fat_a and_o that_o we_o call_v terrefranche_n which_o be_v a_o pure_a mould_n or_o soil_n of_o itself_o without_o sand_n gravel_n or_o stone_n when_o it_o be_v not_o too_o stiff_a and_o be_v easy_a to_o be_v stir_v because_o in_o these_o sort_n of_o earth_n tree_n find_v a_o great_a deal_n of_o juice_n to_o nourish_v they_o and_o with_o great_a facility_n extend_v their_o root_n and_o fiber_n to_o extract_v nourishment_n from_o all_o part_n there_o be_v also_o other_o soyl_n that_o be_v very_o good_a and_o proper_a for_o some_o certain_a fruit_n and_o not_o for_o other_o as_o a_o stiff_a earth_n be_v much_o more_o proper_a for_o the_o apple_n than_o the_o pear_n and_o yet_o more_o for_o the_o pear_n than_o for_o stone-fruit_n as_o on_o the_o contrary_a light_a and_o sandy_a soyl_n be_v more_o proper_a for_o stone-fruit_n 6._o for_o what_o concern_v covert_a and_o shelter_n from_o the_o wind_n you_o be_v to_o choose_v a_o situation_n least_o expose_v to_o those_o inconvenience_n for_o 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pernicious_a and_o of_o all_o other_o the_o most_o to_o be_v fear_v for_o these_o accident_n and_o as_o ordinary_o we_o do_v not_o in_o these_o kind_n of_o plantation_n plant_v other_o than_o hardly_o fruit_n that_o be_v there_o able_a very_o well_o to_o defend_v themselves_o from_o the_o frost_n and_o that_o even_o the_o wind_n itself_o do_v also_o often_o hinder_v the_o frost_n which_o itself_o bring_v along_o with_o it_o we_o ought_v to_o be_v more_o heedful_a to_o secure_v a_o fruit-tree_n from_o the_o wind_n that_o blow_v betwixt_o the_o south_n and_o west_n than_o from_o those_o that_o blow_n from_o the_o north-west_n and_o the_o north._n 7._o these_o two_o thing_n be_v due_o observe_v when_o you_o will_v make_v a_o plantation_n of_o standard_n in_o a_o good_a soil_n you_o must_v set_v they_o if_o you_o plant_v apple_n only_o at_o eight_o fathom_n distance_n in_o the_o order_n of_o quincunx_fw-la which_o form_v a_o alley_n every_o way_n or_o in_o simple_a that_o be_v single_a 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nevertheless_o it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o two_o tree_n set_v at_o a_o fit_a distance_n and_o that_o have_v all_o day_n long_o the_o benefit_n of_o the_o sun_n without_o be_v screen_v from_o it_o by_o any_o too_o neighbour_a shade_n be_v worth_a above_o twenty_o that_o touch_n and_o offend_v one_o another_o and_o when_o the_o plant_n be_v set_v too_o near_o together_o it_o be_v not_o discern_v at_o first_o but_o just_a at_o the_o time_n when_o they_o shall_v be_v in_o their_o perfection_n they_o be_v find_v to_o be_v good_a for_o nothing_o but_o when_o they_o be_v place_v at_o the_o forementioned_a distance_n they_o still_o grow_v better_a and_o better_o and_o bear_v both_o much_o more_o and_o far_o better_a fruit_n as_o have_v have_v great_a benefit_n both_o of_o the_o air_n and_o sun_n moreover_o they_o hinder_v not_o the_o plot_n where_o they_o grow_v from_o be_v employ_v to_o other_o use_n to_o the_o produce_v of_o all_o sort_n of_o grain_n wherein_o also_o the_o labour_n 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air_n the_o sun_n and_o the_o rain_n during_o the_o four_o season_n of_o the_o year_n the_o tree_n will_v doubtless_o prosper_v infinite_o better_a the_o reason_n of_o which_o be_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v cold_a and_o dry_a in_o its_o own_o nature_n both_o of_o they_o quality_n contrary_a to_o generation_n can_v produce_v nothing_o of_o itself_o and_o only_o become_v fruitful_a by_o the_o mixture_n of_o the_o contrary_a quality_n it_o receive_v from_o the_o sun_n the_o air_n and_o the_o rain_n and_o therefore_o it_o be_v that_o a_o stiff_a or_o stony_a soil_n produce_v nothing_o to_o purpose_n by_o reason_n they_o be_v so_o thick_a and_o stiff_a that_o they_o can_v be_v penetrate_v by_o the_o other_o element_n it_o be_v with_o the_o earth_n in_o some_o sort_n as_o with_o the_o water_n of_o which_o the_o best_a be_v that_o which_o soon_o and_o with_o great_a facility_n receive_v the_o strange_a and_o uncouth_a quality_n that_o be_v apply_v unto_o it_o which_o be_v the_o reason_n that_o we_o experimental_o see_v that_o the_o new_a earth_n draw_v from_o the_o bottom_n of_o some_o deep_a pit_n remain_v a_o long_a time_n barren_a till_o it_o have_v receive_v its_o fertility_n from_o the_o mixture_n and_o participation_n of_o the_o other_o element_n and_o then_o that_o be_v to_o say_v a_o year_n after_o or_o thereabouts_o it_o begin_v to_o produce_v grass_n and_o simple_n and_o that_o also_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o the_o uppermost_a mould_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v always_o better_a more_o fat_a and_o fertile_a than_o that_o which_o be_v low_o within_o now_o if_o the_o earth_n draw_v out_o of_o these_o hole_n have_v be_v in_o like_a manner_n long_o expose_v to_o all_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o air_n without_o doubt_n it_o will_v assume_v these_o good_a quality_n as_o well_o at_o least_o as_o that_o in_o the_o bottom_n which_o also_o in_o some_o sort_n participate_v of_o the_o benefit_n by_o which_o mean_v whoever_o shall_v plant_v his_o tree_n in_o this_o earth_n will_v find_v it_o much_o more_o nourish_v and_o shall_v have_v a_o better_a account_n of_o his_o plantation_n 11._o this_o rule_n may_v indifferent_o serve_v for_o all_o sort_n of_o tree_n and_o chief_o for_o the_o trench_n you_o make_v for_o the_o espallier_n because_o that_o way_n of_o plant_v both_o require_v and_o deserve_v more_o care_n than_o all_o the_o other_o but_o it_o be_v nevertheless_o seldom_o or_o never_o put_v in_o practice_n for_o as_o much_o as_o very_o few_o have_v the_o patience_n to_o stay_v a_o whole_a year_n after_o they_o have_v once_o take_v a_o resolution_n to_o plant_v and_o have_v set_v forth_o ground_n for_o that_o purpose_n and_o they_o look_v upon_o this_o long_a preparation_n as_o a_o loss_n of_o so_o much_o time_n wherein_o a_o tree_n may_v already_o have_v take_v good_a root_n and_o
have_v advance_v so_o much_o towards_o its_o perfection_n as_o for_o what_o concern_v espallier_n there_o be_v yet_o another_o inconvenience_n that_o hinder_v they_o which_o shall_v also_o be_v speak_v of_o in_o its_o due_a place_n 12._o the_o hole_n be_v thus_o make_v you_o be_v in_o the_o next_o place_n to_o cull_v out_o tree_n all_o of_o one_o and_o the_o same_o stature_n and_o those_o either_o already_o graft_v which_o be_v by_o much_o the_o best_a for_o the_o reason_n shall_v be_v give_v when_o i_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o pepin-fruit_n or_o if_o those_o be_v not_o to_o be_v have_v than_o stock_n of_o the_o same_o height_n to_o graft_v upon_o that_o be_v of_o six_o or_o seven_o foot_n on_o the_o bowl_n and_o about_o two_o or_o three_o inch_n thick_a for_o you_o must_v ever_o be_v careful_a to_o measure_v the_o height_n to_o this_o proportion_n of_o thickness_n which_o also_o be_v to_o be_v choose_v straight_o and_o careful_o pull_v up_o with_o all_o their_o root_n in_o plant_v of_o which_o it_o will_v be_v very_o good_a to_o give_v they_o some_o help_n under_o the_o root_n of_o fat_a earth_n or_o dung_n well_o rot_v and_o earth_n mix_v together_o wherein_o you_o be_v also_o to_o be_v careful_a that_o the_o dung_n do_v not_o touch_v the_o root_n for_o one_o may_v easy_o assist_v a_o tree_n already_o plant_v from_o above_o but_o we_o never_o rifle_v again_o under_o the_o root_n to_o help_v it_o there_o 13._o before_o you_o place_v the_o tree_n in_o the_o hole_n design_v for_o it_o you_o must_v refresh_v the_o root_n by_o neat_o cut_v off_o the_o extremity_n with_o your_o pruning-knife_n and_o you_o be_v always_o to_o cut_v they_o on_o the_o under-side_n so_o that_o the_o wound_n and_o cut_n may_v exact_o be_v place_v upon_o the_o earth_n for_o it_o be_v from_o those_o cut_v that_o the_o tree_n thrust_v out_o its_o first_o ray_n and_o fiber_n which_o by_o this_o mean_n creep_v into_o and_o disperse_v themselves_o through_o the_o upper_a mould_n and_o cause_v the_o tree_n to_o take_v fast_o hold_v and_o to_o stand_v firm_a 14._o dong_o fat_a earth_n and_o all_o the_o other_o improver_n which_o shall_v be_v treat_v of_o when_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o plant_v espallier_n be_v also_o very_o good_a for_o great_a tree_n but_o they_o be_v not_o so_o necessary_a and_o as_o it_o will_v be_v a_o matter_n of_o great_a difficulty_n to_o employ_v this_o particular_a care_n in_o great_a plantation_n that_o take_v up_o great_a space_n of_o ground_n so_o also_o when_o the_o soil_n itself_o be_v very_o good_a tree_n prosper_v well_o enough_o without_o all_o these_o help_n 15._o you_o must_v not_o set_v they_o too_o deep_a in_o the_o earth_n for_o beside_o that_o root_n bury_v too_o low_a in_o the_o ground_n do_v not_o sufficient_o participate_v of_o the_o influence_n of_o the_o air_n there_o be_v another_o inconvenience_n in_o it_o which_o be_v that_o the_o earth_n above_o be_v always_o the_o better_a and_o the_o tree_n receive_v the_o nourishment_n that_o come_v from_o thence_o as_o that_o which_o be_v most_o proper_a for_o it_o if_o it_o be_v set_v too_o deep_a it_o thrust_v forth_o new_a root_n above_o to_o attract_v the_o nutriment_n of_o the_o better_a earth_n and_o often_o suffer_v those_o below_o to_o decay_n and_o perish_v which_o do_v not_o only_o incommodate_v but_o very_o often_o whole_o destroy_v the_o tree_n it_o will_v therefore_o be_v enough_o to_o set_v the_o root_n a_o foot_n deep_a only_o in_o the_o earth_n wherein_o you_o be_v to_o take_v care_n to_o cover_v it_o with_o new_a mould_n that_o be_v not_o lumpy_a and_o with_o your_o hand_n to_o dispose_v it_o all_o about_o the_o little_a string_n and_o fiber_n of_o the_o root_n that_o there_o may_v be_v no_o cavity_n betwixt_o the_o earth_n and_o the_o root_n for_o such_o vacuity_n will_v infallible_o beget_v rottenness_n and_o ruin_n 16._o it_o be_v good_a also_o to_o shoulder_n or_o clod_n up_o the_o tree_n for_o three_o foot_n about_o and_o some_o four_o foot_n high_a and_o afterward_o in_o labour_v it_o over_o again_o by_o little_a and_o little_a to_o abate_v the_o heap_n till_o the_o earth_n be_v again_o settle_v to_o its_o former_a level_n 17._o it_o be_v also_o very_o convenient_a to_o cover_v the_o tree_n by_o raise_v straw_n to_o a_o certain_a height_n round_o about_o the_o stem_n by_o which_o mean_v the_o bark_n will_v retain_v its_o beauty_n the_o sap_n will_v not_o be_v exhaust_v by_o the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o it_o will_v be_v preserve_v from_o moss_n 18._o if_o the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n be_v not_o of_o itself_o strong_a enough_o to_o withstand_v the_o force_n of_o the_o wind_n it_o ought_v to_o be_v prop_v and_o support_v with_o a_o stake_n or_o a_o good_a strong_a pole_n almost_o of_o its_o own_o height_n but_o than_o you_o must_v take_v heed_n this_o prop_n be_v not_o of_o cleave_a or_o saw_v wood_n with_o edge_n neither_o gouty_a nor_o full_a of_o knot_n lest_o it_o shall_v hurt_v the_o tree_n and_o gall_n or_o wound_v the_o bark_n but_o it_o must_v be_v round_o and_o tie_v after_o such_o manner_n that_o it_o do_v not_o interfere_v with_o the_o tree_n to_o prevent_v which_o there_o must_v also_o be_v straw_n or_o hay_n leap_v betwixt_o they_o 19_o some_o use_n to_o prune_v the_o tree_n before_o they_o set_v they_o both_o by_o reason_n it_o be_v to_o be_v do_v at_o great_a ease_n in_o hand_n than_o when_o they_o be_v plant_v and_o moreover_o because_o the_o force_n of_o prune_v be_v apt_a to_o shake_v they_o when_o they_o be_v already_o set_v in_o their_o place_n but_o withal_o man_n usual_o plant_v in_o the_o begin_n of_o winter_n the_o frost_n and_o other_o injury_n of_o that_o rude_a season_n do_v sometime_o incommodate_v a_o tree_n so_o late_o wound_v and_o pierce_v deep_o into_o its_o heart_n by_o such_o overture_n wherefore_o it_o be_v better_a to_o stay_v till_o the_o spring_n before_o you_o lop_v or_o cut_v they_o especial_o if_o year-old_a graff_n which_o also_o must_v be_v so_o do_v as_o almost_o to_o leave_v they_o no_o branch_n at_o all_o to_o the_o end_n that_o have_v so_o much_o less_o wood_n to_o maintain_v they_o may_v the_o better_o recover_v and_o take_v new_a root_n with_o great_a vigour_n 20._o it_o be_v very_o requisite_a to_o rank_v the_o tree_n according_a to_o their_o kind_n as_o for_o example_n to_o set_v one_o whole_a row_n of_o renate-apple_n and_o another_o of_o summer-pear_n and_o all_o in_o such_o sort_n that_o the_o principal_a fruit_n and_o those_o that_o be_v the_o best_a and_o will_v long_o keep_v be_v in_o much_o great_a number_n than_o those_o which_o be_v plant_v for_o curiosity_n only_o and_o will_v not_o keep_v so_o long_o as_o summer-fruit_n though_o they_o be_v very_o excellent_a in_o their_o kind_n 21._o in_o the_o whole_a body_n of_o a_o plantation_n range_v in_o this_o order_n you_o be_v by_o no_o mean_n to_o mix_v any_o stone-fruit_n at_o all_o but_o you_o may_v plant_v they_o in_o the_o alley_n that_o be_v round_o about_o it_o place_v plumb_n cherry_n griotier_n cherry_n griotier_n a_o sweet_a sort_n of_o cherry_n guinier_n and_o bigarotier_n at_o six_o and_o six_o yard_n distance_n one_o from_o another_o or_o further_o off_o especial_o the_o bigarotier_n which_o extend_v their_o branch_n very_o far_o when_o graft_v upon_o the_o merisier_n 22._o now_o all_o these_o instruction_n presuppose_v a_o good_a soil_n without_o which_o a_o man_n shall_v not_o over-easy_o be_v induce_v to_o undertake_v these_o kind_n of_o plantation_n but_o content_v himself_o with_o espallier_n and_o dwarf-tree_n only_o which_o take_v up_o less_o ground_n and_o that_o consequent_o be_v with_o great_a ease_n to_o be_v prepare_v by_o introduce_v good_a earth_n into_o barren_a and_o ungrateful_a place_n but_o notwithstanding_o if_o you_o will_v needs_o plant_v in_o a_o ill_a soil_n you_o must_v then_o open_v your_o hole_n eight_o foot_n square_a and_o three_o foot_n deep_a and_o separate_v the_o better_a and_o more_o likely_a earth_n that_o be_v turn_v out_o which_o be_v common_o the_o uppermost_a from_o the_o rest_n and_o afterward_o fill_v they_o up_o with_o that_o select_a mould_n and_o other_o that_o shall_v be_v bring_v in_o of_o the_o best_a can_v be_v find_v with_o a_o great_a deal_n of_o very_o old_a and_o rot_a dung_n and_o marl_n or_o the_o scour_n of_o pool_n or_o fishpond_n provide_v it_o have_v lie_v at_o least_o a_o year_n before_o for_o it_o will_v otherwise_o be_v too_o cold_a for_o the_o tree_n and_o make_v they_o die_v as_o on_o the_o contrary_a dung_n be_v too_o hot_a if_o not_o well_o consume_v and_o especial_o as_o have_v be_v before_o observe_v you_o must_v take_v good_a heed_n that_o the_o root_n touch_v not_o the_o dung_n but_o that_o
serve_v for_o all_o sort_n of_o tree_n graft_v upon_o the_o quince_n and_o for_o appletree_n graft_v upon_o a_o stock_n of_o a_o pepin_n of_o the_o pomme-de-paradis_a which_o be_v exceed_o subject_a to_o take_v root_n from_o the_o graft_n wherefore_o if_o the_o tree_n have_v be_v plant_v too_o deep_a at_o first_o so_o that_o the_o graft_n be_v cover_v with_o earth_n you_o must_v have_v a_o care_n at_o the_o time_n when_o you_o give_v they_o the_o great_a culture_n in_o the_o beginning_n and_o at_o the_o end_n of_o winter_n to_o bare_v they_o to_o see_v if_o they_o do_v not_o put_v forth_o some_o thread_n and_o little_a root_n from_o the_o graft_n and_o if_o they_o have_v always_o to_o cut_v they_o away_o 12._o those_o who_o at_o first_o only_o plant_v quince_n afterward_o to_o graft_v upon_o may_v deliver_v themselves_o from_o the_o impatience_n of_o expect_v so_o long_o till_o their_o wall_n be_v cover_v and_o their_o espallier_n come_v to_o bear_v fruit_n if_o in_o separate_v their_o 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strength_n in_o which_o case_n you_o be_v to_o cover_v the_o root_n anew_o with_o good_a fat_a soil_n well_o consume_v and_o old_a dung_n well_o mix_v with_o mould_n and_o take_v heed_n not_o too_o much_o to_o bare_a the_o root_n of_o the_o tree_n or_o lay_v it_o too_o open_a lest_o intend_v to_o relieve_v you_o total_o destroy_v it_o of_o espallier_n in_o the_o open_a air_n call_v hay-d'appuy_a all_o that_o have_v be_v direct_v for_o the_o raise_n espallier_n against_o wall_n may_v also_o be_v indifferent_o observe_v in_o espallier_n in_o the_o open_a air_n for_o they_o require_v the_o same_o preparation_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o same_o manner_n of_o plant_v the_o same_o way_n of_o cut_v and_o the_o same_o extension_n of_o their_o branch_n they_o have_v not_o indeed_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o wall_n the_o other_o have_v which_o by_o repercussion_n very_o much_o augment_v the_o heat_n of_o the_o sun_n and_o by_o its_o shelter_n secure_v they_o from_o the_o violence_n of_o the_o 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