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A52257 Cosmographia, or, A view of the terrestrial and cœlestial globes in a brief explanation of the principles of plain and solid geometry applied to surveying and gauging of cask : the doctrine of primum mobile : with an account of the Juilan & Gregorian calendars, and the computation of the places of the sun, moon, and fixed stars ... : to which is added an introduction unto geography / by John Newton ... Newton, John, 1622-1678. 1679 (1679) Wing N1055; ESTC R17177 190,483 519

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Earth conteined between three Paralells the middlemo● whereof divideth it into two equal parts serving for the setting out the length and shortness of the days in every Country 10. These Climates and the Parallels by which they are conteined are none of them of equal quantity for the first Clime as also the Parallel beginning at the AEquator is larger than the second and the second is likewise greater than the third 11. The Antients reckoned but seven Climates at the first to which Number there were afterward added two more so that in the first of these Numbers were comprehended fourteen parallels but in the latter eighteen 12. Ptolemy accounted the Paralells 38 each way from the Equator that is 38 towards the North and as many towards the South 24 of which he reckoned by the difference of one quarter of an hour 4 by the difference of half an hour 4 by an whole hours difference and 6 by a Months difference but now the parallels being reckoned by the difference of a quarter of an hour the Climates are 24 in Number till you come to the Latitude of 66 degrees 31 Minutes to which are afterwards added 6 Climates more unto the Pole it self where the Artificial day is 6 Months in length 13. The distances of all both Climates and Parallels together with their Latitudes from the AEquator and difference of the quantity of the longest days are here fully exprest in the Table following A Table of the Climates belonging to the three sorts of Inhabitants Inhabitants belonging to the several Climes Climes Paralells Length of the Day Poles Elevation Bea of the Clime     0 12.0 0.0     0       4.18     1 12.15 4.18       2 12.30 8.34     1       8.25 Amphiscii   3 12.45 12.43       4 13.0 16.43     2       7.50     5 13.15 20.33       6 13.30 23.10     3       7.3     7 13.45 27.36       8 14.0 30.47     4       6.9     9 14.15 33.45       10 14.30 36.30     5       5.17     11 14.45 39.02       12 15.0 41.22     6       4.30     13 15.15 43.32       14 15.30 45.29     7       3.48     15 15.45 47.20       16 16.0 49.21     8       3.13     17 16.15 50.13       18 16.30 51.58     9       2.44     19 15.45 53.17     Climes Paralells Length of the Days Poles Elevation Breadth of the Clime     20 17.00 54.29     10       2.17 Heteroscii   21 17.15 55.34       22 17.30 56.37     11       2.0     23 17.45 57.34       24 18.00 58.26     12       1.40     25 18.15 59.14       26 18.30 59.59     13       1.26     27 18.45 60.40       28 19.00 61.18     14       1.13     29 19.15 61.53       30 19.30 62.25     15       1.0     31 19.45 62.54       32 20.00 63.22     16       0.52     33 20.15 63.46       34 20.30 64.06     17       0.44     35 20.45 64.30       36 21.00 64.49     18       0.36     37 21.15 65.06       38 21.30 65.21     19       0.29     39 21.45 65.35       40 22.00 65.47     20       0.22     41 22.15 65.57       42 22.30 66.00     21       0.17     43 22.45 66.14   Clime Paralells Length of the Day Poles Elevation Breadth of the Clime     44 23.00 66.20     22       0.11     45 23.15 66.25       46 23.30 66.28     23       0.5     47 23.45 66.30     24 48 24.00 66.31 0.0 Periscii Here the Climates begin to be accounted by Months from 66. 31 where the day is 24 hours long unto the Pole it self where it is 6 Months in length 1 67.15 2 69.30 3 73.20 4 78.20 5 84.0 6 90.0 14. Hitherto we have considered the inhabitants of the Earth in respect of the several Zones and Climes into which the whole Globe is divided there is yet another distinction behind into which the inhabitants of the Earth are divided in respect of their site and position in reference to one another and thus the inhabitants of the Earth are divided into the Perioeci Antoec● and Antipodes 15. The Perioeci are such as dwell in the same Parallel on the same side of the AEquator how far distant soever they be East and West the season of the year and the length of the days being to both alike only the midnight of the one is the moon to the other 16. The Antoeci are such as dwell under the same Meridian and in the same Latitude or Parallel distance from the AEquator the one Northward and the other Southward the days in both places being of the same length but differ in the Seasons of the year for when it is Summer in the one it is Winter in the other 17. The Antipodes are such as dwell Feet to Feet so as a right Line drawn from the one unto the other passeth from North to South through the Center of the World These are distant 180 degrees or half the compass of the Earth they differ in all things as Seasons of the year length of days rising and setting of the Sun and such like A matter reckoned so ridiculous and impossible in former times that Boniface Arch-Bishop of Mentz seeing a Treatise concerning these Antipodes written by Virgilius Bishop of Salisburg and not knowing what damnable Doctrine might be couched under that strange Name made complaint first to the Duke of Bohemia and after to Pope Zachary Anno 745 by whom the poor Bishop unfortunate only in being learned in such a time of Ignorance was condemned of Heresie but God hath blest this latter age of the World with more understanding whereby we clearly see those things which either were unknown or but blindly guessed at by the Antients 18. The second part of the Terrestial Globe is the Water which is commonly divided into these parts or distinguished by these Names Oceanus Mare Fretum Sinus Lacus and Flumen 19. And first Oceanus or the Ocean is that general Collection of all Waters which encompasseth the Earth on every side 20. Mare the Sea is a part of the main Ocean to which we cannot come but through some Fretum or Strait as Mare
90 beginneth again with 10. 20. 30 c. is for that the use of this Meridian in reference to its Division in Degrees requireth no more than that Number 12. The Horizon is a great Circle without the Globe which divides the upper part of Heaven from the lower so that the one half is always above that Circle and the other under it 13. The Poles of this Circle are two the one directly over our Heads and is called the Zenith the other is under feet and is called the Nadir 14. The Horizon is either Rational or Sensible 15. The Rational Horizon is that which divideth the Heavens and the Earth into two equal parts which though it cannot be perceived and distinguished by the eye yet may be conceived i● our minds in which respect all the Stars may be conceived to rise and set as in our view 16. The Visible Horizon is that Circle which the eye doth make at its farthest extent of sight when the body in any particular place doth turn it self round Of these two Circles there needeth no more to be said at present only we may observe that it was ingeniously devised by those who first thought upon it to set one Meridian and one Horizon without the Globe to avoid the confusion if not the impossibility of drawing a several Meridian and a several Horizon for every place which must have been done if this or the like device had not been thought upon 17. Besides these two great Circles without the Globe there are 4 other great Circles drawn upon the Globe it self besides the Meridian 1. The AEquator or Equinoctial Circle 2. The Zodiack 3. The AEquinoctial Colure 4. Solstitial Colure And these four Circles are imm●table that is in whatsoever part of the World you are these Circles have no variation as the other two have 18. The AEquator is a great Circle drawn upon the Globe in the middle between the two Poles and plainly dividing the Globe into two equal parts 19. The AEquator is the measure of the Motion of the Primum Mobile for 15 Degrees of this Circle do always arise in an hours time the which doth clearly shew that the whole Heavens are turned round by equal intervals in the space of one day or 24 hours 20. In this Circle the Declinations of the Stars are computed from the mid-Heaven towards the North or South 21. This Circle gives denomination to the AEquinox for the Sun doth twice in a Year and no more cross this Circle to wit when he enters the first points of Aries and Libra and then he maketh the Days and the Nights equal His entrance into Aries is in March and is called the Vernal Equinox and his entrance into Libra is in September and is called the Autumnal Equinox 22. And from one certain point in this Circle the Longitude of Places upon the Earth are reckoned and the Latitude of Places are reckoned from this Circle towards the North or the South Poles 23. The Zodiack is a great Circle drawn upon the Globe cutting the AEquinoctial Points at Oblique Angles for although it divides the whole World into two equal parts in reference to its own Poles yet in reference to the Poles of the World it hath an Oblique Motion 24. The Poles of this Circle are as far distant from the Poles of the World as the greatest Obliquity thereof is from the Equinoctial that is 23 Degrees and 31 Minutes or thereabouts 25. This Circle doth differ from all other Circles upon the Globe in this other Circles to speak properly have Longitude assigned them but no Latitude but this hath both Whereas other Circles are in reference to their Longitude or Rotundity only divided into 360 Degrees this Circle in respect of its Latitude is supposed to be divided into 16 Degrees in Latitude 26. The Zodiack then in respect of Longitude is commonly divided into 360 Degrees as other Circles are but more peculiarly in respect of its self it is divided into 12 Parts called Signs and each Sign into 30 Degrees and 12 times 30 do make 360. 27. The 12 Signs into which the Zodiack is divided have these Names and Characters Aries ♈ Taurus ♉ Gemini ♊ Cancer ♋ Leo ♌ Virgo ♍ Libra ♎ Scorpio ♏ Sagittarius ♐ Capricornus ♑ Aquarius ♒ and Pisces ♓ 28. These two Circles of the Equator and Zodiack are crossed by two other great Circles which are called Colures They are drawn through the Poles of the World and cut one another as well as the Equator at Right Angles One of them passeth through the Intersections of the Equinoctial points and is called the Equinoctial Colure The other passeth through the points of the greatest distance of the Zodiack from the Equator and is called the Solstitial Colure 29. The other great Circles described upon the Globe are the Meridians Where we must not think much to hear of the Meridians again That of Brass without the Globe is to serve all turns and the Globe is framed to apply it self thereto The Meridians upon the Globe will easily be perceived to be of a new and another use 30. The Meridians upon the Globe are either the great or the less Not that the great are any greater than the less for they have all one and the same center and equally pass through the Poles of the Earth But those which are called less are of less use than that which is called the great 31. The great is otherwise called the fixt and first Meridian to which the less are second and respectively moveable The great Meridian is as it were the Landmark of the whole Sphere from whence the Longitude of the Earth or any part thereof is accounted And it is the only Circle which passing through the Poles is graduated or divided into Degrees not the whole Circle but the half because the Longitude is to be reckoned round about the Earth 32. The lesser Meridians are those black lines which you see to pass through the Poles and succeeding the great at 10 and 10 Degrees as in most Globes or at 15 and 15 Degrees difference as in some Every place never so little more East or West than another hath properly a several Meridian yet because of the huge distance of the Earth from the Heavens there is no sensible difference between the Meridians of places that are less than one Degree of Longitude asunder and therefore the Geographers as well as the Astronomers allow a new Meridian to every Degree of the Equator which would be 180 in all but except the Globes were made of an extream and an unusual Diameter so many would stand too thick for the Description Therefore most commonly they put down but 18 that is at 10 Degrees distance from one another the special use of the lesser Meridians being to make a quicker dispatch in the account of the Longitudes Others set down but 12 at 15 Degrees difference aiming at this That the Meridians might be distant