15 62 25 1 07 4 30 20 6 30 16 63 22 0 57 5 36 28 6 08 17 64 6 0 44 6 41 22 4 54 18 64 49 0 43 7 45 29 4 07 19 65 2◠0 32 8 49 01 3 32 20 65 47 0 26 9 51 58 2 57 21 66 6 0 19 10 54 27 2 29 22 66 20 0 14 11 56 37 2 10 23 66 28 0 08 12 58 29 1 52 24 66 31 0 03 Climates between the Polar Circles and the Poles d. m. d. m. d. m. d. m d. m. d. m. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. 67 30 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 00 90 00 Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth 01 00 02 00 03 50 05 00 05 40 06 00 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month Having thus taken a view of the chief Circles belonging to the Terrestrial Globe as also the manner how Latitude and Longitude with Zones and Climates are fram'd proceed we next to the various Positions of the Globe commonly term'd Spheres which are three in Number viz. Parallel Right and Oblique Def. 18. A Parallel Sphere is that Position of the Globe which hath these three Properties viz. 1. The Poles in the Zenith and Nadir 2. The Equator in the Horizon 3. The Parallel Circles parallel to the Horizon The Inhabitants of this Sphere are those if any who live under the two Poles Def. 19. A Right Sphere is that Position of the Globe which hath these three Properties viz. 1. Both the Poles in the Horizon 2. The Equator passing through the Zenith and Nadir 3. The Parallel Circles perpendicular to the Horizon The Inhabitants of this Sphere are they who live under the Equinoctial Line Def. 20. An Oblique Sphere is that Position of the Globe which hath these three Properties viz. 1. One of the Poles above and the other under the Horizon 2. The Equator partly above and partly under the Horizon 3. The Parallel Circles cutting the Horizon obliquely The Inhabitants of this Sphere are they who live on all Parts of the Globe of the Earth except those exactly under the Poles and Equinoctial Line But having no regard to these Positions of the Globe The various Inhabitants of the Earth are likewise considered with respect to the several Meridians and Parallels peculiar to their Habitations and that under these three Titles viz. Antaeci Periaci and Antipodes Def. 21. The Antaeci are those People of the Earth who live under the same Meridian but opposite Parallels Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars viz. 1. They have both the same Elevation of the Pole but not the same Pole 2. They are equally distant from the Equator but on different sides 3 They have both Noon and Midnight at the same time 4 The Days of one are equal to the Nights of the other vice versâ 5. Their Seasons of the Year are contrary it being Winter to one when Summer to the other c. Def. 22 The Perlaeci are those People of the Earth who live under the same Parallels but opposite Meridians Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars viz. 1. One of the Poles is equally elevated to both and the other equally depress'd 2. They are equally distant from the Equator and both on the same side 3. When it's Noon to one it 's Midnight to the other econtra 4 The length of the Day to one is the Compliment of the other's Night vice versâ 5. They both agree in the four Seasons of the Year c. Def. 23. The Antipodes are those People of the Earth who live under opposite Parallels and Meridians Peculiar to such People are these following Particulars viz. 1. They have both the same Elevation of the Pole 2 They are both equally distant from the Equator but on different sides and in opposite Haemispheres 3. When it's Noon to one it 's Midnight to the other vice versâ 4. The longest Day or Night to the one is the shortest to the other 5. Their Seasons of the Year are contrary c. The Inhabitants of the Earth were likewise considered by the Ancients with respect to the Diversity of their Shadows and accordingly reduc'd to three Classes viz. Amphiscii Periscii and Heteroscii Def. 24. Amphiscii were those People of the Earth who liv'd in the Torrid Zone or between the two Tropicks They 're so term'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 utrinque and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbra because they cast their Shadows on both sides of them viz. North and South according to the Nature of the Sun's Declination Def. 25. Periscii were those People of the Earth who liv'd in the Frigid Zones or between the Polar Circles and the Poles They 're so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Circà and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbra because they cast their Shadows round about them towards all Points of the Compass Def. 26. Heteroscii were those People of the Earth who liv'd in the two Temperate Zones or between the Tropicks and the Polar Circles They 're so call'd from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Alto and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Umbra because they cast their Shadows only one way viz. North if in the North temperate or South if in the South temperate Zone But leaving the various Inhabitants of the Earth and to come closer to our main Design let us return to the Globe of the Earth it self consider'd simply as a Spherical Body whose Surface we are to view as compos'd of Land and Water as its sole constituent Parts and those two Parts thus subdivided as followeth to wit Land into Continents Isthmus Islands Promontories Peninsula's Mountains Water into Oceans Straits Seas Lakes Gulfs Rivers Def. 27. A Continent Lat. Continens à Contineo is a large and spacious Space of dry Land comprehending divers Countries Kingdoms and States all join'd together without any intire Separation of its Parts by Water Def. 28. An Island Lat. Insula quasi in salo is a part of dry Land environed round with Water Def. 29. A Peninsula quasi penè Insula otherwise Chersonesus from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Terra and 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Insula is a part of the dry Land every where enclosed with Water save one narrow Neck adjoining the same to the Continent Def. 30. An Isthmus ab 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 vel 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Ingredior is that narrow Neck of Land annexing the Peninsula to the Continent by which People may enter into one from the other Def. 31. A Promontory quasi Mons in mare prominens is a high part of Land stretching it self out in the Sea the Extremity whereof is commonly term'd a Cape or Head-Land Def. 32. A Mountain à moneo vel emineo is a rising part of the dry Land over-topping the adjacent Country and appearing the first at a distance Def. 33. The Ocean Gr. 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 quasi ex 〈◊〉 〈◊〉
and parallel to the Equator are term'd Parallels of Latitude But besides those actually inscrib'd we are to conceive the Globe as furnisht with a vast multitude of such Circles for every degree of Latitude yea and every sixtieth part of each degree is supposed to have an imaginary Parallel Circle passing through the same But since Latitude as aforesaid is the Distance from the Equator to either of the Poles it from hence follows that the greatest Latitude consisteth of 90 Degrees Now correspondent to each of those Degrees or the 1 360 of a great Circle in the Heavens is a certain Space of the Surface of the Earth which is every where of the same Extent in it self but different in its number of Parts according to the different reckoning of various Countries To know the said different number of Parts of what sort soever whether they be Miles Leagues or other Measures corresponding to one Degree in the Heavens is absolutely necessary for the right understanding of the true Distance of Places in different Countries we shall therefore illustrate the same and that by the following Table answerable to one Degree are Common Italian English and Turkish Miles 60 Ordinary French Leagues 20 Spanish Miles according to Vulgar reckoning 17½ German Dutch Danish and Great Poland Miles 15 Miles usual in Swedeland 12 Miles usual in Hungary 10 The Versts of Muscovy 80 Persian Arabtan and Egyptian Parasanga 20 The Indian Cos. 24 The Stades of China 250 The Inks of Japan 400 But here note That though these are the most remarkable Measures of Distance throughout the inhabited World with their respective Proportion to one Degree in the Heavens yet we are not to imagine that these Measures are of the same Extent in the various Provinces of the same Country as is evident from the different length of Leagues in different Parts of France as also the diversity of Miles in the South and North of England Def. 15. Longitude is the Distance from the first Meridian and measured upon the Equator In reckoning the various Degrees of Longitude which are 360 in all you are to begin at the first Meridian where-ever it is and to proceed upon the Equator quite round the Globe Correspondent to each of those Degrees in the Equator as to Degrees of Latitude on the Meridian are sixty Italian Miles or twenty French Leagues according to Vulgar Calculation But this is to be understood only of Places exactly under the Equator for the true Distance between two Places lying due East and West in any considerable Latitude is far less in Miles than between other two Places lying exactly under the Equator and likewise under the same Meridians The Reason of which is most evident namely the approaching of the Meridians nearer and nearer to one another till at last they unite all in the Pole But that you may readily find the true Distance in Miles from East to West between any two Places in any Parallel of Latitude we shall here subjoin the following Table in which is set down to every Degree of Latitude the exact number of Miles and sixtieth Part of a Mile that are answerable to one Degree in the Equator still allowing sixty Italian Miles to such a Degree Lat. m. s Lat. m s Lat m. s Lat. m. s 0 60 00 23 55 12 46 41 40 69 21 32 1 59 56 24 54 48 47 41 00 70 20 32 2 59 54 25 54 24 48 40 08 71 19 32 3 59 52 26 54 00 49 39 20 72 18 32 4 59 50 27 53 28 50 38 32 73 17 32 5 59 46 28 53 00 51 37 44 74 16 32 6 59 40 29 52 28 52 37 00 75 15 32 7 59 37 30 51 56 53 36 08 76 14 32 8 59 24 31 51 24 54 35 26 77 13 32 9 59 10 32 50 52 55 34 24 78 12 32 10 59 00 33 50 20 56 33 32 79 11 28 11 58 52 34 49 44 57 32 40 80 10 24 12 58 40 35 49 08 58 31 48 81 9 20 13 58 28 36 48 32 59 31 00 82 8 20 14 58 12 37 47 56 60 30 00 83 7 20 15 58 00 38 47 16 61 29 04 84 6 12 16 57 40 39 46 36 62 28 08 85 5 12 17 57 20 40 46 00 63 27 12 86 4 12 18 57 04 41 45 16 64 26 16 87 3 12 19 56 44 42 44 36 65 25 20 88 2 04 20 56 24 43 43 52 66 24 24 89 1 04 21 56 00 44 43 08 67 23 28 90 0 00 22 55 36 45 42 24 68 22 32 Def 16. Zones are large Tracts of the Surface of the Earth lying Parallel to the Equator and distinguish'd by the four lesser Circles of the Globe They 're term'd Zones from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Zona vel Cingulum because they encompass the Globe of the Earth in some manner as a Girdle doth surround the Body of a Man and are in number Five Viz. Two Frigid comprehended between The Polar Circles and the Poles Two Temperate The Polar Circles and the Tropicks One Torrid The Two Tropicks and divided by the Equator Of these the Ancients imagin'd only the Two Temperate to be habitable esteeming the scorching Heat of the Torrid and pinching Cold of the two Frigid to be equally intollerable according to that of the Poet Quarum quae media est non est habitabilis aestu Nix tegit alta duas Ovid. Metam 1. Def. 17. Climates are those Tracts of the Surface of the Earth bounded by imaginary Circles running Parallel to the Equator and of such a breadth from South to North that the length of the Artificial Day in one surpasseth that in the other by half an Hour They 're term'd Climates from 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 Declino vel Inclino because in numbring of them they decline from the Equator and incline to either Pole Not to mention what the Ancients taught of Climates either as to their number or manner of reckoning them It 's sufficient for our present purpose to consider that Modern Geographers have advanc'd the Number of them to 60. From the Equator to each of the Polar Circles are 24 arising from the difference of ½ Hour in the longest Day and from the Polar Circles to the Poles themselves are Six arising from the difference of an intire Month the Sun being seen in the first of these a whole Month without setting in the second two and in the third three Months c. How all these Climates are fram'd viz. the true Parallel of Latitude in which they end that being likewise the beginning of the following with the respective breadth of each of them you may clearly see by the following Tables Climat Climates between the Equator and Polar Circles d. m. d. m Clim d. m. d. m. Par. of Lat. Breadth Par. of Lat. Breadth 1 08 25 8 25 13 59 58 1 29 2 16 25 8 00 14 61 18 1 20 3 23 50 7 25
Point of the Surface where the Quadrant of Altitude intersects the first Meridian for the same representeth the second Place and that Arch of the Quadrant between the said Point and the Zenith being converted into Leagues or Miles will give the Distance requir'd Prob. 48. The Distance between two Places lying under the same Meridian being given as also their respective bearing from a third Place to find thereby that Place with its true Distance from the other two The given Distance being reckon'd any where upon the brazen Meridian and those places of the Globe exactly under the beginning and end of that Reckoning being mark'd raise the Pole according to the Latitude of one of them which for Distinctions sake we 'll term the first Place and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith extend the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon according as the said first Place beareth off the third unknown and make a small Tract with Chalk upon the Globe where the Edge of the Quadrant passeth along Which done elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the second Place and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith extend the same as formerly to the given Point of the Compass upon the wooden Horizon and observe where the said Quadrant intersects the aforesaid Tract of Chalk made upon the Surface of the Globe for that is the third Place desir'd whose Distance from the other two may be found by the foregoing Problem These are the Chief Problems performable by the Terrestrial Globe as also the manner of their Performance But if the Reader desire more let him Consult Varenius his Geographia Generalis from whom we have borrowed several of those abovemention'd Now followeth according to our proposed Method SECT III. Containing some plain Geographical Theorems Theor. 1. THE Latitude of any Place is always equal to the Elevation of the Pole in the same Place econtrá Theor. 2. The Elevation of the Equator in any Place is always equal to the Complement of the Latitude in the same place vice versâ Theor. 3. Those Places that lie under the Equinoctial Line have nothing of Latitude it being there that the Calculation of Latitude begins Theor. 4. Those Places that lie exactly under the two Poles have the greatest Latitude it being there that the Calculation of Latitude doth end Theor. 5. Those Places that lie exactly under the first Meridian have nothing of Longitude it being there that the Calculation of Longitude begins Theor. 6. Those Places that are immediately adjacent to the Western side of the first Meridian have the greatest Longitude it being there that the Calculation of Longitude doth end Theor. 7. All Places lying upon either side of the Equator have the greater or lesser Latitude according to their respective Distance therefrom Theor. 8. All Places lying upon either side of the Equator and exactly under the same have the greater or lesser Longitude according to their respective Distance from the first Meridian Theor. 9. That particular Place of the Earth lying exactly under the Intersection of the first Meridian and Equinoctail Line hath neither Longitude nor Latitude Theor. 10. No place of the Earth is distant from another above 10800 Italian Miles allowing 60 to one Degree in the Equator Theor. 11. No Place of the Earth is distant from its proper Antipodes diametrically taken above 7200 Italian Miles still allowing 60 to one Degree in the Equator Theor. 12. The sensible Horizon of every Place doth as often change as we happen to change the Place it self Theor. 13. The apparent Semediameter of the sensible Horizon in most Places doth frequently vary according to the Refraction of the Sun beams Theor. 14. All Countries upon the Face of the whole Earth do equally enjoy the Light of the Sun in respect of Time and are equally depriv'd of the benefit thereof Theor. 15. In all Places on the Globe of the Earth save exactly under the two Poles the Days and Nights are of an equal Length viz. twelve Hours each when the Sun cometh to the Equinoctial Line Theor. 16. In all Places between the Equinoctial and the two Poles the Days and Nights are never equal to one another save only those two times of the Year when the Sun entreth the Signs of Aries and Libra Theor. 17. The nearer any Place is to the Line the lesser is the difference between the Length of the Artificial Days and Nights in the said Place and on the contrary the farther remov'd the greater Theor. 18. In all Places lying under the same Parallel of Latitude the Days and Nights are of the same extent and that at all times of the Year Theor. 19. Three or more Places being given on the Globe that lie between the Equator and either of the Poles and equidistant from one another the Extent of the longest Day in those Places doth not encrease proportionably to the distance of the Places themselves Theor. 20. Three or more Places being given on the Globe that lie between the Equator and the Poles in which the Length of the longest Day doth equally encrease the distance between the Paralles of those Places is not equal to one another Theor. 21. Three or more Places being given on the Globe whose distance from the Equator to either Pole exceeds one another in Arithmetical Proportion The Length of the longest Day in one doth not keep the same Analogy to that in the other according to the Proportion of their distance Theor. 22. In all Places of the Torrid Zone the Morning and Evening Twilight is least in the Frigid greatest and in the Temperate it 's a Medium between the two Theor. 23. To all Places lying within the Torrid Zone the Sun is duly Vertical twice a Year to those under the Tropicks once but to them in the Temperate and Frigid never Theor. 24. In all Places of the two Frigid Zones the Sun appeareth every Year without setting for a certain number of Days and disappeareth for the same space of time And the nearer unto or the farther from the Pole those places are the longer or shorter is his continued Presence in or Absence from the same Theor. 25. In all places exactly under the Arctick and Antarctick Circles the Sun at his greatest Declination appeareth every Year for one Day compleatly without setting and intirely disappeareth another but daily riseth and setteth in those Places at all other times as elsewhere Theor. 26. In all places between the Equator and the North Pole the longest Day and shortest Night is always when the Sun hath the greatest Northern Declination and the shortest Day and longest Night when he hath the greatest Southern Theor. 27. In all places between the Equator and the South Pole the longest Day and shortest Night is always when the Sun hath the greatest Southern Declination and the shortest Day and longest Night when the greatest Northern Theor. 28. In all places