_v use_n of_o they_o crack_v and_o break_v the_o work_n the_o way_n to_o know_v whether_o the_o lime_n be_v well_o quench_v be_v thus_o you_o 3._o may_v thrust_v a_o chip_n of_o wood_n into_o it_o or_o a_o knife_n and_o if_o the_o chip_n of_o wood_n meet_v with_o any_o stone_n or_o that_o the_o knife_n come_v out_o clean_o without_o any_o stick_n to_o it_o it_o signify_v the_o lime_n be_v not_o will_n burn_v for_o when_o it_o be_v well_o quench_v it_o be_v fat_a and_o will_v stick_v to_o the_o knife_n but_o the_o quite_o contrary_a happen_v to_o mortar_n for_o it_o be_v neither_o well_o prepare_v nor_o well_o mix_v if_o it_o stick_v to_o the_o trowel_n for_o to_o make_v the_o right_a use_n of_o sand_n you_o must_v first_o consider_v what_o it_o 4._o be_v to_o be_v employ_v in_o for_o if_o it_o be_v mortar_n for_o plastr_v you_o must_v not_o make_v use_n of_o sand_n that_o be_v late_o dig_v out_o for_o it_o dry_v the_o mortar_n too_o fast_o which_o crack_v the_o plastr_v but_o quite_o contrary_a if_o it_o be_v to_o be_v employ_v in_o masonry_n it_o must_v not_o have_v be_v a_o long_a time_n expose_v to_o the_o air_n for_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o moon_n do_v so_o alter_v it_o that_o the_o rain_n dissolve_v it_o and_o turn_v it_o almost_o all_o into_o earth_n the_o proportion_n that_o sand_n and_o 5._o lime_n ought_v to_o have_v to_o make_v good_a mortar_n shall_v be_v three_o part_n of_o sand_n that_o be_v dug_n or_o two_o part_n of_o river-sand_n or_o sea-sand_n against_o on_o of_o lime_n and_o it_o will_v be_v yet_o much_o better_o if_o you_o add_v to_o the_o sand_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o the_o river_n a_o three_o part_n of_o tile_n well_o beat_v one_o of_o the_o principal_a thing_n that_o 3._o be_v to_o be_v observe_v in_o make_v mortar_n be_v to_o mix_v it_o well_o the_o grecian_a workman_n be_v so_o careful_a of_o this_o that_o they_o tew_v it_o a_o great_a while_n put_v ten_o man_n to_o every_o vessel_n wherein_o they_o wrought_v it_o which_o give_v so_o
great_a a_o hardness_n to_o the_o mortar_n that_o when_o any_o big_a piece_n of_o plaster_n fall_v off_o the_o old_a wall_n they_o make_v table_n of_o it_o art_fw-la iii_o of_o the_o foundation_n the_o foundation_n be_v the_o most_o important_a 11._o part_n of_o the_o fabric_n for_o the_o fault_n commit_v in_o it_o can_v be_v so_o easy_o remedy_v as_o in_o other_o part_n to_o lay_v the_o foundation_n well_o you_o must_v dig_v till_o you_o come_v to_o solid_a 5._o ground_n and_o even_o into_o the_o solid_a as_o much_o as_o be_v necessary_a to_o support_v the_o weight_n of_o the_o wall_n it_o must_v be_v large_a below_n than_o above_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n when_o you_o have_v find_v firm_a earth_n 3._o to_o make_v it_o more_o solid_a you_o must_v beat_v it_o with_o a_o rammer_n but_o if_o you_o can_v arrive_v at_o solid_a earth_n but_o find_v it_o still_o soft_a and_o spongy_a you_o must_v dig_v as_o far_o as_o you_o can_v and_o drive_v in_o pile_n of_o alder_n olive_n or_o oak_n a_o little_a singe_v near_o together_o and_o fill_v up_o the_o void_a place_n between_o the_o pile_n with_o coal_n in_o short_a you_o must_v make_v all_o masonry_n 5._o with_o the_o most_o solid_a stone_n that_o can_v be_v find_v for_o this_o use_n to_o make_v the_o bind_v of_o the_o stone_n the_o strong_a in_o the_o foundation_n of_o great_a fabric_n you_o must_v put_v pile_n of_o olive_n a_o little_a singe_v and_o place_v very_o thick_a from_o one_o parement_n or_o courk_n to_o another_o which_o serve_v as_o it_o be_v for_o key_n and_o brace_n for_o this_o wood_n so_o prepare_v be_v not_o subject_a to_o worm_n and_o will_v endure_v for_o ever_o either_o in_o the_o earth_n or_o in_o the_o water_n without_o the_o least_o damage_n when_o you_o will_v make_v cellar_n 11._o the_o foundation_n must_v be_v much_o large_a for_o the_o wall_n that_o be_v to_o support_v the_o earth_n require_v a_o great_a thickness_n to_o resist_v the_o strong_a effort_n that_o the_o earth_n make_v against_o it_o in_o winter_n at_o which_o time_n it_o swell_v and_o become_v more_o heavy_a by_o reason_n of_o the_o water_n it_o have_v drink_v up_o art_fw-la iv._o of_o the_o walts_n the_o right_a order_n of_o stone_n 2._o join_v with_o mortar_n which_o be_v call_v masonry_n be_v sevenfold_a there_o be_v three_o of_o they_o which_o be_v of_o hew_a stone_n viz._n that_o which_o be_v in_o form_n of_o a_o net_n that_o which_o be_v in_o bind_v that_o which_o be_v call_v the_o greek_a masonry_n there_o be_v likewise_o three_o sort_n of_o masonry_n of_o unhewed_a stone_n viz._n that_o which_o be_v of_o a_o equal_a course_n and_o that_o which_o be_v of_o a_o unequal_a and_o that_o which_o be_v fill_v up_o in_o the_o middle_n the_o seven_o be_v compound_v of_o all_o the_o rest_n the_o net-masonry_n be_v that_o which_o be_v make_v of_o stone_n perfect_o square_v in_o their_o course_n and_o be_v lay_v so_o that_o the_o joint_n go_v oblique_o and_o the_o diagonal_n be_v the_o one_o perpendicular_a and_o the_o other_o level_n this_o be_v the_o most_o please_a masonry_n to_o the_o sight_n but_o it_o be_v apt_a to_o crack_v see_v the_o figure_n a._n table_n 1._o the_o masonry_n call_v the_o bound-masonry_n be_v that_o as_o vitruvius_n explain_v it_o in_o which_o the_o stone_n be_v place_v one_o upon_o another_o like_a tile_n that_o be_v to_o say_v where_o the_o joint_n of_o the_o bed_n be_v level_v and_o the_o mounter_n be_v perpendicular_a so_o that_o the_o joint_n that_o mount_v and_o separate_v two_o stone_n fall_v direct_o upon_o the_o middle_n of_o the_o stone_n which_o be_v below_o some_o author_n call_v this_o sort_n of_o masonry_n incertain_a but_o they_o be_v mistake_v for_o they_o read_v incerta_fw-la instead_o of_o inserta_fw-la it_o be_v not_o so_o beautiful_a as_o the_o network_n but_o it_o be_v more_o solid_a and_o durable_a see_v the_o figure_n bb._n table_n 1._o the_o masonry_n which_o vitruvius_n say_v be_v particular_a to_o the_o greek_n be_v that_o where_o after_o we_o have_v lay_v two_o stone_n each_o of_o which_o make_v a_o parement_n or_o course_n another_o be_v lay_v at_o the_o end_n which_o make_v two_o parement_n or_o course_n and_o all_o the_o building_n through_o observe_v this_o order_n this_o may_v be_v call_v double-binding_a for_o the_o bind_v be_v not_o only_o of_o stone_n of_o the_o same_o course_n one_o with_o another_o but_o likewise_o of_o one_o course_n with_o another_o course_n see_v figure_n cc._o table_n i._n the_o manner_n of_o walling_n by_o unequal_a course_n call_v isodomum_n by_o the_o ancient_n differ_v in_o nothing_o from_o the_o masonry_n call_v bound-masonry_n but_o only_o in_o this_o that_o the_o stone_n be_v not_o hew_v see_v figure_n d._n table_n i._n the_o other_o manner_n by_o unequal_a course_n call_v pseudisodomum_fw-la be_v also_o make_v of_o unhewed_a stone_n and_o lay_v in_o bound-work_a but_o they_o be_v not_o of_o the_o same_o thickness_n and_o there_o be_v no_o equality_n observe_v but_o only_o in_o the_o several_a course_n the_o course_n themselves_o be_v unequal_a one_o to_o another_o see_v figure_n a._n table_n 1._o the_o masonry_n which_o be_v fill_v up_o in_o the_o middle_n call_v by_o the_o ancient_n emplecton_n be_v likewise_o make_v of_o unhewed_a stone_n and_o by_o course_n but_o the_o stone_n be_v only_o set_v in_o order_n as_o to_o the_o parement_n or_o course_n but_o the_o middle_n be_v fill_v up_o with_o stone_n throw_v in_o careless_o among_o the_o mortar_n see_v fig._n ff_n gg_n h._n table_n i._n among_o all_o these_o sort_n of_o masonry_n that_o will_v always_o be_v best_a which_o be_v make_v of_o stone_n of_o a_o indifferent_a size_n rather_o lesser_a then_o great_a to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o mortar_n penetrate_v they_o in_o more_o part_n may_v bind_v they_o fast_o and_o the_o strength_n of_o the_o mortar_n do_v not_o so_o soon_o decay_v for_o we_o see_v that_o the_o mortar_n which_o be_v lay_v in_o the_o joint_n or_o seam_n of_o the_o great_a stone_n with_o time_n decay_v and_o turn_v to_o dust_n which_o never_o happen_v to_o the_o most_o ancient_a fabric_n which_o have_v be_v build_v of_o little_a stone_n from_o thence_o we_o may_v conclude_v that_o it_o be_v ill_a husbandry_n to_o be_v spare_v of_o mortar_n for_o this_o reason_n vitruvius_n propose_v another_o sort_n of_o masonry_n which_o may_v be_v call_v the_o compound_v masonry_n for_o it_o be_v all_o the_o former_a together_o of_o stone_n hew_v and_o unhewed_a and_o fasten_v together_o with_o cramp-iron_n the_o structure_n be_v as_o follow_v the_o course_n be_v make_v of_o hew_v stone_n the_o middle_a place_n which_o be_v leave_v void_a be_v fill_v up_o with_o mortar_n and_o pebble_n throw_v in_o together_o after_o this_o they_o bind_v the_o stone_n of_o one_o parement_n or_o course_n to_o those_o of_o another_o with_o cramp-iron_n fasten_v with_o melt_a lead_n this_o be_v do_v to_o the_o end_n that_o the_o abundance_n of_o mortar_n which_o be_v in_o 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