dry_a land_n till_o it_o meet_v with_o a_o obstacle_n strong_a enough_o to_o coerce_v it_o from_o hence_o some_o do_v imagine_v that_o the_o mountain_n and_o valley_n be_v then_o also_o form_v the_o earth_n be_v before_o equal_a and_o smooth_a which_o be_v very_o probable_a in_o as_o much_o as_o the_o scripture_n say_v that_o the_o dry_a land_n than_o first_o appear_v other_o also_o imagine_v that_o the_o height_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n equal_v the_o depth_n of_o the_o deep_a sea_n which_o indeed_o may_v be_v so_o but_o be_v not_o evident_o deduce_v from_o what_o have_v be_v hitherto_o observe_v it_o be_v more_o considerable_a what_o olearius_n mention_n that_o examine_v with_o a_o instrument_n the_o height_n of_o the_o water_n of_o the_o caspian_a sea_n he_o find_v they_o level_v with_o the_o top_n of_o the_o border_a mountain_n p._n 142_o of_o his_o travel_n where_o he_o make_v no_o doubt_n but_o that_o the_o sea_n be_v high_a than_o the_o land_n his_o experiment_n suppose_v it_o true_o make_v if_o not_o to_o be_v solve_v by_o the_o greatness_n of_o the_o refraction_n i_o know_v not_o what_o to_o say_v to_o it_o as_o neither_o can_v i_o resolve_v whether_o the_o earth_n be_v in_o the_o centre_n or_o middle_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n earth_n the_o place_n of_o the_o earth_n and_o that_o all_o heavy_a body_n descend_v to_o it_o as_o their_o proper_a place_n which_o be_v the_o reason_n of_o its_o stability_n and_o unmoveableness_n though_o it_o seem_v to_o hang_v in_o the_o air_n or_o as_o other_o think_v that_o heavy_a thing_n descend_v to_o the_o earth_n as_o by_o a_o magnetical_a virtue_n draw_v to_o it_o from_o such_o a_o distance_n but_o this_o opinion_n declare_v not_o how_o the_o earth_n keep_v its_o place_n in_o the_o air._n or_o as_o other_o say_v that_o the_o earth_n be_v but_o a_o shell_n of_o no_o great_a thickness_n perhaps_o of_o three_o or_o four_o mile_n and_o within_o it_o be_v quite_o hollow_a by_o which_o mean_v the_o weight_n be_v so_o inconsiderable_a that_o it_o be_v sustain_v in_o the_o air_n as_o light_a body_n be_v in_o the_o water_n and_o that_o this_o cavity_n be_v the_o place_n of_o punishment_n for_o wicked_a angel_n and_o man_n the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n receive_v different_a name_n ocean_n the_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n according_a to_o their_o greatness_n or_o their_o shoe_n fretum_n a_o straight_a be_v a_o narrow_a sea_n contain_v between_o two_o opposite_a but_o not_o much_o distant_a shore_n and_o give_v opportunity_n of_o pass_v from_o one_o sea_n to_o another_o as_o the_o strait_n of_o gibraltar_n of_o magellan_n davis_n the_o sound_n in_o denmark_n etc._n etc._n sinus_n a_o bay_n be_v a_o part_n of_o the_o sea_n run_v up_o into_o the_o land_n and_o almost_o encompass_v by_o the_o shore_n if_o but_o a_o little_a one_o it_o be_v call_v a_o creek_n if_o large_a a_o gulf._n and_o in_o these_o be_v havens_n or_o station_n for_o ship_n as_o road_n be_v in_o the_o open_a sea_n but_o defend_v from_o 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water_n and_o those_o be_v collect_v make_v a_o spring_n it_o be_v true_a indeed_o that_o all_o or_o most_o of_o the_o famous_a cave_n as_o ooky-hole_n etc._n etc._n in_o this_o country_n have_v river_n in_o they_o of_o considerable_a bigness_n but_o those_o seem_v not_o to_o be_v there_o generate_v but_o to_o cross_v only_o the_o passage_n and_o in_o other_o such_o as_o that_o famous_a cave_n sometime_o serve_v for_o the_o quarter_a of_o a_o army_n call_v cavola_n de_fw-fr custoza_n near_o vicenza_n there_o be_v in_o many_o place_n continual_a dropping_n but_o whether_o from_o coagulate_v air_n or_o vapour_n or_o from_o water_n drain_n through_o the_o earth_n i_o know_v not_o there_o be_v also_o little_a pool_n make_v by_o such_o dropping_n and_o some_o also_o that_o have_v fish_n in_o they_o but_o very_o many_o such_o must_v go_v to_o the_o make_v up_o one_o small_a spring_n 2._o other_o attribute_v it_o to_o the_o great_a abyss_n mention_v in_o the_o holy_a scripture_n and_o doubtless_o he_o that_o make_v the_o world_n best_a know_v the_o frame_n and_o constitution_n of_o it_o if_o that_o be_v his_o meaning_n as_o that_o very_o learned_a man_n mr._n lydyat_n think_v he_o have_v prove_v there_o seem_v indeed_o to_o be_v water_n in_o all_o or_o most_o place_n within_o the_o earth_n but_o not_o in_o every_o place_n at_o a_o equal_a depth_n which_o water_n run_v along_o in_o that_o bed_n or_o vein_n of_o gravel_n which_o lie_v sometime_o high_o and_o sometime_o low_o below_o this_o i_o never_o hear_v that_o any_o one_o have_v dig_v nor_o do_v i_o think_v it_o hardly_o possible_a to_o dig_v under_o it_o whence_o this_o water_n proceed_v i._n e._n whether_o from_o the_o sea_n or_o rain_n or_o concreated_a in_o it_o be_v hard_o to_o affirm_v only_o the_o well-digger_n do_v observe_v that_o in_o this_o gravel_n also_o there_o be_v a_o current_n or_o stream_n of_o the_o water_n why_o this_o gravel_n lie_v unequal_o high_a and_o how_o the_o water_n ascend_v in_o it_o be_v a_o difficult_a question_n which_o some_o solve_v by_o say_v that_o it_o be_v contain_v in_o the_o gravel_n as_o the_o blood_n in_o the_o vein_n of_o a_o humane_a body_n and_o move_v with_o the_o like_a vital_a motion_n other_o imagine_v that_o because_o the_o gravel_n be_v a_o opener_n mass_n of_o body_n not_o close_o contiguous_a together_o the_o water_n run_v in_o they_o and_o be_v force_v into_o high_a place_n by_o some_o other_o cause_n as_o by_o the_o motion_n of_o the_o sea_n violent_o impel_v it_o in_o those_o narrow_a and_o crooked_a passage_n but_o these_o be_v only_o conjecture_n we_o must_v not_o enlarge_v too_o much_o upon_o they_o 3._o most_o man_n think_v that_o all_o spring_n proceed_v from_o the_o sea-water_n dulcify_v by_o percolation_n through_o the_o gravel_n or_o other_o convenient_a passage_n of_o the_o earth_n the_o difficulty_n that_o oppress_v this_o be_v that_o it_o be_v not_o easy_a to_o imagine_v how_o the_o sea-water_n shall_v rise_v to_o the_o top_n of_o mountain_n yet_o even_o there_o be_v often_o find_v sea-plant_n natural_o grow_v which_o persuade_v many_o man_n of_o the_o truth_n of_o that_o opinion_n though_o they_o can_v justify_v the_o manner_n and_o there_o be_v also_o divers_a lake_n upon_o the_o high_a hill_n among_o the_o alps_o as_o particular_o upon_o splugen_n which_o notwithstanding_o the_o top_n of_o the_o water_n be_v freeze_v in_o winter_n yet_o do_v trout_n and_o other_o fish_n live_v very_o well_o in_o they_o which_o persuade_v the_o inhabitant_n that_o there_o be_v communication_n betwixt_o those_o lake_n and_o other_o fresh_a water_n 4._o other_o be_v of_o opinion_n that_o the_o water_n that_o furnish_v spring_n be_v that_o of_o rain_n or_o snow_n which_o come_v from_o the_o cloud_n and_o consist_v either_o of_o drop_n of_o rains_n or_o of_o small_a dew-drop_n whereof_o many_o together_o make_v rain_n and_o these_o cloud_n hang_v common_o upon_o the_o hill_n furnish_v they_o chief_o with_o moisture_n which_o be_v reserve_v in_o cistern_n or_o sometime_o in_o moss_n break_v or_o spring_v forth_o where_o they_o find_v the_o easy_a passage_n sometime_o the_o summity_n of_o the_o hill_n be_v either_o a_o lake_n or_o a_o bog_n and_o keep_v the_o water_n as_o in_o a_o pond_n line_v with_o clay_n till_o it_o come_v to_o such_o a_o height_n as_o it_o overflow_v and_o this_o be_v the_o reason_n both_o of_o the_o continuance_n of_o spring_n and_o why_o there_o be_v so_o few_o in_o plain_n because_o the_o rain-water_n that_o fall_v there_o go_v down_o by_o the_o seam_n of_o the_o earth_n so_o deep_a that_o it_o can_v spring_v up_o again_o nor_o be_v there_o mountain_n so_o near_o as_o to_o supply_v they_o from_o their_o cavern_n whether_o any_o or_o all_o of_o these_o opinion_n be_v false_a
i_o shall_v not_o determine_v but_o it_o seem_v to_o i_o that_o such_o a_o quantity_n of_o water_n issue_v by_o these_o spring_n that_o perhaps_o all_o these_o cause_n and_o many_o more_o will_v hardly_o be_v sufficient_a consider_v that_o some_o particular_a river_n v._o g._n volga_n vent_v say_v varenius_n as_o much_o water_n in_o one_o year_n as_o the_o magnitude_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n amount_v to_o or_o if_o not_o one_o as_o some_o think_v they_o demonstrate_v yet_o three_o or_o four_o or_o as_o many_o as_o flow_v into_o the_o caspian_a sea_n discharge_v so_o much_o water_n as_o can_v well_o be_v imagine_v except_o we_o acknowledge_v a_o circulation_n of_o water_n not_o only_o by_o be_v rarify_v into_o vapour_n and_o condense_v again_o but_o also_o in_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n to_o the_o conceive_n whereof_o perhaps_o it_o may_v somewhat_o conduce_v to_o be_v inform_v of_o the_o content_n of_o this_o great_a globe_n at_o least_o so_o much_o of_o it_o as_o be_v already_o discover_v by_o the_o miner_n and_o well-digger_n though_o not_o to_o any_o considerable_a depth_n i._n e._n of_o a_o very_a few_o fathom_n as_o the_o air_n be_v the_o place_n of_o the_o generation_n of_o those_o we_o call_v meteor_n and_o the_o water_n of_o fowl_n especial_o fish_n so_o be_v this_o earthly_a globe_n of_o stone_n mineral_n salt_n bituman_n petroleum_n and_o divers_a sort_n of_o earth_n and_o they_o say_v that_o as_o far_o as_o they_o have_v dig_v they_o find_v it_o to_o consist_v of_o several_a sort_n or_o measure_n of_o earth_n stone_n etc._n etc._n many_o time_n thin_o spread_v one_o over_o another_o yet_o none_o of_o they_o perfect_o circular_a but_o from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n whither_o in_o some_o place_n or_o other_o they_o reach_v they_o dip_v or_o slope_n the_o further_o they_o go_v still_o descend_v deep_o as_o if_o a_o line_n draw_v down_o upon_o their_o superfice_n be_v part_n of_o a_o spiral_n line_n and_o this_o for_o the_o great_a benefit_n of_o mankind_n that_o the_o same_o place_n may_v be_v supply_v with_o variety_n of_o soil_n thro'_o which_o measure_n descend_v from_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n seam_n like_o vein_n in_o a_o animal_n body_n which_o convey_v the_o rain-water_n that_o fall_v upon_o the_o earth_n and_o therefore_o in_o our_o quarry_n of_o stone_n these_o seam_n be_v fill_v with_o a_o very_a thin_a fine_a earth_n for_o the_o easy_a descent_n of_o the_o water_n neither_o be_v this_o descent_n in_o a_o straight_a line_n but_o one_o line_n begin_v at_o some_o small_a distance_n from_o the_o end_n of_o the_o upper_a that_o more_o part_n of_o the_o earth_n may_v be_v water_v and_o fertilize_v by_o it_o not_o only_o to_o the_o production_n of_o plant_n etc._n etc._n but_o also_o of_o mineral_n stone_n coal_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o very_a earth_n itself_o and_o why_o may_v not_o also_o in_o great_a rain_n part_n of_o this_o water_n descend_v low_a to_o the_o gravel_n as_o well_o as_o into_o the_o coal-pit_n lead-mine_n etc._n etc._n methinks_v therefore_o we_o may_v probable_o say_v 1._o that_o all_o those_o spring_n which_o arise_v near_o the_o bottom_n of_o hill_n and_o all_o such_o as_o diminish_v much_o in_o dry_a weather_n come_v from_o rain-water_n or_o melt_v snow_n 2._o such_o as_o arise_v in_o plain_n of_o which_o there_o be_v not_o many_o be_v furnish_v with_o the_o water_n in_o the_o gravel_n which_o be_v supply_v either_o out_o of_o the_o great_a abyss_n if_o it_o be_v not_o the_o abyss_n itself_o not_o unknown_a as_o it_o seem_v to_o seneca_n nimis_fw-la say_v he_o ille_fw-la oculis_fw-la permittit_fw-la qui_fw-la non_fw-la credit_n esse_fw-la in_o abscondito_fw-la terrae_fw-la sinus_fw-la maris_fw-la vasti_fw-la or_o out_o of_o the_o sea_n discharge_v itself_o by_o this_o mean_n into_o the_o bowel_n of_o the_o earth_n 3._o from_o this_o water_n also_o be_v supply_v the_o well_n and_o pit_n which_o in_o some_o country_n afford_v all_o the_o water_n they_o use_v many_o of_o which_o also_o approach_v near_o the_o surface_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o summer_n then_o winter_n the_o great_a heat_n of_o the_o sun_n force_v they_o high_o 4._o that_o it_o be_v not_o necessary_a that_o salt-spring_n shall_v bring_v that_o tincture_n from_o the_o sea_n in_o wide_a channel_n or_o pipe_n because_o that_o there_o be_v great_a mine_n of_o salt_n of_o divers_a kind_n generate_v in_o the_o earth_n the_o solution_n of_o which_o may_v very_o well_o impregnate_n the_o water_n but_o these_o be_v not_o so_o much_o to_o our_o purpose_n but_o must_v be_v leave_v to_o their_o particular_a country_n where_o they_o arise_v it_o be_v most_o certain_a that_o the_o most_o wise_a creator_n make_v all_o thing_n in_o number_n weight_n and_o measure_n which_o proportion_n though_o we_o do_v not_o understand_v yet_o we_o must_v needs_o admire_v he_o who_o in_o the_o beginning_n establish_v such_o a_o never-failing_a harmony_n whether_o this_o globe_n of_o earth_n grow_v or_o not_o earth_n of_o the_o grow_a of_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o much_o material_a to_o our_o purpose_n for_o neither_o the_o growth_n or_o diminish_n of_o it_o can_v be_v so_o great_a as_o to_o alter_v the_o usual_a measure_n or_o distance_n yet_o it_o may_v be_v rational_o say_v that_o in_o low_a soft_a and_o boggy_a place_n it_o do_v grow_v not_o only_o by_o the_o wind_n and_o rain_n carry_v down_o somewhat_o still_o into_o those_o part_n but_o also_o by_o the_o grass_n weed_n and_o fog_n which_o by_o the_o rain_n be_v flat_v and_o beat_v down_o in_o winter_n do_v the_o next_o spring_n send_v forth_o new_a shoot_v from_o the_o old_a root_n which_o in_o tract_n of_o time_n do_v raise_v the_o ground_n and_o this_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o in_o such_o earth_n we_o oftentimes_o find_v tree_n which_o be_v cut_v down_o in_o those_o place_n where_o they_o former_o grow_v and_o not_o carry_v away_o in_o good_a time_n be_v at_o length_n grow_v over_o and_o cover_v with_o those_o weed_n and_o herb_n in_o the_o bottom_n of_o a_o turff-pit_n for_o this_o matter_n be_v not_o earth_n but_o turf_n they_o find_v not_o long_o ago_o a_o small_a parcel_n of_o coin_n upon_o a_o heap_n perhaps_o they_o have_v be_v tie_v up_o in_o some_o matter_n that_o be_v putrify_v of_o edward_n iv_o as_o i_o judge_v by_o the_o face_n and_o this_o be_v about_o eighteen_o foot_n deep_a which_o give_v we_o some_o conjecture_n how_o long_o at_o most_o that_o turf_n be_v a_o grow_a i._n e._n eighteen_o foot_n in_o two_o hundred_o year_n by_o the_o way_n also_o there_o be_v a_o few_o year_n ago_o in_o the_o forest_n of_o dean_n after_o the_o miner_n have_v wrought_v over_o a_o great_a cinder-heap_n find_v divers_a coin_n of_o brass_n fresh_a as_o when_o first_o mint_v of_o tetricus_n and_o some_o other_o of_o those_o tyrant_n about_o the_o year_n 260_o which_o give_v some_o hint_n by_o who_o and_o at_o what_o time_n those_o iron-mine_n be_v wrought_v neither_o do_v the_o dust_n or_o small_a part_n of_o earth_n wash_v or_o blow_v from_o high_a place_n considerable_o diminish_v they_o or_o fill_v up_o the_o valley_n for_o than_o will_v they_o also_o thicken_v and_o in_o time_n fill_v up_o also_o the_o sea_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v the_o opinion_n of_o polybius_n who_o conceive_v that_o because_o he_o see_v the_o black_a or_o euxin-sea_n in_o his_o time_n to_o be_v so_o muddy_a and_o thick_a it_o will_v in_o time_n by_o still_o thickening_a become_v firm_a land_n but_o the_o lord_n of_o busbeque_n in_o his_o embassy_n to_o the_o grand_a signior_n about_o eighteen_o hundred_o year_n after_o polybius_n find_v it_o exact_o in_o the_o same_o condition_n as_o polybius_n have_v describe_v it_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v not_o equal_o nor_o perfect_o round_a earth_n the_o figure_n of_o the_o earth_n yet_o be_v not_o the_o extuberance_n so_o great_a or_o considerable_a as_o to_o hinder_v the_o whole_a globe_n to_o be_v account_v round_o the_o great_a height_n of_o the_o high_a mountain_n make_v a_o insensible_a difference_n in_o the_o computation_n of_o the_o diameter_n of_o the_o whole_a earth_n now_o there_o be_v a_o rise_n or_o swell_v of_o the_o earth_n which_o common_o begin_v by_o the_o seashore_n and_o increase_v the_o further_a it_o reach_v in_o the_o continent_n beside_o that_o of_o the_o particular_a mountain_n which_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v so_o order_v to_o make_v room_n for_o the_o sea_n and_o water_n yet_o be_v not_o all_o mountain_n make_v at_o or_o near_o the_o birth_n of_o the_o world_n some_o have_v be_v even_o in_o our_o memory_n cast_v up_o by_o earthquake_n as_o monte_fw-la novo_fw-la in_o the_o kingdom_n of_o naples_n near_a pozzuolo_n other_o by_o the_o wind_n heap_v up_o the_o sand_n together_o
esq_n benjamin_n woodroff_n d._n d._n canon_n of_o ch._n ch._n oxon_n sr._n peter_n wyche_n lady_n wymondesold_n of_o putney_n tho._n wyndham_n esq_n groom_n of_o the_o bedchamber_n john_n wyvell_n minister_n by_o rochester_n richard_n ld._n arch_n bp._n of_o york_n robert_n earl_n of_o yarmouth_n robert_n yard_n esq_n john_n yardley_n m._n d._n col._n med._n lond._n s._n hon._n tho._n yate_n d._n d._n principal_a of_o brazen-nose_n coll._n oxon_n james_n young_a esq_n robert_n young_a canon_n of_o windsor_n orbis_fw-la terrarum_fw-la nova_fw-la et_fw-la accuratissima_fw-la tabula_fw-la auctore_fw-la joanne_n à _fw-fr loon_n honi_fw-fr soit_fw-fr qui_fw-fr mal_fw-fr y_fw-fr pense_fw-fr serenissimo_fw-la potentissimoque_fw-la domino_fw-la domino_fw-la carolo_n secundo_fw-la magnae_fw-la britanniae_fw-la francia_fw-la et_fw-la hiberniae_fw-la reg_n defensor_fw-la fidei_fw-la hanc_fw-la tabulam_fw-la totius_fw-la orbis_n d._n d._n d._n 〈…〉_o nova_fw-la totius_fw-la terrarum_fw-la orbis_fw-la geographica_n ac_fw-la hydrographica_n tabula_fw-la to_o the_o right_n reverend_a father_n in_o god_n john_n by_o divine_a permission_n ld._n bishop_n of_o oxon_n this_o map_n be_v humble_o dedicate_v johannes_n jansonius_n à _fw-fr waesberge_n and_o moses_n pitt_n and_o steven_n swart_a septem_fw-la planeta_n luna_fw-la ♋_o ☽_o mercurius_n ♊_o ☿_o venus_n ♎_o ♉_o sol_fw-la ♌_o ☉_o mars_n ♈_o ♂_o jupiter_n â™_o ♃_o saturnus_n ♑_o ♄_o quatuor_fw-la elementae_fw-la ignis_fw-la aer_fw-la aqua_fw-la terra_fw-la quatuor_fw-la anni_fw-la tempestates_fw-la ver_fw-la ♈_o ♉_o ♊_o aestas_fw-la ♋_o ♌_o â™_o autumnus_fw-la ♎_o â™_o â™_o hiems_n ♑_o â™’_o ♓_o septem_fw-la mirabilia_fw-la mundi_fw-la murus_n babyloniae_fw-la colossus_n pyramid_n mausoleum_n dianae_n templum_n jupiter_n olympicus_n pharos_n america_n septentrionalism_n terra_fw-la australis_fw-la incognita_fw-la the_o introduction_n cosmography_n be_v a_o general_a description_n of_o the_o whole_a world_n work_n the_o intention_n of_o the_o whole_a work_n consist_v of_o heaven_n and_o earth_n of_o both_o which_o a_o account_n be_v intend_v to_o be_v give_v in_o this_o atlas_n that_o of_o the_o heaven_n be_v reserve_v to_o a_o peculiar_a volume_n it_o being_n as_o we_o conceive_v of_o great_a necessity_n that_o we_o begin_v with_o that_o of_o the_o earth_n and_o first_o of_o this_o great_a globe_n in_o general_a the_o description_n whereof_o belong_v to_o geography_n as_o that_o of_o particular_a region_n and_o country_n be_v call_v chorography_n which_o be_v contain_v in_o their_o peculiar_a map_n nor_o shall_v we_o omit_v such_o topographical_n description_n or_o the_o knowledge_n of_o lesser_a place_n as_o city_n river_n mountain_n etc._n etc._n where_o advantage_n may_v be_v to_o the_o reader_n now_o this_o globe_n which_o we_o call_v of_o the_o earth_n consist_v of_o land_n and_o water_n or_o sea_n the_o description_n of_o those_o be_v proper_o name_v hydrography_n which_o set_v forth_o the_o superficies_n of_o the_o sea_n and_o mouth_n of_o great_a river_n the_o havens_n rock_n shallow_n creek_n and_o such_o other_o consideration_n as_o concern_v navigation_n to_o this_o also_o a_o entire_a volume_n in_o this_o edition_n of_o a_o atlas_n be_v design_v and_o because_o that_o of_o ancient_a time_n the_o division_n and_o boundary_n of_o kingdom_n and_o country_n be_v very_o much_o divers_a from_o those_o at_o present_a to_o avoid_v confusion_n which_o must_v needs_o happen_v by_o treat_v in_o the_o same_o place_n of_o thing_n so_o different_a it_o be_v think_v necessary_a to_o reserve_v the_o ancient_a geography_n to_o a_o particular_a tome_n to_o be_v put_v forth_o with_o the_o rest_n in_o its_o due_a time_n thus_o you_o have_v a_o account_n of_o what_o be_v intend_v in_o the_o edition_n of_o this_o great_a work_n but_o it_o be_v first_o necessary_a to_o explain_v such_o term_n and_o lay_v such_o general_a ground_n as_o be_v of_o use_n through_o all_o the_o volume_n which_o be_v the_o subject_n of_o this_o preface_n or_o introduction_n first_o than_o it_o be_v to_o be_v note_v earth_n of_o the_o globe_n of_o the_o earth_n that_o the_o earth_n and_o water_n make_v but_o one_o body_n the_o figure_n whereof_o be_v round_o and_o therefore_o be_v best_a and_o most_o natural_o represent_v by_o those_o we_o call_v globe_n though_o map_n also_o or_o plain_a figure_n if_o careful_o draw_v be_v sufficient_o exact_a this_o proposition_n though_o it_o may_v be_v suppose_v rational_o enough_o as_o now_o grant_v by_o all_o learned_a man_n yet_o may_v it_o be_v evident_o prove_v both_o from_o celestial_a and_o terrestrial_a appearance_n whereof_o a_o account_n and_o reason_n may_v easy_o be_v give_v by_o this_o figure_n and_o not_o by_o any_o other_o the_o sun_n and_o the_o star_n rise_v soon_o to_o they_o who_o live_v eastward_o than_o they_o do_v to_o we_o which_o can_v not_o be_v if_o the_o whole_a face_n of_o the_o earth_n be_v plain_a 2._o to_o those_o who_o live_v more_o or_o less_o northward_o the_o pole_n be_v more_o or_o less_o elevate_v for_o those_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n lapland_n etc._n etc._n who_o live_v about_o a_o thousand_o mile_n more_o northward_o than_o we_o do_v see_v the_o polestar_n fifteen_o degree_n high_o than_o we_o can_v and_o those_o who_o travel_n hence_o towards_o those_o country_n do_v find_v that_o this_o variation_n be_v make_v gradual_o alter_v about_o a_o degree_n and_o a_o half_a at_o the_o end_n of_o every_o hundred_o mile_n which_o can_v not_o be_v except_o the_o body_n on_o which_o they_o move_v be_v spherical_a 3._o the_o shadow_n which_o the_o earth_n cast_v upon_o the_o moon_n when_o she_o be_v partial_o eclipse_v be_v see_v to_o be_v circular_a and_o therefore_o the_o body_n which_o cause_v it_o must_v be_v so_o too_o to_o these_o we_o may_v add_v that_o many_o proposition_n in_o astronomy_n geography_n and_o navigation_n be_v found_v on_o this_o supposition_n and_o when_o they_o be_v apply_v to_o use_v they_o prove_v true_a and_o succeed_v according_a to_o expectation_n which_o certain_o they_o will_v not_o always_o do_v if_o the_o very_a foundation_n upon_o which_o they_o be_v build_v be_v unsound_a the_o same_o also_o be_v prove_v by_o plain_a sense_n and_o experiment_n as_o well_o as_o by_o reason_n and_o consequence_n for_o we_o perceive_v that_o ship_n which_o lose_v from_o their_o harbour_n in_o calm_a weather_n disappear_v gradual_o first_o their_o hulk_n than_o their_o sail_n and_o after_o a_o few_o mile_n their_o high_a mast_n the_o natural_a convexity_n of_o the_o water_n interpose_v betwixt_o they_o and_o our_o sight_n several_a also_o of_o our_o countryman_n and_o neighbour_n have_v sail_v round_o about_o this_o globe_n lose_v hence_o westward_o and_o return_v again_o fromwards_o the_o east_n from_o which_o and_o other_o navigation_n we_o may_v conclude_v not_o only_o that_o natural_o no_o part_n of_o the_o ocean_n be_v high_a than_o another_o but_o also_o that_o 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natural_o separate_v one_o from_o another_o by_o sea_n ledge_n of_o mountain_n river_n desert_n and_o the_o like_a which_o be_v very_o opportune_a for_o the_o distinction_n of_o nation_n kingdom_n and_o government_n in_o the_o begin_n of_o the_o creation_n globe_n of_o the_o water_n in_o this_o globe_n the_o water_n be_v light_a than_o the_o earth_n according_o overspread_v and_o compass_v it_o to_o some_o considerable_a height_n but_o whether_o there_o be_v in_o the_o begin_n a_o great_a quantity_n of_o earth_n or_o water_n create_v be_v a_o undeterminable_a curiosity_n on_o the_o three_o day_n the_o almighty_a creator_n separate_v they_o by_o cause_v the_o water_n to_o sink_v into_o the_o deep_a and_o open_a cavity_n of_o the_o earth_n where_o by_o the_o height_n and_o strength_n of_o the_o shore_n they_o be_v restrain_v as_o in_o a_o vessel_n from_o return_v to_o overflow_v and_o drown_v the_o dry_a land_n but_o if_o the_o shore_n be_v weak_a as_o many_o time_n it_o happen_v the_o water_n break_v through_o and_o overwhelm_v so_o much_o of_o the_o
surface_n of_o the_o water_n in_o the_o island_n but_o rather_o that_o the_o high-water_n be_v cause_v by_o the_o wind_n the_o whole_a land_n be_v so_o encompass_v with_o ice_n cold_a the_o ice_n and_o cold_a that_o it_o be_v difficult_a to_o be_v approach_v and_o 1613_o about_o the_o middle_n of_o june_n the_o ice_n be_v so_o much_o and_o so_o strong_a that_o the_o ship_n which_o go_v from_o holland_n to_o the_o whalefishing_a be_v not_o able_a to_o come_v to_o the_o shore_n nor_o be_v the_o snow_n thaw_v from_o the_o land_n the_o rain-deer_n also_o and_o other_o beast_n be_v many_o of_o they_o starve_v for_o want_n of_o food_n though_o ordinary_o the_o ice_n break_v in_o may_n yet_o if_o the_o northerly_a or_o easterly_a wind_n continue_v long_o for_o those_o be_v the_o cold_a the_o frost_n endure_v the_o long_o for_o though_o the_o sun_n stay_v half_a the_o year_n yet_o never_o arise_v above_o 33_o deg_fw-la 40_o min._n above_o the_o horizon_n its_o beam_n be_v so_o few_o and_o scatter_v that_o they_o be_v most-time_n insufficient_a to_o dissolve_v the_o ice_n much_o less_o to_o dispel_v the_o cold_a from_o the_o weakness_n of_o the_o heat_n also_o it_o proceed_v that_o the_o vapour_n from_o the_o earth_n be_v neither_o hot_a enough_o to_o warm_v the_o air_n nor_o thin_a enough_o to_o rise_v to_o any_o considerable_a height_n but_o they_o hang_v continual_o in_o thick_a dark_a mist_n upon_o the_o mountain_n and_o sometime_o upon_o the_o earth_n itself_o insomuch_o that_o he_o which_o be_v at_o one_o end_n of_o his_o ship_n can_v discern_v his_o companion_n at_o the_o other_o concern_v the_o cold_a and_o ice_n it_o be_v further_a remarkable_a that_o the_o ice_n be_v oftentimes_o raise_v above_o the_o water_n many_o 16_o fathom_v and_o this_o be_v much_o fresh_a than_o the_o other_o manytime_n also_o it_o be_v thirtyfive_a fathom_n underwater_n which_o be_v more_o salt_n and_o easy_o melt_v it_o be_v freeze_v sometime_o to_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o sea_n freeze_a make_v a_o great_a and_o to_o they_o who_o have_v not_o hear_v it_o before_o a_o terrible_a sound_n as_o the_o ice_n do_v also_o at_o the_o break_n sometime_o it_o break_v only_o into_o great_a piece_n which_o be_v very_o dangerous_a to_o the_o ship_n for_o then_o many_o time_n the_o sea_n beat_v from_o one_o ice_n to_o another_o be_v turn_v into_o a_o whirlpool_n which_o overturn_v the_o ship_n sometime_o it_o shatter_v at_o once_o into_o small_a piece_n with_o more_o noise_n but_o less_o danger_n the_o seaman_n defend_v their_o vessel_n at_o first_o with_o rope_n mat_n and_o such_o like_a soft_a and_o loose_a material_n hang_v down_o by_o the_o side_n of_o the_o ship_n whereby_o they_o think_v to_o break_v the_o force_n of_o the_o ice_n but_o they_o quick_o find_v this_o too_o weak_a a_o defence_n now_o they_o use_v pole_n hook_n and_o the_o like_a to_o keep_v it_o at_o a_o distance_n and_o that_o the_o ship_n may_v drive_v along_o before_o it_o which_o serve_v well_o in_o a_o calm_a but_o a_o high_a wind_n often_o dash_v the_o ice_n against_o the_o ship_n break_v it_o to_o piece_n sometime_o it_o be_v crush_v between_o two_o piece_n of_o ice_n sometime_o thrust_v up_o upon_o other_o piece_n william_n barent_n find_v upon_o a_o great_a ice_n 10_o fathom_n above_o water_n much_o earth_n and_o fowls-egg_n lie_v upon_o it_o the_o beast_n of_o this_o country_n be_v only_o these_o beast_n the_o beast_n 1._o fox_n white_a gray_a tawny_a and_o black_a 2._o rain-deer_n which_o by_o feed_v upon_o the_o yellow_a moss_n in_o three_o month_n grow_v to_o a_o prodigious_a fatness_n above_o four_o inch_n upon_o the_o rib_n which_o seem_v to_o be_v the_o reason_n why_o they_o be_v able_a to_o endure_v so_o long_o a_o winter_n though_o sometime_o also_o they_o die_v for_o want_v of_o food_n at_o the_o first_o discovery_n they_o do_v not_o fear_n or_o avoid_v our_o people_n but_o when_o one_o of_o they_o find_v himself_o wound_v with_o a_o bullet_n he_o assault_v the_o shooter_n throw_v he_o down_o and_o have_v not_o his_o companion_n rescue_v he_o the_o poor_a man_n be_v in_o danger_n to_o have_v lose_v his_o life_n they_o be_v now_o as_o wild_a as_o other_o deer_n 3_o bear_n chief_o white_a one_o which_o be_v of_o a_o wonderful_a largeness_n 6_o foot_n high_a their_o skin_n 14_o foot_n long_o above_o a_o 100_o weight_n of_o fat_a have_v be_v take_v out_o of_o one_o of_o they_o and_o they_o have_v strength_n proportionable_a when_o our_o man_n have_v kill_v so_o large_a a_o bear_n that_o they_o be_v not_o able_a to_o bring_v he_o off_o and_o go_v to_o call_v for_o more_o help_n another_o bear_n come_v by_o accident_n take_v he_o up_o in_o his_o mouth_n and_o run_v away_o with_o he_o and_o at_o a_o distance_n begin_v to_o eat_v he_o our_o man_n come_v when_o he_o have_v eat_v near_o half_a of_o he_o find_v the_o other_o half_a as_o much_o as_o four_o of_o they_o can_v tug_v to_o their_o tent_n the_o hollander_n in_o nova_n zembla_n observe_v that_o when_o the_o sun_n disappear_v the_o bear_v leave_v they_o till_o the_o sun_n return_v and_o in_o their_o stead_n the_o fox_n grow_v more_o bold_a the_o large_a sort_n of_o bear_n be_v those_o they_o call_v water-bear_n that_o live_v by_o what_o they_o catch_v in_o the_o sea_n where_o they_o have_v be_v see_v swim_v twelve_o mile_n from_o any_o shore_n the_o dutch_a relation_n say_v that_o skin_n have_v be_v see_v fourteen_o ell_n long_o but_o they_o mean_v foot_n our_o man_n say_v that_o the_o story_n of_o their_o bring_v forth_o their_o young_a deform_a and_o that_o they_o reduce_v they_o into_o shape_n by_o lick_v be_v a_o fable_n for_o that_o they_o have_v see_v very_o young_a one_o and_o some_o also_o take_v out_o of_o their_o dam_n belly_n perfect_o form_v in_o this_o country_n there_o do_v not_o breed_v any_o great_a quantity_n of_o land-fowl_n 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d there_o be_v one_o of_o the_o bigness_n of_o a_o lark_n with_o a_o square_a bill_n that_o feed_v upon_o worm_n and_o taste_v not_o fishy_a another_z they_o call_v snow-fowl_n of_o the_o bigness_n and_o colour_n of_o a_o sparrow_n with_o a_o white_a belly_n be_v almost_o starve_v they_o fly_v into_o a_o ship_n in_o great_a abundance_n and_o be_v so_o tame_a that_o the_o mariner_n take_v as_o many_o of_o they_o as_o they_o please_v but_o as_o soon_o as_o they_o be_v feed_v with_o hasty-pudding_n fly_v away_o and_o will_v no_o more_o come_v near_o they_o of_o waterfowl_n there_o be_v great_a variety_n as_o cuthbert-duck_n willock_n stint_n sea-pigeon_n sea-parret_n gull_n noddy_n and_o in_o so_o great_a abundance_n that_o with_o their_o flight_n they_o darken_v the_o sun_n and_o at_o their_o rise_n make_v such_o a_o noise_n that_o person_n talk_v together_o can_v hear_v one_o another_o speak_v particular_o there_o be_v one_o call_v by_o the_o dutch_a raadtsheer_v all_o white_a as_o snow_n except_o his_o bill_n which_o be_v thin_a small_a and_o sharp_a his_o foot_n and_o eye_n he_o live_v upon_o what_o he_o 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ring_n about_o his_o eye_n the_o fisherman_n bait_v their_o hook_n with_o whales-flesh_n catch_v store_n of_o these_o mew_n as_o if_o they_o be_v fish_n he_o be_v pursue_v by_o another_o fowl_n for_o his_o dung_n which_o as_o soon_o as_o he_o have_v drop_v the_o other_o eat_v and_o leave_v he_o 5._o the_o allen_n pursue_v and_o beat_v the_o other_o bird_n till_o they_o vomit_v their_o prey_n for_o he_o to_o devour_v which_o when_o do_v he_o go_v his_o way_n from_o they_o there_o be_v also_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n in_o these_o sea_n as_o seal_n dog-fish_n lobster_n gernel_n fish_n fish_n or_o shrimp-gurnets_a starfish_n mackrel_n dragon-fish_n dolphin_n buts-head_n unicorn_n and_o the_o like_a but_o
which_o they_o say_v happen_v frequent_o in_o the_o great_a and_o sandy_a desert_n but_o these_o be_v very_o few_o and_o i_o suppose_v as_o easy_o blow_v asunder_o as_o bring_v together_o however_o these_o deserve_v here_o no_o particular_a consideration_n this_o rise_n of_o the_o earth_n in_o large_a continent_n be_v doubtless_o very_o great_a though_o none_o either_o have_v or_o will_v ever_o be_v at_o the_o trouble_n and_o charge_n to_o measure_v it_o yet_o some_o estimation_n may_v be_v make_v by_o the_o length_n and_o swiftness_n of_o rivers_n it_o be_v common_o say_v that_o a_o ship_n be_v not_o able_a to_o sail_v against_o that_o stream_n who_o declivity_n be_v one_o pace_n in_o a_o hundred_o yet_o some_o declivity_n there_o must_v be_v and_o as_o they_o say_v seldom_o be_v it_o less_o than_o one_o in_o five_o hundred_o suppose_v then_o the_o nile_n which_o run_v in_o the_o great_a continent_n africa_n which_o we_o know_v in_o the_o world_n it_o disembogue_n into_o the_o mediterranean_a sea_n in_o 31_o deg_fw-la of_o northerly_a latitude_n and_o arise_v out_o of_o the_o lake_n zaire_n which_o be_v in_o 10_o deg_fw-la or_o as_o some_o say_v 14_o of_o southerly_a latitude_n in_o all_o 41_o deg_fw-la which_o come_v to_o about_o 2460_o mile_n english_a if_o run_v straight_o but_o because_o of_o its_o bend_n it_o may_v be_v well_o estimate_v 3000_o mile_n which_o allow_v two_o foot_n to_o a_o mile_n come_v to_o six_o thousand_o foot_n if_o it_o move_v with_o as_o slow_a a_o motion_n as_o can_v be_v but_o consider_v that_o it_o be_v a_o swift_a river_n the_o mud_n not_o settle_v till_o it_o come_v to_o the_o sea_n and_o have_v in_o it_o divers_a great_a cataract_n the_o lake_n of_o zaire_n must_v needs_o be_v much_o high_a than_o the_o mouth_n of_o nilus_n but_o the_o height_n of_o mountain_n be_v more_o certain_o and_o easy_o know_v and_o divers_a of_o they_o have_v be_v measure_v as_o one_o of_o the_o high_a hill_n betwixt_o yorkshire_n and_o lancashire_n 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c_o a_fw-fr the_o height_n by_o the_o quadrat_fw-la divide_v 10000_o by_o the_o number_n of_o part_n cut_v at_o each_o station_n then_o say_v as_o the_o difference_n of_o the_o quotient_n be_v to_o the_o distance_n betwixt_o the_o statition_n so_o be_v 100_o to_o the_o height_n this_o great_a globe_n be_v not_o only_o divide_v into_o land_n and_o water_n earth_n division_n of_o the_o earth_n but_o many_o other_o way_n in_o respect_n to_o they_o as_o some_o be_v continent_n which_o be_v great_a part_n of_o land_n without_o any_o sea_n island_n be_v small_a part_n encompass_v by_o water_n peninsula_n or_o chersonesus_n be_v a_o part_n of_o land_n which_o will_v be_v call_v a_o island_n be_v it_o not_o for_o a_o isthmus_n or_o neck_n of_o land_n which_o join_v it_o to_o the_o continent_n a_o mountain_n or_o rock_n jut_v out_o into_o the_o sea_n be_v call_v a_o promontory_n cape_n or_o headland_n again_o the_o ancient_n divide_v all_o they_o know_v of_o the_o earth_n into_o three_o part_n europe_n asia_n and_o africa_n of_o each_o of_o these_o in_o their_o several_a place_n but_o another_o hemisphere_n have_v be_v late_o discover_v there_o be_v common_o add_v to_o these_o america_n as_o the_o four_o part_n other_o also_o name_v two_o more_o the_o land_n under_o the_o north_n and_o south_n pole_n which_o indeed_o be_v not_o comprehend_v in_o the_o former_a division_n yet_o because_o we_o know_v not_o whether_o there_o be_v land_n or_o only_a sea_n as_o under_o the_o north_n pole_n seem_v to_o be_v it_o be_v not_o expedient_a to_o account_v they_o distinct_a part_n till_o better_v discover_v our_o mariner_n that_o go_v with_o design_n to_o pass_v under_o or_o near_o the_o north_n pole_n in_o their_o search_n of_o a_o passage_n to_o china_n and_o arrive_v as_o far_o as_o 82_o deg_fw-la of_o latitude_n find_v nothing_o but_o some_o few_o island_n the_o rest_n as_o they_o can_v see_v be_v in_o the_o midst_n of_o summer_n nothing_o but_o ice_n some_o do_v imagine_v that_o 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that_o if_o any_o art_n or_o science_n useful_a to_o society_n be_v there_o eminent_a it_o may_v be_v transfer_v into_o our_o own_o country_n much_o more_o considerable_a be_v their_o government_n civil_a and_o military_a their_o magistrate_n law_n assembly_n court_n reward_n and_o punishment_n and_o such_o like_a neither_o must_v we_o omit_v the_o manner_n of_o educate_v their_o youth_n in_o art_n liberal_a and_o mechanic_n teach_v in_o their_o school_n university_n monastery_n shop_n also_o and_o the_o like_a their_o manner_n of_o provide_v for_o their_o poor_a of_o all_o sort_n either_o in_o hospital_n or_o workhouses_n last_o it_o will_v be_v expect_v that_o we_o give_v a_o account_n of_o the_o history_n or_o action_n and_o success_n of_o each_o
what_o be_v say_v of_o they_o be_v certain_o fabulous_a and_o all_o the_o rest_n uncertain_a we_o shall_v however_o respite_n they_o till_o we_o come_v to_o asia_n nor_o of_o casan_n and_o astracan_a but_o we_o shall_v defer_v they_o also_o till_o we_o come_v to_o speak_v of_o volga_n and_o the_o tartar_n their_o country_n and_o affair_n be_v mingle_v together_o there_o remain_v therefore_o only_a moscua_n moscua_n moscua_n the_o metropolis_n of_o this_o great_a empire_n which_o we_o purposely_o reserve_v to_o this_o place_n that_o what_o we_o have_v to_o say_v concern_v the_o empire_n itself_o and_o the_o whole_a nation_n may_v be_v more_o easy_o apprehend_v the_o province_n and_o city_n of_o mosko_n be_v almost_o in_o the_o centre_n of_o all_o the_o grand_a tzars_n dominion_n but_o near_o the_o west_n and_o south_n for_o which_o reason_n as_o also_o because_o the_o soil_n be_v none_o of_o the_o fruitfull_a it_o be_v very_o prudent_o choose_v for_o the_o seat_n of_o the_o empire_n 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latitude_n and_o about_o 66_o deg_fw-la longitude_n of_o the_o vastness_n of_o it_o before_o its_o great_a desolation_n by_o fire_n 1571_o strange_a thing_n be_v relate_v as_o that_o it_o be_v more_o than_o double_a as_o large_a as_o it_o be_v afterward_o that_o there_o be_v in_o it_o many_o hundred_o thousand_o inhabitant_n and_o that_o there_o be_v slay_v burn_a drown_v and_o tread_v to_o death_n above_o eighty_o thousand_o person_n possevinus_n who_o be_v there_o ambassador_n 1582_o say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n it_o be_v not_o above_o five_o italian_a mile_n in_o compass_n and_o not_o more_o than_o thirty_o thousand_o inhabitant_n but_o i_o be_o afraid_a that_o author_n do_v much_o depress_v the_o power_n and_o number_n of_o inhabitant_n everywhere_o in_o russia_n in_o 1611_o forty-one_a thousand_o and_o five_o hundred_o house_n be_v again_o reduce_v to_o ash_n by_o the_o pole_n and_o two_o hundred_o thousand_o person_n slay_v olearius_n say_v that_o in_o his_o time_n its_o circumference_n be_v about_o three_o league_n our_o relator_n in_o 1662._o allow_v it_o four_o league_n sixteen_o mile_n in_o compass_n and_o the_o figure_n round_o and_o be_v say_v to_o contain_v above_o forty_o thousand_o house_n it_o consist_v of_o four_o part_n or_o quarter_n the_o first_o be_v cataigorod_n or_o mid-city_n divide_v from_o the_o rest_n by_o a_o brickwall_n the_o river_n moskwa_n run_v on_o the_o southside_n as_o the_o neglina_n do_v on_o the_o north_n of_o it_o in_o this_o part_n be_v the_o castle_n fortify_v with_o three_o strong_a wall_n and_o a_o good_a ditch_n wherein_o be_v two_o palace_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n one_o of_o stone_n another_z of_o timber_n in_o this_o castle_n be_v two_o steeple_n in_o one_o of_o which_o be_v a_o bell_n weigh_v 33600_o pound_n the_o exchequer_n and_o magazine_n of_o powder_n be_v also_o in_o the_o castle_n two_o fair_a monastery_n five_o church_n and_o chapel_n all_o of_o stone_n and_o in_o st._n michael_n church_n the_o sepulcher_n of_o the_o grand_a tzar_n at_o the_o castle-gate_n be_v the_o church_n call_v jerusalem_n which_o ivan_n vasilowitz_n think_v so_o magnificent_a that_o he_o put_v out_o the_o architect_n eye_n that_o he_o may_v never_o make_v the_o like_a and_o before_o the_o castle_n be_v the_o great_a market_n place_n where_o every_o trade_n have_v a_o station_n by_o itself_o the_o second_o quarter_n be_v tzargorod_a encompass_v the_o other_o like_o a_o semicircle_n wall_v about_o with_o stone_n wherein_o be_v the_o arsenal_n and_o the_o workman_n in_o metal_n as_o bell-founder_n caster_n of_o cannon_n etc._n etc._n the_o three_o be_v skoradom_fw-la on_o the_o north-west_n side_n of_o the_o other_o the_o river_n jagusa_n pass_v through_o it_o and_o here_o be_v the_o market_n for_o house_n timber_n etc._n etc._n the_o four_o be_v strelitza_n slavoda_n be_v the_o quarter_n of_o the_o strelitz_n or_o guard_n of_o the_o grand_a duke_n fortify_v with_o wooden_a rampart_n and_o build_v for_o stranger_n and_o mercenary_a soldier_n there_o be_v in_o this_o city_n above_o two_o thousand_o church_n and_o chapel_n build_v say_v possevin_n more_o for_o ornament_n to_o the_o city_n than_o use_n but_o this_o author_n as_o i_o observe_v before_o seem_v to_o be_v partial_a against_o the_o muscovite_n the_o house_n in_o moskow_n and_o general_o in_o all_o muscovia_n be_v after_o the_o same_o fashion_n make_v of_o fir-timber_n square_v and_o dove-tailed_a one_o into_o another_o not_o with_o mortise_n and_o tenant_n at_o the_o end_n two_o or_o at_o the_o most_o three_o story_n high_a their_o window_n short_a and_o narrow_a the_o chink_n between_o the_o timber_n calk_v as_o i_o may_v say_v or_o stop_v up_o with_o moss_n stair_n on_o the_o outside_n instead_o of_o chimney_n stove_n the_o cover_n or_o til_v of_o bark_n and_o upon_o that_o sometime_o turf_n of_o earth_n nor_o be_v their_o householdstuff_n much_o rich_a no_o bed_n chair_n wainscot_n hang_n or_o the_o like_a unnecessary_a implement_n the_o wall_n cover_v with_o mat_n bench_n to_o sleep_n and_o sit_v upon_o a_o pot_n or_o two_o as_o many_o wooden_a dish_n a_o spoon_n to_o hang_v at_o the_o girdle_n if_o a_o fire_n happen_v in_o the_o city_n as_o it_o do_v very_o frequent_o they_o go_v not_o about_o to_o quench_v it_o with_o water_n but_o only_o to_o stop_v the_o course_n of_o the_o flame_n by_o pull_v down_o the_o neighbouring-house_n to_o which_o purpose_n the_o soldier_n that_o keep_v their_o night-guard_n carry_v each_o of_o they_o a_o hatchet_n to_o cut_v down_o a_o house_n present_o nor_o be_v the_o people_n very_o much_o concern_v for_o their_o small_a and_o cheap_a furniture_n but_o the_o merchant_n and_o person_n of_o quality_n have_v for_o their_o magazine_n vault_n of_o stone_n with_o little_a window_n and_o those_o also_o have_v shutter_n as_o well_o as_o their_o door_n of_o white_a iron_n there_o dwell_v in_o the_o city_n a_o great_a number_n of_o greek_n persian_n but_o especial_o tartar_n yet_o the_o greek_n be_v most_o welcome_a as_o most_o sympathize_v with_o the_o russes_z in_o their_o religion_n the_o lutheran_n also_o and_o reform_v be_v well_o receive_v and_o have_v liberty_n public_o to_o exercise_v their_o religion_n which_o they_o of_o the_o roman_a communion_n can_v no_o jew_n be_v admit_v among_o they_o moskow_n be_v near_o the_o centre_n of_o the_o whole_a empire_n it_o be_v very_o convenient_a to_o take_v our_o measure_n by_o it_o of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o country_n allow_v proportionable_o for_o the_o nearness_n to_o or_o remoteness_n from_o it_o as_o first_o for_o the_o temper_n of_o the_o air_n the_o cold_a be_v here_o sometime_o so_o excessive_a that_o water_n will_v freeze_v as_o it_o be_v fall_v that_o the_o earth_n will_v chap_v as_o with_o we_o in_o the_o violent_a drought_n of_o summer_n even_o to_o above_o twenty_o fathom_n long_o and_o a_o foot_n broad_a and_o
the_o opinion_n of_o the_o foresay_a author_n be_v but_o the_o same_o nation_n different_o call_v the_o venedi_n we_o find_v mention_v by_o ptolemy_n as_o a_o great_a people_n long_o before_o seat_v in_o sarmatia_n upon_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o sinus_n venedicus_n now_o baltic_a sea_n which_o from_o they_o probable_o take_v its_o name_n as_o do_v likewise_o the_o venedic_n mountain_n situate_a in_o their_o territory_n and_o hartknoch_n suppose_v the_o bulanes_n gythones_n phinni_n etc._n etc._n place_v also_o by_o ptolemy_n over_o against_o these_o venedi_n in_o the_o inland_n country_n of_o poland_n to_o be_v of_o their_o colony_n perhaps_o this_o people_n after_o they_o have_v make_v themselves_o considerable_a by_o their_o conquest_n take_v the_o name_n of_o slavi_n from_o slava_n in_o their_o language_n signify_v fame_n or_o glory_n which_o their_o descendants_n say_v cromerus_n still_o retain_v in_o their_o compound_a name_n as_o stanislaws_a wenceslaws_n etc._n etc._n though_o now_o write_v common_o stanislaus_n wenceslaus_n some_o writer_n will_v have_v the_o venedi_n to_o be_v original_o a_o german_a nation_n yet_o they_o be_v by_o cromerus_n and_o other_o sufficient_o prove_v to_o be_v of_o the_o old_a sarmatae_n or_o sauromatae_n which_o be_v of_o scythian_a extraction_n and_o probable_o bring_v forth_o in_o the_o neighbourhood_n of_o the_o lake_n maeotis_n the_o fruitful_a womb_n of_o so_o many_o puissant_a nation_n the_o name_n of_o poland_n belong_v proper_o to_o two_o province_n alone_o situation_n situation_n the_o great_a and_o the_o lesser_a poland_n from_o which_o as_o the_o principal_a part_n the_o whole_a kingdom_n have_v take_v its_o denomination_n it_o lie_v say_v starovolscius_fw-la between_o the_o 38th_o and_o 54th_o degree_n of_o longitude_n count_v from_o the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n to_o the_o nieper_n or_o boristhenes_n which_o amount_v to_o 250_o polish_v league_n every_o league_n contain_v about_o four_o english_a mile_n but_o the_o podolian_a and_o russian_a be_v somewhat_o long_o the_o high_a elevation_n of_o the_o pole_n in_o the_o most_o northern_a part_n of_o livonia_n subject_n to_o this_o crown_n be_v about_o 58_o deg_fw-la the_o low_a in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o poccuce_n in_o red_a russia_n 48_o deg_fw-la so_o that_o the_o whole_a country_n be_v situate_v between_o the_o seven_o and_o thirteen_o climate_n have_v to_o its_o long_a day_n from_o 16_o to_o near_o 18_o hour_n this_o kingdom_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n by_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o the_o swedish_n livonia_n bound_n bound_n on_o the_o east_n by_o the_o muscovian_a russia_n and_o the_o desert_n of_o tartary_n on_o the_o south_n by_o moldavia_n transilvania_n and_o hungary_n from_o which_o the_o niester_n and_o the_o high_a and_o woody_a carpathian_n mountain_n divide_v it_o on_o the_o west_n by_o silesia_n the_o marquisate_n of_o brandenburg_n and_o the_o further_a pomerane_n poland_n be_v a_o even_a champain_n country_n though_o the_o lesser_a poland_n the_o near_a it_o approach_v to_o the_o confine_n of_o hungary_n the_o more_o hilly_a and_o woody_a it_o be_v but_o the_o far_a it_o lie_v from_o thence_o the_o more_o open_a and_o level_a in_o the_o very_a middle_n also_o of_o the_o kingdom_n the_o palatinate_n of_o sandomir_n be_v mountainous_a and_o rocky_a former_o the_o country_n be_v all_o overgrow_v with_o wood_n but_o by_o the_o care_n of_o sigismond_n the_o elder_a and_o sigismond_n augustus_n his_o son_n and_o the_o advantage_n of_o the_o long_a peace_n they_o both_o enjoy_v husbandry_n be_v cherish_v and_o the_o province_n improve_v in_o tillage_n and_o pasturage_n so_o that_o it_o be_v now_o account_v the_o egypt_n of_o europe_n as_o have_v supply_v the_o want_n of_o most_o part_n thereof_o with_o corn_n whilst_o the_o vistula_n be_v navigable_a serve_v to_o convey_v all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o country_n to_o dantzick_n yet_o this_o good_a husbandry_n do_v not_o hinder_v but_o that_o it_o be_v well_o store_v with_o tree_n as_o oak_n beech_n fir_n etc._n etc._n not_o only_o profitable_a for_o the_o common_a advantage_n of_o wood_n but_o also_o for_o the_o vast_a quantity_n of_o honey_n and_o wax_n which_o they_o yearly_o afford_v the_o hollow_a tree_n supply_v hive_n and_o the_o leaf_n and_o wild_a flower_n nourishment_n to_o innumerable_a swarm_n of_o bee_n the_o air_n be_v cold_a even_o to_o that_o extremity_n air._n air._n that_o tree_n be_v oftentimes_o parch_v to_o the_o very_a root_n and_o water_n pour_v down_o freeze_v ere_o it_o fall_v to_o the_o ground_n the_o lake_n and_o river_n be_v often_o freeze_v five_o or_o six_o month_n together_o and_o be_v passable_a by_o coach_n and_o cart_n lade_v at_o the_o end_n of_o march_n this_o vehement_a sharpness_n of_o the_o air_n we_o may_v rational_o impute_v to_o the_o largeness_n of_o the_o continent_n and_o the_o opacousness_n of_o the_o overspreading_a wood_n yet_o notwithstanding_o orchard_n and_o garden_n be_v very_o frequent_a and_o plentiful_o store_v with_o fruit_n and_o flower_n as_o excellent_a in_o their_o kind_n as_o in_o any_o other_o part_n of_o europe_n this_o country_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n plain_a mine_n mine_n abound_v not_o in_o mineral_n yet_o some_o mine_n there_o be_v as_o of_o lead_n and_o iron_n in_o divers_a place_n of_o quicksilver_n at_o tustan_n in_o red_a russia_n of_o vitriol_n near_o biecz_n in_o cracovia_n but_o the_o most_o considerable_a of_o all_o be_v the_o salt-mine_n at_o bochnia_n and_o velisca_n in_o the_o lesser_a poland_n which_o be_v the_o great_a enrichment_n not_o only_o of_o the_o country_n but_o of_o the_o king_n exchequer_n also_o they_o descend_v into_o the_o mine_n with_o long_a rope_n as_o we_o into_o our_o coal-pit_n and_o there_o dig_v out_o great_a mass_n of_o salt_n in_o street_n leave_v so_o much_o interstitium_fw-la as_o be_v sufficient_a to_o sustain_v the_o earth_n it_o be_v general_o of_o a_o bluish_a colour_n yet_o some_o be_v white_a and_o transparent_a like_o crystal_n when_o it_o be_v new_o get_v it_o have_v a_o bitterish_a taste_n but_o be_v expose_v to_o the_o air_n become_v sweet_a as_o also_o more_o heavy_a and_o brittle_a in_o these_o mine_n be_v small_a fountain_n of_o salt_n water_n which_o boil_v with_o piece_n of_o the_o rock_n yield_v great_a quantity_n of_o excellent_a salt_n they_o have_v also_o some_o vein_n of_o sal_fw-la gemmae_fw-la and_o of_o another_o mineral_n resemble_v hard_a pitch_n call_v by_o they_o carbunculus_fw-la as_o cromerus_n say_v which_o take_v in_o powder_n purge_v in_o the_o deep_a cavern_n of_o the_o mine_n the_o workman_n be_v say_v sometime_o to_o hear_v voice_n like_o those_o of_o cock_n dog_n and_o other_o animal_n which_o they_o esteem_v a_o bad_a omen_n the_o chief_a river_n of_o poland_n be_v 1._o rivers_n rivers_n the_o weissel_n mention_v in_o author_n under_o the_o different_a name_n of_o vistula_n visula_n visla_n justilla_n istula_n and_o vandalus_n it_o rise_v in_o the_o duchy_n of_o teschen_n in_o silesia_n out_o of_o the_o mountain_n carpathus_n now_o crapack_o in_o the_o confine_n of_o hungary_n whence_o run_v to_o cracow_n the_o chief_a city_n of_o the_o lesser_a poland_n and_o there_o become_v navigable_a by_o the_o accession_n of_o other_o stream_n it_o continue_v its_o course_n eastward_o to_o sandomiria_n and_o thence_o northward_o to_o warzaw_v in_o masovia_n afterward_o wind_v for_o some_o league_n westward_o to_o thorn_n in_o prussia_n it_o turn_v again_o to_o the_o north_n and_o at_o the_o island_n grosswerder_n be_v divide_v into_o two_o stream_n empty_v itself_o by_o the_o one_o into_o the_o bay_n frischhaff_a and_o by_o the_o other_o into_o the_o baltic_a sea_n the_o head_n of_o this_o river_n lie_v in_o 49_o deg_fw-la 20_o min._n of_o latitude_n and_o its_o mouth_n in_o 54_o but_o both_o in_o 41_o deg_fw-la of_o longitude_n its_o course_n be_v above_o 100_o polish_v mile_n it_o divide_v ancient_o the_o european_a sarmatia_n from_o germany_n 2._o the_o warta_n rise_v near_o cromolow_v in_o the_o palatinate_n of_o cracovia_n under_o 40_o deg_fw-la 50_o min._n of_o longitude_n and_o 50_o deg_fw-la 30_o min._n of_o latitude_n and_o from_o thence_o take_v a_o wind_a course_n to_o the_o northwest_n wash_v the_o town_n of_o olstin_n warta_n posna_n etc._n etc._n in_o the_o great_a poland_n and_o near_o costrin_n fall_v into_o the_o other_o 3._o notez_fw-fr which_o flow_v out_o of_o the_o lake_n goblo_fw-mi in_o the_o great_a poland_n and_o after_o a_o long_a course_n to_o the_o southwestward_o near_o dresen_fw-mi discharge_v itself_o into_o the_o warta_n 4._o the_o niester_n or_o tyras_n of_o the_o ancient_n which_o take_v its_o rise_n out_o of_o the_o sarmatian_a mountain_n near_o the_o head_n of_o san_n run_v at_o first_o to_o the_o north_n then_o wind_v eastward_o and_o enlarge_v with_o many_o lesser_a river_n water_n the_o province_n of_o pocutia_n separate_v both_o the_o upper_a and_o low_a
from_o bructeri_n a_o ancient_a people_n of_o germany_n who_o say_v they_o conquer_v and_o people_v these_o part_n the_o most_o probable_a opinion_n be_v that_o the_o prussian_n be_v the_o same_o with_o the_o borusci_n a_o people_n former_o inhabit_v some_o part_n of_o russia_n about_o the_o raphaean_a mountain_n whence_o they_o be_v drive_v out_o by_o excessive_a snow_n and_o cold_a for_o to_o omit_v the_o affinity_n there_o be_v among_o the_o three_o word_n borusci_n borussi_n and_o prussi_n the_o ancient_a language_n of_o the_o prussian_n be_v only_o a_o dialect_n of_o the_o russian_a as_o we_o shall_v have_v occasion_n to_o show_v by_o and_o by_o who_o be_v the_o first_o inhabitant_n of_o prussia_n be_v hard_a to_o find_v out_o then_o the_o etymology_n of_o the_o word_n many_o as_o well_o ancient_a as_o modern_a geographer_n think_v eridanus_n and_o the_o insulae_n electride_v so_o famous_a for_o the_o electrum_n or_o amber_n carry_v all_o greece_n and_o italy_n over_o be_v in_o this_o country_n but_o who_o in_o those_o day_n people_v the_o land_n they_o dare_v not_o determine_v the_o most_o likely_a story_n be_v that_o the_o venedi_n or_o venedae_n a_o large_a branch_n of_o the_o slavonian_a nation_n be_v here_o seat_v this_o seem_v plain_a from_o the_o word_n of_o ptolemy_n who_o tell_v we_o the_o venedi_n upon_o the_o vistula_n have_v on_o the_o south_n the_o phinni_n and_o gythones_n and_o cluverius_n confirm_v the_o assertion_n from_o several_a place_n in_o liefland_n which_o to_o this_o day_n retain_v the_o name_n of_o wenden_n windaw_n vschewende_n etc._n etc._n hence_o come_v the_o mistake_n of_o the_o latin_a poet_n who_o have_v read_v that_o electrum_n be_v bring_v from_o the_o venedi_fw-la confound_v these_o people_n with_o the_o venetian_n of_o italy_n and_o fancy_v padus_n be_v the_o ancient_a eridanus_n beside_o the_o venedi_n the_o galindae_n and_o sudini_n be_v here_o place_v by_o ptolemy_n and_o hartknoch_n prove_v from_o the_o idolatrous_a worship_n use_v former_o in_o prussia_n that_o the_o goth_n be_v sometime_o master_n of_o the_o country_n the_o aelii_n and_o aelvaeones_n reckon_v by_o some_o writer_n as_o the_o ancient_a inhabitant_n of_o prussia_n be_v goth_n at_o this_o day_n the_o prussian_n be_v a_o kind_n of_o heterogeneous_a people_n make_v up_o of_o swede_n polander_n german_n and_o other_o of_o the_o neighbour_a nation_n the_o whole_a country_n be_v bound_v on_o the_o north_n with_o the_o baltic_a sea_n for_o fifty_o german_n or_o two_o hundred_o english_a mile_n together_o on_o the_o east_n with_o lithvania_n and_o podlachia_n on_o the_o south_n with_o masovia_n on_o the_o west_n with_o the_o vistula_n which_o separate_v it_o from_o cassubia_n and_o part_n of_o pomeren_n the_o chief_a river_n in_o it_o be_v the_o vistula_n nemeni_n cronon_n call_v by_o the_o native_n at_o this_o day_n mimel_n and_o near_o the_o mouth_n of_o it_o russ_n nogat_v elbing_n vuser_n passar_n alla_n pregol_n ossa_n vrebnicz_n louse_n and_o lave_v by_o the_o help_n of_o these_o and_o the_o convenient_a haven_n which_o be_v everywhere_o find_v upon_o the_o baltic_a shore_n all_o the_o commodity_n of_o the_o country_n be_v easy_o export_v and_o foreign_a ware_n bring_v in_o the_o inhabitant_n be_v general_o strong-bodyed_a and_o long_o live_v adam_n brememsis_n in_o his_o description_n of_o denmark_n and_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o europe_n tell_v we_o the_o prussian_n be_v grey-eyed_a and_o yellow-haired_a the_o same_o opinion_n the_o ancient_n have_v of_o all_o the_o northern_a nation_n whence_o sidonius_n apollinaris_n speak_v of_o the_o heruli_n who_o doubtless_o come_v out_o of_o this_o country_n say_v hic_fw-la glaucis_fw-la herulus_fw-la genis_fw-la vagatur_fw-la imos_fw-la oceani_fw-la colens_fw-la recessus_fw-la algoso_n prope_fw-la concolor_fw-la profundo_fw-la and_o ausonius_n speak_v of_o bissula_n a_o swabish_a virgin_n take_v captive_a by_o the_o roman_n say_v of_o she_o sic_fw-la latiis_fw-la mutata_fw-la bonis_fw-la germana_n maneret_fw-la ut_fw-la facies_fw-la oculos_fw-la caerula_fw-la flava_fw-la comis_fw-la but_o since_o the_o prussian_n have_v mix_v themselves_o with_o other_o nation_n and_o admit_v of_o the_o modish_a luxury_n of_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o european_a country_n they_o be_v neither_o so_o healthy_a nor_o of_o the_o same_o complexion_n as_o former_o the_o apparel_n of_o the_o prussian-gentry_n be_v not_o much_o different_a from_o though_o not_o altogether_o so_o gaudy_a as_o that_o of_o the_o more_o southern_a nation_n the_o rustic_n wear_v after_o the_o fashion_n of_o their_o forefather_n long_a and_o strait_a coat_n of_o course_n wool_n or_o leather_n it_o be_v reckon_v a_o argument_n of_o more_o than_o ordinary_a riches_n if_o a_o yeoman_n be_v able_a to_o purchase_v a_o holiday_n suit_n of_o course_n english_a cloth_n though_o the_o venedi_n as_o tacitus_n witness_n be_v the_o first_o of_o the_o scythian_a race_n that_o forsake_v their_o wagon_n 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with_o they_o sufficient_a to_o furnish_v the_o country_n with_o
norwegian_a and_o muscovitic_a lap_n to_o be_v of_o the_o same_o original_n and_o extract_v be_v say_v to_o have_v descend_v from_o the_o race_n of_o the_o finlander_n and_o samoieds_n original_a the_o inhabitant_n and_o their_o original_a as_o may_v probable_o be_v gather_v from_o the_o likeness_n of_o their_o custom_n language_n and_o manner_n of_o worship_n and_o also_o from_o the_o very_a name_n of_o laplander_n i_o e._n banish_a man_n or_o runnagado_n for_o they_o be_v say_v to_o have_v be_v drive_v out_o of_o finland_n once_o by_o the_o tartar_n when_o they_o extend_v their_o dominion_n as_o far_o as_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n and_o afterward_o by_o the_o swede_n and_o because_o such_o desert_v of_o their_o country_n be_v think_v a_o disgrace_n to_o the_o whole_a nation_n none_o of_o the_o laplander_n of_o any_o quality_n to_o this_o day_n will_v endure_v to_o be_v call_v by_o that_o name_n but_o give_v themselves_o some_o other_o compellation_n as_o sabmienladti_n sameednan_n etc._n etc._n and_o this_o opinion_n that_o they_o take_v their_o original_n from_o the_o finlander_n or_o rather_o be_v always_o of_o the_o same_o nation_n with_o they_o seem_v to_o be_v confirm_v by_o those_o description_n ancient_a geographer_n give_v of_o finland_n and_o the_o finlandish_a people_n agree_v exact_o to_o the_o modern_a lapland_n and_o its_o inhabitant_n saxo_n say_v that_o the_o finlander_n be_v the_o far_a people_n towards_o the_o north_n live_v in_o a_o clime_n almost_o unhabitable_a good_a archer_n and_o hunter_n night-wanderer_n and_o of_o a_o uncertain_a habitation_n wheresoever_o they_o kill_v a_o beast_n make_v that_o their_o mansion_n and_o they_o slide_v upon_o the_o snow_n in_o broad_a wooden_a shoe_n all_o which_o hold_v true_a of_o the_o laplander_n as_o also_o do_v those_o description_n of_o finland_n set_v down_o by_o tacitus_n and_o jo._n magnus_n beside_o all_o this_o the_o norwegian_n and_o dane_n call_v the_o laplander_n finni_n or_o finlander_n in_o general_a and_o divide_v the_o whole_a nation_n into_o sioefinnar_n i._n e._n maritime_a finlanders_n and_o lappesinnar_n the_o same_o with_o the_o laplander_n the_o russes_z also_o call_v they_o kajienski_n as_o come_v from_o cajania_n a_o province_n in_o finland_n and_o as_o we_o may_v hence_o probable_o conclude_v the_o laplander_n at_o first_o to_o have_v come_v out_o of_o finland_n so_o we_o may_v believe_v that_o the_o finlander_n more_o than_o once_o march_v out_o into_o lapland_n which_o be_v evident_a from_o the_o several_a name_n of_o their_o leader_n who_o some_o call_v thinns-rogre_a other_o mieschogiesche_n the_o first_o and_o most_o ancient_a transmigration_n be_v that_o of_o the_o biarmi_n who_o some_o miscall_v seridfinni_n so_o call_v from_o their_o go_v to_o dwell_v upon_o the_o mountain_n varama_n signify_v in_o their_o language_n a_o hilly_a country_n which_o people_n be_v by_o harald_n harfager_n king_n of_o norway_n almost_o all_o destroy_v in_o battle_n and_o the_o nation_n so_o scatter_v that_o for_o ever_o after_o both_o the_o name_n and_o credit_n of_o the_o biarmi_n be_v quite_o abolish_v and_o forget_v the_o second_o time_n of_o their_o desert_v their_o country_n be_v when_o the_o russian_n enlarge_v their_o empire_n as_o far_o as_o the_o lake_n ladoga_n which_o be_v about_o the_o six_o age_n after_o christ_n for_o fear_v the_o cruelty_n of_o these_o people_n they_o retire_v into_o lapland_n and_o be_v call_v by_o the_o russian_n kajienski_n for_o the_o reason_n aforesaid_a to_o confirm_v what_o have_v be_v say_v give_v i_o leave_v to_o insert_v here_o a_o testimony_n great_a than_o all_o exception_n that_o be_v of_o the_o worthy_a of_o all_o prince_n aelfr_v the_o great_a who_o have_v himself_o represent_v orosius_n or_o a_o ancient_a geographer_n and_o historian_n in_o his_o own_o saxon_a language_n so_o as_o to_o add_v supply_n where_o he_o be_v defective_a give_v a_o account_n of_o these_o northern_a shore_n out_o of_o the_o relation_n of_o a_o norwegian_a nobleman_n employ_v by_o himself_o for_o the_o discovery_n of_o these_o country_n the_o testimony_n be_v more_o authentic_a than_o any_o one_o that_o have_v write_v upon_o this_o subject_n so_o long_o ago_o we_o shall_v here_o set_v it_o down_o almost_o verbatim_o otherus_n say_v to_o his_o lord_n aelfred_n that_o himself_o live_v in_o the_o very_o northerly_a part_n of_o norway_n in_o the_o country_n call_v halgoland_n that_o northwards_o of_o this_o country_n be_v desert_n except_o some_o few_o place_n wherein_o a_o few_o finns_n live_v in_o winter_n upon_o hunt_v and_o in_o summer_n upon_o fish_v that_o have_v sail_v northward_o and_o easterly_a with_o a_o good_a gale_n for_o seven_o day_n he_o arrive_v at_o a_o great_a river_n on_o the_o right_a hand_n whereof_o be_v the_o country_n of_o the_o ferfinni_n which_o be_v thin_o inhabit_v by_o a_o few_o fowler_n fisher_n and_o hunter_n on_o the_o other_o side_n be_v the_o biarmi_n a_o populous_a nation_n so_o that_o he_o dare_v not_o land_n among_o they_o that_o they_o discourse_v with_o he_o many_o thing_n concern_v their_o country_n whether_o true_a or_o false_a he_o know_v not_o but_o suppose_v that_o they_o speak_v the_o same_o language_n with_o the_o finni_n that_o near_o this_o country_n be_v the_o great_a fish_n for_o whale_n and_o sea-horse_n which_o we_o call_v morse_n who_o tooth_n be_v then_o account_v of_o great_a value_n but_o there_o seem_v to_o have_v be_v another_o more_o general_a migration_n of_o these_o finns_n into_o lapland_n about_o the_o year_n 1150_o and_o till_o this_o time_n we_o never_o find_v they_o call_v lappi_n or_o loppi_n and_o the_o occasion_n of_o this_o name_n seem_v to_o be_v about_o that_o time_n ericus_n sanctus_n king_n of_o sweden_n subdue_v the_o finlander_n and_o bring_v they_o under_o the_o swedish_n government_n and_o also_o plant_v among_o they_o the_o christian_a religion_n whereupon_o they_o be_v subject_v to_o stranger_n and_o force_v to_o be_v of_o a_o religion_n different_a from_o that_o of_o their_o ancestor_n many_o of_o they_o retire_v from_o their_o own_o country_n and_o seek_v out_o a_o place_n where_o they_o may_v live_v more_o free_a and_o according_a to_o their_o own_o manner_n and_o those_o that_o stay_v and_o submit_v to_o the_o swede_n and_o embrace_v christianity_n look_v upon_o the_o departer_n as_o deserter_n of_o their_o country_n who_o fear_n of_o a_o good_a government_n and_o better_a religion_n have_v make_v exile_n especial_o when_o the_o king_n have_v put_v forth_o a_o edict_n that_o all_o shall_v be_v account_v banish_v that_o will_v not_o renounce_v pagan_a superstition_n be_v thus_o force_v out_o of_o their_o native_a country_n firâ—_n their_o 〈◊〉_d mannâ—â—_n of_o liviâ—â—_n at_o firâ—_n they_o live_v for_o a_o age_n or_o more_o upon_o the_o bothnic_a coast_n and_o in_o the_o wood_n of_o tavastia_n as_o a_o straggle_a and_o miserable_a people_n neither_o have_v law_n nor_o governor_n till_o the_o year_n 1272_o at_o which_o time_n they_o be_v make_v tributary_n to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n under_o magn._n ladulaos_n than_o king_n who_o to_o bring_v they_o under_o his_o subjection_n promise_v any_o one_o that_o can_v effect_v it_o the_o government_n of_o they_o which_o the_o birkarli_n i._n e._n those_o that_o live_v in_o the_o allotment_n or_o division_n of_o birkala_n undertake_v and_o have_v for_o a_o great_a while_n cunning_o insinuate_v themselves_o into_o their_o conversation_n under_o a_o pretence_n of_o friendship_n at_o last_o set_v upon_o they_o unaware_o and_o quite_o subdue_v they_o and_o for_o their_o pain_n according_a to_o ladulaos_n promise_n they_o alone_o have_v the_o privilege_n to_o traffic_v with_o they_o and_o receive_v tribute_n from_o they_o which_o they_o constant_o do_v till_o about_o ann._n 1554_o when_o they_o be_v entire_o unite_v to_o the_o crown_n of_o sweden_n and_o in_o 1600_o better_a discover_v and_o more_o certain_o know_v to_o the_o swede_n then_o former_o they_o have_v be_v and_o this_o be_v effect_v by_o the_o care_n of_o charles_n the_o nine_o then_o king_n who_o send_v two_o famous_a mathematician_n m._n aron_n forsius_n a_o swedish_n professor_n and_o hieron_n birckholten_a a_o german_n with_o instrument_n and_o all_o necessary_n to_o make_v what_o discovery_n they_o can_v of_o this_o lapland_n this_o country_n 〈◊〉_d â—â—emâ—â—_n the_o 〈…〉_o the_o 〈◊〉_d lie_v under_o divers_a clime_n have_v the_o temperature_n of_o the_o air_n and_o likewise_o the_o nature_n of_o the_o soil_n very_o different_a in_o those_o part_n that_o be_v most_o northerly_a and_o within_o the_o artickcircle_n the_o air_n be_v extreme_a cold_a and_o the_o ground_n barren_a but_o without_o the_o circle_n the_o heaven_n be_v somewhat_o more_o mild_a and_o benign_a and_o the_o earth_n more_o liberal_a in_o her_o production_n afford_v in_o those_o place_n near_o bothnia_n some_o few_o sort_n of_o potherb_n as_o colewort_n raperoot_n parsnip_n etc._n
etc._n so_o that_o in_o those_o part_n only_o they_o make_v garden_n and_o till_o their_o ground_n through_o the_o whole_a country_n the_o air_n though_o very_o cold_a and_o pierce_a yet_o be_v not_o inferior_a to_o any_o of_o other_o region_n in_o healthfulness_n and_o pureness_n either_o because_o the_o vapour_n coagulate_v and_o so_o make_v heavy_a by_o the_o cold_a fall_n down_o or_o from_o the_o frequent_a wind_n which_o sometime_o be_v so_o strong_a that_o they_o hinder_v all_o passenger_n from_o travel_v and_o likewise_o root_v up_o all_o tree_n and_o bush_n that_o stand_v in_o their_o way_n so_o that_o on_o several_a of_o the_o laplandish_a as_o well_o as_o dofrine_v mountain_n there_o be_v no_o tree_n or_o shrub_n to_o be_v meet_v with_o therefore_o the_o inhabitant_n make_v use_v of_o fish-bone_n for_o fuel_n but_o most_o terrible_a be_v those_o tempest_n and_o whirlwind_n say_v j._n magn._n which_o arise_v from_o the_o north_n sometime_o take_v away_o the_o water_n of_o the_o sea_n from_o under_o the_o ship_n and_o carry_v the_o ship_n up_o into_o the_o air_n let_v they_o fall_v down_o again_o at_o far_o distant_a place_n sometime_o also_o sweep_v away_o with_o they_o both_o stone_n and_o live_a creature_n and_o now_o and_o then_o meet_v with_o great_a quantity_n of_o fish_n which_o the_o inhabitant_n use_v to_o dry_v in_o the_o cold_a they_o hoist_v they_o up_o into_o the_o air_n and_o let_v they_o fall_v which_o the_o poor_a people_n gather_v as_o a_o gift_n send_v from_o god_n in_o those_o part_n near_a the_o pole_n the_o sun_n for_o some_o month_n never_o set_v and_o on_o the_o contrary_a for_o so_o long_a time_n never_o rise_v and_o although_o in_o summer_n it_o never_o set_v and_o go_v below_o the_o earth_n yet_o neither_o do_v it_o rise_v more_o above_o it_o but_o as_o it_o be_v glide_v along_o the_o edge_n of_o the_o horizon_n for_o the_o most_o part_n and_o likewise_o in_o winter_n when_o low_a it_o be_v not_o much_o beneath_o it_o which_o 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take_v sleswic_n destroy_v the_o church_n root_a out_o christianity_n and_o replant_n paganism_n this_o relapse_n be_v sufficient_o confirm_v by_o the_o many_o runic_a monument_n find_v daily_o in_o and_o about_o this_o city_n who_o inscription_n show_v they_o to_o be_v heathenish_a relic_n though_o of_o too_o late_a a_o date_n to_o have_v be_v erect_v before_o the_o first_o appearance_n of_o christianity_n in_o these_o part_n but_o the_o slavonian_n keep_v not_o long_a foot_n here_o for_o within_o a_o short_a while_n the_o dane_n weary_a of_o the_o tyranny_n and_o idolaty_n of_o stranger_n force_v they_o to_o quit_v their_o conquet_n and_o retire_v whereupon_o paganism_n be_v once_o more_o root_v out_o christianity_n reestablisht_v and_o the_o cathedral_n rebuilt_a soon_o after_o this_o the_o angle_n that_o maintain_v a_o trade_n in_o sleswic_n build_v the_o church_n of_o the_o holy_a ghost_n near_o the_o marketplace_n with_o the_o adjoin_a hospital_n the_o dukedom_n of_o sleswic_n 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habit_n and_o manner_n of_o this_o people_n with_o those_o of_o the_o frisian_n in_o the_o netherlands_o the_o rest_n of_o the_o town_n of_o note_n in_o the_o southern_a jutland_n be_v 1._o husem_n a_o rich_a and_o neat_a port-town_n on_o the_o western_a shore_n 2._o the_o two_o tunderens_n great_a and_o less_o both_o place_n of_o considerable_a traffic_n upon_o the_o same_o coast_n 3._o gottorp_n the_o ancient_a seat_n of_o the_o earl_n and_o duke_n of_o holstein_n it_o be_v seat_v on_o the_o top_n of_o the_o sly_a exceed_o well_o fortify_v and_o very_o remarkable_a for_o the_o tol-booth_n or_o custom-house_n which_o one_o year_n with_o another_o bring_v in_o toll_n for_o at_o least_o 50000_o ox_n which_o be_v bring_v out_o of_o jutland_n into_o germany_n 4._o appenrade_n seat_v on_o a_o small_a bay_n of_o the_o baltic_a sea_n and_o much_o frequent_v by_o the_o danish_a fisherman_n of_o the_o ancient_a wall_n of_o partition_n which_o
minute_n and_o then_o the_o parallel_n betwixt_o ptolomy_n thule_n and_o this_o island_n will_v fail_v the_o manner_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n nature_n of_o the_o soil_n temperature_n of_o the_o air_n etc._n etc._n be_v the_o same_o in_o this_o isle_n as_o in_o iseland_n iseland_n iseland_n be_v a_o isle_n in_o the_o deucalidonian_a sea_n situation_n situation_n situate_v 13_o deg_fw-la and_o 30_o min._n of_o longitude_n and_o 65_o deg_fw-la and_o 44_o min._n of_o latitude_n reckon_v the_o situation_n of_o the_o whole_a isle_n from_o skalholt_n the_o chief_a city_n in_o it_o it_o be_v bound_v on_o the_o east_n with_o the_o northern_a ocean_n on_o the_o south_n with_o the_o deucalidonian_a sea_n on_o the_o north_n and_o west_n with_o the_o freeze_a sea_n of_o groenland_n the_o isle_n be_v first_o discover_v by_o one_o naddoc_n discovery_n discovery_n who_o sail_v near_o the_o coast_n of_o the_o fero_n island_n be_v by_o a_o unexpected_a tempest_n drive_v upon_o the_o northern_a part_n 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he_o take_v with_o he_o out_o of_o schetland_n three_o crow_n and_o have_v sail_v northwards_o for_o some_o day_n he_o let_v one_o of_o they_o fly_v which_o he_o perceive_v return_v to_o schetland_n soon_o after_o he_o throw_v a_o second_o out_o of_o the_o ship_n which_o find_v no_o land_n to_o set_v her_o foot_n on_o return_v weary_a into_o the_o vessel_n within_o awhile_o after_o he_o send_v out_o the_o three_o crow_n which_o fly_v to_o this_o isle_n flocco_n follow_v this_o leader_n land_v safe_a in_o the_o northern_a part_n of_o the_o isle_n and_o there_o winter_v find_v this_o country_n all_o the_o while_o he_o stay_v there_o oppress_v with_o intolerable_a frost_n and_o snow_n he_o call_v the_o whole_a land_n iseland_n or_o iceland_n which_o name_n it_o retain_v to_o this_o day_n the_o next_o winter_n he_o spend_v in_o the_o southern_a part_n but_o meet_v there_o with_o as_o cold_a entertainment_n as_o he_o have_v find_v in_o the_o north_n he_o hoist_a up_o sail_n the_o spring_n follow_v and_o return_v to_o norway_n where_o he_o be_v ever_o after_o call_v rafnafloke_n or_o flocco_n the_o crow_n the_o first_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n come_v into_o the_o isle_n in_o the_o yeat_a 874_o inhabitant_n first_o inhabitant_n bring_v hither_o by_o one_o ingulf_n a_o norwegian_a baron_n who_o with_o hiorlief_n his_o brother_n in-law_n flee_v or_o be_v banish_v his_o own_o country_n for_o murder_v another_o nobleman_n the_o islandic_n chronicle_n which_o make_v the_o say_a year_n its_o epoch_n tell_v we_o that_o this_o ingulf_n find_v the_o isle_n whole_o desolate_a and_o destitute_a of_o all_o manner_n of_o inhabitant_n nor_o be_v there_o in_o this_o work_n any_o mention_n of_o any_o former_a discovery_n whatsoever_o make_v either_o by_o the_o english_a or_o irish_a though_o some_o of_o our_o historian_n have_v assert_v that_o iseland_n be_v well_o know_v to_o both_o these_o nation_n long_o before_o ingulf_n bring_v in_o his_o norwegian_n the_o irish_a annal_n go_v 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inhabit_v before_o ingulf_n be_v day_n but_o if_o that_o learned_a author_n will_v give_v we_o leave_v to_o argue_v the_o case_n it_o be_v possible_a he_o may_v not_o find_v any_o reason_n at_o last_o to_o be_v in_o so_o great_a a_o rage_n for_o in_o the_o work_n quote_v he_o himself_o allow_v the_o story_n of_o the_o irish_a be_v first_o call_v papas_n by_o the_o ancient_a iselander_n if_o we_o inquire_v what_o those_o ancient_a inhabitant_n be_v that_o give_v the_o irish_a this_o name_n it_o will_v questionless_a be_v answer_v they_o be_v heathen_n this_o arngrim_n take_v for_o grant_v and_o think_v the_o answer_n satisfactory_a enough_o and_o it_o be_v plain_a that_o the_o first_o inhabitant_n of_o iseland_n be_v heathenish_a idolater_n from_o one_o passage_n in_o the_o iselandic_n chronicle_n where_o we_o be_v tell_v that_o in_o the_o west_n of_o iseland_n there_o be_v a_o large_a piece_n of_o ground_n encircle_v with_o a_o ditch_n in_o the_o midst_n of_o which_o stand_v a_o great_a stone_n make_v use_v of_o former_o for_o a_o altar_n whereon_o they_o use_v in_o the_o day_n of_o idolatry_n and_o paganism_n to_o sacrifice_v man_n to_o their_o god_n woden_n but_o then_o if_o we_o consult_v the_o ancient_a monument_n of_o the_o northern_a kingdom_n we_o shall_v find_v the_o great_a part_n of_o denmark_n and_o norway_n convert_v to_o christianity_n before_o ingulf_n time_n so_o that_o it_o will_v be_v find_v upon_o examination_n high_o probable_a that_o there_o be_v inhabitant_n in_o iseland_n before_o ingulf_n bring_v over_o his_o norwegian_n and_o those_o perhaps_o know_v to_o the_o english_a and_o irish_a the_o isle_n be_v for_o the_o most_o part_n mountainous_a and_o rocky_a soiâ—_n soiâ—_n though_o some_o valley_n afford_v good_a store_n of_o corn_n and_o pasturage_n notwithstanding_o there_o be_v so_o many_o and_o so_o vast_a mountain_n in_o this_o isle_n there_o be_v no_o manner_n of_o mine_n either_o of_o metal_n or_o mineral_n in_o the_o whole_a land_n except_o sulphur_n novissima_fw-la islandiae_fw-la tabula_fw-la sumptibus_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiorum_a mosis_fw-la pitt_n et_fw-la stephani_fw-la swart_a dioecesis_fw-la trundhemiensis_fw-la pars_fw-la australis_fw-la exit_fw-la officina_fw-la janssonio-waesbergiona_a et_fw-fr moses_n pitt_n blefkenius_fw-la speak_v of_o a_o strange_a lake_n and_o arngrim_n say_v he_o have_v hear_v as_o much_o of_o a_o fountain_n near_o skalholt_n which_o immediate_o petrify_v whatever_n be_v throw_v into_o it_o insomuch_o that_o if_o you_o take_v a_o long_a pole_n and_o stick_v part_n of_o it_o into_o the_o bottom_n of_o the_o lake_n that_o part_n of_o the_o staff_n which_o stick_v in_o the_o earth_n will_v in_o a_o short_a time_n be_v turn_v into_o iron_n the_o middle_a into_o stone_n and_o the_o uppermost_a part_n which_o never_o come_v into_o the_o water_n remain_v wood_n he_o further_o add_v that_o the_o part_n of_o the_o staff_n which_o resemble_v iron_n will_v burn_v like_o a_o coal_n another_o lake_n he_o mention_n which_o like_o the_o grecian_a aornon_n speak_v of_o by_o virgil_n send_v out_o such_o pestiferous_a exhalation_n as_o poison_v the_o bird_n which_o fly_v that_o way_n several_a other_o strange_a story_n he_o tell_v which_o because_o reject_v by_o anrgrim_n we_o omit_v in_o most_o place_n of_o the_o isle_n you_o may_v meet_v with_o hot_a bath_n and_o scald_a fountain_n the_o water_n of_o which_o if_o set_v to_o cool_v throw_v off_o a_o sulphureous_a scum_n of_o all_o the_o affront_v which_o blefkenius_fw-la 〈◊〉_d 〈◊〉_d in_o his_o scurrilous_a description_n of_o iseland_n have_v put_v upon_o that_o country_n none_o be_v highly_o resent_v by_o arngrim_n then_o the_o sleight_n and_o false_a account_n he_o give_v of_o the_o law_n manner_n and_o religion_n of_o the_o inhabitant_n of_o that_o isle_n whoredom_n theft_n idolatry_n witchcraft_n sorcery_n etc._n etc._n be_v vice_n he_o accuse_v the_o whole_a nation_n of_o we_o may_v rational_o imagine_v