difference can little augment the Altitude Proposition XVI The Altitude of the Atmosphere or Air is not only the same in divers places but it remaineth the same and that constantly at all times both Winter and Summer The Altitude of the Atmosphere is always the same in divers places For although that heat in the Summer of our place may more elevate also our Air more than in Winter yet because that the Winter is at the same in another place of the earth the Air is less raised in it wherefore part of our Air shall be moved towards the Air of those places where the Air is less elevated viz. to the more depressed place as we have shewed in the fourteenth Proposition And on the contrary whilst that the Air of the place where we are is depressed by reason of the cold of the Winter part of this Air where the Summer or the greater heat is shall be moved towards our place viz. until the whole Air be equally distant from the Center of the earth The same is the reason concerning the Day and the Night for whilst that the Air is depressed and contracted in the Night to us in another place it is more rarefied and so is moved towards the Air of our place until it again make a spherical figure and because that all are equal on every side therefore the name Altitude shall remain in every time But because that the Air is condensed more in one time and place than in another that difference seeing that it is very small can very little vary the Altitude as we have shewed in the precedent Proposition The same is the account of Rains or Mists or Vapours that are in ours or in another place for to these it seemeth that the Altitude of the Air should be less or more But I answer that there is scarce any time in which in some place of the earth it raineth not and that the Mists fall not and therefore when that it raineth in one place the Air becometh not lesser than it was before because that before it rained in another place and so the reason is equal and the quantity of the Air is neither augmented nor diminished Proposition XVII By how much the Air is more cold by so much the more it is condensed and therefore for the most part more condensed in the Winter than in the Summer to wit in some places of the Earth also in the Night than in the Day Now watery thick exhalations in the Winter and the Night cause and augment that condensation especially in the Morning and Evening The Colder the Air the more condensed The truth of the Proposition is manifest from the preceding Propositions neither doth it obstruct for that part of the more not Air is moved to the more cold as to a more depressed place because that not that it self but another adjoyning approachment by reason of continual protrusion and if that that happeneth yet in a cold place that becometh also cold Proposition XVIII There are three Regions vulgarly made in the Air whereof the middle is that in which the Snow Rain and Hail is generated The first is that in which we are extending it self even to the middle Region the third is that which beginneth the uttermost bound of the middle Region and extendeth it self to the utmost superficies of the Air even to the Sublunary fire as the Aristotelians affirm Three Regions in the Air. The middle Region is more cold than the first and third which are reckoned more hot but the third by reason that it containeth more subtile fiery and sulphureous parts of exhalations which fly to it about the place of the watery particles or are thrust down as more light The Aristotelians say that it is hot by reason of its vicinity to the fiery-Sphere But the first because that the Rays of the Sun falling are â—eaâ— there reflexed and so duplicate the heat It happeneth that some particles of subterraneous fire exhaling are in this Region But the middle Region iâ— more cold by reason that the reflected Rays are there vicine to those that fall in on the Earth neither do they contain any fiery sulphureous particles but watery ones for the sulphureous and fiery ones that have carried up the watery ones fly higher Proposition XIX By how much that place of the Earth unto which the Sun is vertical recedeth to the Pole or by how much the place is more near the Poles by so much the less distant the place of the Air is from the Earth in which the Rain Snow Hail begin to be generated The reason is That the Rays of the Sun do fall more obliquely on the places about the Poles than on the places about the Aequator and therefore the Rays refracted are much withdrawn from those falling in and so cause lesser heat and for a lesser space than the Rays under the places of the Sun or under the Torrid Zone and so in a more nearer place the watery vapours may unite to generate watery Meteors Corollary The Superficies terminating the first Region of the Air is of an oval figure or rather Elliptical or Sphere like protuberating in the Torrid Zone Proposition XX. By how much the place of the Earth is nearer the Pole by so much distance the Region of the Air is distant from that Earth that beginneth the third or in which the more subtile and Sulphureous particles are For there are the fewer and more subtle particles in part of the Atmosphere by how much it is nearer the Pole because that the heat of the Sun elicitateth fewer from the Earth Therefore because that there are fewer particles of the third Region under the Frigid Zone than in the temperate and in this fewer than in the Torrid and yet the utmost bound of that third Region is equally distant from the Center of the Earth See Proposition 16. according to the sixteenth Proposition Thence it followeth that the beginning of the Region under the Torrid Zone is far more distant from the Center of the Earth than the beginning of that in the Torrid and Temperate Zone Corollary The Superficies terminating the second Region of the Air or distinguishing it from the third is Spherical and protuberating in the Frigid Zone All these must be shewed to Youth by Diagrams Proposition XXI The Rays of the Sun Moon and Stars do not directly arrive at our eyes from the Aether through the Air but where they enter the Air they are withdrawn or deflected a little from a direct passage which the skilful in the Opticks term to refract the Rays and so those Rays refracted come to our eyes and shew us the Star Of the Rays of the Sun Moon and Stars This part which treateth of the refraction of light is the most subtle part of the Science of the Opticks for Experience testifieth that Rays proceeding from any visible body if from one medium they fall in upon another that is
Definitions Spring Summer Autumn and Winter may be attributed to all places of the Earth Neither is it easie to find out any other Mode of defining them so that they may agree with all places Now these Definitions being laid down let us come to the matter it self Proposition III. The Celestial Summer of the places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Cancer and the Pole Artick beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Cancer viz. the 21 of June and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Libra viz. the 21 of September and that together at once in all those places So that Autumn is in those places the Sun going from the first of Libra unto the first of Capricorn the Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries unto the first of Cancer Further concerning the Seasons of the Year The truth of this Proposition is easily shewed by the antecedent Definitions and may be demonstrated on the Globe and in Universal Maps For the Sun coming to the first degree of Cancer hath the least distance in the Meridies from the Vertexes of every one of the places of the Northern Temperate and Frigid Zone After the same Mode the Sun in the first degree of Libra hath a moderate distance from those Vertexes In the first of Capricorn a greater In the first of Aries a moderate and he ascendeth to a more great which is apparent both from the declination of the Sun and from the Globes and Maps Therefore it is inferred by the Definitions laid down before that the Summer the Winter and the Spring of those places begin and end in those days we have spoken of The Summer of those places of the Earth which lye between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Pole or those of the Southern Zone temperate and frigid beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries viz. the 21 of March. The Autumn of those places beginneth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Aries and ends with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Cancer viz. the 21 of June With this the Winter of those places beginneth which endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Libra viz. 21 of September And with this their Spring beginneth and endeth with the entrance of the Sun into the first of Capricorn viz. 21 of December where the Summer beginneth again These are shewed after the same Mode by the Definitions delivered and by the Globe or Maps by which we shewed the former because in the first degree of Capricorn the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertexes of those places In the first of Aries a moderate and descends to the less In the first of Cancer the greatest In the first of Libra a moderate and ascendeth to a greater But the Celestial Summer Spring Autumn and Winter of the places of the Earth which lie in the Torrid Zone between the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn do not begin on one and the same day of the year but on divers days in every place of diverse Parallels or of a diverse Latitude of this Zone Now the places of the Torrid Zone are threefold viz. the places of the Aequator the Northern places of the Torrid Zone and the Southern places of the Torrid Zone 1. The Places lying in the Aequator have this peculiar to them that they enjoy two Summers two Winters two Spring seasons and two Autumns and that in every Year so that in half a year they have or ought to have those four Seasons according to our Definitions and the Celestial Law They have again the same four Seasons from the 21 of September to the 21 of March Half a year is from the 21 of March to the 21 of September viz. one Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the second of Taurus from the 21 of March to the 22 of April Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Taurus to the first of Cancer from the 22 of April to the 21 of June The motion of â—he Sun in the 12 Signs of the Zodiack Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Cancer to the second of Leo from the 21 of June to the 19 of August The Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the 28th degree of Leo to the first of Libra from the 19 of August to the 21 of September The other Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Libra to the second of Scorpio from the 21 of September to the 22 of October The other Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the second degree of Scorpio to the first of Capricorn from the 22 of October to the 21 of December The other Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the 28th of Aquarius from the 21 of December to the 19 of February The other Spring is whilst the Sun doth move from the 28th degree of Aquarius to the first of Aries from the 19th of February to the 21 of March. All these are easily demonstrated from the Definitions laid down because that the Sun in the first degree of Aries and in the first of Libra hath the less distance in the Meridies from the Vertices of the places lying under the Aequator for it hath none because it is vertical unto them therefore then do the Summers begin Then in the second degree of Taurus and the second of Scorpio where the declination of the Sun is 11 degrees 45 minutes it acquireth a mean distance departing to a greater then therefore the Autumns do begin Moreover when he is in the first degree of Cancer and the first of Capricorn he hath a greater distance from the places of the Aequator therefore then do the Winters begin Finally on the 28th degree of Leo and the 28th of Aquarius he receiveth a moderate distance from the places of the Aequator 10 degrees 45 minutes ascending towards the least and therefore then doth the Spring seasons begin These are understood more perspicuously from the Globe therefore here these Seasons may be distinguished thus according to the Celestial Laws notwithstanding the Terrestrial Seasons are in many places of the Aequator otherwise observed as we shall shew in the following Propositions 2. All the Places of the Earth lying under the Torrid Northern Zone have the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together both at one time viz. the 21 of December but they have not together the beginning and end of the Summer and Spring as also the Autumn but different places have them in several days Other Observations about the beginning of the Seasons For the end of the
place and scituation and therefore very unlike Figures arise thence in the Table thence it cometh to pass that according to the various scituation of the Eye which we attribute to it without the Earth or without that part which it ought to represent there ariseth a various representation of that Superficies on the Table For as there existeth another sort of Frontispiece of the walls of an house when the Eye may behold it from a scituation directly opposite another from an oblique scituation another from an upper place another from a long place and so changing according to the various scituation of the Eye which Tutors may explain by Diagrams so there ariseth a different position of the parts of the Earth to be represented on the Table if that the Eye be so constituted or conceived in the Air in such a scituation that it may hang over the Aequator of the Earth and otherwise if that it be supposed to exist in the pretended Axis of the Earth or in the Semi-Axis of the Hemisphere and otherwise if it be conceived to be eminent over any other place of the Earth Thence it cometh to pass that both the Aequator and the Parallels as well as the Meridians obtain various representations because the Rays drawn from them existing in the Earth to the Eye perforate the Tables in divers points endued with a various scituation which the Readers may easily understand The Direction of a Tutor very profitable if that they have the living information and direction of a Tutor The other which I esteem fit for the Readers consideration in this Method for his better understanding is concerning the cause of the variety in the Magnitude of Tables and representations for we can shew the same Superficies of the Earth as also of all the Bodies of the World as Temples Houses and the like on a great or small Table The Cause is twofold first by how much the Eye is placed more remote from the Earth or any Object by so much the representation receiveth the lesser Magnitude ziz the scituation of the Table or Glass so remaining 2. How much the Table or Glass in which the representation should be made by the perforation of the Rays is nearer moved to the Eye by so much the representation or projecture receiveth the lesser form by how much the nearer to the Object so much the greater But if the Eye may be removed in any kind from the Object the Table remaining so that it be removed in the same Line with the Center of the Earth or so that it remain in one Perpendicular Line to the Superficies of the Earth therefore the Figure of the projecture is not changed but only the Magnitude the similitude remaineth So also if that the Table be any ways moved to the Eye or removed towards the Object all the projectures do become of a divers Magnitude yet they remain mutually alike and represent all the places in a like scituation so that the Table shall observe the Parallel scituated from the Eye in his access and recess But if the Table receiveth another position and also if the Eye be not only removed but also recedeth from that Perpendicular Line then the like projectures shall not arise and the places shall not have the like scituation on the Earth but besides a various Magnitude there shall also be a notable dissimilitude in the scituation of the places one to the other But in the projectures of all Bodies as also in the projecture of the Superficies of the Earth it is so wont to happen that we attribute such a scituation to the Table or Glass that it may touch the Body or Superficies in that Point to which the Line drawn is Perpendicular to the Superficies of the Body or which is drawn from the Eye to the Center of the Earth now to obtain the lesser or greater projecture we remove the Point of the Eye more or less from the Earth But then we conceive the Earth to be very small This in general being explained concerning the projecture of the Earth and the Original of Geographical Maps we shall shew the Method of doing it where first we shall shew whether these Tables should be made according to the Rules of Perspective and whether all may be made according to them for the end of these Tables or Maps is to the life and exactly as may be to express the scituation of the places in the Superficies of the Earth Therefore it is demanded and that not unadvisedly whether this may be done by another Method which observeth not the Rules of Perspective for whether it be done according to the Rules of Perspective or contrary to them so that it exactly representeth the scituation of the places the Table shall be accounted to be well done To that I answer that although certain Tables of some small Province may be made and are also made by another Method to wit by Angles of position or also by distances as we shall shew in the last place yet in a great part of the Superficies of the Earth it cannot be performed by a more commodious Method than by the Rules of Perspective although the true scituation of the places may not be represented in the Tables made according to these Rules Things to be known about the making of these Maps For we must know that in making of these Maps we must attend to a threefold end 1. That all the places must have such a scituation and distance to the chief Circles of the Earth as the Aequator the Parallels the Meridians as they have in the Earth it self so that from those Tables the Parallels of every place the distance from the Aequator from the Pole the Zone the Climate c. may be beheld because that from thence many properties of the Regions and Celestial appearances do depend 2. That the Magnitudes of every Region may have that proportion that they have in the Earth it self 3. That every place may have the same scituation to the other mutually which they have in the Earth it self Of these three requisites all Maps or Tables ought exactly to perform the first and for the most part exactly do because they are made from the Table of Latitude and Longitude of places neither do the Rules of Perspective hinder the same But for the second they cannot accurately perform the same if that the Rules of Perspective be observed because the crooked paths of the Superficies being more remote from the Eye makes the representation lesser in the Glass than those parts subjected to the Eye but yet that inequality is small and becometh insensible if that the Eye be conceived to be remote an infinite interval from the Earth But the third requisite can be performed by no larger Tables such are those of the whole Earth also those of the 4 quar of the Earth and the greater Provinces although they may accomplish it in the lesser Regions and the vulgar suppose
Authors for the confirmation thereof do use they propose so obscurely and confusedly that they cannot compel or convince an obstinate and pertinacious Defender of the contrary Opinion We therefore as much as may be will most clearly set forth those very Opinions and examine them that the Readers may have a distinct knowledge thereof Reasons to prove the Earth round First I reject the slighter Reasons or Arguments which are probable or rather Sophistical First the Spherick figure is most capacious therefore the Earth ought to have such a kind of figure Secondly all the parts of the Earth tend to the same Center therefore all those parts make a round figure Thirdly when as in the Creation the Water as yet was confusedly mixed with the Earth without doubt the Earth was moist and soft but the figure or shape of Liquid things is round or spherical therefore such also the figure of the Earth remained after the separation of the moist from the dry These and the like Arguments being slighted let us view and consider the stronger and most solid There is but one Argument of one and the first kind which is taken à priori but the other two kinds are taken à posteriori to wit some Arguments are taken from the Celestial appearances some again from them which we either observe in the Earth or in Heaven As for the first Argument concluding à priori it is taken from the nature of Water and this demonstration is wont to be taken either from Aristotle or Archimedes Aristotle in his second Book de Coelo chap. 5. hath proposed his Demonstration in these very words The superficies of the Water round It shall manifestly appear that the superficies or surface of the Water is round if we shall take the Supposition That Water of its own nature makes its confluence always to a hollow place and that that place is more concavous which is nearer the Center Therefore from the Center A let the strait lines A B and A G be drawn and from B unto G let the line B G be drawn See Scheme unto which from A let a perpendicular line A D be drawn into E. It is manifest therefore that the line A D is less than the lines A B and A G by the 18th of the first Book of Euclid's Elements Geometrical therefore this place D is more concavous wherefore the Water shall flow from B and G until the lines A B A D A G may be equal But A E is equal to A B A G therefore it must needs be that the very water should be in these lines which are drawn in the Center this part of the Demonstration is clearly known but A E c. makes nothing for the Demonstration But that line which toucheth them which are drawn from the Center is the circumference therefere the superficies of the Water which truly is B E G is round Things to be noted This is Aristotles Demonstration in which besides the confused and evil composure thereof these things I observe First that it supposeth some Center of the whole Vniverse Secondly that it taketh the place more or less bending down in regard of that Center For he which shall deny the shape or figure of the Earth to be spherical would call these things into question Yet the first may be sufficiently concerning the Center of the Universe proved or corrected For we must say that either the Stars are wheeled round about by a Diurnal motion or that the Earth is turned round about its own Center for this the apparent motion of the Stars forceth and causeth If the Stars then that point about which they are turned shall be the Center of the Vniverse if the Earth then the middle point of the Earth or that about which it is turned shall be taken in the Demonstration for the Central point of Aristotle But the chiefest difficulty lies in the second Supposition to wit that the lesser or greater declivity or bending downward ought to be considered in respect of that Center For he which would defend the superficies of the Water to be plain and of another figure he would deny this Supposition and would say that the declivity must be considered according to our senses to wit in respect of our Horizontal plain according to which the Earth with infinite spaces is extended into profundity or else he would define the declivity in another manner And thus this demonstration concludeth nothing at all unless it be granted that the declivity of the places of the Earth must be taken in respect of that Center about which the daily apparent motion of the Celestial Bodies is performed which thing although it may be true and all other definitions of declivity according to which the Water may be moved may also be confuted yet notwithstanding it can scarce be admitted for a principle seeing that it in a manner supposes the figure of the Earth to be Spherical Archimedes his demonstrations by some preferred before those of Aristotles Others therefore prefer Archimedes his Demonstration before this of Aristotle which is found in his first Book concerning those things that are carried in the Water This indeed is more Artificial than that of Aristotle yet it is opprest with the same difficulties forasmuch as it supposeth the Spherical figure of the Earth and its Center in respect of which it taketh the depression of the Water We will bring hither some Arguments framed from those that are taken from Celestial appearances First let us conceive the Meridian line of our place or of any point of B in the Earth See Scheme or a Section of the Earth made in plane which through the Poles of the World M N passeth through A B C D this line is usually called the Latitude of the Earth and the line which is drawn perpendicular to this is named the Longitude of the Earth or another plain Parallel to the Celestial Equator making in the Earth the line E B F C. I say as well the line A B C D as the line E B F C in the Earth to be circular But it is a Geometrical Thorem If any Superficies according to one dimension be cut through any point and the section be made in the periphery or circumference of the Circle then according to the other dimension through the same point the section be made in plain which is perpendicular to the former plain and the section again be made in the periphery of the Circle that superficies is spherical Therefore because we have taken the point B in the superficies of the Earth according to our own pleasure and have shewed the Section A B C D and E B F C to be the peripheries of the Circles The Earth a Spherical body therefore by the aforesaid Theorem we conclude that the superficies of the Earth is spherical and that the Earth is a spherical Body The Section of the Earth according to the dimension
departed from the Meridian for that is equal to the Latitude of the place Proposition X. The Places of the Earth scituated under the Aequator have no Latitude or elevation of the Pole but both the Poles lye in their Horizon The places under the Aequator have no Latitude The places under the Pole have the Latitude of 90 degrees viz. the Pole in the Vertex and the Aequator in the Horizon The places between the Poles and the Aequator have a less Latitude than Ninety Degrees The truth of this Proposition is evident therefore it needs no Explication Proposition XI If we are either on the Sea or Land and know not the place where we are let the Latitude be found to exhibit that Parallel in the Globe that we may be certain that we are in one point of it This is done after the same manner that we have shewed in the sixth Proposition viz. a Parallel must be described at the given or observed Latitude and this is the Parallel demanded The same is also easie in Maps CHAP. XXIV Of the division of the Earth into Zones and the Celestial Appearances in the divers Zones Proposition I. From the proper or Annual motion of the Sun there ariseth a certain division of the Superficies of the Earth into five parts or Zones THe division of the Earth into 5 Zones See Scheme SEEing that the Sun doth not always continue in the Aequator but declining from it describeth by his Motion a path which cutteth the Aequator so that his greatest declination is in 23½ degrees as well towards the North from the Aequator as towards the South in which declination he describeth the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn thence it is that he is not perpetually vertical to the Places lying under the Aequator neither doth he always keep one distance from other places for sometimes he is more nigh and sometimes more remote from a certain place and variously changeth heat cold rain and other conditions of the Seasons These which we have now spoken of may be shewed as well on the Globe as in Maps A Zone is termed a part of the Earth included within the Tropick and the Polary Circle A Zone what And because there are two Tropicks and two Polary Circles thence it cometh to pass that there are five Zones viz. 1. Torrid 2. Temperate and 2. Frigid Torrid zone The Torrid Zone is that part of the Earth which lieth between the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn Temperate Zones The Temperate Zones which lye between one of the Tropicks and the adjacent Polary Circle the Northernly Temperate Zone is that which lieth between the Tropick of Cancer and the Artick Circle the Southernly temperate Zone is that which lieth between the Tropick of Capricorn and the Antartick Circle Frigid Zones The Frigid or Cold Zones are those parts of the Earth which lye about the Poles even to the Polary Circles and they are as well Northernly as Southernly cold Circles Proposition II. The Places according to their Latitudes in what Zones they are in Those places of the Earth whose Latitude is less than 23 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Torrid Zone Those whose Latitude is 23 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Tropicks viz. in the extremity of the Torrid Zone Those whose Latitude is greater than 23 degrees and 30 minutes and less than 66 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Temperate Zone Those whose Latitude is 66 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Polary Circles viz. in the term of the Temperate Zone Those whose Latitude is greater than 66 degrees and 30 minutes they lie in the Frigid Zones These are manifest from the definitions of the Tropical and Polary Circles which we have treated of in the 23th Chapter Proposition III. The Aequator of the Earth passeth through these Places Places which the Aequator passeth through Through the Island of St. Thomas in the great Bay of Africa which is called the Aethiopian Ocean Through Aethiopia Through the Indian Ocean Through the middle of Sumatra Through the Chersonesus of Malacca and other Islands in the Indian Ocean Through the Moluccas themselves and the Pacifick Ocean Through the entrance of the Province of Peruana By the Lake Parima Through the Atlantick Ocean even to the Island of St. Thomas The Aequator divideth the Torrid Zone into two equal parts so that they may deservedly be termed two Torrid Zones one Northern and the other Southern These Places lie in the Torrid Zone Places which lie in the Torrid Zone The greatest part of Africa the Indian Ocean Abyssine part of Arabia Cambaja India The Isles of the Indian Sea Java Ceilan Peruvia Mexico great part of the Atlantick Ocean the Island of St. Helena Brazil New Guinee Places which the Tropick of Cancer passeth through The Tropick of Cancer passeth through these places viz. through the Confines of Lybia and other places in the Inland Africa through Syena in Aethiopia Thence passing the Red Sea beyond the Mountain Sinai and Mecca the Birth-place of Mahomet it passeth through Arabia Felix hence it entreth the Indian Ocean and toucheth the borders of Persia and passeth over Cambaja India and the Borders of China until it come into the Pacifick Sea which being passed over it falleth in with California into the Kingdom of Mexico and again entring into the Atlantick Ocean passing the Gulph of Mexico it sweepeth the Coast of the Isle of Cuba and thence returneth to the Occidental shoar of Africa Places which the Tropick of Capricorn passeth through The Tropick of Capricorn passeth through very few places of the Earth its greatest part lying in the Sea The places through which it passeth are through the Tongue of Africa through Monomotapa Madagascar the Indian Ocean New Guinee the Pacifick Ocean Peru Brazil and through the Atlantick Ocean Places scituate in the Northern and Southern temperate Zones Many places in the Earth lie in the Northern temperate Zone and those almost all known and inhabited viz. all Europe all Asia except part of India Malacca and the Isles of the Indian Ocean great part of America Septentrionalis and part of the Atlantick and Pacifick Ocean In the Southern temperate Zone few places lie and those not fully known with a large portion of the Sea viz. part of the Prominent part of Africa Monomotapa a great part of Terra Magellanica part of Brazil Chili the Streights of Magellan and a great part of the Atlantick Indian and Pacifick Ocean Places which the Artick and Antartick Polary Circles pass through The Artick Polary Circle passeth almost through the middle of Izland through the Upper Norway the North Sea Lapland the Bay of Russia Samojeda Tartaria America Septentrionalis and Groenland The Antartick Polary Circle passeth through Terra Magellanica of which we have little or no knowledge at this day Places which lie in the cold Northern and Southern
of both the Planispheres are those demanded The places of the second demand shall be found in the same degrees in the Parallel distant from the other Pole In the Tables of the Declination let the Latitude be found for the place demanded Proposition XI To compute the Latitude and Magnitude of all the Zones in Miles or some other famous Measures The computation of the Latitude and Magnitude of the Zones in Miles c. The Latitude of the Torrid Zone is 47 degrees viz. 23 ½ from both parts of the Aequator the Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Temperate is 43 degrees The Latitude of both the Frigid 47 degrees These Degrees if changed into Miles one degree being estimated at 15 German miles the Latitude of the Torrid Zone will be 705 miles one of the Temperate 645 and one of the Frigid 705. The place requireth that we should now treat of the Seasons in the divers Zones and places but because some of them do appertain unto the following Chapter I have omitted them here CHAP. XXV Of the Longitude of the Days in divers Places of the Earth And of the division of the Earth into Climates which proceed from them Proposition I. In two Days of the year are the Aequinoxes or the Night equal to the Day in all places of the Earth The Days and Nights in all places are equal in two days of the year THe Days are those in which the Sun entreth the Aequator whether he describes the same by Motion or Diurnal circumvolution which is when that he entreth the first degree of Aries and the first degree of Libra viz. on the 21th of March and the 21th of September according to the Gregorian Kalendar Now we shall shew that on these days the Night is equal to the Day consisting of twelve hours in all places of the Earth Now this Day noteth the stay of the Sun above the Horizon and the Night the stay beneath the Horizon Take any place in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of that place so that the Wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of that place Then let the first degree of Aries or Libra be placed in the Oriental Horizon the Index at the twelfth hour of the Horary Circle then turn the Globe until the first degree of Aries come to the Occidental Horizon you shall see that the Index in the Horary Circle hath passed twelve hours The same method may be used to manifest the Night consisting of twelve hours In Places scituated in the Poles of the Earth which are only two the Sun neither riseth nor setteth in these two days of the year but his Center shall be wheeled round in the Horizon which is the same with the Aequator so that they shall have at one time both Day and Night Seeing therefore that in other places the term of the Days and Nights is a moment there on the contrary the intire revolution or Natural day is the term or medium of the perpetual appearancy or disappearancy of the Sun And in these two days of the Aequinoctials the 21th of March and 21th of September the half Sun shall be above the Horizon in those two places and half beneath it And on the 21th of March in the Pole Artick it shall make the beginning of a long day of six Months and on the 21th of September shall be the beginning of a long night of six Months as we shall shew anon therefore it is no absurdity that some places for twenty four hours should neither have night or day Here I shall mention many things peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth viz. Several things here noted peculiar to the Poles above other places of the Earth 1. The Sun in a whole year only once riseth and once setteth that is to say it riseth in one Aequinox and setteth in the other 2. They have no Meridies or Midnight at a certain time but at all hours they have a perpetual Meridies for six Months or perpetual Night for six Months 3. No Fixed Stars arise nor set but some remain perpetually above the Horizon and some always beneath it 4. The Stars keep the same Altitude above the Horizon and distance from the Vertex as the Sun also doth in his whole Diurnal circumvolution 5. No Winds there can be called Northern for they are all Southern in the Artick Polé and contrariwise in the Antartick Pole all Northern and none Southern Western or Eastern 6. If the Stars and Sun do not move but the Earth according to Copernicus his Hypothesis then if the Eye were a point that it could be seated in the Pole all the Stars Sun and Moon would appear immovable in the same Plaga All these are easily shewed by the Globe Proposition II. In places scituated in the Aequator the days and nights are always equal In the places of the Poles there is only one day and one night in the whole year Now the day is longer than the night in the North Pole but in the South the day is shorter than the night The days and nights alwaies equal in places seated in the Aequator Take any place you please in the Globe you must shew that in every day in the year the night is equal to the day that is that the Sun for so long time remaineth beneath the Horizon as he doth above it Take the day of the year as you please and let the place of the Sun be enquired after to it which is noted in the Ecliptick then let the place taken be placed in the Vertex that the Poles may hang over the Horizon for so the Wooden Horizon shall be the Horizon of the places of the Aequator Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian and the Parallel described which the Sun perfecteth that day Then let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of this Parallel above the Horizon will be equal to the Arch which is beneath the Horizon And because the Motion of the Sun Diurnal is equal as that of all the Stars therefore in an equal time it will pass through the equal Arches of the Parallels So that the first part of the Proposition concerning every day is shewed Now for the shewing of the other part of the places of the Poles either of the Poles must be placed in the Vertex of the Wooden Horizon so shall this be the Horizon of the Pole And the Globe being turned round we shall see that one half of the Ecliptick remaineth above the Horizon and the other beneath it Therefore whilst the Sun is in this he setteth not whilst in that he riseth not And he is more daies in the Northern Semicircle of the Ecliptick than in the Southern by nine daies Therefore his perpetual stay above the Horizon shall be longer than beneath it
those under the seventh which is subject to the Moon passeth through Germany the Low Countries and England which said Planets have their Operations or Influences on the Inhabitants dwelling under each of the said Climes So that although the glorious and eternal Luminaries of Heaven have an efficacious operation yet notwithstanding the Disposition of the Earth hath a far greater prevalency seeing that through the various scituation of Hills and Vallies we experimentally find more great and different effects of the Celestial Rays which are also contemporated by the Rivers and Lakes This can be denied by no man that Nature is admirable in her Works sometimes as it were on set purpose deluding the curiosity of Humane wisdom by receding from the ordinary Laws of Causes Who can render a sufficient reason of that which is testified by Mariners concerning the Region of Maliapur in which is seated Calicut an exceeding high Mountains topping the Clouds dividing this Province throughout and ending in a Promontory which is now called Comorium which although it hath the same Altitude of the Pole yet when the Winter rageth and the Waters swell on the one side on the other side the Fields and Towns are schorched with excessive heat and the Sea calm Wherefore this diversity which is discovered in the Climates the scituation of Provinces Contemporation of the Air and Elements do variously discriminate the Constitutions of Men and those Constitutions their Natures for the manners of the Mind follow the temperament and disposition of the Body The Septentrional or Northern People being remote from the Sun and by consequence inhabiting in cold Countries are Sanguine Robust full of Valour and Animosity hence they have alwaies been Victorious and predominant over the Meridional or Southern Nations as the ASSYRIANS over the CHALDEANS the MEDES over the ASSYRIANS the PARTHIANS over the GRECIANS the TVRKS over the ARABIANS the GOTHS over the GERMANS the ROMANS over the AFRICANS and the ENGLISH over the FRENCH They love Freedom and Liberty as those also do which are Mountaineers as the Helvetians Grissons and Cantabrians The Nations proximate to the Sun have their Blood wholly exsiccated by immoderate Heat hence the Inhabitants of those Places are melancholy and profound in the penetrating of the secrets of Nature For all the Northern Nations receive the Mysteries of the Sciences from the AEGYPTIANS and ARABIANS The Provinces which are immediately between both Torrid Zones enjoy a a Benign Heaven so that they Florish in Religion Justice and Prudence The Mutations of Governments the Transmigration and Emission of Colonies Converse Matrimony War and Peace also the Motions of the Celestial Spheres which drive from the Poles and the Zodiack of the Primum Mobile the Heavenly Images on these Inferiour Bodies do change and alter the Habits Manners and also Nature it self If we have recourse unto History we shall find the GERMANS noted of old for lofty Minds and the ITALIANS on the contrary too abject and low which difference now cannot be discerned Nations have Swayed and been Predominate by turns and as long as the Monarchy hath had duration amongst them Vertue hath flourished Arts and Arms have gone hand in hand which afterwards with the Ruine of the Empire hath been smother'd in its Ashes and received Vivification in another place yet notwithstanding these Obstacles every Nation hath certain Propensions and fixed Affections appropriate to every one which will adhere to Forrainers if that they long remain amongst them The Intelligent Reader who desireth a Knowledge in these and other Particulars with a throughout Prospect of the Vtility of COSMOGRAPHY and GEOGRAPHY may consult the Work it self RICHARD BLOME The Contents of the SECTIONS and CHAPTERS GENERAL GEOGRAPHY which may be divided into III. Parts 1. The Absolute Part divided into Five Sections The first Section of things to be foreknown Chap. 1. Of the Precognita's Pag. 1 Ch. 2. Things necessary to Geometry and Trigonometry p. 6 The Second Section explaineth the Affections of the whole Earth Chap. 3. Of the Figure of the Earth p. 11 Chap. 4. Of the Dimension and Magnitude of the same 15 Chap. 5. Of the Motion of the same p. 23 Chap. 6. Of its Place in the System of the World p. 27 Chap. 7. Of its Substance and Constitution p. 30 The Third Section in which the Constitution and Parts of the Earth are explained Chap. 8. Of the division of the Earth by Waters p. 35 Chap. 9. Of Mountains in general p. 40 Chap. 10. Of the difference of Mountains p. 46 Chap. 11. Of Woods Deserts and Mines p. 54 The Fourth Section of Hydrography in which the Waters and their Properties are explained Chap. 12. Of the division of the Ocean throughout the Earth p. 57 Chap. 13. Of the Ocean and its Parts p. 65 Chap. 14. Of the Motions of the Sea especially of the flux and reflux p. 83 Chap. 15. Of Lakes Pools and Marishes p. 102 Chap. 16. Of Rivers p. 108 Chap. 17. Of Mineral Waters Baths Spaws c. p. 130 Chap. 18. Of the mutation of Dry places into Watery and the contrary p. 142 The fifth Section of the Atmosphere and Wind Chap. 19. Of the Atmosphere and Air p. 154 Chap. 20. Of the Winds in general p. 179 Chap. 21. Of the differences of Winds and of them in particular p. 187 2. The Respective Part â—xplaining the Celestial Affections Chap. 22. Of the Celestial Affections in general p. 2â—3 Ch. 23. Of the Latitude of a Place and the Elevation of the Pole p. 207 Chap. 24. Of the division of the Earth into Zones p. 213 Chap. 25. Of the Longitude of the Days and division of the Earth into Climates p. 220 Chap. 26. Of the Light Heat Cold Rains with other Properties of the Zones according to the Season of the Year p. 231 Chap. 27. Of Shadows and the division of the Inhabitants in respect of the Shadow p. 259 Chap. 28. Of the Comparation of the Celestial Affections in divers places where is treated concerning the Antoeci Perioeci and Antipodes p. 269 Chap. 29. Of the diversity of Time in divers Places p. 275 Chap. 30. Of the divers Rising of the Sun and Moon and of the other Appearances p. 280 3. The Comparative Part considering the Affections which do arise from the comparing of one place to another Chap. 31. Of the Longitude of Places p. 291 Chap. 32. Of the Scituation of Places one to another p. 309 Chap. 33. Of the mutual distances of Places p. 335 Chap. 34. Of the visible Horizon p. 342 Chap. 35. Of the Art of Navigation in general and of the Building of Ships p. 344 Chap. 36. Of the Lading or Ballacing of Ships p. 345 Chap. 37. Of the Directory of the Nautick Art in the first part the knowâ—edge of the Distance p. 347 Chap. 38. Thâ—â—â—â—ond part the knowledge of the Quarters p. 348 Chap. 39. The third part of Histiodromia or the Course of a Ship p. 353 Chap. 40. The fourth part of the
These are the three sorts of Properties to be declared in Special Geography although those Terrestrial properties which make up the third rank are not so rightly referr'd to Geography But we must yield somewhat to Custom and the Profit of Learners We will besides these joyn many Chapters to Particular Geography concerning the practice of Geography But in General Geography which we will unfold in this Book first the absolute properties of the Earth and its constitution are considered Lastly in the Comparative part those things shall be proposed which are offered unto us in the comparing one place with another The Principles of Geography The Principles which Geography useth for the confirming the truth of her Propositions are threefold 1. Geometrical Arithmetical and Trigonometrical Propositions 2. Astronomical Precepts and Theorems although it may seem like a miracle for the knowledge of the Earth in which we dwell to use the Celestial Bodies which are so many thousand miles remote from us 3. Experience for indeed the greatest part of Geography especially that which is Particular is upheld by the only Experience and Observation of men who have described every Country The Order of Geography Concerning the Order which I esteem sitting to observe in this Art of Geography it hath been already spoken in the Division and Explication of the properties thereof yet here meets us a certain difficulty concerning the Order to be observed in the explication of these Properties Forsooth whether to all Countries their own Properties are to be attributed or whether the Countries themselves are to be ascribed to the Properties generally explicated Aristotle in the first Book of the History of Living Creatures as also in his first Book of the Parts of Living Creatures moveth the like doubt and disputes it at large whether according to the single â—orts of Living Creatures their Properties are singly to be reckoned up or else whether these Properties are generally to be declared and the Living Creatures in which the may be found are then to be subjoyned The like difficulty occurs also in other parts of Philosophy We in General Geography have generally unfolded some Properties which in Special Geography we will apply to the application of single Countries The Method of Geography As touching the method and manner of proving the truth of Geographical Tenents very many are proved in general Geography by Demonstrations properly so called especially Celestial Properties but in special Geography the Celestial Properties only excepted which may be demonstrated are in a manner declared without demonstration because experience and observation doth confirm them neither can they be proved by any other means Also very many Propositions are proved or rather demonstrated by the Terrestrial Artificial Globe and also by Geographical Maps and some of these Propositions which are thus explained upon the Globe c. may be confirmed by lawful demonstrations Again some Propositions can in no wise be so proved but are therefore received because we suppose that all places in the Globe and Maps are so disposed even as they lie on the Earth Yet in these things we will rather follow the Descriptions made by Authors of Geography The Globe and Maps serve for the clearing and more easie comprehension thereof The Original of Geography The Original of Geography is not New nor brought into the World at one birth neither came she to us from one Man but her Principles and Foundations were laid long ago yea many Ages since although ancient Geographers were employed only in describing Countries which is the part of Chorography and Topography The Romans were accustomed when any Country by them was subdued to shew in their Triumph the Chorography thereof lively pencilled and drawn on a Table and flourished with Pictures to the Beholders There were besides at Rome in Lucullus his Porch many Tables of Geography exposed to the view of all men The Senate of Rome about an hundred years before Christs Birth sent Surveyors and Geographers into divers parts of the World that they might measure out the Earth but they came far short thereof Neco King of the Egyptians many Ages before the Birth of Christ commanded that the whole outer-side of Africa should be discovered by the Phoenicians in three years space King Darius commanded that the Mouths of the River Indus and the Ethiopian Eastern-Sea should be searched out Alexander the Great in his Voyage to Asia took with him Diognetus and Beton as Pliny noteth two Surveyors and Describers of his Journies out of whose Annotations and Journals Geographers of succeeding Ages took many things Ancient Geography very imperfect But the Geography of the Ancients was very lame and imperfect for first they knew not America in the least 2. The Northern-Lands 3. The South-land and Magellan were utterly unknown to them 4. They knew not whether the Earth might be sailed about or the Main Ocean with a continual trace did encompass it but yet I deny not but that some of the Ancients were of that opinion yet I utterly deny they knew it certainly 5. They knew not whether the Torrid Zone were habitable 6. They were ignorant of the true dimensions of the Earth although they wrote many things in this business The Excellency of Geography First the study of Geography is commended to us by the great worthiness thereof because it most of all becometh Man being an Inhabitant of the Earth and endued with Reason above all Living Creatures Secondly It is also a pleasant thing and indeed an honest recreation to contemplate the Kingdoms and Properties of the Earth Thirdly The commodity and necessity of it is notable insomuch as neither Divines Physitians Lawyers Historians nor other Professors can want the knowledge thereof But the Excellency of Geography hath been sufficiently handled I place hereunder a Table which openeth the order in Special Geography to the observing the Explication of single Countries Special Geography considereth in every Region Ten Terrestrial 1. Limits and circumscription 2. Longitude of place and scituation 3. Figure 4. Magnitude 5. Mountains The Appellation Scituation and Altitude Their properties and things contained in them 6. Mines 7. Woods and Deserts 8. Waters The Sea Lakes Marshes Rivers Their Springs Inlets Tracts and Latitude The quantity of Water the celerity the quantity the Cataracts 9. Fertility Sterility and Fruits 10. The Animals Eight Celestial 1. The distance of place from the Aequator and Pole 2. The obliquity of Motion above the Horizon 3. The Quantity of Dayes 4. The Clime and Zone 5. The Heat the Seasons of the Year the Winds Rain and other Meteors 6. The rising and stay of the Stars above the Horizon 7. The Stars passing through the Vertex of the place 8. The celerity or quantity of their Motion according to the Hypothesis of Copernicus Ten Human Things 1. The Stature Life Meat and Drink and the Original of the Inhabitants 2. The Income Arts Merchandize or Traffick 3. Vertues and Vices the Genius and Erudition 4.
of the latitude from one Pole to another is circular Furthermore that the Section of the Earth according to the dimension of the Latitude from one Pole to another A B C D is circular is proved by many Celestial appearances First if this line A B C D any place whatsoever being taken in B some man go forward towards either Pole M or towards the Star near it he observeth by his progresses made equally that he approacheth equally to the Pole But this could not be done unless the line of his Journey B A C D were circular and it is commodiously shewed by the Artificial Terrestrial Globe Secondly because A B C D is the Meridian line into which when the Sun cometh it is midday to us and to all People dwelling in this line A B C experience witnesseth that the Sun in the line A B C doth perpendicularly hang over any place to wit in the Torrid zone for example P and if we take equal spaces equal to B Q Q P we shall perceive that the distance of the Sun from the vertex or top of Q is equal to the excess of the distance of the Sun from the vertex of B above the distance from the vertical point of Q which could by no means be accomplished unless the line B P Q were circular Thirdly the same is the reason of all the Stars which when they come into the Meridian A B C their distances from the vertexes P Q B have the same reason as the distances PQ P B Q P. So when our Mariners sail towards the South the Stars which before were not conspicuous become higher and more manifest to the eye according to the proportion of their sayling Fourthly so if many Stars be taken and the places of the Earth through whose Zenith they pass in one Meridian you shall perceive that the distances of these places have the same proportion among themselves as the distances of the points of the Meridian in which those Stars keep their Noon or full Soâ—th point Now forasmuch as belongeth to the Longitude of the Earth for example E B F C that is also circular and that the Earth hath a spherical tumor or swelling according to this dimension Of the rising and setting of the Stars is proved by that because the Sun and Stars do sooner by a great deal rise to those People which live from us towards the East than to us and do also sooner set to them than to us But to them that dwell from us Westwards contrariwise they rise and set later than to us and indeed according to that proportion of time which the distances of the Meridians of those places have from our Meridian So if two places be taken from ours to wit the distance of one Meridian towards the East 225 miles the distance of the other 450 then we shall find that in this place the Sun riseth two hours sooner than with us but in the other place it riseth but one hour sooner than in ours The Argument becomes more clear if this Theorem be proposed of the Suns coming to the Meridians of divers places Of the rising of the Sun For indeed look what is the account of the distance of places from ours and the same will be observed the account of times which come in between the arrivings to those Meridians and ours or between the Arches of the Equator intercepted between their Meridians and ours which is made evident by the Eclipses for these things are shewed by the Artificial Globe if we ascribe a Spherick form to the Earth but other shapes thereto applied are very absurd So now the Spherical form hath as well been demonstrated as touching the latitude as the longitude of the Earth Other Reasons to prove the Earth Spherical Yea but the Spherical form thereof may also be proved by the only Latitude of the Earth for indeed all divisions of the Earth which are made according to the latitude thereof in divers places are the Peripheries of the places but they pass through the same point of Heaven to wit the Pole of Conversion near adjacent to the Polar Star From these two Reasons we may solidly infer and prove that the figure of the Earth is spherical For it is a Geometrical Theorem which therefore ought to be demonstrated by Geometricians thus if any solid body be cut in many planes it matters not how passing through some one point and all the sections or divisions be performed in the superficies of the periphery of the Circle that body is spherical Other reasons Here cometh another Reason taken from the shadow which the Earth on her averse part to the Sun disperseth to the Moon whereby she suffereth an Eclipse forasmuch as this shadow is conical or like a spire of a Steeple as is declared by the obscuration of the Moon But if we deal rigidly the Arguments taken from the spherical roundness of the Earth from the viewing and consideration of the Earth are these following First Again from the sayling round the Earth because our men of Europe hoisting Sail eight times from Europe with a direct Journey to the West and South even unto the streights of Magellan afterwards to the West and North they returned again from the East into Europe and all those appearances hapned to them which arise from the property of the Globe which surely had not been done if the Earth had not been round And certainly upon the supposition of that figure of the Earth all those Circumnavigations were grounded which therefore had not taken such happy success if the form had been otherwise Secondly Furthermore when either by Sea or Land we take our departure from high Towers and Mountains then the lower parts thereof are absconded from us and by degrees more and more till at last the very tops thereof are quite taken from our sight In the same manner when as for a long distance we come to a Tower or Mountain first the top presenteth it self to our view then the inferiour parts till at last through our nearer distance the foot thereof is seen And this increase of Apparition and Occultation is altogether made according to such a proportion as the spherical tumor or swelling of the Earth is able to make neither can it be explicated by any other figure The Diagram will make the Proposition more clear Thirdly because that the measuring the height of Mountains or great Hills which is grounded upon the hypothesis of the globous form of the Earth is found by experience to agree with a real truth of the thing it self Further Reasons to prove the rotundity of the Earth Furthermore that we may draw together the whole number of these Arguments taken à posteriori into one sum although they might be handled Geometrically but that business would be of great labour and difficulty for it must be demonstrated that this or that different property being put that the line is circular
commanded the great construction of Ptolomy to be turned out of Greek into the Arabian Language which is called by the Arabians the Almagest of Ptolomy This Maimon I say having assembled together certain skilful Mathematicians commanded them that they should search after the Perimeter of the Earth To perform which task they chose the Fields of Mesopotamia and they under the same Meridian proceeding from the North to South until the Elevation of the Pole had decreased one degree found after an even level that the space or Journey was fifty six or fifty six and a half from whence it is found that the Perimeter according to them â—is twenty thousand and sixty or twenty thousand three hundred and forty Miles From that time even to our Age no man hath assayed this but many Arabians have used this dimension of their own Mathematicians The dimension of the Earth by the Latins But the Latines when they began to handle Astronomy used that of 18000 Stadiums which Ptolomy had used which makes 324000 Italian miles or 5400 German miles for 15 German or 60 Italian miles are allotted to one degree when as there ought to have been assigned thereto 15 and â— 8 because about 38 Stadiums are given to one German mile and so the Perimeter should be 5625 German miles But about thirty years ago Snellius a famous Mathematician It s dimension according to Snellius Professor of Leyden observed that usual Perimeter of the Earth or the magnitude of one degree defined in 15 miles to depend on no ceâ—tain demonstration but to be uncertain therefore with very great industry he set upon this dimension and happily finished it demonstrating the magnitude of one degree in the Earth to be 28500 Perches or Poles every one of which contain 12 Rhindlandish feet or 19 Dutch miles and the whole Perimeter to be 8640 miles But he defines a mile with 1500 Poles or 18000 Rhindlandish feet We will now speak concerning the manner of measuring the Earth But indeed this Invention depends on the Figure of the Earth which in the foregoing Chapter we have proved to be Spherical For indeed we conceive the Earth to be cut by a Plain passing through the Center This Section or Division maketh the greatest Circle of the Earth For a Sphere being cut in any manner the Section is made a Circle but if it be cut through the Center it shall be the greatest Circle and therefore the Periphery of this Circle in the Superficies of the Earth shall be the Circumference Circuit and Perimeter of the Earth And this work of measuring beginneth from the magnitude of this Periphery The Circumference of the Sphere divided into 360 degrees because therefore this Periphery or Circumference as others are is divided in the mind into three hundred and sixty degrees as hath been said in the second Chap. but indeed we cannot perform the magnitude of the whole Periphery and therefore the Problem is thither reduced that we may find out the magnitude of one degree or other part in the known measure For example the magnitude of half a degree the necessity of which also meets in other Problems And we take the Periphery of the Earth for the most part to be that of the Meridian Circle because this is more easily and with less occasion of errour determined by our own place and by the North or Polar Star or other means which we will declare in the Three and twentieth Chapter The first mean or way which the Arabians and other Mathematicians have used Let the Horizon therefore of our Terrestrial Meridian which lieth just under the Celestial a bed and is concentrical thereto be H h R ss let the Periphery A B C D R the Center of the Earth our place B the Vertex See Scheme or supreamest point over our heads the Pole of the Earth A lying under the Celestial the Elevation of the Pole above the Horizon shall be A H a h Let us now take another place in the same Meridian A B C D or G lying under the same a b c d the Vertex g the Horizon f F R t T. Let here now the Elevation of the Pole be exactly observed in the place B viz. a h or a H also of the place G to wit f a or F A and let F A be taken away from H A and the remainder is H F to which the Arch B G intercepted between the places is equal After that the interval or space between B G must be measured accurately in a certain measure For example how many Perches or Poles it may contain or how many miles For these shall be correspondent to the Arch B G. And by the Golden Rule as B G is to A B G c d the 360 degrees so the space or interval found out or the Perches or Miles are to the Perches or Miles of the whole Perimeter A B G C D or as the Arch B G is to one degree so the Perches or Miles found are to the Perches or Miles which are due to one degree Note if your pleasure be not to measure the interval B G thus but to follow the vulgar determination then according to that way the quantity must be determined As for example that to 1 degree 15 such miles answer as between B G may be 10 c. Elevation of the Pole at London Example B London where the Elevation of the Pole A H a h is 51 degrees 32 minutes Let G be Hartford lying under the same Meridian with London the Elevation of whose Pole a f a f is 51 degrees 54 minutes therefore f h or B G is 29 minutes But the distance between London and Hartford is 20 English miles or 13875 Rhinlandish Perches of 12 foot therefore as 29 minutes are to 60 minutes so 9 ¼ to 19 Holland miles therefore 19 Holland miles make one degree in the circumference of the Earth Or the interval B G is accounted to be 7 ¼ German miles a German mile being reckoned to be 1900 Rhinlandish Perches therefore let it be wrought thus as 29 parts are to 60 The Elevation of the Pole at Prague so is 7 ¼ to 15 such German miles So at Prague the Elevation of the Pole is 50 degrees and 6 minutes at Lincium it is 48 degrees and 16 minutes the difference of B G shall be one degree and 50 minutes and it is thought to be distant 26 German miles therefore the Perimeter was 5105 miles and the whole Circuit of the Earth is 5400 miles The second manner of Eratosthenes Eratosthenes's manner used about the dimension and magnitude of the Earth See Scheme Let there again be two places of the Earth in the same Meridian let B be the City Alexandria in Egypt let G be Syene another City of Egypt under the Tropick of Cancer let now the same places in one and the same day in the full southing of the Sun when he comes into the Meridian line
a b c d the distance from the Verticles b g be observed by a Quadrant Let at Alexandria in the day of the Solstice 21 of June g f or G F be observed 1 50 of the Periphery or 7 degrees 12 minutes but in Syene let there be no distance the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over their heads therefore B G shall be the Arch intercepted between those two places And because the distance put is 5000 Stadiums therefore according to the Golden Rule it shall be as 7 degrees 12 parts to one degree or as 1 50 to 1 360 or as 5 to 36 so 5000 to 694 4 9 Stadiums which are requisite for one degree or as 1 50 is to 50 or as 1 to 50 so 5000 to 250000 Stadiums of the whole Periphery A B C D according to this measure Yet seeing there are divers ways to take the Meridian Altitude of the Sun and the distance from the Vertical point g b Eratosthenes wrought it by a hollow Spherical Scioterick or Sundial which they called Scaphe where the Style B x sheweth the Vertex o x z but the Radius or beam of the Sun terminaitng the shadow of the Style or Pin marks out B z how much the distance of the Sun o b from the Vertex 7 degrees 12 firsts at Alexandria But in the City Syene the Style G x makes no shadow that day because o the Sun hangeth perpendicularly over it and therefore there is no distance of the Sun then because therefore the Angle B x z is equal to the Angle b x o whose measure is B o or B z there B o is equal to B z 7 degrees 12 first minutes or 1 50 of the Periphery The other things are performed as it hath been said The third manner of Posidonius Posidonius's manner used about the magnitude c. of the Earth Let two places B G be under the same Meridian Posidonius took B Rhodes and G the City Alexandria in Egypt let the Altitude of some Star in these two places when it cometh into the Meridian above the Horizon and that in the same day or in divers days which matters not at all Posidonius took the shining Star Canobus which is of the first magnitude in Argonavi See Scheme but this Star did not rise above the Horizon of Rhodes h H S but did only touch the Horizon in S yet it was elevated above the Horizon of Alexandria F R t in the Arch t S 1 48 part of the whole Periphery or 7 degrees 30 minutes Therefore the distance of the Arch T s that is B G shall be 7 degrees 30 minutes unto 1 degree or as 1 48 part unto 1 360 that is as 1 to 48 so 5000 to 240000 Stadiums of the whole Perimeter of the Earth according to these Hypotheses of Posidonius The fourth manner or way of Snellius Snellius's way about the dimension and magnitude of the Earth Because in the former ways we have taken two places B G lying under the same Meridian and yet the places fit for this business may lye under divers Meridians therefore we thought it requisite that an example and that of Snellius should be also concerning this case here proposed Let therefore A B C D be the Meridian of Alcmaria B Alcmaria it self the Elevation of the Pole h a 52 degrees 40 ½ minutes the distance from the Pole B A 37 degrees 19 minutes 30 seconds See Scheme Let the other place be P Bergenapsome the Meridian A P V V the distance from the Pole that is the Complement of the Elevation 51 degrees 29 minutes A P is 38 degrees 31 minutes therefore P G a Perpendicular Line being drawn to A B G the difference of the distances from the Pole is B G 71 minutes 30 seconds or 1 degree 11 minutes 30 seconds Moreover Snellius by a laborious Geodesie or Earth-meeting found the distance of Alcmaria from Bergen B P to be 34710 Rhindlandish Perches and the Angle of Position P B G to be 11 degrees 26 minutes 2 seconds Therefore in the Triangle strait angled P B G the Hypotenuse B P and the Angle B P G is given therefore by the Problem of the second Chapter B G is found 34018 for which Snellius takes 33930 for he detracts 88 Perches from the Stations of the Elevations of the Pole But the Arch B G 71 ½ scruples is the difference of the Elevation of the Pole therefore as 71 ½ minutes is to 1 degree or 60 minutes so is 33930 or 34018 to 28473 Perches for one degree or according to the round number 28500 or 19 Holland miles They which understand Spherical Trigonometry from the given A B A P the Angle A B P may find the Arch B P to be 1 degree 14 minutes which when they are equal with 34710 Perches 1 degree shall be equal to the Perches or of 18 miles and ⅘ But the cause that this number differeth from that of Snellius is first that Snellius did not take the very points of the Towers B P by which he obtained the Angle G B P for the knowing the Elevations of the Pole but he took the places a little distant from them See Snellius in page 197. Notwithstanding no man can doubt but the same may be found to be the Altitude of the Pole The other cause is that he taketh the Lines B G B P P G as strait which nevertheless are not strait although this discord may seem to make little or no difference of any moment But let Snellius his quantity of a degree of 28500 Perches be taken mine of 28300 Perches his makes 19 147 150 miles mine 18 ⅘ miles the Perimeter or Circuit according to Snellius shall be 10260000 Perches 123120000 feet or 8640 Holland miles The fifth manner being the first Terrestrial way of measuring the Earth The first Terrestrial way for the finding out the magnitude c. of the Earth The three following manners or ways are Terrestrial performing the work without the Heaven or Meridian Line Let B P be the Altitude of the Tower this is to be sought out in a Land-measuring way then let P s be the distance of the most remote term from whence the Tower may be seen And although P s be not a strait Line yet because it is the least part of the Periphery of the whole Earth therefore it is taken for a strait line and the Triangle strait angled B P s in which by the given B P P s the Angle B s P is found to whom B R s is equal whose measure is the Arch S P. Therefore as this Arch is to one degree so P s the found distance See Scheme is to the quantity of one degree As for Example let B P the Altitude be 480 Paces and let the distance P s of the point s which endeth the Sight be 40000 Paces or 10 German miles therefore let it be wrought according to the Problem of the second Chapter As
P s 40000 paces are to B P 480 paces so the whole Sine 10000000 is to 11904 the Tangent of the Angle B S P or S R P or of the Arch S P to wit 41 minutes therefore as 41 minutes are to 60 minutes so 40000 paces are to 59000 paces that is about 15 miles for 1 degree Or the Diameter P R may be found without the Table of Sines or without the finding the Perimeter For as B P is to P S so P S is to P R as 480 is to 40000 so 40000 is to 3333333 paces for the half Diameter R P. The sixth manner of measuring the Earth being the second Terrestrial without the knowledge of the distance The second terrestrial way for the measuring the Earth But truly the same half Diameter R P shall also be concluded in this manner Let B P be the high Tower to wit the Plummet being let down from the hole the height thereof may be found to be 100 paces Or if the height of the Mountain P B be known by another Geodesie or surveying 4000 paces afterwards the Instrument being applied in the top of B let the Angle of the last Sight be found P B S 88 degrees 37 minutes Therefore B R S shall be one degree 23 minutes Out of the Canon of Sines let the Sine of 88 degrees 37 minutes be taken and let this be subtracted from the whole Sine 10000000. And let it be dispatch'd thus as the remainder is to the Sine of 88 degrees 37 minutes so B P of 1000 paces is to the half Diameter S R in paces The seventh manner being the third Terrestrial The third terrestrial way for the measuring the magnitude of the Earth This way or manner shall seem more accurate then the former ways and shall appear more applicable to the practice taking two mountains or heights of whom not the height but the distance may be known which may be found Geodetically or by the Art of Surveying Let B P be one Altitude of the Mountain Tower c. S T the other height let T P be the distance of five German miles See Scheme let the Angle B T R 89 degrees 55 minutes be found by the Instrument and in the other Mountain T B R 89 degrees 55 minutes The Angle P R S shall be 920 minutes because the three Angles T B R are equated to two strait Angles 180 degrees wherefore according to the Golden Rule Work as 20 degrees are to 60 degrees so 5 miles to 15 miles for 1 degree These are the principal manners and ways of measuring the Earth For by the found out measure of 1 degree the whole Perimeter Diameter Superficies and Solidity is found out Because according to Snellius the Perimeter is 8640 Holland miles or 10260000 Rhindlandish Perches or 123120000 feet therefore by the Problem of the second Chapter the Perimeter of the Earth is found to be 1088 ¼ miles or 1633190 Perches or 19598300 feet The Superficies of the Earth 18811353 â…— square Holland miles And the whole Solidity is 409568â—1512 Cubick miles The calculation of German miles usual But because the calculation by German miles is more usual 15 of which makes 1 degree therefore these may be used but upon this condition that such miles may be understood of which 15 may make 19 Holland miles or that 1 mile may contain 1900 Rhindlandish Perches Therefore the Periphery of the Earth shall be 5400 such miles the half Diameter 860 the Superficies 9278181 square miles the Solidity shall be 265693384 Cubick miles The Italian miles most commodious Yet the Italian miles are the most commodious 60 of which are allowed to 1 degree for so 1 mile fittingly answereth one minute of a degree But such an Italian mile ought to be understood which may contain 475 Rhindlandish Perches so the Circuit of the Earth shall be 21600 such miles the half Diameter 3440 miles Reasons shewing errors in the differing of the dimensions of the Earth according to the Arabians and others Mathematicians These things being thus expounded we must alledge and bring hither the causes why the fore-rehearsed dimensions or measurings of Authors may so differ and what is wanting in every one of them In the first manner of dimensions these things occur First That an Errour may be committed in taking the elevation of the Pole Secondly that a doubt may be made concerning places under the same Meridian Thirdly that the distance may not be declared distinctly And because the Arabians used this manner therefore the things that are desired in their dimension are these First the exact quantity or grEatness of their mile which according to Alfraganus is 4000 Cubits as unknown to us Secondly the Arabians have not shewed to us the places whose Elevations they took and therefore we cannot make further search concerning their diligence Thirdly neither did they demonstrate their manner by which they measured In Eratosthenes's dimension these things deserve correction First that to the Arch found B z of 7 degrees 12 minutes he did not add 15 minutes for the Arch intercepted between the Radius Solis X Z which was to be taken Secondly that he did not prove Syene and Alexandria to lye under the same Meridian Thirdly that the term of the Shadows cannot be exactly noted and besides that the places about Syene even to 150 Stadiums have this property that the Style is without a shadow Fourâ—â—ly that he took the distance between Syene and Alexandria according to the opinion of the Vulgar sort which neglecteth and hath no care of exactness neither can the magnitude of the stadiums be certainly manifest unto us In Posidonius his manner these blemishes are judged to be First that he thought Canobus was not lifted up above the Horizon of Rhodes whenas notwithstanding it may be elevated 2 degrees above it Surely he could not know that it exactly touched it Secondly that he determined the distance between Rhodes and Alexandria by conjectures and common journeys Thirdly that his stadiasm or measure of a stadium is not sufficiently determinate Fourthly because it may be doubtful whether Alexandria and Rhodes lye under the same Meridian c. In the Terrestrial mannerâ— of measuring the Earth there is this defect First that in the exact measuring of Hills a fault may easily be committed Secondly the furthermost point of the Sight cannot be known accurately both because of the refractions as also for the weakness of the eyes It may suffice to have spoken thus much concerning the greatest Circuit of the Earth its half Diameter Superficies and Solidity We might if it were a similar Body by the solidity of the Earth judge of its weight but because parts of a different weight whose proportion is hidden from us are in it therefore its weight cannot but by a conceived supposition be determined The half Diameter of the Earth is the measure of all Celestial dimensions The distance of the Sun and
Moon from the Earth It is worthy observation that the half Diameter of the Earth is the measure of all Celestial dimensions as well in assigning the distances of the Planets from the Earth and from themselves as in numbring and computing their magnitude So we say that the Sun is distant from the Earth ubout 1200 half Diameters the Moon 40 c. But seeing in Geography we do not only consider the great Circles of the Earth as the Equator c. but also the Parallels of the Equator Therefore we must likewise determine how many miles or perches answer one degree in every Parallel We have taken the accounting of the Perches out of Snellius but I my self have reckoned up the miles to wit 1900 Perches for a German mile 1500 for a Belgick or Holland mile 475 for an Italian mile A TABLE of the Quantity of one Degree in every Parallel The Degrees in which the Parallels are distant from the Equator or the Elevation of the Poles of the Parallels Equator of the Perch of one degree Holland miles German Italian The Latitude Of a Perch of one degree Holland miles German Italian   mil. per. miles min. miles min.   mil. per. miles min. miles min.  28500 19 0 15. 0 60. 0         1 28496 18. 1496 14. 59 59. 56 46 19798 13. 298 10. 25 41. 40 2 28483 18. 1483 14. 59 59. 55 47 19437 13. 0 â—0 14 41. 0 3 â—8461 18. 1461 14. 58 59. 52 48 19070 12. 1070 10. 2 40. 8 4 28431 18. 1431 14. 57 59. 50 49 18698 12. 698 9. 50 39. 20 5 28392 18. 1392 14. 56 59. 46 50 18319 12. 319 9. 38 38. 32 6 28344 18. 1344 14. 55 59. 40 51 17936 11. 1436 9. 26 37. 44 7 28288 18. 1288 14. 53 59. 37 52 17546 11. 1046 9. 14 37. 0 8 28223 18. 1223 14. 51 59. 24 53 17152 11. 652 9. 2 36. 8 9 28149 18. 1149 14. 48 59. 12 54 16752 11. 252 8. 49 35. 26 10 28067 18. 1067 14. 46 59. 4 55 16347 10. 1347 8. 36 34. 24 11 27976 18. 976 14. 43 58. 52 56 15932 10. 937 8. 23 33. 32 12 27877 18. 877 14. 40 58. 40 57 15522 10. 522 8. 10 32. 40 13 27769 18. 769 14. 37 58. 28 58 15103 10. 103 7. 57 31. 40 14 27653 18. 653 14. 33 58. 12 59 14671 9. 1179 7. 44 31. 0 15 27529 18. 529 14. 29 50.  60 14250 9. 750 7. 30 30. 0 16 27653 18. 453 14. 25 57. 40 61 13817 9. 317 7. 16 29. 4 17 27255 18. 255 14. 21 57. 20 62 13380 8. 1380 7. 2 28. 8 18 27105 18. 105 14. 16 57. 4 63 12939 8. 939 6. 48 27. 12 19 26947 18. 0 14. 11 56. 44 64 12494 8. 994 6. 34 26. 16 20 26781 18. 0 14. 6 56. 24 65 12045 8. 45 6. 20 25. 20 21 26607 17. 1107 14. 0 56. 0 66 11592 7. 1092 6. 6 24. 24. 22 26423 17. 925 13. 54 55. 36 67 11136 7. 636 5. 52 23. 28 23 26234 17. 734 â—3 48 55. 12 68 10676 7. 176 5. 38 22. 32 24 26036 17. 536 â—3 42 54. 48 69 10213 6. 1213 5. 23 21. 32 25 25830 17. 330 â—3 36 54. 24 70 9748 6. 748 5. 8 20 32 26 25616 17. 116 13. 29 54. 0 71 9279 6. 279 4. 53 19. 32 27 25394 16. 1394 13. 22 53. 28 72 8807 5. 1307 4. 38 18. 32 28 25164 16. 1164 13. 15 53. 0 73 8333 5. 933 4. 23 17. 32 29 24927 16. 927 13. 7 52. 28 74 7846 5. 346 4. 8 16. 32 30 â—4681 16. 681 13. 59 51. 56 75 7376 4. 1376 3. 53 15. 32 31 24429 10. 429 12. 51 51. 24 76 6895 4. 895 3. 38 14 32 32 24169 16. 169 12. 43 50. 52 77 6411 4. 411 3. 23 13. 32 33 23902 15. 1402 12. 35 50. 20 78 5925 3. 1425 3. 8 12. 32 34 23628 15. 1128 12. 26 49. 44 79 5438 3. 938 2. 52 11. 28 35 23346 15. 846 12. 17 49. 8 80 4949 3. 449 2. 36 10. 24 36 23057 15. 557 12. 8 48. 32 81 4458 2. 1458 2. 20 9. 20 37 22761 15. 261 11. 59 47. 56 82 3966 2. 966 2. 5 8. 20 38 22458 15. 0 11. 49 47. 16 83 3473 2. 473 1. 50 7. 20 39 22149 14. 1149 11. 39 46. 36 84 2979 1. 1479 1. 34 6. 12 40 21832 14. 832 11. 29 46. 0 85 2484 1. 984 1. 18 5. 12 41 21509 14. 509 11. 19 45. 16 86 1988 1. 488 1. 3 4. 12 42 21180 14. 180 11. 9 44. 36 82 1492 0. 1492 0. 47 3. 12 43 20843 13. 1343 10. 58 43. 52 88 995 0. 995 0. 31 2. 4 44 20501 13. 1001 10. 47 43. 8 89 497 0. 497 0. 16 1. 4 45 20152 13. 652 10. 36 42. 24 90 0 0. 0 0. 0 0. 0 CHAP. V. The Pythagorical motion of the Earth is the cause of many Celestial appearances THE Pythagorical motion or turning the Earth about as with a wheel not that quaking and shaking is the cause of very many Celestial appearances according to the Copernicans opinion seeing that without it every place would have a perpetual constancie of these But indeed there is no property or quality of the Earth concerning which there can be greater disputations fith that not very long ago it hath suffered the Censure of the Church of Rome Yet because to many men it seemeth likely to be true that such a motion of the Earth may be given therefore I will endeavour briefly to unfold the same The Motion of the Sun Moon and Stars and their appearances It is not unknown to any of the very Vulgar sort that the Sun Moon and all the Stars of Heaven appear every day that is in the space of 24 hours to be moved from East to West and commonly to return to the same places of Heaven It must therefore needs be that either they are really moved or that we are moved and that our motion or moving be imputed to the Stars For if two things change their dâ—stance one of them at least was moved which principle is most manifest The opinion of the Ptolomaians and Pythagoreans concerning the motion of the Stars c. That the Earth standeth still and that the Stars with the Heavens are moved was and is yet the common opinion of Astronomers which are called Ptolomaians or of such as follow the Doctrine of Ptolomy yet the Pythagoreans long ago maintained that the Stars held their place constantly without budging from thence and that the Earth was rouled and wheeled about its Center one of whom was the famous Aristarchus of Samos who for his defending this Opinion was by his Adversary accused of prophaning and violating Religion before the most famous and severe Bench of the Areopagites but he was nevertheless quitted by the sentence of those
of the same day after the Sun and in the morning before the Sun may be seen I forbear to bring hither any more appearances but they are the principal from which I think an Argument of greatest moment may be fetcht for this Motion of the Earth when as by this Motion of the Earth they may be so commodiously declared that it should rather be admired if the Earth could not be moved by such evident appearances These are the easier Arguments by which the Copernicans would evince the motion of the Earth which although they be not demonstrative yet they make this hypothesis more probable than that which determines the Heaven to be moved for one of them must needs be admitted The Reasons of â—ome against the moving of the Earth as the Ptolomaians But these Reasons which some men to wit the Ptolomaians alledge to the contrary are easily dissolved which are these First that the Earth is unfitting for motions by reason of its ponderosity Secondly that the parts of the Earth are naturally moved with a strait motion to the Center therefore a circular motion is contrary to the nature thereof Thirdly if the Earth should be moved a stone cast down from a Tower could not fall to the foot thereof Fourthly a bullet shot out of a piece of Ordnance towards the East at some mark it could not come home to it or hit it if the mark with the whole Earth were moved towards the East or at least the hitting the mark should be more swift than if the bullet were shot towards the East Fifthly neither the Towers nor buildings could stand stedfast but would fall by reason of that motion of the Earth neither could men be without giidiness by reason of the whirling about of the Earth Sixthly because we see that the Stars change their place but not the Earth Seventhly because the Earth is in the Center of the World but the Center is not moved Eightly because the holy Scriptures do confirm the stability or stedfastness of the Earth The aforesaid Reasons of the Ptolomaians answered by the Copernicans Yet indeed the Copernicans to these Arguments use to answer after this manner To the first they Answer denying the whole Earth to be heavy for ponderosity is a tendency of the parts to their whole homogeneous of the same kind and such a heaviness is also discovered in the parts of the Sun and Moon and yet notwithstanding neither the Sun nor Moon is said to be heavy To the second they Answer That that right motion of the parts of the Earth not of the whole Earth and the circular motion thereof doth not hinder the strait carrying of those parts which is evidenced by the parts of the Sun and Moon To the third Argument they reply in a threefold manner First that such heavy things are not primarily carried to the Center of the Earth and therefore are born by a very short line to the superficies thereof as Iron tendeth not to the Center of the Loadstone but to the Loadstone Secondly the whole Air cleaveth to the Earth and is moved together with her therefore all such heavy things being thrown together downwards get this circular motion and are moved as it were in a Vessel And Thirdly The Opinion of Gassendus therein Gassendus by frequent experience hath demonstrated that if any thing be cast from a moved body that which is so cast is also moved with that motion of the moved body as for example a stone thrown down from the top of the Mast of a Ship moved most swiftly is nevertheless not left by the Ship but falls down to the foot of the Mast and from the foot of the Mast a bullet being shot perpendicularly out of a hand-Gun falleth again perpendicularly therefore the alledged Objection is nothing worth To the fourth Reason they answer in the same manner as unto the third To the fifth they say That some such thing hath no place because the motion is equal neither doth it dash against another body and the buildings as it were heavy bodies and homogeneous or of like to the Earth are moved as in a Ship for we find in a Ship moved very swiftly or slowly the bodies set upright therein are not overthrown yea Cups and pots full of Wine or other liquor shed nothing thereof at all To the sixth we say That the change of the Stars place is not perceived but we find the change of their situation in respect of our selves but this mutation of position may be observed and be whether we be moved with the Earth or the Stars be moved we being stedfast or also both we and the Stars In the seventh Objection both the major and minor proposition is false or at least doubtful To the eighth they reply First that the holy Scripiure in physical or natural things doth speak according to appearances and the capacity of the Vulgar for example when the Moon with the Sun is called a great light because it was created to give light to the Night Of the Moon whenas indeed the Moon is not great in respect of the Stars and Earth neither hath she any light of her own proper nature nor doth she give light in all Nights to the Earth So the Scripture saith Of the Sun that the Sun goeth to the extreamest part of the Earth and that he returneth to that end again when as notwithstanding there is no such end or furthermost part So in the book of Job a plane and square figure is attributed to the Earth under whom Pillars are set upon which it leaneth which indeed must not at all be so understood as the very Vulgar well know There might more places be alledged hither but these are sufficient For the holy Scriptures were not given to us thereby to play the Philosophers but to practice Piety Secondly certain places of Scripture are wont to be alledged which speak not concerning the immobility thereof but concerning its constancy and durance as that place which we have brought hither out of Job Thus have we briefly declared of what sort the motion may be which the Copernicans ascribe to the Earth of which a more exquisite explication is usually given in Astronomy But that being supposed all those things are to be applied to the Earth which are wont to be considered in a Globe turned round about Of the Axil Poles Periphery Parallels c. of the Globe to wit the Axil about which it is turned is one of the Diameters the Poles are the extremities or two points which are not moved the greater circle or periphery according to which the circumrotation or wheeling about is made and its parallels Now let us see concerning the swiftness of that motion The first motion by which the Earth is turned round about his Axil cannot be seen and considered in the whole Earth at once Of the motion of the Earth its difference swiftness c. but in divers
places it is also different to wit how much the nearer the place is to the Equator with so much the greater swiftness and space it is moved but the greatest motion is in the places that lie in the Equator For indeed because every place of the Earth in twenty four hours is rouled about by the space of a whole periphery to wit by 360 degrees therefore the space of one hour is found If 360 be divided by 24 the quotient is fifteen which are so many degrees These are the degrees by which the place lying in the Equator or without it is turned about in one hour but they make if the place lye in the Equator two hundred twenty five German miles whence she will be turned in four minutes of an hour through one degree that is fifteen Miles But the places lying without the Equator towards either of the Poles are in the space of the same hour wheeled about by so many degrees but such as are much less forsooth the reason is the same between the swiftness of the motion and the distance of two places as is between the signs of the Arches by which those places are distant from the Pole for example the distance of Amsterdam from the Equator The distance of Amsterdam from the Equator or the Elevation of the Pole or the elevation of the Pole is 52 degrees 23 minutes So the distance from the Pole is 37 degrees 37 minutes whose sign is 61037. Let us take one place to be in the Equator whose distance from the Pole is 90 degrees his sign is 100000. But the place under the Equator in four minutes is carried through 15 miles and in an hour is carried through 225 miles Wherefore by the Rule of Three as 100000 are to 61037 so fifteen to nine miles or as 225 to 135 miles therefore Amsterdam every hour by this motion is carried through 135 miles But the discovery of this is much easier by the Table which we have set in the end of the foregoing Chapter For the division of 360 degrees being made by twenty four hours we find that any place every hour is moved through fifteen degrees of his own Circle and therefore that it is moved through one degree in four minutes If we therefore enter that Table with the Elevation of the Pole or distance from the Equator of that place proposed we shall find the miles set down at the degrees of the given Elevation which are due to the motion of the place proposed in the space of four minutes for example At Stockholme the elevation of the Pole is about 60 degrees The Elevation of the Pole at Stockholme and in the Table at the degree 60 I find seven miles to answer with one degree therefore I say that Stockholme is moved about in four minutes by so many miles The second motion of the whole Earth which is moved with an equal swiftness and by equal peripheries So great is the first motion considered in the places of the Earth but the second motion is of the whole Earth from place to place and all the parts or places thereof are moved with an equal swiftness and by equal peripheries The quantity hereof dependeth of the distance of the Earth from the Sun and is performed in a whole years space and thereby the Earth every day moveth through about one degree Concerning the third motion of the Earth because it hath a more hard consideration I leave it to be treated of by Astronomers because in Astronomy there is a necessity of supposing it Indeed Origanus hath raised a Controversie concerning the second motion also thinking the first motion to be convenient for the Earth but that the second should be left for the Sun and fixed Stars but the Phaenomena's or appearances in the motions of the Planets which we have alledged before do sufficiently enough maintain the Motion of the Earth CHAP. VI. Concerning the situation or place of the Earth in respect of the Planets and Stars THe consideration of the Earths situation in this whole systeme of the World in respect of other Planets hath a contemplation suitable to that which we have alledged concerning the Motion of the Earth in the foregoing Chapter For the common Opinion of Philosophers and Astronomers according to Ptolomy hath decreed The Earth according to the Opinion of the Philosophers and Astronomers of Ptolomy takes up the Center of the Universe The Sun according to the Copernicans the Center of the Universe that the Earth takes up the Center of this whole Universe so that she is conversant in the middle of all the Stars and Planets But they of Copernicus his Sect with the ancient Pythagoreans place the Sun in the Center of all the Stars but they set the Earth as it were a Planet between Mars and Venus and they think that she is carried there about the Sun with a yearly course or space which is understood better by the Diagram or description thereof Yet notwithstanding therein do these two differing Opinions agree that both confess that the Center of that first motion whereby the Stars seem to us in the space of twenty four hours to be carried about is in the Earth For both Astronomy and Geography do want this Supposition insomuch that whether you follow the Ptolomaican or Pythagorean Opinion See Scheme the firmness and certainty of General Astronomy and Geography loseth nothing For the difference of Opinions consisteth in this that the Ptolomaians will have this motion to be in the Stars themselves but the Pythogoreans is to be the Earth the Stars in the mean while resting and never moving neither of which is it necessary either for common Astronomy or Geography to determine The placing the Sun Earth and other Planets according to the Ptolomaians and Copernicans According to the Ptolomaians this is the placing of the Planets to the Earth and fixed Stars The Earth Moon Mercury Venus Sun Jupiter Saturn and the fixed Stars According to the Copernicans such is the situation or placing The Sun is placed in the middle of the consistence or systeme of the World as the heart or fire next to him the Orb of Mercury Venus the Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn and the fixed Stars If you demand how much the Earth and we being on the Earth are distant from the Planets you must know that the distance is not always the same but is changed every day and therefore Astronomers do reckon up three degrees of distances viz. the least the mean and the greatest The mean distance of the Earth from the rest of the Planets is according to many Astronomers this following The mean distance of the Earth from the other Planets The Earth is distant from the Moon with its sixty half Diameters From Mercury 110. From Venus seven hundred From the Sun 1150. From Mars about five thousand From Jupiter about 11000 And from Saturn 18000. But yet indeed the distance
five miles distance Fourthly some Gulphs or Whirlpools are found in the Sea Fifthly Earthquakes do also prove the being of Cavities under the Earth Sixthly some Rivers bury themselves under the Earth as Niger Tigris c. Seventhly Salt-springs which without doubt for the greatest part spring and flow from the Sea are found in many places Eightly so in many places the grounds at the entrance of men walking tremble and shake as about the Abby of St. Omer in Flanders in the Province of Brabant die Peel Proposition IV. The Superficies or surface of the Lands is continual but that of the Waters is not so Indeed the Superficies of the Earth or Land appearing out above the Waters is continued or always the same to the superficies of the Channels of the Sea and this of the Sea again is continued to the other parts of the Land appearing above One continual superficies of the Ocean Bays and Rivers So there is one continual superficies of the Ocean the Baies and Rivers but not of all Waters because there are some Lakes which are not joyned with the Ocean in the superficies as the Lake Parime and the Caspian Sea Proposition V. It is certain how or in what manner the parts of the Earth which are removed from the surface that is from our habitation towards the Center Some men think that the Water is in the bottom about the Center of the Earth The body of the Earth within according to Gilbert an English man is a hard Loadstone but it is most likely true that the Earth occupies that place Gilbert an English man is of opinion that the body of the Earth within is nothing else but a most hard Loadstone but that those parts to which men have admittance by digging and in which Herbs grow and we also live are as it were the shell or crust of the Earth wherein continual generations and corruptions are made * See Fig. But Cartesius is of a different opinion See Scheme Cartesius his Opinion is not much different from this who thinketh that there are three Regions or Parts of divers substance in the body of the Earth The most inward Region of the Earth he deemeth to be about the Center thereof the second he judgeth to be thick and dusky of very small parts the third he thinketh wherein Men are employed to be made up of little parcels not well cleaving together But indeed touching this thing there can scarcely any certainty be affirmed It is manifest by the hot-Baths that in very many places under the Earth fire and fumes are lifted up from Sulphur Proposition VI. The consistency or standing and fast cleaving together of the Earth is from Salt In all kinds of Earths may be found a certain kind of Salt The Artificial resolving of the Parts of the Earth sheweth that in all Earths may be found a certain kind of Salt and so much the more as the harder the body is a few Oily ones being excepted as in Mettals Stones c. and that the concretion or hard growing together of all things is by reason of salt is manifest by stones which we may by Art make very hard with salt bur if you separate the salt from the earth she will no longer cleave or stick together but will be a powder neither can it be reduced to hardness without the admixtion of salt thereto Proposition VII The kinds of Earths are divers ways mixed together in the Earth Of Metals found in Mines Thus in Mines are found small pieces of Gold Silver Lead c. not heaped together and joyned apart from others but both mixed among themselves and also with unprofitable earth according to the least parts that Artificers not at the first sight but by divers signs do find out what may be contained in any Metalline earth In the same manner in the Fields sand is mixed with clay or loam lime salt c. Of the different sorts of Earths as did appear by the Well digged at Amsterdam When as on a certain time at Amsterdam for making a Well the earth was digged out even to the depth of 232 foot these sorts of earth were shewed to the beholders viz. of Garden-earth 7 foot of Black-earth fitting for fire which is called Peat 9 foot of Soft-clay 9 foot of Sand 8 foot of Earth 4 foot of Clay 10 foot of Earth 4 foot of Sand upon which the Houses of Amsterdam are wont to be rammed and paved 10 foot of Clay 2 foot of White-loam 4 foot of Dry-earth 5 foot of muddy 1 foot of Sand 14 foot of Sandy-clay 3 foot of Sand mixt with Clay 5 foot of Sand mixt with Sea-fish shells 4 foot then a bottom of Clay to the depth of 102 foot and lastly of loam 31 foot where the digging ceased and they came to Water The Figure of which see among the Schemes Proposition VIII The Cavities of the Earth and as well the outward disposition thereof and the position of its parts are not perpetually the same but are at divers times divers The water of the Seamaketh divers changes and ruins in the earth where likewise lye hid Spirits and Sulphureous Substances Indeed not only the Water of the Sea maketh divers changes and ruins in the parts of the earth whilst certain holes are stopt up some are made more broad but also Spirits and Sulphury Substances lying hid here and there in the earth when they begin to encrease and to be resolved into Vapours do impetuously shake and thrust forwards the parts of the earth as it is manifest by Earthquakes And it is likely that such like motions are made in the interiour parts and bowels of the earth the greatest part of which we feel not neither perceive But we will speak of the mutual changing of the water and earth in the Superficies of the earth in the eighteenth Chapter The Earth is divided into Land and Waters The Superficies of the Earth extant out of the Water by the Interflux of the Sea is distinguished into these four parts 1. Into great Continents or great Islands of which four are reckoned by us 1. The Old World whose parts are Asia Africa and Europe The bounds of this Continent are On the North the Frozen and Tartarian Ocean On the East the Pacifick and Indian Ocean On the South the Southern Ocean On the West the Atlantick Ocean 2. The New World or America whose parts are Meridionalis Septentrionalis The bounds of it are On the North Davis Streights On the East the Atlantick Ocean On the South the Pacifick Ocean On the West the Streights of Magellan 3. The Polary North-land or Greenland is every where encompassed by the Sea and Streights 4. The South-land and Land of Magellan yet undiscovered 2. Into Peninsulas or Chersonesus which are parts of those Continents Round whose Latitude and Longitude are equal about Africa it self Peloponesus the Chersonesus of Grecia Chersonesus Taurica or Tartaria
the Air and a pressure towards the Earth therefore the Air being forced to the Sea endeavoureth to drive it from its place and by reason of the Sea is fluid and not able to resist the forcing Air therefore it is moved from its place towards the place of the opposite quarter and forceth another water and this another and so on Now seeing that there is always some wind in the Air sometimes in this place and sometimes in that and sometimes diverse in divers places at one and the same time thence it followeth that there are certain contingent motions always in the Sea which are more discernable in the parts nearer the Wind and therefore the rather by reason that the Sea doth most easily receive an impression because it is fluid Proposition VII The general motion of the Sea is twofold one continually from the East to the West the other composed of two contrary Motions which is termed the Flux and Reflux of the Sea in which the Sea at certain hours floweth to the shoar and in certain others floweth back again We shall first treat of the first The motion of the Sea twofold That the Sea moveth from the East to the West continually is chiefly proved from the motion of that Sea which lieth in the Torrid Zone between the Tropicks For because the motion is more strong hence it is less hindred by other motions This Motion of the Sea is manifestly found by those that sail from India to Madagascar and Africa also in the Pacifick Ocean between New Spain China and the Moluccoes also in the Ocean between Africa and Brasil So through the Streights of Magellan the Sea is carried from the East to the West with a vehement motion So through the Streights Manillan through Channels between the Isles Maldives the motion of the Sea carrieth Ships from the East The Sea glideth impetuously between Cuba and Jucatan into the Gulph of Mexico and floweth out into Cuba and Florida At the Gulph of Paria there is a violent influx so that that Gulph is termed Os Draconis the Dragons Mouth Famous also is the flux at the Land of Canada From the Tartarian Ocean the Sea moveth through the Streights of Nova Zembla and Waigats Streights which is proved both from the very motion it self and also from the abundance of Ice which the Tartarian Ocean casteth up at the Streights of Zembla And at the Northern shoar of America in the Pacifick Ocean the motion is towards the Streight Anian also from Japan the Sea is moved towards China So in the Streight Manillan the motion is from East to West so also in the Streight Java And when the Atlantick Ocean is moved towards the Coast of America the contrary is found in the Pacifick Ocean For this is moved from the shoars which is the most conspicuous at Cabo dez Correntes between Panama and Lima. Proposition VIII The winds oftentimes change the general motion of the Sea especially those fixed winds which we shall shew to be termed Motions in the XXI Chap. The motion of the Sea oft-times changed by the winds For because that most of these do blow from the South and North or from the Collateral quarters of these thence it cometh to pass that the Sea by reason of its general motion tendeth towards the West it moveth towards the Collateral quarters of the West viz. North-west or South-west yea the general wind when that it seldom bloweth from the East but most commonly from the Collateral quarters of the East changeth this general motion of the Sea Much more do the North winds in the Northern Sea where the general motion is little discernable in the parts of the Ocean Proposition IX The cause of this general motion of the Sea from the East to the West is uncertain The Opinion of Aristotle and Copernicus concerning the general motion of the Sea from East to West The Aristotelians suppose although it were unknown unto Aristotle and his followers and indeed to all the European Philosophers before the Navigation of the Portugals through the Ocean of the Torrid Zone that it is caused by the prime motion of the Heaven which is not only common to all the Stars but also to the Air in part and to the Ocean by which all are carried from the East to the West But some that follow Copernicus as Kepler although they also acknowledge the Moon also the cause of this motion yet they determine that the motion of the Earth doth not a little contribute unto this motion viz. they suppose that the water seeing that it is not continuous but only contiguous unto the Earth cannot follow the circumrotation of the Earth and resist it towards the West whilst the Earth withdraweth it self towards the East and therefore that the Sea moveth not from one part of the Earth unto another but that the Earth leaveth part of the waters one after another Othersome who are not pleased neither with the solution of Aristotle nor Copernicus having recourse unto the Moon will have her to be Empress of the waters and that she leadeth about with her and draweth the Ocean from the East to the West If it is demanded how they reply there is an occult faculty influence sympathy vicinity to the Earth and such like indeed it is very probable that the Moon is the causer of this motion by reason that in the new and full Moons this motion is more violent than in the quarters where the motion for the most part is very little The most acute Cartesius hath explained a Mathematical mode by which the Moon causeth both this motion of the water and Air for he supposeth according to his general Hypothesis that an infinite number of Atoms do move round about the Earth by which the space even unto the Moon is filled without any Vacuum which space he calleth the vortex of the Earth viz. Let the Earth be FEGH The water 2143 the Air 6587. the vortex of the Earth B A D C the Moon B. Therefore saith he if that there were no Moon in the vortex B A D C the particles of its vortex would be turned round about the Center T but because that the Moon is in it therefore the space through which the Celestial matter floweth between B and T is rendred more Angust and thence it followeth that the Celestial matter floweth there more quick between B and T and therefore more presseth the superficies of the Air in 6 and also the superficies of the water in 2. than if the Moon were not in the Diameter of the vortex B D and seeing that both the bodies of the Air and water are fluid and easily plyant to this pression it must not be so high above the part of the Earth F as if the Moon were without the Diameter B D. and on the contrary must be more high towards E. But whilst that the Earth is carried from E through F towards G or from the
the point D and so consequently or rather because that the Moon in the mean space doth somewhat proceed forwards from B towards C as running in a Months space through the Circle A B C D part of the Earth that is now in F on the opposite Region of the body of the Moon after six hours and twelve minutes either more or less shall be beyond the point G in that Diameter of the Vortex A B C D which intersecteth that Diameter of the same Vortex in which the Moon shall then be at right Angles and then shall the water be there most high and after six hours with twelve minutes it shall be beyond the point H. in the place where the water shall be very low c. whence it is clearly discovered that the water of the Sea in every twelve hours and twenty four minutes shall flow and re-flow in one and the same place This is the Demonstration of Cartesius in which that is especially ingenious that it aptly sheweth not only how the flux or intumescency is made at the place when that the Moon is moved at its Vertex or Meridian but also when that the Moon beneath the Horizon is moved to the Meridian of Midnight We have said in the end of the Ninth Proposition what any one may seem to require in this Demonstration especially that which seemeth to be admired at that Cartesius should not so much as think that according unto this Demonstration That the least Altitude of water and all kind of Detumescency ought to be when that the Moon cometh to the Meridian as the Moon being in B the least Altitude of water is in 2 and 4 and on the contrary the water increaseth with the departure of the Moon or Earth so that when F shall be in G. that is six hours from the Moon it shall have the greatest Altitude which in truth is contrary to all Experience for with the access of the Moon to the Meridian the water increaseth and with the departure of the same decreaseth But the words of Cartesius as well as the Diagramma assert the contrary But I suppose this absurdity may be removed from the Demonstration and that by this mode so that it may be approved of by Cartesius for let us place the Vortex of the Earth A B C D to be without the Moon and the water 1 2 3 4 to be equally distant from the Center T without any Tumor but yet to be moved round with the Earth and Celestial matter between A B C D and 5 6 7 8. Now let the body of the Moon draw near unto this Vortex for Example into B and therefore the space T B becometh more narrow and the Celestial matter whilst that it endeavoureth to pass through it presseth the Water in 2 towards E. Therefore whilst that the Water is expelled from 2 towards E it is demanded where the greatest tumor of Water will be whether in the place E which is a quarter distant from the place F unto which the Moon is vertical or whether in a place nigh unto F towards E If that you assert the first viz. that the tumor ought to be in E Experience doth then gainsay but that the second is truly so Experience confirmeth and Reason doth induce to believe viz. whilst that the Moon consisteth above the place E the Water is expelled from 2 towards I but the greatest tumor will be in the place near to 2 not in I. For this is manifest by Experience because the Occidental places do later discover the intumescency but reason and the motion of the Water do altogether require the same Laws for if the Water be poured forth into 2 that it may flow towards E the greatest quantity will be in the place E a little less in the place near to that and yet far less in the place nigh to that and least of all in E. So also when that water is driven from 2 towards E its greatest quantity and accumulation shall be in the place near to 2 and so much the lesser by how much the place is more remote from 2 but because the Earth is moved round that E may come unto F then at length shall the greatest tumor be in E and the water shall be forced towards H. Therefore the Diagram of Cartesius with the Demonstration it self ought to be changed that the tumor may be in the place near unto the very 2 that is to that unto which the Moon is vertical What else may be here said we shall handle in our treatise of the consideration of the Cartesian Philosophy Proposition XII In Full and New Moons the general motion of the Sea from the East to the West is more violent also the intumescency of the Sea is found great in most parts but in the quarters the motion is found the least of all and so also in the intumescency In Full and New Moons the motion of the Sea from East to West most violent Experience sufficiently proveth this Proposition for Mariners testifie that the Sea doth foam and swell in New and Full Moons and in the quarters is calm Now it is easily demonstrated according to the Hypothesis of the preceding Propositions for the Moon when it is either Full or New is more near the Earth than at any other time and in the quarters more remote as Astronomers do demonstrate Now when the Moon is more near the Earth that is when that the space B T is less the Celestial matter being hindred more vehemently presseth the water from 2 to 1 because it is more near but on the contrary in the quarters Yet the motion is observed to be more violent in the Full Moons than in the New at least in some places which except you will ascribe to the light of the Moon I see no other cause neither can we otherwise shew why in the Full Moon both Trees and Animals have greater humors than in the New seeing that the Sea is equally augmented in the New Moon Yet that is marvellous that one Twistius a Dutch-man relateth in his description of India concerning the Kingdom of Gazaratt where for many years he dwelt that Cockles Crabs and other shelly Fishes are less fleshy and juicy in the Full Moon than in the New which is contrary to the nature of all Regions Neither is it less admirable that on the shoars near to the mouth of the River Indus in the same Kingdom that the Sea is augmented and swelleth in the New Moons and not far from thence in the Sea of Calicut the increase is in the Full Moon Proposition XIII In the time of the Vernal and Autumnal Equinox or in the Spring and Autumn the intumescency of the Sea is greater than in the other seasons of the year but least in the Solstices In Spring and Autumn the intumescency of the Sea is greatest Cartesius indeed pretendeth to shew a demonstration of this propriety from his Hypothesis but I cannot
on the Mountain Carpathus in Hungaria which because it made not a little to the confirming our Judgment concerning the altitude of the Air and the constitution of its Regions I therefore have thought fit to annex it here although it ought to have been adjoyned to the 18th Proposition Of the Mountains of Hungaria Carpathus saith he is the chief by which vulgar appellation all the tract of the Sarmatian Mountains is denominated which separate Hungary from Rutheni the Polonians Moravians the Silesians and that part of Austria which is on this side the Danube Their more high and astonishing tops are in the Earldom Sepusia at my Native Country Caesariopolis Now by reason that they are almost covered with perpetual Snows they are termed by the Sclavonians Tatry or Tarczal as it were the shaved and bald Mountains And these Mountains by reason of their roughness and precipices far exceeding the Italian and the Helvetian Alpes and those of Tiroli are almost unpassable and are seldom travelled over except by the Searchers of Nature Now I my self that I may relate this by the by in the Month of June Anno 1615 being desirous to try and discover the height of these Mountains with two others of my Associates when being on the top of the Mountain with great pains I thought that I had attained unto the uttermost height of a sudden another sublimer Mountain offered it self unto which I arrived through vast and tottering Stones which if moved falleth down towards the Valley and that with so great a noise to the astonishment of the Passenger After I was ascended another more high was discovered by me and so some lesser tops the latter of which always exceeded the former in altitude through so many Valleys was I forced to pass with the great hazard of my life until I had arrived unto the uppermost top of all and when that I surveyed the Valleys beneath beset with huge Trees From the declivities of the Mountains I could observe nothing but an obscure Night or a blewish colour like unto profound Air and it seemed to me that if I should chance to fall from the Mountain that I should not light on the Earth but fall directly into the Firmament For by the overmuch declivity the visible Objects were extenuated and dulled But whilst that I ascended a more high Mountain I was pendent as it were amongst most thick Mists Having overcome these after the space of some hours when that I was not far from the highest top of all reposing my self from aloft I beheld and discovered that in those places where I supposed my self before to be lodged amongst Mists that there moved compacted and white Clouds above which for some miles and beyond the bounds of Sepusa I had a commodious prospect Yet also I saw some Clouds higher likewise some more low and also some equally distant from the Earth And hence I understood three things Three things observed by him 1. That then I had passed the beginning of the Middle Region of the Air. 2. That the distance of the Clouds from the Earth was not equal but according to the mode of the Vapour in some places higher and elsewhere more low 3. That the distance of the Clouds near the Earth was far lesser than what some Philosophers do determine and that not 72 German miles but only half a German mile When that I came to the highest pitch of the Mountain I found the Air so calm and subtle that I discovered not the motion of an hair when yet notwithstanding I had found in the more depressed parts of the Mountain a vehement Wind whence I gathered that the highest top of this Mountain Carpathus ariseth a German mile from its lower root or basis and extendeth to the supream Region of the Air unto which the Winds ascend not On the top I fired a Pistol which gave no greater a Report at first than if I had broken a small Stick after a short space of time a great rumbling or murmuring increased and filled the lower parts of the Mountain Valleys and Woods like unto the report of a Canon here I feared least that the whole Mountain being shaken should have fallen with me and this noise continued for about half a quarter of an hour until that it had penetrated the most obtruse Caverns at which the Air being multiplied on every hand rebounded And indeed such concave Objects did not present themselves on the top of the Mountain therefore the sound at first was repercussed almost insensible until that by descending it became more near to the Caves and Valleys it more forceably struck against them Also in these high Mountains for the most part in the midst of Summer it Snoweth or Haileth when that it Raineth in the adjacent Plain as I also my self have found The Snows of divers years may be known from their colour and hard Crust CHAP. XX. Of the Winds in general and the Quarters of the World A Certain affection of the Air is the Wind and therefore the consideration of the fame doth appertain to the absolute contemplation of the Earth especially seeing that its cognition is required in Hydrography and most of all in the Art of Navigation which is a part of Geography which although I grant more to belong unto Natural Philosophy yet because that it containeth many things belonging unto Geography therefore I shall briefly treat of the same here Proposition I. The Wind is a commotion of the Air sensible by touch or with some force Of the Wind. So I think it may be defined with the consent of all Nations neither shall I here contradict some Conceited persons If that the commotion be higher it is termed an Air or Breez but if that the agitation be so small that of it self it asserteth not the sense of Touching then it is not termed a Wind And the Air is never without such an agitation of particles as a ray of the Sun let into a Chamber by a narrow passage doth evidence therefore we add the word Touch in the Definition for that motion of the Atoms is only perceivable by the Eye Proposition II. Most Winds tend from one quarter to the opposite quarter and force Bodies with them Winds force Bodies with them in their motion This is perceivable both from the force of the Winds or our Bodies and also from the Vanes fixed on the top of the Masts of the Ships which are extended by the Wind to the contrary quarter Yet this is not done altogether directly and continually but with some motion of the Vanes hither and thither There are some that suppose that we ought to have added in the Definition A commotion made towards one quarter or towards the same parts But we thought these more fit to be omitted seeing that also some circular Winds are found and to speak properly no Wind constantly observeth the same quarter Proposition III. A Quarter is an imaginary point which we conceive to be
Sea and the like is in Guzurat but for very many Months when it beginneth to blow in Congo and Guzurat in September it continueth even to March The Anniversary wind of the Grecians which they call Ornithia or the Bridges wind this they say bloweth after the Vernal Aequinox the Sun ascending to the Vertex of the Europeans Proposition V. Why the Etesian winds blow not in Italy France Germany Persia and other Regions especially seeing that they are more near the Northern Mountains from whence we assert the Etesian winds of the Grecians Congo and Guzurat do arise and blow The Etesian winds blow not in all Regions though near the Northren Mountains The Question is of no small moment and I wish that we had more accurate Observations concerning this matter viz. the notations of the winds which at that time are observed in each Region whether in every Year the same never return Yet if that any thing must be said to the Question these seem convenient 1. We cannot deny but that the North wind often bloweth in our Canicular or Dog daies 2. That it is discovered less continual and in each year peradventure the Cause is the often blowing of other winds which hinder the discovery of the same 3. We may say that the Mountain from which this first resolution of the Snow begineth is scituated directly from Greece and therefore the first Canicular wind is carried hither but the Vapours are carried hither from the Snow of the other Mountains because that here they find a free passage made but I shall reject these my extemporay thoughts when that I shall see a better reason and more accurate Observations Proposition VI. Some winds are proper and almost perpetual to some place or tract of Land others are ceasing Places which have a certain wind at a fixed time Those places of the Earth are very few which have a certain wind at a fixed time viz. these 1. The places of the Torrid Zone especially of parts of the Pacifick and Aethiopick Sea scituate in the Zone enjoy a perpetual wind viz. an Oriental wind or its Collateral which they call a General wind as we have shewed in the second Proposition where we have treated largely of it Yea this wind is not so much to be reckoned amongst the proper winds but rather to be determined to be common to all places for although by accident it happeneth that it be not discerned in all places viz. because other winds blow more strong yet it is proper to some the Cause is alledged in the place cited 2. On the Coasts of Peru and part of Chili and to the adjacent Sea the South wind is almost perpetual and his Collateral wind at the West It beginneth at the 46 deg of Latitude and bloweth to Panama the American Isthmus and causeth that in few daies Ships arrive from Lima at Panama laden with Gold Silver c. But it requireth many daies sail from Panama to Lima. But this wind bloweth not in the Sea remote from the Coasts of Peru It is difficult to render the cause of this wind by reason that the South Land from whence it seemeth to blow is not yet known unto us Yet I think it probable that because that Mountains are found in it covered with perpetual Snow therefore the winds are generated from a continual resolution of them But I will not infect the mind of the Reader with these my suspicions or conjectures For peradventure the Snows which are found all the year long in the high Mountains at the Streights of Magellan are the cause of these winds but yet it may be Objected that those Mountains lie from the South towards the West declining from the South wherefore we shall leave this to a more diligent inquisition or a more full knowledge of the South Continent 3. At the Coasts of the Land of Magellan or Del Fugo about the Streight Le Mair continual or at least very frequent Westernly winds do blow and that with that force that they make the Trees to bend towards the East from their perpendicular rectitude neither is there any part of the Earth in which those Occidental winds so often blow but on the other part of the Streights Le Mair at the Coast of the South Land the South wind bloweth I can render no other cause of those Occidental winds but that I suppose them to be raised from Snow and Clouds in the South Continent which extendeth it self from the side of that Occidental Streight from the South towards the North. But these are doubtful and more diligently to be inquired after 4. On the Malabarian Coasts of India for almost the whole year the North and North-East winds blow the cause proceedeth from the resolution of the Snows of the Mountains of the Asiatick Sarmatia viz. Imaus or Caucasus from the Clouds on the other Mountains of Asia which are collected and press the subject Air. 5. In the Sea near to Guinea the North West wind is frequent and in the remote Sea the North East 6. In the middle passage between Japan and Liampo a Maritimate City of China even unto these are found Occidental winds which blow in Japan in November and December 7. At the Isle Guotou not far from the Isle Dos Cavallos in the Sea of China is a frequent South wind when that yet in the neighbouring Ocean a North wind is predominate Proposition VII Vnto these Periodical or state Winds appertain those also that are tearmed day Winds which in some Regions and at a certain time of the year blow for some hours every day Of Day Winds so called Now they are found to be twofold and that only in some Maritimate places for some blow from Mediterranean places to the Shore towards the Sea and others on the contrary from the Sea to the Shoars 1. On the Malabarian Coasts in the Summer season viz. from September to April the Terrestial winds or Terrinhos do blow from the twelfth hour of the night to the twelfth hour of the day now these winds are Eastern winds But from the twelfth hour of the day to the twelfth hour of the night the Sea wind or Viraconus to wit the West wind bloweth but this is very weak so that by its assistance the Ships can hardly arrive at the Shoar I suppose the cause of those Oriental winds from twelve at night to twelve in the day partly to be a general wind and partly Clouds on the Mountain Gatis But the cause of the Occidental Winds that blow from twelve in the day to twelve at night is the resolution of thick Clouds caused by the setting of the Sun which Clouds before by the Oriental wind were forced towards the West Out of those named Months the North wind predominateth also the East and North-East neither by reason of the often Tempests are these Terrestrial and Marine winds discerned 2. In Musulipatan a City on the Coasts of Charomandel these Terrinhos begin to blow
Del Majo with the Southern-motion in the end of August in 35 degrees of the Meridian of Tristian de Cunha in May in the New Moon the West-wind rageth and Shipwracks but in 33 degrees of the same Meridian the North and North-east Winds predominate 8. In June and July in the Sea of China at Pulon Timor the West-winds are violent and dangerous 9. Between China and Japan many Storms are from the New Moon of July to the twelfth day of the Moon 10. There if in June other winds blow besides the motion sometimes from this sometimes from that quarter until that they are setled in the North-east quarter of a certain a Storm followeth THE SECOND BOOK OF General Geography CONCERNING The Affections of the places of the Earth depending on the apparent motion of the Stars CHAP. XXII Of things requisite to be foreknown in the knowledge of Geography Itherto we have been employed in an absolute contemplation of the Earth we now draw near the Second Part of this Doctrine in which we shall consider those Properties or Affections which happen to the Earth from the apparent motion of the Sun and Stars Neither would they be except this Motion were evident The Explication of which Affections will with greater right appertain unto Geography if so be that same Motion be attributed unto the Earth it self of which we have treated in the Sixth Chapter Now for the right knowledge of these Affections these following Hypotheses and Definitions are necessary to be understood Definitions An Artificial Terrestrial Globe termed a factitious Glâ—be First the Artificial Terrestrial Globe is termed a factitious Globe from whose Superficies the parts of the Earth and their scituation a◠〈◊〉 presented as they have an existence in the Earth it self according â—o the proportion of this Superficies to the Superficies of the Earth A Map a plain Figure and of what Lines it consists A Map or Geographical Card is a plain figure in which the scituations of the Terrestrial Superficies are represented And this again is either Universal or Particular The first exhibiteth the whole Superficies of the Earth the other some one or other Region Some Maps consist of strait Lines and others of crooked These of strait are such in which the Peripheries or Circumferences of the Terrestrial Circles are represented by right Lines the other in which the same Peripheries are exhibited by crooked Lines But as for the composure of a Terrestrial Globe and Geographical Maps we shall take an occasion to treat of in the end of our Book by reason the same cannot be understood before the Doctrine which we now handle be well apprehended Of the Poles and Axis of the Earth Secondly The Poles of the Earth are two points diametrically opposite in the Superficies of the same which remain immoveable in the Diurnal circumrotation of the Earth or which are subjected unto the Poles of the apparent Quotidian motion of the Stars But the Axis of the Earth is said to be the Diameter conjoyning the Poles Or thus The Axis of the Earth is that Diameter of the Earth about which the Diurnal motion of the Stars or Earth it self is perfected Now the Poles are said to be the Extream points of the Axis in the Superficies of the Terrestrial Globe and that Pole which is subjected to the Constellation termed the Bear is called the Artick Septentrional or Northern Pole the other is called the Antartick or Southern Pole These are by more facility explained by an Artificial Terrestrial Globe than by words If the former be wheeled round those two immoveable points will appear which are the Poles and the Diameter imaginarily drawn from one Pole to the other through the Center of the Earth shall be the Axis The Aequator or Aequinoctial Line Thirdly The Aequator is said to be the Periphery or Circumference of the greatest Circle in the Globe of the Earth equally distant from both the Poles or placed in the middle between the Poles or whose Poles are the same with the Poles of the Earth It is also termed the Aequinoctial Line and that by Mariners All the Stars in their Diurnal motion make Peripheries equidistant or parallel to the Aequator wherefore the Aequator is the Rule of Diurnal motion Parallels Fourthly The Parallels of the Aequator are said to be lesser Peripheries which are parallel to the Aequator In an Artificial Globe the Aequator by reason of its Magnitude is more conspicuous than the others and its name is ascribed and it is divided into 360 degrees The Parallels are also conspicuous which are likewise termed the Circles of the Latitude of Places as we shall shew in the following Chapter Of Maps These may also be shewed in Geographical Maps that are Universal Indeed in Maps of Right Lines the Poles are not represented but the Extremities of every Meridian are the Poles but in Maps consisting of Crooked Lines the Poles are those points in which the Crooked Lines do meet the Aequator being transverse in both kind of Maps passeth through the middle of them and hath a greater Latitude than the other Lines and withal it is a strait Line although in the particular Maps of Asia and Europe it be made crooked The Parallels of the Aequator in strait-lined Maps are strait-lâ—â—â—s and in crooked-lined Maps they are crooked The Ecliptick Fifthly The Ecliptick is the greatest Circle of the Heavens which the Sun describeth in his Annual motion In truth it existeth not in the Earth but by reason of its notable use it is marked in the Artificial Globe as also in Geographical Maps The Tropicks Sixthly The Tropicks are two Parallels of the Aequator which are distant from the Aequator by so great an interval as the greatest recess of the Sun is from the Aequator towards the Poles or as the greatest declination of the Sun or obliquity of the Ecliptick The Tropick of Cancer is that which is interposed between the Aequator and Pole Artick The Tropick of Capricorn is that which is between the Aequator and the Southern Pole The Polary Circles In the Globe and in Maps they are wont to be noted by a double Periphery and the same appellation is ascribed The Polary Circles are two Parallels so called whereof one is distant from the Pole Artick the other from the Antartick so many degrees as the Sun is from the Aequator in his greatest recess and the first is termed the Artick Circle and the other the Antartick The Circles hitherto explained do not depend on certain Places such as the following do which in divers places are various and different The Meridian Seventhly The Meridian of any place in the Superficies of the Earth is a Line so termed which passeth through that place in which when the Sun cometh the Meridies is in that place Now the Meridies is that moment of the day which is equally distant from the rising and setting of the
contain all the places whose Latitude is the same with the Place given In Maps of strait Lines let a strait Line be drawn through the Place given parallel to the Aequator all the Places through which that Line passeth shall have the same Latitude with the place given In Maps of Crooked lines let the Periphery be described passing the place given from the Pole of the Maps as from a Center so by the same means as before the Places sought for shall be found But if no certain Place but a Latitude be given let one fool of the Compass be placed in the Pole of the Map and the other on the side Line to the degree of Latitude and then the Parallel shall be described Proposition VII To find the Meridian or the Plaga and point of the North and South in the given place of the Earth or in the given plane There are divers ways by which the Line fought for may be found Rules for the finding the Meridian First The most easie Mode is that which maketh use of the Magnetical Needle For seeing that the Magnetical Needle or Needle of the Compass with one extream looketh to the South and the other to the North the extension of it will shew the Meridian Line But because in very few places it hath respect to the Northern and Southern Point or Clime and in very many declineth from them as we shall shew elsewhere See in Chapter the 38th therefore the Meridian line is not accurately found by that but only an adjoyning line which although it may serve when the matter is not much material for which we desire it yet in concernment of greater moment it may be the cause of a great errour First draw the Line which the Magnetical Needle sheweth then taking any point in this Line let the Periphery of the Circle be described from it as from a Center in the which let the Degrees of the Declination of the Needle be numbred beginning from the false drawn Meridian Line and that towards the East if the given Declination be towards the West and contrariwise towards the West if the given Declination be towards the East Lastly let a straight Line be drawn through the term of the Numeration of the Center of the Periphery This shall be the true Meridian Line The Mariners Compass useful There is no need of this labour if that you have the Mariners Compass at hand in the which the Declination of the Magnetick Needle is corrected to the place proposed Secondly The Meridian Line is more accurately found out by the benefit of the Stars The Meridian Line found by the Staâ—â— First when the Sun shineth a style or pin being erected the shadow of it will shew the Meridian Line But by reason that it is not safe to conside in Dyals therefore this mode is not altogether accurate and it sheweth a true Line yet a little distance from the true Thirdly A Periphery being drawn in a plain given let a style or pin be erected from the Center of the same and let the term of the Shadow before the Meridies be noted or first the extremity of the Shadow being noted let the Periphery or Circumserence be described by the extremity of the Shadow from the place of the style Then you must expect so long after the Meridies until the extremity of the Shadow touch the same Periphery The Latitude being known the Meridian Line by the help of the Globe may be sound out Fourthly If that the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude in the place of the Observation be known we may be the benefit of the Globe find out the Meridian Line by this means First by observation let the Altitude of the Sun above the Horizon be found out then let a strait Line be drawn on a plain in which the Sun then seemeth to be and a point being taken as a Center in this Line whatsoever it be the Periphery is described then let the Pole be elevated in the Globe according to the elevation of the place given let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick for the day given be noted let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and in that let the observed Altitude of the Sun be marked Then let the Globe and the Quadrant be moved together until the point of the Quadrant and the noted place of the Sun do meet The Globe thus remaining let the intercepted Degrees between the Meredian and the Quadrant of the Verrical point be numbred in the wooden Horizon let so may Degrees be cut off in the Periphery before described beginning from the Line of the Plaga of the Sun towards the East or West as the time of the observation shall be and let a right Line be drawn through the term or bound of the Resection and Center of the Circle This shall be the true Meridian Line The invention will be far more easie and without the use of the Vertical Quadrant if the Plaga be observed or a Line drawn in the plain in which the Sun either rising or setting is beheld For then a Circle being again described let the place of the Sun be brought to the Horizon and let the intercepted Degrees between the place of the Sun and the North or South be numbred let so many Degrees be cut off in the Periphery described from the Line drawn and let a right Line be drawn through the term or bound of the Resection and Center This shall be the true Meridian Line Proposition VIII To place a Globe so that the Cardines of the same may respect the Cardines of the Earth that is that the Brazen Meridian may be seated in the true Meridian of the place Of the placing the Globe Let the Meridian Line be found in that plain on which the Globe standeth and let the Globe be so placed that the Brazen Meridian may exactly hang over the Meridian line so the Globe shall be fixed according to the Plagas or Climates of the World Or let the Mariners Compass be placed at the foot of the Globe and let the Globe with its foot so long be moved in the plain until the Brazen Meridian and the Meridian line of the Compass be found to be in the same plain so the Globe shall be again constituted according to the Plaga or Climates of the Earth that is so that the North part of the Globe shall have respect to the North part of the Earth the South to the South East to the East and West to West A Problem may be propounded concerning Geographical Maps and the use is also in the Art of Navigation viz. so to place them on a plain that the Northern places of them may look towards the North of the Earth the Southern to the South and the like The Solution is easie if that a Meridian line may be found in that plain or if you have an accurate Mariners Compass for the Side line of the Map
of the Pole Arctick But it is otherwise in the Antarctick Pole Proposition III. In places lying beneath the Aequator and the Pole no days are equal to the nights except the two days of the Aequinoctials but all the rest are either greater or lesser than the nights The days not equal to the nights in places lying under the Aequator Let any place in the Globe be taken beneath the Aequator and the Pole and let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place and any day of the year being taken except the daies of the Aequinoxes Let the place of the Sun for that day be found and so be noted in the Ecliptick and being brought to the Meridian let the Parallel be described which the Sun maketh by his Diurnal Circumrotation Let the two Points of this Parallel in the Horizon be noted and it will be manifest that the Arch of the Parallel above the Horizon is greater or lesser than the Arch of the Parallels lying hid beneath the Horizon and so the day or stay of the Sun above the Horizon will be greater or lesser than beneath it Or in the place of the Sun brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed above the 12th hour of the Horary Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun doth come to the Occidental Horizon The Index in the Circle will shew the number of the hours of the day Then let the Index be brought back to 12 and the Globe turned round until the place of the Sun passing beneath the Horizon returns to the East The Index again will shew the number of the hours of the night and the inequality will be manifest Proposition IV. A place being given in the Globe or the Latitude of a place being given and the day of the year also given to find how many hours the Sun in that day remaineth above the Horizon of that place and how many beneath it that is to find the Longitude of the day and night for that place at the day given Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick at the day given be found And let it be noted in the Ecliptick of the Globe Let the Pole be Elevated according to the Latitude of the place given Latitude of places Let the place of the Sun be brought to the Oriental Horizon and the Index of the Circle to 12 let the Globe be turned round until the place of the Sun come to the Occidental Horizon the Index will shew the number of the hours of the day the other at 24 will shew the hours of the night Proposition V. In all places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick the longest day and shortest night is when the Sun enters the first degree of Cancer and the shortest day and longest night is when the Sun entreth the first degree of Capricorn But in the places seated between the Aequator and the Antarctick Pole it is just contrary Of places seated between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick The daies longest and nights shortest when the Sun entreth into Cancer and daies shortest and nights longest when into Capricora To shew this on the Globe take what place you please and let the Pole be Elevated according to its Latitude Then according to the preceeding Proposition find out the number of the hours when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer then any other point of the Ecliptick being taken for any day of the year let the number of the hours again be found for that day And it will be manifest that the number of the hours of the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is greater than the number of the hours of another day And because this other day is taken at pleasure and in every day the same Demonstration is in force therefore the day when the Sun is in the first Degree of Cancer is the longest of all daies and consequently the shortest night After the same way we may shew that the day is the shortest when the Sun is in the first Degree of Capricorn and the nights the longest The same Method of Demonstration shall be observed for places scituated on the other side of the Aequator towards the Antarctick Pole Proposition VI. In the Northern places of the Earth whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Capricorn to the first of Cancer the days continually encrease and whilst he moveth from the first of Cancer unto the first of Capricorn they continually decrease But it is contrary in the places Southernly for they encrease from the first of Cancer to the first of Capricorn and decrease from the first of Capricorn to the first of Cancer Of the encreasing and decreasing of the daies in the Northern places of the Earth Take any Northern place you please in the Globe which lyeth between the Aequator and the Pole Arctick and let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of that place Then taking two or more of the Points of the Ecliptick which he between the first of Capricorn and the first of Cancer he quantity of the day may be found for these Points or for the Sun then in those points And it will be manifest that the day from the day of the first of Capricorn being more remote will be greater than that day which was more near to the same day of the first of Capricorn The same way we must use in the daies scituated between the first of Cancer and the first of Capricorn And in places seated Southernly we shall shew the Proposition by such like Method The Demonstration will be more perspicuous if that it be done through the Parallel Arches which are above and under the Horizon Proposition VII If the place of the Earth be more remote from the Aequator or more propincate to the Pole than another place According to the scituation of the places of Earth to the Aequator and the Pole the daies and nights are longer and shorter the difference is greater between the daies and the nights and the longest day is greater and the shortest night is less Contrariwise if the place be more nigh the Aequator the difference between the quantity of the daies and nights is lesser and the longest day besser and the shortest night greater so that the places near the Aequator or scituate in the Torrid Zone have almost all the days equal to the nights as the places of the Aequator it self and the excess of the longest day above that of the Aequinoctial about one hour Take in the Globe two places one more remote from the Aequator the other more nigh and take what day of the year you please except the Aequinoxes you may shew that in the place more remote the day more differeth from the quantity of the night than in a place more near the Aequator Let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be
Parallels Longest days Elevation of the Pole The Interval   hours min. deg min.   The first The begining middle end begining of the 2. 12 0 0 0     12 15 4 15 0 1   12 30 8 25 8 25   12 45 12 30   The second The middle the end 13 0 16 25 8    13 15 20 15   The third The middle the end 13 30 23 50 7 25   13 45 27 40   The fourth The middle the end 14 0 30 20 6 30   14 15 33 40   The fifth The middle the end 14 30 36 28 6 8   14 45 39 2   The sixth The middle the end 15 0 41 22 4 52   15 15 43 32   The seventh The middle the end 15 30 45 29 4 7   15 45 47 20   The eighth The middle the end 16 0 49 1 3 31   16 15 50 33   The ninth The middle the end 16 30 51 58 2 7   16 45 53 17   The tenth The middle the end 17 0 54 27 2 49   17 15 55 34   The eleventh The middle the end 17 30 56 37 2 10   17 45 57 32   The twelfth The middle the end 18 0 58 29     18 15 59 14   The thirteenth The middle the end 18 30 59 58     18 45 60 40   The fourteenth The middle the end 19 0 61 18     19 15 61 55   The fifteenth The middle the end 19 30 62 25     19 45 62 54   The sixteenth The middle the end 20 0 63 22     20 15 64 40   The seventeenth The middle the end 20 30 64 6     20 45 64 30   The eighteenth The middle the end 21 0 65 49     21 15 65 6   The nineteenth The middle the end 21 30 65 21     21 45 65 35   The twentieth The middle the end 22 0 65 47     22 15 66 57   The 21st The middle the end 22 30 66 6     22 45 66 14   The 22d The middle the end 23 0 66 20     23 15 66 25   The 23d The middle the end 23 30 66 28     23 45 66 30   The 24th The middle the end 24 0 66 31   The Climates were wont to be extended no further because that in the following places the Longest day doth not increase by hours but by whole Days or Diurnal revolutions and it is lost labour to compute them Notwithstanding the following Canon will shew the Elevation of the Pole or Latitude of the Places where the Longest days increase by whole Months Months 1 2 3 4 5 6 The Latitude of the places deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min. deg min.  67 20 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 0 90 0 Proposition XIV To explain the method of other Geographers in reckoning of the Climates and making the Table of the Climates The division of the Earth into Climates by the Ancient Geographers The Ancient Geographers especially the Grecians who supposed only a small portion of the Earth to be inhabited because that as well the places Northernly as those of the Torrid Zone they denied as impossible to be inhabited therefore they divided only that portion of the Earth which they knew into Climates and so only numbred seven Climates from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and named them from some noted place through which the Parallel of the Climates passed viz. The first Climate they called the Climate through Meroe which is an Island and City in Africa encompassed by the Nile The second through Syene a City of Aegypt The third through Alexandria in Aegypt The fourth through the Island of Rhodes The fifth through the Hellespont Others through Rome The sixth through Borysthenes a famous River of the European Sarmatia The seventh through the Riphaean Mountains of Sarmatia The Ancients numbred not the other Climates from the other side of the Aequator towards the South because all those places were unknown to them and many thought that the Sea possessed all the superficies of the Earth Which seeing it seemed somewhat improbable to the latter these also numbred the Climates from the other side of the Aequator and they named them not from any noted places for they had no knowledge of any but by the same appellations with those of the Northern only preposing the Preposition 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as the Climate 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 〈◊〉 as if you should say the Climate opposite to the Climate through Meroe or Syene c. Other Climates added by the Ancients But when through progress of time they discovered many parts of the Earth lying towards the South Pole to be inhabited many more Climates were numbred and constituted Some named the eighth Clime from the Palus Maeotis the ninth from the Baltick Sea the tenth the eleventh and the rest from other places Which denominations although not necessary for the construction of a Table yet they may be added unto our Table in those Areae where we have placed the number of the Climates for so the Climates will stick closer in our memory as also the Places in every Climate and we may be able to make a better comparison between the difference of Cold and Heat But this is better to leave to the Industry of the Reader and to those that are Studious than to add it to it that so we may afford them a greater occasion of contemplating the Terrestrial Globe and by this means may more easily commit them to Memory Where the Ancients began the Climates You must also take notice that the Ancients did not begin the Numeration of the Climates from the Aequator it self as our Table doth but from the Place or Parallel where the Longest day consisteth of 12¾ hours and therefore their first Climate is the second in our Table their second our third and so on for they supposed those places which we ascribe to the first Climate could not possibly be inhabited by men by reason of the excessive heat of the Sun The first Climate of 9 degrees of Latitude that therefore they judged it not meet to reckon those places but seeing that Experience hath demonstrated the contrary we would observe their Mode of naming and constituting of those Climates Ptolomy beginneth the first Climate from the Parallel where the Longest day is 12¼ hours or where the Latitude or distance from the Aequator is four degrees 15 minutes The matter is of no
great concernment yet it is better to begin from the Aequator that all the places may lie in some Climate Proposition XV. To shew the use of the Table of the Climates 1. The Latitude of some place or Elevation of the Pole being given to know the quantity of the Longest day in that place and the Climate in which it lieth Let the given Elevation of the Pole be sought in the Table and on the opposite Region we shall find both the quantity of the Longest day as also the Climate and the Parallel If that the given Elevation cannot be found in the Table then take that Elevation which is less near or the like which is found in the Table From the Longitude of the Longest day of any place to know the Latude of the place and the Parallel and Climate 2. The Longitude of the Longest day of any place being given which any person hath observed or received by relation to know from thence the Latitude of that place the Parallel and the Climate in which that place lieth Enter the Table with the Latitude given and you shall see on the opposite Region both the Latitude and the Place demanded as also the Climate and Parallel 3. A Climate being given to determine the Longitude of the Longest day and the Elevation of the Pole This is facil from the very sight of the Table CHAP. XXVI Of the Light Heat Cold Rains in the diverse parts of the Earth or Zones and other properties of the Zones Proposition I. These Causes are efficacious to generate and procure Light Heat Cold and Rain with other Meteors in the places of the Earth and the vicine Air. Of the causes of Heat 1. THe more or less or no obliquity of the Rays of the Sun coming to or emitted on any place For the Rays falling perpendicular on any place cause great heat and the other Rays sliding obliquely have for that very reason a less power of heating by how much the obliquity of them is the greater that is by how much the more they decline from the perpendicular Ray. 2. The diurnal stay of the Sun above the Horizon of the place For the same heat maketh more hot and changeth the Air in a longer time than in a shorter 3. The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being more or less in the Night season For this difference of depression causeth that either more or less Light is perceived in the Air also more or less Heat Rain thick Clouds Hitherto belongeth the Twilight 4. The more or less Elevation of the Moon above the Horizon the more or less depression of the same beneath the Horizon the more or less Diurnal stay of the same above the Horizon The Causes are the same with those alledged in the three foregoing Paragraphs The Planets and fixed Stars raise Vapours c. in the Air. 5. The same may be said of fixed Stars especially of those more noted ones and of the five other Planets Saturn Jupiter Mars Venus and Mercury For they generate some light and heat in the Air although it be but little and change the Air divers ways and raise Vapours if that we may credit Astronomers 6. The propriety or species of the Earth of every place For where the Earth is more stony and rocky there for the most part it is more Cold than where it is sulphureous and fat and here again it is more fertilâ— Where there is much Sand and no Rivers there is greater Heat Fumes and Mists proceed from Lakes 7. Lakes or the Sea adjacent From thence also Fumes and Mists are raised more moist and frequent in the Air and the Rays are less powerfully reflected from the Sea than from the Earth 8. The scituation of Places For the Sun acteth otherwise on Mountains and Mountainous places than on Valleys and Plains Moreover Mountains hinder the free access of the Rays of the Sun to the subject places for to them the Vapours of the Air are in some sort attracted See Chap. 20. whence the Mountains change the seasons of the adjacent places as Heat Rain and the like For these would be otherwise in the Subject places if that the Mountains were absent The Winds cause difference in the weather 9. The Winds especially the general So the Etesian winds temperate and allay the Canicular heat A general Wind in the Torrid Zone especially the Subsolan winds in Brasilia render the Heat temperate when in Africa which is Occidental the Heat is vehement because these places feel not so general a Wind. The Northern winds are cold and dry the Southern warm and moist in our places 10. Clouds Rain and Fogs take away and diminish light and heat I suppose that there are not many causes of this variety in light and heat c. which is observed in divers places of the Earth or also in the same places but yet in a different time or season Proposition II. How are the Seasons of the year Spring Summer Autumn and Winter to be defined The four Seasons of the Year Although in Sciences we ought not to contend and dispute concerning Definitions yet because certain Homonymes or Likenesses do here occur without the Explication of which there will arise much confusion in the following Doctrine therefore I will so propose this Question that you may the more cautiously avoid this Homonyme that they may not be deceived and intangled by the same The Question comprehendeth two difficulties first Whether these Seasons ought to be defined from the entrance of the Sun and his stay in certain sings of the Ecliptick and Zodiack According to Astronomers and Astrologers For so Astronomers and Astrologers commonly do saying that that is the Spring whilst the Sun moveth from the first degree of Aries to the first of Cancer that is Summer whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Cancer to the first of Libra that is Autumn whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Libra to the first of Capricorn and that is Winter whilst the Sun moveth from the first of Capricorn to the first degree of Aries Now it is manifest that these Definitions are not general and agreeable to all places because they are only of force in the Northern places scituated from the Aequator towards the Pole Artick and not in the Southern so that for these Definitions the same persons bring Definitions contrary to the former saying that in these places the Spring beginneth from the first degree of Libra proceeding unto the first of Capricorn the Summer from the first of Capricorn to the first of Aries the Autumn from the first of Aries to the first of Cancer and the Winter from the first of Cancer to the first of Libra But from thence it would follow that those Seasons cannot possibly be defined which is false and Generals ought to be defined by Generals Secondly Definitions so made cannot have place in the places of the Torrid Zone
Autumn and the beginning of the Winter in those places is when the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance that possibly he can from the Vertex of those places as it is laid down in the Definitions And it is true concerning all the places of the Torrid Northern Zone that the Sun entring into the first degree of Capricorn acquireth the greatest distance in the Meridies from the Vertex of those places because that in all the other days he is more near to those places Therefore the Sun being entred into the first degree of Capricorn the beginning of the Winter happeneth to all those places and also the end of Autumn which is the first part of this Proposition The other part is also easily proved for if these places be of a diverse Latitude then the Sun is not vertical in the Meridies to those places in the same days but in diverse for then is the beginning of the Summer of any place of this Torrid Zone when the Sun by his ascent from the first of Capricorn cometh to that degree of the Northern Ecliptick that he is vertical to that place So that in divers days the beginning of Summer may be in those divers places yet in all those places its beginning falleth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The Summer shall also end in different days and the Autumn begin because the Sun in divers days cometh to his mean distance or to the points of the Ecliptick which have a moderate distance from those places because these points are differently seated between the first of Libra and the first of Capricorn notwitstanding this beginning falleth out between the 21 of September and the 21 of December After the same Mode in divers days the Winter shall have an end and the Spring begin because the points of the Ecliptick again of a moderate distance are divers from the Vertices of those places Now the Sun touching them causeth the beginning of the Spring which yet happens in all between the 21 of December and the 21 of March 3. All the places of the Earth scituated in the Torrid Southern Zone have also the end of the Autumn and the beginning of the Winter together at one time viz. the 21 of June but they have not the beginning and end of the Spring as also the beginning of the Autumn together but divers places have it in different days yet so that the beginning of the Summer of all those places doth fall between the 21 of September and the 21 of December The beginning of Autumn and the end of Summer between the 21 of March and the 21 of June the beginning of the Spring and the end of Winter between the 21 of June and the 21 of September The parts of this Proposition are proved after the same manner as the former For on the 21 of June the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer and therefore hath the greatest distance that is possible from the places of the Austrial Torrid Zone Then therefore all of them shall have the beginning of Winter but the beginning of Summer the Spring and Autumn shall happen on divers days because the Sun in sundry points of the Ecliptick becometh vertical unto divers places and acquireth also a moderate distance from those places in many places 4. Those Places of the Earth in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar which lye between the Aequator and the Eighth degree of Latitude as well towards the North as South For the Sun by his proper Motion or by his access or recess make two Summers in them two Springs but yet but one Autumn and one Winter and that by a confused kind of order viz. this the Spring the Summer the Spring the Summer again then Autumn and then Winter The places in the Torrid Zone have something peculiar to them which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of Latitude The cause of this Paradox is because the Sun receding from the Vertices of those places which lye between the Aequator and the 8th degree of the Boreal or Northern Latitude where it maketh the beginning of the first Summer and going forwards towards the beginning of Cancer it acquireth here a a moderate distance when it returneth from the Vertices towards those Vertices it shall not make Autumn after that first Summer but another Spring seeing that it made the first before it began the first Summer where it obtaineth a mean distance between the first of Capricorn and the first of Aries For Example let us take a place which is four degrees from the Aequator because therefore also the Sun in the tenth degree of Aries declineth and is distant from the Aequator four degrees therefore he being in the tenth of Aries shall cause the beginning of Summer in that place Moreover the greatest distance which this place can have in the Meridies is 27 degrees 30 minutes viz. in the first degree of Capricorn where his declination from the Aequator is 30 minntes 23 degrees to which let the Northerm distance of the place from the Aequator 4 degrees be added therefore seeing his meanest distance is 0 degrees let 0 degrees be his middle distance 13 degrees 45 minutes Wherefore when the Sun shall be in the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place taken or the Parallel of the place 13 degrees 45 minutes Then the Sun shall make either Spring or Autumn in that place the Spring if the Sun be moved from those points towards the Vertex of the place but Autumn if the Sun tend from that point to a remote distance Now the points of the Ecliptick which are distant from the place assumed 13 degrees 45 minutes are found to be four to wit the 25th degree of Libra the 3d degree of Gemini the 27th of Cancer and the 5th of Pisces which is proved from the declination of these points Because that therefore the Sun coming to the fifth degree of Pisces from the first of Capricorn acquireth here a middle distance from the Vertex of the place assumed and tendeth towards the place he shall then make viz. he being in the fifth degree of Pisces the beginning of the Spring in that place which Spring shall continue until the Sun doth come to the tenth of Aries where he shall become Vertical to the place and that shall be in the beginning of the Summer when the Sun by his motion hath departed from the place to the third of Gemini Again he shall have a moderate distance from the Vertex of the place in the Meridies viz. 13 degrees 45 minutes and then shall that Summer have an end and the Spring begin not the Autumn because that the Sun doth not tend to the greatest distance from the Vertex from the third of Gemini but returneth to the least viz. whilst he moveth through Cancer and Leo he cometh to the twentieth of Virgo For then again he becometh Vertical to the
again opposite four days of the year in two of which the Sun shall obtain a middle distance from the place given if therefore the place given be North take two of those four days whereof one happeneth between the 21 of December and the 21 of March this shall be the entrance of the Spring the other between the 21 of September and the 21 of December this shall be the entrance of Autumn But if the place given be South from those four days you must take the day between the 21 of June and the 21 of September for the entrance of the Spring and for the beginning of Autumn that which happeneth between the 21 of March and the 21 of June The beginning of Winter shall be the 21 of June if the place be South but if North the 21 of December 3. If the place given be between the Aequator and the eighth degree of Latitude it shall have two Summers and two Spring seasons besides Autumn and Winter except peradventure we will cast away that second Spring which is intermedial between the two Summers as we said in the end of the preceeding Proposition and attribute a continual Summer to that time which if you do we must act no otherwise with the given place than in the former Mode If we will attribute two Summers and two Springs to it as the definitions of Summer and Spring accurately observed do require we shall first act by the first Mode as in the former Theorems viz. we shall find the entrance of Summer and Winter and except the four days of moderate distance found in the Table of those four those two which we advised to take in the former Mode for the entrance of the Spring and Autumn here again we shall take on the same conditions but of the other two days that only which is proximate to the day of the Summer shall be taken For this will shew the end of the Summer and the beginning of the second Spring but for the day of the second Summer another day of the three remaining shall be taken in that Area from which the beginning of the first Summer was taken viz. that which is distant by an equal number of days from the 21 of June and the 21 of Capricorn if the place be South the first day of the Summer So the days shall be found in which the Summer the Spring Autumn and the Winter do begin and end in the places of the Torrid Stone Proposition V. In the places in the temperate and frigid Zones the four seasons of the year are almost equal or consist of an equal number of days But in the places of the Torrid Zone they are unequal Neither are only the times of the divers seasons unequal but also the time of the season in the divers places of the Zones is unequal The seasons of the year in the places in the Temperate and Frigid Zone are equal 1. For the places of the temperate and frigid Zones what I have said is easily demonstrated For seeing that the Sun in every time of those four quarters of the Year runs through three Signs therefore the times of the Spring Summer Autumn and the Winter shall be equal or of equal days except some days viz. five in which the Summer and four in which the Spring of the Northern places exceed the Autumn and the Winter but in the Southern places it is otherwise for Autumn and Winter exceed the Spring and Summer which as we have shewed before proceedeth from the excentricity of the Sun 2. In places lying under the Aequator there are two Summers as also other Seasons but hoth short as also both the Springs viz. each Summer and each Spring hath only 32 days which is 64 days but the Autumns and Winters are longer viz. 55 days which is 110 days 3. In the places of the Torrid Zone by how much the less they are remote from the Aequator by so much the more they have the longer Summer the less Winter and more or less moderate Autumn and Spring for in places not remote above 10 degrees from the Aequator the Summer continueth six Months Now the greatness of the Summer Autumn Winter and Spring is known by the preceeding Proposition What hath hitherto been said is only to be understood concerning the Celestial Seasons that is those which depend on a Celestial Cause or from the access or recess of the Sun for from this alone cometh not light heat and cold as we have said in some places before therefore we shall consider the other causes in the following Propositions Proposition VI. In places of the Tornid Zone as the Sun by day is very near the Vertex so on the contrary by night he is beneath the Horizon Of the Motion of the Sun in places of the Torrid Frigid and Temperate Zones and very much removed from the Vertex of those places so that those places by night lye almost in the middle shadow of the Earth neither can the Air possibly any wayes be warmed by the Suns rayes by frequent reflection In places of the Frigid Zone as the Sun by day is not very nigh the Vertex so by night he doth not profoundly remain beneath the Horizon but for the greatest part of the night doth so turn round beneath the Horizon that many rayes from him by reflection do penetrate into the Air. In places of the Temperate Zone as the Sun by day cometh to the Vertex of those places by a moderate Vicinity so by night by an easie distance he is depressed beneath the Horizon so that some rayes at least are in the Air. To shew this by the Globe first let the Pole be elevated for some place scituated in the Torrid Zone or rather let the Pole be placed in the Horizon it self that the places of the Aequator may be in the Vertex of the Horizon or that the wooden Horizon may become the Horizon of the places of the Aequator then consider the depression of the Parallels which the Sun describeth by his circumrotation beneath the Horizon and the truth of the member of this Proposition will appear Then let the Pole be elevated for the places of the Frigid Zone or let the Poles be placed in the Vertex of the Horizon and the Parallels of the Sun beneath the Horizon from the first degree of Libra to the first of Aries being considered it will again be manifest that they are very little depressed below the Horizon And so we have shewed the second member or part of this Proposition Lastly let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any place scituated in the Temperate Zone and the depression of the Parallels beneath the Horizon again being considered the third part of this Proposition will be proved Proposition VII A place being given in the Globe and the day of the year to find the Longitude of the Crepusculum or Twilight in the place given at the day given That time is
distance from the place assumed the Spring when he goeth from a point of moderate distance towards the very Vertex of the Pole or to the point of the Ecliptick which is Vertical to the place or to the Parallel of the place the Summer where the Sun goeth from this other point of middle distance to a point of greatest distance that is the first degree of Capricorn or Cancer 2. In the places of the Aequator it self the Sun no day of the year remaineth above the Horizon more or less hours than twelve and so many beneath the Horizon In other places of the Torrid Zone one hour or an hour and an half at the most viz. in the extream places of this Zone about the Tropicks of Cancer and Capricorn when the day is at the longest the Sun remaineth above the Horizon twelve hours and in the shortest day about eleven hours and in the intermedial days that time of the stay of the Sum above and beneath the Horizon doth not much differ from twelve hours And therefore this is the cause that the nights are not without cold and the heat of the day continueth not long about the eveningtide 3. In the night time the Sun is profoundly depressed beneath the Horizon for that he illustrateth the Air with none of his rayes nay not reflex This is the cause that most dark nights are there and the cold of the night is augmented the Air is condensed and contracteth it self and being cold it descends towards the earth by its own ponderosity Moreover in a very short time about the space of half an hour before the rising of the Sun and after his setting those places have the light and heat of the Twilight 4 The Moon almost after the same manner as the Sun ascends directly from the Horizon towards the Meridian of those places yet a little more obliquely because it departeth from the Ecliptick and therefore towards the Torrid Zone about five degrees and it remaineth after the same manner as the Sun a little above twelve hours above the Horizon and is depressed beneath it almost so many hours and that profoundly as we have spoken of the Sun Therefore with her direct rayes or those near to the perpendicular she will augment the warmness of the night especially when she is Vertical to any place and diminish it by her recess but by reason of her short stay above the Horizon the effect of it is little discerned in any place except when it is Vertical to it 5. All the Stars arise and set in places nigh the Aequator but those Stars which are near the Pole in places more remote from the Aequator do not arise and those are but very few and therefore they can cause little heat and light and that also insensible in the Air. 6. In many places of the Torrid Zone as in India and its Isles in the Tongue of Africa and in Mexico the earth is Sulphureous which sendeth forth more calid vapours whence it communicateth a certain heat to the Air and a peculiar property In some places it is sandy as in the North part of Africa lying in the Torrid Zone in part of Lybia and the Land of the Negroes in many places of Arabia in Peru and in the places between Peru and Brazilia whence in these places a very great heat is raised by the Sun because the particles of the Sand do very long retain the heat received from the Sun and soon communicate the same to the vicine Air. In other places the Rivers are many and in those Sandy ones few there are many in Abyssine in Guiney Congo India and in Brazilia hence humid vapours are raised which do very much blunt the force of the Suns rayes and render his heat more tolerable 7. The most places of the Torrid Zone have the Sea adjacent as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa Guiney Brazilia Peru Mexico some places of the Torrid Zone are Mediterranean as the more inward Africa the Regions between Peru and Brazilia whence it cometh to pass that in those places the heat and drought is greater and in some or most of them the Air is more moist and less fervent then can be caused by the Sun except other causes happen 8. Most of the Regions of the Torrid Zone seeing that they are almost encompassed by the Sea have in the middle places more or lesser ridges of exceeding high Mountains as India and its Isles the Tongue of Africa and Peru These rows of Mountains do very much vary the light heat and rayes of those places somewhere they hinder the Oriental rayes of the Sun otherwhere the Occidental Moreover the humid vapours condensed in the Air are moved to the Vertices of these Mountains as we have shewed in the twentieth Chapter whence rains and clouds proceed by which the heat and light of the Sun is very much obstructed and the Celestial cause of the Seasons is disturbed There are few of the places of the Torrid Zone which want those ridges as the inward Africa Mexico and the like 9. The effects of the Winds in the Torrid Zone are various and notable for a general wind blowing from the side Plagas of the East or from the East continually towards the West refrigerateth the Maritim places which regard the East as Brazilia the Oriental Coast of Africa but not so to those towards the West as Guiney Congo Angola and the Coasts of Peru. Some winds are appropriated as the South in Peru which winds dispel vapours towards the Plaga in which they blow Some are fixed winds of which we have largely treated in the one and twentieth Chapter Now these winds do very much disturb the Celestial cause of the Seasons for they are almost as equally constant and observe order as the motions of the Heaven it self They bring down the Air compel the vapours towards the tops of the Mountains and by other Modes alter the Seasons Ten Anniversary rains are in many places of the Torrid Zone and take away the Celestial cause seeing that they are as equally constant as the motion of the Sun it self For those err who suppose that this our Sublunary Orb observeth all with inconstancy and without order and that the Celestial only have a constant motion Seeing that the causes hitherto spoken of are so various to be able to cause the heat and the properties of the Seasons and in one place some are from other causes in another others are of force or concur in divers Seasons of the year or mutually impede one another hence we discover why the cause and condition of the Seasons of the Torrid Zone is so various Proposition XI How the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter Terrestrial do behave themselves and in what Months of the year they commence in the divers places of the Torrid Zone Of the beginning of the Seasons in places in the Torrid Zone We have said before and especially in the second Proposition that
the Air than it would do without this refraction We shall anon alledge an example of the appearancy of the Sun proceeding from refraction 4. The Full Moon and near the Full remaineth above the Horizon for many days when the Sun is depressed beneath it viz. for so many more days by how much that place is more near the Pole Yet it is not so highly elevated above the Horizon as to cause any warmness But the Full Moon in those months in which the Sun remaineth above the Horizon in an whole revolution the Full Moon is never above the Horizon The Planets not always the same above Horizon 5. The Fixed Stars are almost the same always above the Horizon but not the Planets For Saturn remaineth 15 years above the Horizon of the place near the Pole and 15 beneath the same Jupiter 6 years beneath and 6 above the same Horizon Mars 1 year Venus and Mercury about half a year From this cause it is likely that there is great diversity of the motions of the Air and seasons in divers years 6. The Land in most places of the Frigid Zone is Stony Rocky and as hard as Flint in few places Chalky Sulphureous and Fat In these places there is a moderate fertility in the other a sterility 7. Those Regions are incompassed with the Sea but for the Mediterranian we as yet have no certain account 8. Some of the Regions of the Frigid Zone have Mountains of a moderate hight but most want them running on a plain for a long space 9. The cold Winds there frequently blow from the Polary Plaga seldom the East Wind and least of all the West In the cold Artick Plaga the North Winds rage in the Antartick the South 10. Clouds and Rains frequently perplex these Regions From these causes it is not difficult to collect what the condition of the seasons in these Regions are for in the Winter time when the Sun riseth not for whole daies it cannot otherwise be but that for the most part thick Clouds Frost and Cold must render the Land uninhabitable They are not altogether deprived of light for that time for the Moon being above the Horizon for a long time giveth light and the twilight is daily afforded from the Sun to the Vicine Horizon But the Snow the stick close about the Earth which cannot be discussed by the heat of the Sun and therefore hinder the aspect of remote things There is no fertility but all barren and uncultivated for that which some suppose by how much any Region is nearer to the Pole by so much less it feeleth the intenseness of the cold and the Fields are found more fertil seemeth not probable to me when neither in Nova Zembla which is distant 16 degrees from the Pole nor in Spitzbirga which is only 8 degrees distant such a constitution of the Earth is found but a roughness and hardness and almost in the middle of Summer Snows or at least Showers and very cold Winds Neither is their opinion helped by one example observed by Mariners in a certain Region 9 degrees distant from the Pole which most men suppose to be Groenland For in this green Grass is found and an Air more warm than in Nova Zembla as is most certain The only Animals peculiar to these Northern Regions Rhinoceros a kind of Venison is the Rhinoceros and this in the space of a month becometh exceeding fat by feeding on this grass Nevertheless seeing that as yet not many Regions are hitherto found of this temperature in the Frigid Zone it is not expedient for us from this single example to make a general conjecture especially seeing that the cause of this peculiar constitution is manifest for that Land is full of Marshes and Sedgey and the grass by which the Rhinoceros or Dear are tendred so fat is not a kind of Terrestrial Grass but Sedge and Osiers but other Herbs are not there found or any Trees From whence we may gather that that Land containeth some fat and Sulphureous Substance which being mixed which the water produceth such an Oyle and fattening Sedge but that the like Earth is to be found in other parts of the Frigid Zone hath not as yet been observed but rather the contrary Therefore in the Winter in these places is little light but an incredible and great violence of Cold Snow Showers and Polary Winds And this Winter beginneth in the Northern Frigid Zone when the Sun first entreth Capricorn although also the Autumn the Sun going from the 1 degree of Libra to the 1 of Capricorn be little different from this violent Winter The Spring indeed is less infested with this violence of the Air yet it is without Snows Showers and cold Polary Winds Yet the increase of heat in the day or rather the decrease of cold is discovered at that time viz. the Sun going from the 1 degree of Aries to the 1 of Cancer And in this Vernal season or in the latter days of it the Sun continueth above the Horizon in intire revolutions and therefore then there is discovered a moderate heat which yet is not of that force as to melt and dissolve the Snow of all those places into Water much less is it able to melt the Ice whence Marriners report that here is to be found Snow and Ice of a perpetual duration Then the Summer shall be from the going of the Sun from the 1 degree of Cancer to the 1 of Libra in the first part of which the Sun yet remaineth for whole daies above the Horizon and augmenteth the heat by some accession so that June July and August are months of a tolerable Air. In some places among the Mountains the heat of the Sun is intense but the Showers and Clouds do much hinder this benignity of the Sun and especially the most sharp Northern Winds unto which sometimes Snow is adjoyned so that no fruits or Corn can here arrive to any maturity except in some places near the Artick Circle CHAP. XXVII Of the Shadows which the bodies erected in the Earth and illuminated by the Sun do cast and of the division of the Earth arising from thence SEeing that the Shadows in divers places of the Earth which the illuminated bodies of the Sun do cast are carryed into divers places and falling on the Sense have much variety hence it came to pass that men who were ignorant of this cause were struck with an admiration and in respect of the Shadows of the Earth divided the Inhabitants of the Earth as it were into three sorts which division must be applyed to the places of the Earth or to its Superficies So that they termed some Amphiscij others Heteroscij and the rest Periscij The explication of which terms seeing that they contain but small learning we shall say somewhat also concerning Shadows which although they do not pertain to Geography yet by reason of their near affinity they may be proposed in this Chapter Of
that day Let the places be found in which the Sun becometh vertical on the day of the year given according to the 9th Proposition in the 24th Chapter these shall be the places sought Proposition VIII A place of the Frigid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of it are Periscii Let the days of the year be found in which the Sun setteth not in the given place according to the 10 Proposition of the 24th Chapter they are the days sought Proposition IX The day of the year being given to find out the places of the Frigid Zone the Inhabitants of which are Periscii that day so that this day be the first day Let those places of the Frigid Zone be found in which the Sun in the day given doth not first begin to set they shall be the places sought for Proposition X. In places scituated in the Aequator the Meridian shadow falleth half the year towards the North the other half towards the South and in the days of the Equinoxes the Inhabitants are Amphiscii For because the Sun in one half of the year recedeth from the Aequator towards the South the other half towards the North the shadows are carried to the quarter opposite to the quarter of the Sun and thence it cometh to pass that in one half year the Meridian shadows are carried to the North and the other half to the South Proposition XI To place a Plain above the Horizontal Plain of our place in which the erected Styles perpendicular may be the Amphiscii for some days of the year on some days of the year the Meridian shadows may be carried to the North on others to the South that is in which the Meridian shadows may be so cast as in some given place of the Torrid Zone Let the Latitude of the place given of the Torrid Zone be taken from the Latitude of our place if the Latitudes be cognominal but if they be of a diverse species let both the Latitudes be added and the remaining degrees kept then in the Horizontal Plain the Meridian line being found and also the line of the Aequator which is perpendicular to the Meridian line let some Plain be erected above the line of the Aequator that it may incline above the Horizon so many degrees as were kept before The Styles or Pins erected in this Plain shall cast such shadows as if they were erected in the places of the Torrid Zone Proposition XII In the places seated in the Aequator the shadow of the Style perpendicularly erected in the whole days of the Aequinoxes remaineth in one right Line whether before Noon â—t be continually cast into one quarter of the West or after Noon into a quarter of the East now in the other days of the year the shadow is carried round into the Semicircle Of Places seated without the Aequator In Places scituated without the Aequator in the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is moved in part of the Ecliptick which lieth between the Vertex of any place and the vicine Tropick the shadow wandreth through the lesser part of the subject Superficies in a Semicircle In the Places of the Temperate Zones whilst the Sun is moved in a more remote Circle from those or the Zodiack the shadows steal by the lesser Superficies in a Semicircle and the greaten whilst the Sun runneth through the nearer Semicircle of the Zodiack In the days of the Aequinoxes the shadow of an erected Style is carried round in a Semicircle in all the places of the Earth except the Aequator and the Pole These are all rendred perspicuous partly from the sight of the Globe and partly from the declination of the Diagrams Proposition XIII In the places of the Torrid Zone whilst the Sun is in the Arch of the Ecliptick between the vicine Tropick and the Parallels of the place in those days the shadow of the erected Style twice returneth back and goeth over the Lines left behind viz. once before Noon and once after Noon The Sun also in these days will seem to inflect his course Of the shadow of the Sun in the places of the Torrid Zone Take any place of the Torrid Zone in the Globe and let the Pole be elevated according to his Latitude and let the Parallel of the place be described which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points I say that whilst the Sun moveth in the intercepted Arch of the Ecliptick between this Parallel and the vicine Tropick in those days the Sun will seem to be twice retrograde and go over the lines left behind Let any of the Points of that Arch be taken and let the Parallel of the Sun be described viz. which the Sun being in that point describeth by Diurnal circumvolution For Example take the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and another of their Tropicks for so there will be no need of the description of a Parallel until it come to the point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel the Sun being in this Seat or in this quarter will seem to bend his course towards the Vertex of the place and the shadow shall begin to be retrograde from the line of the Aequator towards the Meridian line After the same manner if that you apply the Quadrant to the Occidental part of the Parallel you shall see in that point in which the Quadrant toucheth the Parallel that the Sun goeth to the quarters he hath left and setteth in that quarter in which some hours before he was Corollary Therefore it is not against Nature that the shadow should go back on Sun-Dials but then it is miraculous if that it be done suddenly in a noted space also if it repeateth the lineary hours viz. if that the Style be not perpendicular but parallel to the Mundane Axeltree yea although it be perpendicular yet do not the lines of the shadow it self shew the hours but the lines of the shadows of the Axis of the World part of which is concealed in the mind on the Dial if that it be wanting Proposition XIV A place being given in the Torrid Zone and one day of those in which the Sun seemeth to bend his course and the shadow of the Style seemeth to go back to find the quarter in which the Sun then shall be and the hour when it shall be Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given and let the place of the Sun be found at the given day and let it be noted in the Ecliptick and let the Parallel be described with Chalk which the Sun being in that point describeth Let the Quadrant be applied to the Vertex and so turned about until it touch the described Parallel so the extremity of the Quadrant in the Horizon shall shew the place sought for Now that the hour may be found let that point of the Parallel be noted in which the contact is made let the Index be placed at the twelfth
hour of the Cycle and let the noted point of the Parallel be turned to the Meridian The Index will shew how many hours before and how many hours after Noon the regress beginneth Proposition XV. The Longitude of the shadows decreaseth the Altitude of the Sun increasing and on the contrary the Altitude of the Sun decreasing the shadow increaseth They decrease from the East to the Meridies and from the Meridies to the setting the Shadows again increase For the Sun is more near the vertex of the Style by how much the more he is elevated above the Horizon therefore the ray of the Sun terminating the shadow becometh also more nigh the style and on that account the shadow becometh lesser Moreover the Sun hath the greatest Altitude in the Meridies therefore the Longitude of the shadow then shall be lesser But in the rising and setting of the Sun there is no Altitude therefore the Longitude of the shadow shall be infinite Proposition XVI The Longitude of the Style and the shadow being given to find the Altitude of the Sun above the Horizon and thence the hour of the day if that moreover the Latitude of the place and day of the year be known The Longitude of the Style the shadow and the ray terminating the shadow makes a right Angled Triangle therefore let the proportion be instituted according to the 15th Proposition of the second Chapter As the Longitude of the shadow is to the Longitude of the style so are the whole signs to the Tangent of the Angle which sheweth the Altitude of the Sun From this Altitude and Latitude of the place See Proposit 3. Chap. 29. and day of the year shall the hour of the day be found out Proposition XVII The Semidiameter of the Sun and Earth being given and the distance of the Sun from the Earth to find out the Longitude of the shadow which the whole Earth casteth towards Heaven Of the Longitude of the Shadow The shadow of the Earth is Conical as the Opticks demonstrate and is easily shewed by a Diagram therefore the distance of the vertex of this Cone which causeth the Eclipse of the Moon from the Earth is sought that is found by this Proposition for as the distance of the Semidiameters of the Sun and Earth are to the distance given so is the Semidiameter of the Earth to the Longitude of the shadow of the Earth or to the Axis of the shady Cone Proposition XVIII The distance of the Moon from the Earth and the Longitude of the Shadow of the Earth being given to find how great a part of the Moon is opscured how great the Eclipse will be if that the Moon remain in the Ecliptick Of the Eclipse of the Moon Let the Rule of Three be instituted according to this proportion As the Longitude of the shadow is to the excess of this Longitude above the distance of the Moon so the Semidiameter of the Earth is to that shady Cone of the Earth in that part where the Moon entred it Furthermore As the distance of the Moon is to the found out Semidianeter of the shadow so are the whole signs of the Canon to the Tangent of the Angle of sight which the half diameter of shadow subtendeth to our eye which if it be doubled the Angle of sight is accounted for the whole diameter of the shadow With this Angle let the Angle of sight or the apparent Semidiameter of the Moon which is in opposition of the Sun or in time of Eclipse be compared From this Comparation the quantity of the obcsurity will be made manifest which if you desire to have in Digits institute a Rule of Proportion after this manner As the diameter of the Moon is to twelve Digits so is the apparent diameter of the shadow or Angle of sight to the Ecliptick Digits Proposition XIX By how much the places of the Earth every day are more remote from the Aequator or from the Parallel of the Sun by so much the more both the Meridian shadow as well as the shadows of the rest of the hours are longer For because the Sun is more remote from the Vertex of those places therefore also the rays of the Sun terminating the shadow are more remote from the Style and therefore the shadow is so much the longer extended Proposition XX. If that the Style be placed in any plain after such a Mode that it becomes part of the Axis of the World or that it be Parallel to that Axis the shadow of that Style shall fall on a certain hour on the very line of that Plain in which this Line is cut by the great Horary Circle whether of declination or from the Meridian in which the Sun is at that hour A moment or small space of an hour For the shadow of the Axis of the World or the style so placed falleth on the plain of the Horary or Meridian Circle in which the Sun is at that moment of time for neither can it fall beyond the Plain seeing that the Sun the Opac body and the Shadow are in one Plain upon which the Style is placed Wherefore seeing this Style is upon this Plain as also on the Plain of the Meridian which the Sun keepeth for a moment thence it followeth that this shadow may fall on the common Section of this Plain or the Plain of the Meridian or of the Horary Circle For if any Line be in two or more Plains it shall be in the common Section of those Plains Proposition XXI To describe the Aequinoctial Night-Dial Aequinoctial Night-Dial A Plain of Wood Paper Brass or other Mettal must be erected above the Horizon so many degrees as the Aequator is elevated above the Horizon or so many degrees as are in the Complement of the Latitude of the place Before it be erected it is necessary to draw the Lines of the Scioterick therefore let what point you please be taken in that Plain and let the Periphery of the Circle be described from it as from a Center Let a line Parallel to the Horizon be drawn through that Center or let the Line be Parallel to the common Section of the Aequator and the Horizon which shall be the Line of the shadow of the hour of six in the Evening and six in the Morning Let a Line perpendicular to this be drawn from the Center which shall be the shadow of the twelfth hour then let both the Quadrants be divided into three parts and every one of those three into two so that the six Arches may be in every one of them whereof every one shall be of fifteen degrees and let them be drawn from the Center to the terms or bounds of the Arches of the right Line these shall be the Lines of the shadows for the beginnings of the remaining hours which fall between twelve and six whose number and order must be set down at the extremities of the Lines drawn the same
Ecliptick be noted and brought to the Meridan let the Index be placed at the 12th hour at Noon of the Cycle let the Globe be turned until the Index shew the hour given Then the Globe being immovable let the Index be brought to the 12th hour and this being done let the Globe be turned towards the East until the place of the Sun be beheld in the Occidental Horizon Then let the hours be numbred from 12 to the Index near the quarter of his motion for these shall be the Italian hours of Numeration Proposition IX The hour from the setting of the Sun or of Italick Numeration being given to find what hour it is of our Numeration from the Midnoon or Midnight Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be noted and brought to the Meridian let the Index be placed at the hour 12 let the Globe be turned to the setting until the Index shew the given Italick hour Then the Globe remaining immovable let the Index be brought to the 12th hour this being done let the place of the Sun be turned back to that Semicircle of the Meridian which it did nearest pass through so the hours interrupted between 12 and the Index numbring from 12 towards the rising are the hours from the Meridies or Midnight according to our numeration or reckoning Proposition X. An hour of our Numeration being given on the day given to find what hour of the day that hour is according to the ancient Judaick account and that of other Nations The Jews division of the day and night In Ancient times the Jews and other Nations Astronomy being not yet polished divided every day from the rising of the Sun to his setting into 12 hours and the night into as many which hours are therefore termed Judaical hours Planetary hours for another reason but more fitly unequal hours for seeing that neither the days or nighâ— are equal amongst themselves or of equal Longitude but increase for half a year See Chap. 25. and decrease the other half except in the places of the Aequator thence it cometh to pass that those hours are sometimes greater and sometimes lesser for they increase with the Longitude of the days and decrease with the decrease of the same But in places near the Aequator this increase is not great as we have shewed in the 25th Chapter but all the days of the whole year are almost equal and thence it cometh to pass that the People more remote from the Aequator as those of Europe never used these hours but only those People who are not far removed from or that dwell under the Torrid Zone Therefore the Problem may be thus more clearly propounded viz. an equal hour being given in a given day to find an unequal hour An equal hour is termed the 12th part of any day or night or of the time in which the Sun doth remain above or beneath the Horizon An unequal hour is termed the 24th part of that time in which the Sun is moved from the Semicircle of the Meridian until it return again to the same Semicircle which time is called an Astronomical day Now for the Solution of this Problem we must thus act Let the Pole he elevated for the Latitude of the place given let the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick be noted and brought to the East the Index to the 12th hour of the Cycle let the Globe be turned until the noted place of the Sun come to the West the Index will shew the hours for the Longitude of this day or the stay of the Sun above the Horizon which must be observed Then set it be found what is the hour given from the East or rising or from the West and setting if that any hour be given after the setting of the Sun according to the 6 or 8th Propositions See Proposition 6 and 8. And let the proportion be compared after this Mode that as the noted hours of the Longitude of the whole day or night are unto 2 hours so the hours found from the rising or setting if that an hour of the night be given are to the number of the Judaick hours Proposition XI The Judaick hour being given in the day given to find what hour that is according to our Numeration or account or to reduce a given unequal hour to an equal hour Of the Judaick hour Let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of the place given the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick from the day given being found let it be brought to the East the Index to the 12th hour and let the Globe be turned to the West that the Longitude of that day may appear in unequal hours on the horary Cycle which is noted Then let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index unto 12 and let the place of the Sun be turned round to the Oriental Honrizon the Index will shew the hour of the rising Then let it so be brought to pass that 12 be added to the number of the Judaick hourâ—y so also let the found out Latitude of the whole be added to the other number which if that be added to the hour of the rising we shall have the hour from the Midnight according to our numeration if that the number of these hours be more than 12 let 12 cast away and the remainder will shew the hour from Noon Those Judaick hours which are related in the Sermon of CHRIST cannot accurately be reduced to the hours of our account because the day of the year is not added so that the third hour of that day may be our 8th 9th or 10th so that the 11th hour of that Sermon may be our 7th 6th or 5th viz as that day may be taken either according to the Summer or Winter Solstice or the Aequinoctial Proposition XII Those who go from some one part of the Earth or sayl towards the Sun rising and the whole Globe of the Earth being encompassed by them they return to the same place whence they set forth they in the mean space at once have often had the Sun rising setting the Meridies and the Midnight the very same with the Inhabitants of the place from which they went from and therefore when they return they number one day of a year more than in that place For Example If in this place it be the first day of January they reckon the second of January if they account it to be Saturday they reckon Sunday And if they shall have sayled about the Earth twice thrice or four times they shall still number so many more days Of the compassing of the Earth Those who by a determined course sayl about the whole Earth towards the West they in the mean while for one space have the setting or rising Sun the Meridies and Midnight more rare and therefore when they return they number one day less than in that
place to wit the 31 of December if in that place it be the first of January and Saturday or the last day of the Week when in this place it shall be Sunday or the first day of a new Week And if they have sayled round the Earth twice thrice or soin times they shall also reckon so many days less This was a matter of wonder and admiration some Ages ago to Mâ—â—â—â— and others but the frequency of this Experiment hath lessehen the admination and hath administred occasion to Mathemnâ—â—â— to 〈…〉 the cause Neither is it difficult to explain the same so that the motion of the Sun and the Meridian of the places of the Earth be well apprehended and a certain day of the year be proposed â— for it dependetiâ—â— the Diurual cirâ—â—â—voluationâ— of the Sun not from his proper nation as some have thought which we may begin from any Circle but for our more easie understanding it is very convenient to begin from the Meridies that the day may be the time from one Meridies to the following Meridies or Noon or whilst the Sun returneth from the Semicircle of one Meridiany to the same Semicircle Therefore because that those who Sayl towards the East or Rising come to those places where the Sun first riseth and maketh his Meridian than in the place from whence they departed thence it cometh to pass that the Sun being in the Meridian of the place to which they have arrived they begin to reckon a new day For Example the second day of January where in the place of their departure hitherto they have numbred the first day of January if that they set Sayl on the same and the difference shall be one or two hours This anticipation daily increaseth until they come towards the East so that it shall make the hours of half a day when they come to the opposite Semicircle of the Meridian for here they shall have the Meridies of a new day when in the place of their setting forth it shall be the Midnight of the preceding day And where they shall come to the Meridian 1â— degrees more remote being in that they shall have the Meridies 13 hours sooner than in the place of their setting forth and when again they shall come to a Meridian more remote 15 degrees there they shall have the Minidies â—4 hours sooner than in the place of their setting forth And so moreover as they shall come to the Meridians or places more remote 15 degrees they shall have the Meridies 15 16 17 hours sooner and shall begin to account a new day sooner than in their place of their setting forth so that when at length they shall have returned to the place they shall then number the Meridies of a new day sooner by 24 hours where in the place also the Meridies is which yet may answer in number to the Meridies which the Mariners had the former day But it is contrary with those who Sayl towards the West when they return to the place from whence they set forth for by how much the more they recede from this place by so much the more they shall have the Sun later in the Meridies because they are in a more remote Meridian and therefore do later begin the account of their new day than in the place whence they set forth So that this Proposition taketh away an whole day in the return Corollary 1. Corollaries If that two at the same time set sorth from any place of the Earth the one towards the East the other towards the West and they shall return both together to the same place the whole Earth being Sayled about he that took his Journey towards the East shall reckon two days more than he which took it towards the West And if they have Sayled the Earth about twice they shall reckon a days more if thrice 6 days more c. but the days of these are longer of those shorter Corollary 2. The same will happen if that in any place of the Earth any two meet one the other and from hence first and then often afterwards was this apparently discovered for when Ferdinando Magellanes by a direct course into the West had entred the Indies by the Streights denominated from him it was found out by the Mariners which there met with other Europeans brought towards the East by an ordinary Journey that the Kaleudar or the Numeration of the days differed an whole day The same hath been observed by all which have Sayled round the Earth when they have come into the Indies Corillary 10. This also is the cause that in two near places the account of a different day 〈◊〉 observed viz. in the Philippine Isles and in the City of Marow on the Chast of China The day in Macoa not the same as in the Philippine Isles although they lie under the same Meridian yet they reckon the days of the Kalendar sooner in Macoa than in the Philippine Isles and that by the anticipation of one day so that it is Sunday in Moacoa when but Saturday in the Philippine Isles The cause of this diversity is this that the Rortuâ—â—â— possessing the City of Macoa came thither from Europe towards the East by asseccourse out of India but the Spaniard which possess the Philippine Isles came thither from Europe towards the West by a set course from America Therefore it is in ferred from the preceding Corollary because here in Mâ—â—a and the Philippines they almost meet 〈◊〉 â—ome into the same Meridian that they should â—â—ceâ—d by one day the days of the other CHAP. XXX Of the various Rising Setting Altitude of the Sun and other Appearances in the divers parts of the Earth Proposition 1. To place or hang a Terrestrial Globe so that when the Sun shineth those parts of the Globe may be illuminated which the Sun enlighteneth in the Earth at any time and that it also may appear unto what People the Sun riseth and to whom it setteth to whom it makes the Meridies and to whom it is altogether absconded to what place it is vertical also to find the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick and the day of the year also the hour of the place The motion of the Sun shewed by the Globe LET the place in which the Globe is placed be noted on the Globe and brought to the Meridian and let a mark be made with a Chalk on that point of the Meridian Therefore if the Globe be to be hung by a Cord the Cord must be tied to the point of the Meridian But if that it must be placed firmly in any place an Iron piâ— must be brought through the Center of the Globe even to the opposite point and this Iron pin must be closely fixed to the Horizontal plain that it may remain immovable The Globe must be disposed according to the four quarters of the World viz that the North part of the Globe may regard the North part of the Earth
Parallels directly ascend from the Horizon to the Meridian Then let the Pole be elevated for the Latitude of any other places and it will appear that the Parallels are so much the more oblique to the Horizon by how much the more the Pole is elevated that is by the Wooden Horizon becometh the Horizon of the places more remote from the Aequator or nearer to the Pole Proposition VII By how much the place is more remote from the Aequator by so much the more the Signs of the Zodiack and the other Constellations require the greater time to arise and set and they pass through the Meridians of all places at an equal time Let two places be taken on the Globe unequally distant from the Aequator and let the Pole be elevated and observed separately for each of them how much time any Sign of the Zodiack requireth to ascend above the Horizon viz. the entrance of the Sign being brought to the Oriental Horizon let the Index be placed at the 12th hour and the Globe be turned round until the whole Sign be rising the Index will shew the hours elapsed in the space whilst the Sign arose for by the comparison of the time the truth of the Proposition will be manifest Proposition VIII The day of the year being given to find or shew on the Globe those places in which the Sun ariseth in any given quarter To find the rising of the Sun in any quarter by the Globe This Problem and those that follow should be propounded and resolved concerning the Earth it self if that we would act according to Art for these affections belong unto it but they are propounded concerning the Globe because here it representeth the Earth although another method must be used in the Earth or another construction which although it can only be comprehended by the mind is sufficient that it may hinder in the practice by reason of the obstacles This is the same with that Problem The day and the quarter being given in which the rising of the Sun was observed to find the Latitude of that place or its Parallel in any point of which it is manifest that we are placed See Chap. 23. Proposit 11. The Solution of which we have delivered in the 23 Chapter Proposition 11. Proposition IX The day and the hour or part of the hour being given to shew the place on the Globe to which the Sun is then vertical First let the place of the Sun from the given day being found be noted on the Ecliptick of the Globe and that being brought to the Meridian let a mark be made with a Chalk on the supereminent point then let those places be found in whose Meridian the Sun was at the given moment of time and let them be brought to the Brazen Meridian These being done that place which is subject to the noted point of the Meridian is the place which is demanded viz. that to which the Sun is vertical at the given moment of time Proposition X. Further note The day and the hour being given to shew all the places on the Globe from whose Vertex the Sun is distant the given degrees at that hour but the given degrees must not exceed a hundred and eighty Or the day and the hour being given to shew on the Globe those places above whose Horizon the Sun hath the given Altitude or the given depression beneath it but the Altitude given must not exceed 90 degrees as likewise the depression Let the place be found on the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the hour given and let this be brought to the Meridian and let the Quadrant be affixed to the imminent point of the Meridian Let the degree of distance from the Vertex given be noted and the Quadrant be turned round the Globe remaining immovable all the places of the Earth through which the noted degree of the Quadrant passeth are those from whom the Sun hath the given distance or above whose Horizon the Sun hath the given Altitude Proposition XI At the given hour of the day to shew on the Globe all plains unto which the Sun riseth and setteth and to which he is fixed at the Meridian and all that are illuminated and not illuminated Further concerning the rising and setting of the Sun found out by the Globe at any day or hour of the day Let the place be found in the Globe to which the Sun at the time given is vertical and let the place be brought to the Meridian and the Pole elevated for the Latitude of that place or let that place be placed in the vertex of the Horizon So all those places which are discovered under the Semicircle of the Meridian above the Horizon shall have the Meridies but those places which are beheld in the Oriental Semicircle of the Horizon are those to which the Sun then setteth but to those which lie in the Occidental Semicircle of the Horizon the Sun riseth at the given time and all the places which are above the Horizon are illuminated by the Sun on the contrary all the places scituated beneath the same then want the presence of the Sun Note that the Problem must be understood of the rising and setting of the body of the Center of the Sun for the body of the Sun illustrateth part of the Earth somewhat bigger than the Hemisphere which how big it is shall be discovered in the following Proposition Therefore we may shew the places to which the Sun riseth or setteth when we have Noon or Midnight And contrariwise those in which he setteth when he ariseth to us who then have Midnight or Mid-day Proposition XII The Semidiameter of the Sun and Earth being given and the distance of the Sun from the Earth being known to find out the part of the Earth which the Sun illuminateth See Scheme Let the Semidiameter of the Earth be A B A C A the Center A B C D E the greatest circle of the Earth S the Center of the Sun S L S O the Semidiameter of the Sun L B O C the rays touching the Globe of the Sun and Earth for these distinguish the part illuminated from the part not illuminated therefore the Arch B D C representeth the part of the superficies of the Earth illuminated and the Arch BLC the part not illuminated Let the Tangents LB O C be extended until they concur in R and B N parallels to A S therefore in the Triangle B N L let N L be given the excess S L above A B and B N of equal distance to A S the Angle B N L is direct because that B L toucheth the Circle Wherefore in the Triangle B L N let the Angle N B L be found according to this Proposition that as B N is to N L so are the whole signs to the Tangent of the Angle N B L. Moreover the two Angles L N B N B L are together equal to one streight or 90
degrees and B N L is equal to the Angle A S L or B A R. Therefore the Arch of the Angle N B L is equal to the Arch B M by which P B is greater than 90 degrees or than P M so also the Arch P C. If we take the Semidiameter of the Sun according unto Ptolomy of 5 2 Semidiameters of the Earth but the distance A S 1168 Semidiameters these I say being laid down the Arch M B will be found 13 minutes in which the Sun illustrateth the Earth more than half M P Q. Corollary When therefore the Center of the Sun riseth to some places then his limbus or edge riseth to the People which inhabit in the parallel of the Horizon scituated 13 minutes beneath the Horizon also after the same Mode to those to whom he setteth And when his Center setteth then his limbus yet remaineth conspicuous until the Center setteth to the People which are remote 13 minutes from our Horizon Proposition XIII The height of a Mountain being given to find how much sooner the Sun seemeth to rise in the Vertex of the same than at the foot or root of the Mountain and how much later it setteth From the given Altitude See Chap. 9. Proposit 5. by the fifth Proposition in the ninth Chapter let the interval or Arch from which the Vertex of the Mountain may be discovered or in the bound of which a line so drawn from the Vertex of the Mountain that it may be the Tangent of the Earth refracteth the same for this line sheweth the first ray which may come from a direct passage from the Sun to the Vertex of the Mountain Moreover the point of the Earth in which this is touched by the line is the place to which the Sun ariseth when he beginneth to be seen on the Vertex of the Mountain and the Arch interrupted between that point and the foot of the Mountain is equal to that in which the Sun is depressed as yet beneath the Horizon of the foot of the Mountain when he is apparent in the Vertex Therefore the Problem is reduced hither The depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon being given to find the time which is spent whilst the Sun moveth from the depression to the Horizon whence also it will be manifest that this time is also diverse in the divers days of the year Therefore let the place of the root of the Mountain be noted on the Globe and let the Pole be clevated for the Latitude of the same let the Quadrant be affixed to the Vertex The place of the Sun being found in the Ecliptick from any day taken let it be noted also the Point of the Ecliptick opposite to the place of the Sun Then let this opposite Point be brought to the Occidental Horizon and let the Index be placed at the hour 12. This being done let the Degree of depression before found be noted in the Quadrant and the opposite Point be turned above the Horizon until it hath an Altitude equal to the Arch of the depression which will be discovered from the application of the Quadrant so the place of the Sun beneath the Oriental Horizon will have that Depression And the Index in the Horaty Circle will shew the time intercopted between that depression of him and his emersion above the Horizon But because in this case we do almost work only by Minutes therefore it is better to calculate it than to search after it on the Globe Now you shall find it If that the Altitude of the Mountain be placed 3 stadias or ¾ of a German mile because the Arch of the depression is about three Degrees The Mountains of Caucasus and Casius according to Aristotle and Pliny are â—llustrated with the Suns rayes to the third part of the night and if the Latitude of the Foot of the Mountain be 38 Degrees and the place of the Sun about the middle of Leo the time in which the Sun is beheld is sooner in the Vertex than at the Foot of the Mountain by 13 Minutes Hence it is manifest that that is not so probable which Aristotle relateth of the highest parts of Caucasus and Pliny of the top of Mount Casius that they before the rising and after the setting of the Sun are illustrated with the Sun Beams even to the third part of the night Now how great an Altitude is required for this shall be shewed in the following Proposition Proposition XIV The time being given in which the Sun is sooner discerned on the Vertex of the Mountain than at the foot of the same to find the Altitude of the Mountain Let the Pole be Elevated on the Globe for the Latitude of the Root of the Mountain and the Point being noted which is opposed to the place of the Sun in the Ecliptick let the Arch of the depression of the Sun beneath the Horizon for the given time be found Then from this Arch as from an interval from whence the Vertex of the Mountain is discovered the Altitude of the Mountain must be searched after by the Fourth Proposition of the Ninth Chapter Proposition XV. The places of the Moon being given in the Zodiack together with its Latitude to find out or shew all those Places on the Globe to which the Moon is Vertical in the Circumrotation of that day Let the place of the Moon taken from the Ephemerides be noted in the Ecliptick then let one end of the Quadrant be applyed to the Pole of the Ecliptick the other to the Point noted in the Ecliptick or to the place of the Moon and let the Degrees of the Latitude of the Moon be accounted on the Quadrant and let a mark be made at the term of the Numeration on the Globe then this being brought to the Meridian and a Chalk applyed let a Parallel be described which the Moon that day doth describe by her Circumvolution and all the places scituated in this Parallel are those demanded After the same Mode we act with the other Planers if their Longitude and Latitude be given Proposition XVI The place of the Moon being given in the Zodiack and its Latitude and the day of the year to find the hour in which she ariseth in any place given and in which she setteth also in which she maketh midnight Let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the place of the Earth given let the place of the Sun found from the day of the year be noted on the Ecliptick Then let a point also be noted on the Globe for the place of the Moon as we have shewed in the preceeding Proposition See Proposition 15. This being done let the place of the Sun be brought to the Meridian the Index to the 12th hour of the Circle and let the Globe be turned round until the Moon arise or be in the Meridian or set For the Index in the Circle will shew the hour of her rising or setting or being in
been wetted so it is readily applyed But the places in that Paper before they are applyed are consigned to their fit degrees of Longitude and Latitude Proposition VI. To compose Geographical Maps We may thus propound the Problem in a Mathematical Style Of the composing Geographical Maps The scituation of an infinite Plain or one to be produced at pleasure being given to represent in that the places of the Superficies of the Earth according to the Rules of Perspective Or thus more generally A Point being given on any Plain which is put to represent any place of the Superficies of the Earth to find on the same Plain infinite divers other Points and Lines which as commodiously may be may represent to the life the places and Lines of the Superficies of the Earth or their scituation to the given place or one to another So I think the sence of the Proposition will be better understood By reason that very few Students and favourers of Geography understand the Rules of Perspective neither can they attain to any distinct knowledge of the Construction and nature of Geographical Maps or judge of their commodity or defects except they know the Principles according unto which they are made Therefore here a few things necessary in this Doctrine must be explained from the Art of Perspective The knowledge of Perspective necessary in Geography Now that Art as most know is conversant in representing all Objects or Bodies on some Table or Plat-form as the parts of a Picture are so conformed and seated one to the other and so appear to our fight the eye being fixed to some certain place as the parts of the body which it representeth This indeed is the end of the Perspective But the Mode by which they endeavour to obtain it is this The Mode for the obtaining the Art of Perspective Then they will represent a point a Superficies or any Body of what shape soever in a Table Board or Paper whether they behold it or conceive the Idea in their fancy 1. They Imagine it is discerner by the eye as in or from one Point and they do assign a certain scituation or place to the eye whence the sight may be made 2. Then they conceive some one infinit plain they term it a Glass because it is better for conception if that the plain be understood to be pellucid to be interposed in some certain scituation between the eye and the Object Then 3. They conceive rayes or Lines to be drawn through that plain to the Eye from every point of the Object They say that the points of this plain by which the rayes are so conceived to penetrate to the Eye are the representation of the points of the Object it self or the Shadow of it as they term it and these points being conjoyned by Lines they determine the Figure which thence ariseth in the Table to be the representation of the very Object of the Body or Superficies in such a scituation of the Eye and this Figure of a Plain or Table remaining in its scituation doth not otherwise appear to the Eye remaining in its scituation then as if it beheld the very Object it self which yet the Opticks shew not to be altogether true in all respects and it is easy to understand from the various position of an interposed Plain But by reason no better Method of representing Bodies is yet found therefore we must be content with this For Example let the Superficies of the Earth and all its Peripheries and places be represented on a Table And therefore in the first we conceive the Eye to be fixed or scituated as a point without the Earth in the Air. Then between the Eye and the Earth a certain Table or Glass Plain to be extended whose scituation although it may be taken at pleasure yet in practice it is so assumed to a better and more ordinate Figure of an equal form that it is perpendicular to the Line which is drawn from the Eye to the Center of the Earth Then we conceive Lines to be drawn or Rayes to be emitted through the Table or Glass to the Eye from all points or places of the Superficies of the Earth as from all the points of the Aequator of the Tropicks Polary Circles also of the Meridians as likewise from all Cities Sources of Waters and the like Every one of these Rayes shall pierce the Table in certain points These points therefore are the shadows or representations of the places of the Superficies of the Earth and if those points which are made by the Rays emitted from some one Periphery as from the Aequator from one of the Tropicks from a Polary Circle or some other Meridian be joyned by a drawn line let it be either streight or Crooked this shall be the representation or shadow of this Periphery so we shall have all the Circles and all the places of the Earth represented on a Table The whole superficies of the Earth being round cannot be so well represented on a Plain as otherwise it is But because the Earth is round therefore the whole Superficies of the Earth with all its places cannot commodiously be represented on one plain because they should make two places one and the same point on the plain and those that are scituated beyond the Hemisphere would be represented with a false face therefore half the Supersicies of the Earth must be represented on one Table and the other half on the other And so the Eye may be taken within the Earth it self viz. when we take up one Hemisphere to be represented the Eye is conceived to be placed in the other Hemisphere and the Table between that and the Hemisphere to be represented The same must be understood if that only part of the Superficies as Europe Asia Spain must be represented on the Table for then we may assume the place of the Eye in the very Center of the Earth if we please From these I think the Reader may sufficiently understand the nature and Mode of this Perspective Art by which the places of the Earth are represented on a plain The other two are more fully to be explained from those which we have spoken of in this Method Because from thence dependeth the variety and diversity of Geographical Tables We have said that a point must be taken for the representation for the place of the Eye without the Object to be represented as without the Hemisphere of the Earth or without the Superficies of Spain or Europe And therefore because there is an infinite space about any Object and on that account there are infinite points in which the Eye may be put contemplating the Superficies of the Earth or Europe or Asia if that a particular Table must be made and if the Rays be drawn to divers points from the same points of the Object or Superficies which may penetrate the same Table the penetration of the Rays is made in a very different
that it may be had in the larger Maps But we shall more fully explicate this in the description Only this we shall here advise in general that in all Maps which we have or which are sold by Artificers viz. those that are universal that place must be taken for the point which shall be directly subject to the Eye in the projecture that place I say of the Earth which is seated in the middle of the Table for here we must conceive the Eye to hang over This hath place in many particular ones yet not in all Moreover you may make the following Rules to be more plain if that you make use of several Maps Maps necessary to be used which will the more illustrate and explain our Rules by the Examples The first easy Mode the Eye being placed in the Axis See Scheme Of the Hemisphere of the Earth which placeth the Eye in some Point of the Axis of the Earth In the first place I exhibit this Method of painting the Hemisphere of the Earth which placeth the Eye in some Point of the Axis of the Earth For Example we would represent the Arctick Hemisphere of the Earth to wit that which lyeth between the Aequator and the Arctick Pole and the places contained it that is a Geographical Map must be made of the Arctick Globe Therefore we shall conceive the Eye to be placed without this Hemisphere that it may hang over the middle Point of that Hemisphere viz. the Pole Arctick that the Eye may be with the Pole Arctick and the Center of the Earth in one streight line that is that the Eye may be in the Axis of the Earth And therefore it shall be either in the Axis from the part of the Aequator towards the Antartick Pole or in the Axis extended from the part of the Pole Arctick But it matters not in what part it be put For the Table or Glass in which the representation ought to be let the place of the Aequator be taken or some Tangent of the Earth in the Pole Arctick if that the Eye be conceived to be placed from this part But to avoid confusion and the better to express our selves let us suppose the Eye to be placed in the Antarctick Pole the Plain of the Aequator to be the Table We conceive the Earth to be of a small Magnitude Moreover we conceive Rayes to be emitted from all the places and Peripheries of the Arctick Hemisphere whether it possess the Antarctick or other Point of the Axis which Rayes therefore shall penetrate the place of the Aequator The Points in which the perforation is made shall exhibit every place of that Hemisphere of the Earth and the points made from the perforating Rays the Peripheries of the Tropick if they be joyned do exhibit the Lines which represent those Peripheries By this Method it cometh to pass that the Aequator becometh the term of this projecture the Pole of the Earth may be represented from the Center of this Circle or of the Aequator the Meridians make right Lines all passing through the Pole even to the Aequator the Parallels of the Aequator or the Circles of Latitude the Tropick of Cancer the Arctick Pole and the like Also by this projecture may be made these Circles or Peripheries whose Center is the same with that of the Aequator viz. the Point which representeth the Pole Arctick But the places of the Earth are represented every one in their Peripheries of Latitude and the Meridian Line viz. where the Meridian Line of the place cutteth the Parallel of the place the Point of the Section is the representation of the place But all the other Peripheries and Semiperipheries which may be conceived in that Hemisphere do not make in projecture streight lines or Circular but Eclipses for Example if we will represent the Horizon and vertical Circles of any place all these in their projecture shall make Ecliptick Arches For the more easy imagination of projecture by which Circles are represented in a Table a radious Cone must be conceived whose Vertex must be the Eye let the Circle of the Earth to be represented be the basis let the sides be the rays drawn from the Periphery to the Eye moreover this Cone to be cut by the Table and according to the various position a various Line and Section to be made which is the projecture of the assumed Periphery on the Earth So also the Ecliptick it self whose half only is represented with the Arctick Hemisphere maketh a portion of the Ecliptick But yet to speak properly the Ecliptick it self is not represented because it cannot be conceived immutable on the Earth but only in a certain scituation or at a certain moment of the day and his intersection may be taken with the Aequator in any point of the Aequator yet in all Maps by reason of its Commodity the intersection of the first Meridian is assumed with the Aequator So therefore we have distinctly explained the Original and Method of the first sort of Tables or Maps which have the Eye in the Axis now I shall shew how such a Table is to be described in practice How Tables of the first sort are to be described by practice In any Plain or paper let the middle point P be taken for the Pole and from that as from a Center let the great or small Periphery be drawn as we desire to have our Maps great or small which we shall have for the Aequator These two may be taken at pleasure but the other points and Peripheries shall be found from them Let the Aequator be divided into 360 deg and streight lines being drawn through the Center and the beginning of every deg these shall be the Meridians from which that which is drawn at the beginning of the first degree from these 360 shall be taken for the first so the rest of the lines shall shew the rest of the Meridians and Longitudes of the Earth from the first Meridian Now the Parallels of Latitude must be described There are four Quadrants or quarters of the Aequator the first 0,90 the second 90,108 the third 180,270 and the fourth 270,0 Let those be noted for the more easy appellation with the letters A B B C CD D A and let one be taken from these for Example B C from every one of whose degrees as also from the 20 deg 30. min. and the 66 deg 30 min let occult streight lines be drawn to the point D the term of the Diameter B D or let the Rule be only applyed to D and brought round through every degree of the Quadrant B C and let the 23 deg 30 min. and the 66 deg 30 min. in which these streight lines cut the Semidiamiter P C be noted and from P as from a Center and the Peripheries be described through every point taken in P C. These Peripheries shall be the Parallels of the Latitudes unto which in
from the Earth viz. the Regions about E are lesser about A C greater than they ought by proportion to be after the same manner the Regions about the Pole B D are made bigger than they ought Secondly the scituation of one place to another cannot be commodiously examined neither thence can we find the distances of places The third fourth and fifth Mode of Right lined Maps The 3d. 4th 5th Mode of Right lined Maps See Scheme in Place There are sold by Artificers Vniversal Geographical Maps of Right lines viz. in which both the Circles of Longitude Meridians and of Latitude Parallels are designed by Right lines which is impossible according to the Rules of Perspective neither can there be any scituation or position assigned to the Eye or Glass that both the kinds of Circles viz. Latitude and Longitude may become Right lines but either of the Circles may be represented by Right lines In the first Method which we have explained of the Meridian or Longitude of Circles Right lines are made according to Perspective and the Circles of Latitude become Circles not Right lines but in the fifth Method following the Circles of Latitude become Right lines but the Meridian Circles crooked Ellipses In other Methods which are instituted according to the Rules of Perspective The Rules of Perspective necessary to be understood both kinds become Crooked lines except yet in one Method according unto which the Meridians become Right lines but the Circles of Latitude become Hyperboles to wit if the Eye be placed in the Center of the Earth and beholdeth the Hemisphere from either part of the first Meridian but the Table or Glass through which the aspect is made becometh the plain Parallel to the first Meridian For so the Meridians shall become streight lines and the Circles of Latitude shall be Hyperboles The division of the line of the Aequator and of the Meridians according unto this Method into degrees is easy and those who are delighted with the variety of these things may try this Mode with pleasure but by reason of the description of Hyperboles it is less fit for practice The Instructions of a Tutor good them use a Tutor Therefore Maps of Right lines are not made according to therefore we shall say no more concerning it those who will attempt it let Perspective but contrary to the same as hath been said They are found to be twofold or of two sorts Some account both the Rules of Latitude and Longitude equal such as were made in times past but others as those which are now made have the Rules of Longitude or of the Aequator equal which is contrary to Perspective but not the degrees of Latitude or of the Meridians For they augment the Magnitude of these towards the Poles more and more so that to 80 degrees the degree is twice double more than to the Aequator and then the degrees more near the Pole may receive almost an infinite Magnitude which cannot be expressed in any Map which encrease is contrary to Perspective which only granteth a small augmentation Right lined Maps Right lined Maps of the first Mode are the most easy of all others For Ab being taken for the Longitude the Map is divided into 180 for one Hemisphere equal parts which shall be degrees and the Meridians viz. Right perpendicular lines are drawn through every degree and in these parts equal to them are taken which are taken in the line of the Aequator and right lines Parallel to the Aequator are drawn through every part which denote the deg of Latitude these shall be the Circles of Latitude Any places shall be signed as in the former Mode viz. where the Meridian of that place and the Circle of Latitude meet The second Mode of Right lined Maps Now the second Mode of Maps of right lines in the division of the Aequator into equall degrees differeth not from the former and therefore the assumed A B is divided into 180 equal parts for either Hemisphere as in the former and right perpendicular lines are drawn through every one of them which design the Meridians or Circles or Circles of Longitude But they observe another Method to the designing the Circles of Latitude or Parallels of the Aequator For the Meridians are not divided into equal degrees but into unequal as aforesaid so that they encrease towards the Poles The Cause is because other Maps do not shew the true position of one place to the other or rather a Nautical line from one place to another neither admit the finding out the distance but they determine these two may be obtained by Maps of this kind For because the Meridians are all drawn through the degrees of the lines of the Aequator equally distant one to another thence it cometh to pass that the places or points scituated in every Meridian are so much the more removed above the true distance from the first Meridian by how much they come nearer the Pole from the Aequator viz. the distance in Charts from the first Meridian so much exceedeth the lawful distance as the Semidiameter or whole sinus exceedeth the Sine of the Complement of Latitude of any place so one degree or more to the Circle of this Latitude And therefore the degrees in these Circles ought to be exhibited lesser than in the Aequator and by so much the more lesser by how much those Circles are more near the Poles But in Maps of right lines because the Meridians are drawn equally distant they do not become lesser but equal in all Parallels How much therefore the degrees in every Circle of Latitude are augmented above their due Magnitude so much the degrees of Latitude every one ought to increase in these Maps above the Magnitude of one degree in the Aequator That is done thus in this Method in designing the Magnitude in every degree As the quantity of one degree in every Parallel is to the quantity of one degree in the Aequator that is as the sinus of the Complement of any Parallel beginning that degree is to the whole Sine so is the Magnitude of the part in the Aequator which designeth one degree to the Magnitude of the part which shall denote this degree in the Meridian from whose beginning that Parallel is drawn But if you will act more exactly the sinus of the Complement of Latitude of any Parallel is not to be taken but the sinus of the Complement of Latitude which beginneth the degree is to be added to the sinus of the Complement which terminateth that degree and half of the aggregated Complement must be taken for the first term in the Rule of proportion Example If a term be to be designed in the first Meridian for the first degree of Latitude in the Aequator let the Magnitude of one degree of the Aequator be of ten particles taken in the opposite Scale according to the first Proposition his Magnitude shall become equal
Let them be drawn to A C which sheweth the Semiperiphery of the Aequator Right lines Parallel through every degree of the Quadrants or quarters they shew the Parallels of the Aequator or the Circles of Latitude and the Tropicks and Polary Circles shall also be found out The parts into which E B E D is divided through these that are drawn are the Meridian degrees B D which are noted 1 2 3 and so on The same are taken in the Quadrant E A of the Aequator and the Quadrant E C and the number 1 2 3 are ascribed even to 180 beginning from the first point or next to the Meridian B A D. So the parts A E C shew the degrees into which the Semiperiphery of the Aequator is divided through which the Poles B D the Semiellipsis must be drawn for the Meridians Because through B D is the greater Axis of Ellipsis which are to be drawn but the Semissis E B or E D but the Axis of the lesser Semissis is various in divers viz. pair of E A intercepted between E and the degree of Longitude and therefore from those given it is easy by an apt Instrument to describe these Ellipses which Instrument is vulgar at this day neither is it difficult to make it Yet the points of every one of the Ellipsis may be easily found through which they must be drawn with a free hand but it is better to delineate them with an Instrument The Circles of the Latitude and the Meridians being so described all the places in this Map are to be ascribed at these points in which the Meridian and Circle of Latitude do meet and so the Map shall be finished The Ecliptick shall be represented by a streight line or by the Ecliptick line by that Method which we have explained in Maps of the second Mode with little labour These Maps very useful Maps of this Method are able to perform what the Tables of the preceeding Modes do besides this they have this Commodity that they apparently shew the decrease of the Circles of Latitude in Magnitude towards the Poles If the division H G and H K cannot be made through the stroaks of the Lines by reason of the great distance of the Eye D it will be easy by calculation to find out the Parallels for every degree viz. according to this proportion As the distance of the Eye taken from the Center of the Earth with the Sinus of the Complement of the Arch of the Aequator to be represented have themselves to the Sinus of the same Arch so is the distance of the Eye from the Table to part the Line H C or H K which shall only represent the Arch of the Aequator For Example let us put the Eye D to be removed from the Center of the Earth E 200 Semidiameters of it but the Table or Glass H K 100 Semidiameters Therefore D E shall be 200 and D H 100 of such as E B or E A E C is 1. We shall find first the Longitude of G H K which ought to represent the Semiperiphery of the Aequator A B C in this distance of the Eye or Glass And it shall be thus As D E is to E A so is D H to H S or H K. 200 100 1 to the Semidiamiter of the Earth ½ From whence it is manifest H K or H G ought to be of half the Longitude of the Semidiamiter of the Earth which in truth is over vast when we can exhibit no such Line on any Plain Therefore for the Earth it self we conceive a little Earth or Globe Terrestrial lesser than usual whose Semidiameter if that it be of 2 foot H G or H K shall be of 1 foot viz. if that the Eye be put 200 foot remote from the Center of that little Earth but the Glass 100. But if you desire to know how much distance the Eye ought to be removed from the very Earth that the Semidiameter of the Aequator E A or E C may make the projecture H C of given Magnitude for Example of 1 foot the Semidiamiter of the Aequator that is the Semissis of the Axis of the Earth containeth 19598300 that may be found by this proportion yet supposing the distance of the Glass from the Eye viz. H D 10000. As H G to D H so E A to D E. A Holland mile 1 to 100000 so 19598300 to 1959830000000 foot wherefore 18000 makes an Holland mile a vast distance But in practice we take not the Earth its self but its type or little Earth from which it is not necessary to suppose the Eye removed by so great an interval but the projecture therefore is not varied The eighth Mode in which any given place in the Earth receiveth the Center or middle place of the Map If you please to have a Map in which the scituation of all places to our place or to any given place as also the distance of them from our place may be beheld and found out a Method is discovered by which the Superficies of the Earth is so represented that any given place of it may possess the middle place or Center of the Map and the other places may lie about it as a Center Such Maps those people affect The Chineses and ancient Jews supposed their Countrey to be in the middle of the Earth who are delighted with a vain opinion that their Country is scituated in the middle of the whole Earth as the Chineses and likewise the Jews in times past But to describe such a Map let us take London to possess the Center of the Map we take his Latitude or the Elevation of the ' Pole to be the 51 ½ degree the Eye is placed in the point opposite to the Vertex or in the Nadir of the place the Table or Glass is the Plain of the Horizon or another Parallel to it if you please to represent a larger portion than the Hemisphere which is more commodious in this Method to wit that the Plain at least may pass through the depressed Pole Therefore in the Plain let the Center E be taken for London and the described Periphery A B C D which sheweth the Horizon must be divided into four quarters and every one of these into 90 degrres let the Diameter B D be the Meridian line B the North Pole D the South Diameter And the line of the rising and setting Aequinoctial sheweth the primary vertical A the Occident C the Oriental Cardo or sheweth the place which is distant 90 degrees in the primary vertical point All the vertical points are represented in streight lines drawn through the Center E to every degree of the Horizon But to shun confusion it is better to omit them and to adjoyn a Circumductile Rule to the Paxil affixed in E. Then let B D be divided into 180 degrees as in the former Mode by drawing Right Lines from A to every degree of the Semiperiphery B C D. That point
which the other place is scituated at the place which is represented from that bound and let the extension of the Quadrant be noted with Chalk on the Globe Then let the Pole be Elevated for the Latitude of the other bound and the Quadrant be affixed to that term the other extremity to the other given quarter The point in which the Quadrant shall cut the Arch marked with Chalk shall represent the third place whence it is easy to take the distance from these two terms CHAP. XXXIV Of the Visible or Sensible Horizon A Sensible Horizon is a Periphery on the Superficies of the Earth which boundeth the prospect of the Eye moved round about or which terminateth part of the Superficies which the Eye moved about may see or from whence the Rays may come to the Eye His Semidiameter is termed the greatest Arch of the Earth intercepted between the Foot of the Spectator and that Periphery which therefore is perpendicular over it Proposition I. The extension or Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon variously existeth both according to the divers Altitude of the Eye as also from the diversity of the taken Semidiameter of the Earth A sensible Horizon what Let the greatest Circle of the Earth be M P N Q. Let T be the Center T P the Semidiameter P O the Altitude of the Eye let O be the Eye Let the Tangents O N O M be drawn from O and let us conceive the Ray N O to be as it were carried about on the Superficies of the Earth and so to describe the Periphery this shall be the sensible Horizon his Semidiameter P N P M for the Rays N O M O are the last which from O can come to the Eye from the Superficies of the Earth which we here suppose to be perfectly round And it is manifest if we take the lesser or greater Altitude than P O that also the Arch P N shall be greater or lesser After the same Mode if F P be made to be of more or fewer miles P N shall also be of more or fewer miles The opinions of the Antients concerning this Horizon These seem to be the Causes that the Ancient Authours have followed divers opinions concerning this Horizon or Extension of Sight For Macrobius assigneth to it the Semidiameter P N of 180 stadia's that is 22 ½ miles Eratosthenes 350 stadia's which makes 44 miles Albertus Magnus 1000 which makes 125 miles Proclus 2000 stadia's that is 250 miles Many assign 500 stadia's that is 62 ½ mile Yet I suppose the Causes of the diversity of these assignations not only to be those of which I have spoken but the divers assumed distance of the stadia as shall be manifest from the following Proposition Proposition II. The stature of a Man being given from the Foot to the Eye and the Semidiameter of the Earth being given to find out the Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon Let P O be the stature of a Man O the Eye T P is the Semidiameter O N is the Rays touching the Superficies of the Earth terminating the sensible Horizon or the Aspect therefore P N is the Semidiameter the Longitude of this is demanded Let P O be added for Example of Five Foot to T P the Semediameter 19598300 so you shall have T O and in the Triangle N T O besides T O and T N we know the Angle T N O to be right or 90 degrees Therefore N T O is found according to this proportion As T O is to T N so is the whole sinus to the sinus of the Angle N O T whose Complement at 90 degrees is the Angle N T O or the Arch N P which may be turned into miles Corollary We therefore may thence know that if this or that quantity of the Semidiameter T N or T P be taken and another Altitude of the Eye O how great a variation there thence is of the sensible Horizon Proposition III. The Altitude of the Eye being given on a Tower or Mountain to find the distance of the last point unto which the Eye extendeth it self or which the Eye can see Let P O be the given Altitude of the Tower in which the Eye being placed beholdeth all round Therefore in the Triangle right Angle N T O the given have themselves after the same Mode as in the preceeding Problem Therefore the Angle N T P and the Arch N P shall be found after the same Mode which we have used in the solution of the former Proposition IV. The Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon being given or the greatest distance from which the Eye is supposed to see to find out the Altitude of the Eye Of the finding out the Altitude of the Eye This is the same with that Problem The greatest distance being given from which the Vertex of the Mountain is seen to find the Altitude of the Mountain In the Triangle N T O let the right Angle T N O be given and the Angle N T O is known from the Semidiameter of the sensible Horizon P N moreover let the Semidiameter of the Earth T N be given Therefore T O shall be found according to the proportion As the whole sinus is to the secant of the Angle N T O so is T N to T O. From which if you substract T P the remaining number will shew the sought for Altitude of the Eye Proposition V. The Altitude of the Eye being given and of some erected sean Magnitude as a Tower the Mast of a Ship or an high Mountain to find the distance of this from the Eye that is the distance of the Ship To find the distance of a Ship c. by the Eye For Example in the Diagram in the preceeding Propositions let P O be the Altitude of the Eye in the Ship Tower or Mountain Let F S be the Mast of another Ship and let P be the point and F S the Ship so seated that in P the first top of the Mast S moy be seen Therefore the point S shall be in the Line O N which is the Tangent drawn from the Eye O for whatsoever is seated beneath this O N X that can send forth no direct Rays to the Eye O but it must so draw near that the Vertex or point may fall into the right Line O X. Therefore the distance F P is sought viz. in which the first Ray from S may come to the Eye In the Triangle N O T the Angle N T O is found from the given N T T O and from the right Angle T N O. And again in the Triangle right Angle N T S N T T S is given and the right Angle S N T the Angle N T S shall be found out and so the whole Angle O T S shall be had whose measure is the Arch P S the distance demanded Proposition VI. On the contrary if the Altitude of the Eye be given and the distance from which first the
Wax Commodities and excellent Warlike Horses whose Manes are said to hang down to their feet their Fruits are good and in great plenty and the Earth is inriched with Mines of several Metals It is seated in the Northern Temperate Zone between the 7th and 10th Climates which makes the longest day to be 17 hours It s People The People are well made and proportionate they are head-strong resolute in their Opinions and of no ready wit they use the Sclavonian Language they are Christians and follow the Greek Church The Kingdom at present is divided into several Provinces as in the Geographical Table of Turkey in Europe is set down all which are subject to the Grand Signior Province of Transilvania The Province of TRANSILVANIA hath for its chief places 1. Waranine far engaged towards the West and it is a frontier Town to Hungaria and of some account and strength 2. Hermensted more towards Moldavia 3. Weisenburg 4. Burges 5. and Hanyad Province of Bosnia The Province of BOSNIA hath for its chief place 1. Saraih the Metropolitan City seated in a fruitful Valley which on the North and South sides are immured with ridges of pleasant Hills of an easie ascent This City is said to contain about 80 Mescheetoes and about 20000 Houses which for the most part are but meanly built 2. Bagnialuch once the residence of the Bosnian Kings and 3. Jayeza the usual Sepulchre of those Kings Province of Servia The Province of SERVIA whose chief Cities are 1. Belgrade once the Bulwark of Christendom valiantly resisting the power of Amurath the 6th and Mahomet the Great but yielded to Solyman Anno 1520 when this whole Country became a Turkish Province 2. Stonebourgh once the Seat of its Despot and 3. Samandria Province of Bulgaria The Province of BVLGARIA hath for its chief places 1. Sofia the Seat of the Beglerbeg of Greece under whom are 21 Sangiacs seated almost in the midst of a long and fruitful Valley beautified with many fair Hanes and Baths the chief of which hath hot Fountains It s Colledge is magnificent and its Mescheetoes are many and beautiful especially that in the midst of the City which is the largest and here the doors of the houses of the Christians and Jews are not above 3 foot high which is so made to keep out the Turkish Horses who would else in their Travels make them serve instead of Stables so great is the slavery that they live under 2. Oesco 3. Novi 4. Durostoro and 5. Destor all which are seated on the Danube 6. Proslavia seated at the mouth of one of the branches of the Danube at its fall into the Euxine Sea 7. Calutra and 8. Varna both seated on the Euxine or Black Sea Province of Moldavia The Province of MOLDAVIA whose chief places are 1. Zuccania once the Seat of the Vaivod 2. Sotzowa and 3. Lazy both good Cities Country of Bessarabia To the Province of Moldavia doth belong the small Country of BESSARABIA which lieth between Podolia and Bulgaria and is commodiously seated on the Black Sea It s chief places are Kherman or Moncastro the Seat of the Turkish Sargiack seated on the River Tyras not far from its influx into the Sea and 2. Kilia also seated on the Euxine Sea Province of Walachia The Province of WALACHIA being divided from Bulgaria by the Danube and is esteemed the richest Province in all Dacia It s chief places are 1. Targovisco the Seat of the Vajuods 2. Domboviza and 3. Brailonum GREECE The Parts of Greece The rest of Turkey in Europe may be comprehended under the name of GREECE which is divided into several parts to wit Romania which answers to the ancient Thrace Macedonia whose divers parts have received divers names as that of Jamboli of Camenolitaria of Migdonia or particular Macedonia Albania and Thessaly which is now called Junna Epirus now Canina Achaia and Aetolla now Livadia and Peloponnesus now the Morea Its Bounds GREECE esteemed the Mother of Arts and Sciences hath for its Eastern bounds the Egean Sea the Hellespont Propontis and Thracian Bosphorus and for its Western the Adriatick Sea and Italy It is seated in the Northern Temperate Zone under the 5th and 6th Climates the longest day being 15 hours It s sertllity and Commoties The Soil without doubt is very rich and fruitful and would be very prositable to the Husbandman if pains were taken in tilling it but the Great Turk seizing on their Estates when and as often as he pleaseth makes them careless to cultivate it yet here are found several good Commodities which are transported to other places as Wines Oils Silk both raw and wrought into severai Manufactures as Velvets Damasks c. also Gragrams Brimstone Copper Vitriol Cottons Sopes Carpets Cute Currants Cuminseed Anniseeds c. The Ancient and present Greeks The Grecians though a scattered People since the Turks became Masters of their Country vet still retain their Name Religion Customs and Language as indeed they do in all other places where they live They were once a Nation so excellent that their Precepts and Examples do yet remain as approved Canons to direct the mind to Vertue they were Lovers of freedom every way noble in matters of Government famous in Arms glorious in Arts admirable and to whom the rest of the World were held Barbarians but since they became under the Turkish yoke for the generaliay their Spirits are so low that their knowledge is turned into ignorance their liberty into contented slavery their Vertues into Vices and their industry in Arts and Sciences into idleness They are much addicted to drink and dancing for which they had the name of Merry Greeks they are of a good proportion and of a swarthy complexion their Women are well favoured brown and excessively amorous in matters of Habit they differ little from those amongst whom they live The Christian Faith was here established by Timothy to whom St. Paul wrote two Epistles The Fathers which this Church most adhereth unto are Chrysostom Basil and the two Gregories and the Church is governed by Patriarchs one of Constantinople another of Alexandria another of Jerusalem and another of Antioch freely exercising their Religion which differeth much from the Church of Rome as I shall in place elsewhere take notice oâ— and have every where their Temples and Monasteries If a Patriarch die another is elected by the Synod of Bishops Famous Men here bred This Country hath bred several famous Men as Alexander the Subverter of the Persian Monarchy Xenophon Plutarch Herodotus and Thucydides famous Historiographers Epaminondas Pyrrhus Miltiades and Aristides Captains Plato Aristotle Socrates and Theophrastus Divine Philosophers Demosthenes Aeschines and Isocrates eloquent Oratours with several others too tedious to name but to proceed to the Provinces Province of Romania ROMANIA particularly so called a Country of it self neither of a rich Soyl nor pleasant Air more
Church and a bulky tall Steeple on a Hill County of Surrey described SVRREY a County of a different Soil not over fertil especially in the midst yet the parts near the Thames which is plain and Champain is grateful to the Husbandman and the parts called Holmesdale by reason of the aspiring Hills Rivers Parks Meadows Groves and Fields is a place of great delight The Air is very healthful It is garnished with the Seats of several Gentlemen and is better stored with Game than Grain Here are seated 140 Parish Churches and hath the accommodation of 9 Market Towns Southwark or the Borough of Southwark Southwark on the South-side of the Thames opposite to the City of London to which it is joyned by a stately Stone-bridge and is a member thereof being annexed by King Edward the Sixth but doth still enjoy several of its ancient Priviledges as electing Burgesses holding of Courts within themselves c. It is a place which for largeness of good Buildings and quantities of Inhabitants may be ranged with Cities enjoying a good Trade and is well resorted unto Croydon seated low near the Spring-head of the River Wandle Croydon and in a manner begirt with aspiring Hills which for the most part are well clothed with Wood of which great store of Charcoal is made for which this place is of note It is a large Town dignified with the Seat of the Archbishop of Canterbury is beautified with a large and fair Church hath an Hospital for the relief of Poor people and a Free-School for the Education of Youth The Town is large its Houses well built and its Market which is on Saturdays is considerable and well served with Corn and Provisions From this Town to Farnham runneth the Downs called Banstead-Downs which affordeth great diversion for Hawking Hunting and Horse-Races Kingston a large and ancient Town Corporate Kingston enjoying large Immunities and is of chief note for being the place where upon a Stage in the open Market-place stood the Chair of Majesty where Aethelstan Ethelred and Edwin were Crowned Kings and received their Imperial Scepters from whence 't is said the Town took its name being before called Moreford It is pleasantly seated on the Banks of the Thames over which it hath a fair Bridge which leadeth to Kingstonwick in Middlesex about a mile from Hampton-Court the Palace of his Majesty Its Houses are well built and hath several Inns and Taverns it is the usual place for the Assizes and its Market on Saturdays is very considerable for Corn and Provisions Reygate seated in the Vale of Homes dale Reygate of note for its bloody Battles here sought against the Danes in which they were vanquished and also for its ancient but ruinated Castle where in the midst of a large Court there is a Vault of a great depth and length at the end of which is a spacious Room where according to report the Barons met in Council in their War against King John Here is fullers-Fullers-Earth dug up in great plenty It is a large Borough Town which sends Burgesses to Parliament and hath a very considerable Market on Tuesdays being well served with Corn and Provisions Not far from this Town are Blechingley and Gatton two ancient Borough Towns which electeth Parliament men once places of good account especially Gatton Guilford no less pleasantly than commodiously seated on the River Wey Guilford which is navigable for Barges very commodious to the Inhabitants for the conveyance of their Goods by water to London It is an ancient Borough Town governed by a Major and other sub-Officers hath the election of Parliament men and was a place of a larger extent when the English-Saxon Kings had their Palace here than now it is yet is it a fair neat well built and large Town containing three Parish Churches one of which is a fair Structure It is a place well inhabited and frequented where the Assizes are oft kept and as seated on a High-road is well furnished with Inns and Taverns for the reception of Travellers and its Market which is on Saturdays is of good Account and well served with Corn and Provisions Farnham Farnham said to be so called from the great store of Fern here growing It is a good Town seated on the River Wey of note for being the place where King Elfred with a small Power subdued the Danes with a great slaughter and for its spacious Castle highly seated It hath a great Market on Saturdays for all Provisions but chiefly Oats and Barley County of Sussex described SVSSEX a large County in form long and narrow which with its extent bounds division into Rapes scituation c. may appear by the Table The Air though clouded with Mists and thick Vapours which arise from the Sea yet is it good and healthful It is well watered with Rivers which fall into the Sea which washeth its Southern parts and although its Sea-Coast is of so large an extent yet it is but thin of Harbours and those not very good being dangerous for entrance by reason of its Rocks and Shelves The Soil is fertil the Sea-Coast called the Downs is hilly but very pleasant and feedeth good store of Cattle The North-part is overshadowed with Woods and Groves where in times past was that famous Wood Andradswald being about 120 miles in length and 20 in breadth and in these parts are many Iron-Mines The Commodities that this County affordeth are Iron unwrought and wrought into Guns c. Corn Cattle Sheep Wool and Wood. This County is severed into 6 Rapes all which traverse the Shire and have each of them their particular River Forest and Castle and in these Rapes are 65 Hundreds in which are numbred 312 Parish Churches and is traded unto by 16 Market Towns In Chichester Rape are 7 Hundreds and its chief places are Chichester Chichester seated on the Banks of the Levant which at a small distance falleth into the Sea It is an indifferent large City containing 5 or 6 Parish Churches besides its Cathedral it is graced with good Buildings and spacious Streets especially the 4 which lead from the 4 Gates of its Wall and cross one another at the Market-place which is a fair Stone-Building sustained with Stone-Pillars It is dignified with an Episcopal See and Seat of a Bishop It is a City endowed with many Priviledges electeth Parliament men is governed by a Major Aldermen Recorder with sub-Officers is a place of pretty good Trade and its Markets on Wednesdays and Saturdays are well provided with Corn Cattle and all sorts of Provisions both Flesh Fish and Fowl Nigh unto this City is Selsey-Isle or rather a Peninsula as being almost encompassed with the Sea and its Arms and Branches at present of chief note for its Cockles and Lobsters here taken in great plenty but in former time was of note for its City so called now devoured by the Sea where there was an Episcopal See which afterwards
for when the Sun passeth through the Vertex of those places then every one will then confess that there ought to be Summer except some other cause obstructed in respect of the Celestial cause and so in places scituated in the Aequator the Spring or Summer ought not to be in the entrance of the Sun into the first degree of Aries or Libra but rather the Summer because then he passeth through the Vertex of those places and causeth great heat except some other cause hinders Neither can the Summer be transferred unto the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn The same also holdeth concerning places scituated between the Aequator and the Tropicks because the Sun passeth through their Vertex before that he draweth near to the first degree of Cancer or Capricorn and therefore first causeth the Summer there For we must know that although Definitions may be free yet seeing that by the common notions of all Nations they define the Summer by Heat and the Winter by Cold or at least by a lesser degree of Heat and so the Definitions ought to be made that they may render as little as may be from these Notions and in no sort be contrary to them The same difficulty is concerning the Spring and Autum of the places of the Torrid Zone yea they do not seem to have place here especially in places which lye in the Aequator Of Heats and Cold. The second difficulty for which this Question is proposed is this Whether the Seasons are to be defined from the very degree of heat and cold viz. the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter or from the access or recess of the Sun For the common notion of the Men of Europe which they form concerning those Seasons or in which they do conceive them comprehendeth both although they have more respect to heat than cold But Astronomers are more attentive to the access and recess or entrance of the Sun into certain Signs of the Zodiack as we have said before Moreover it is observed in many places of the Torrid Zone that those Seasons answer not the access and recess of the Sun but that contrary to the Celestial motion of the Sun they are tried by a Winter raging not with cold but with storms and rains when they should have Summer by reason of the vicinity of the Sun and on the contrary they have Summer when the Sun is remote when they should have Winter of which more anon and so those People define not the Summer and Winter by the access of the Sun and his entrance into certain Signs but they define the Summer by its serenity and the Winter by its rain and somewhat cold Air. And so it is impossible to make definitions of the Spring Summer Autumn and Winter as to be general and agreeable to all these places according to the notions of the People These difficulties thus considered I thus think First seeing that in many places of the Torrid Zone as we have spoken in the second difficulty and also some certain places of the Temperate Zones Heat and Cold happen contrary to the Celestial mode or motion of the Sun yet notwithstanding those definitions cannot be made accurately by Heat and Cold therefore these terms of the Seasons must be distinguished as being Homonymical so that we must make some Seasons to be Celestial and others Terrestrial I confess these terms to be less fit but the want of better doth compel me to use them so that it is termed the Terrestrial Summer of any place in which in that place a great heat is caused every year by the Sun but the Celestial Summer is termed that season of the year wherein a great heat ought to be in that place by reason of the vicinity of the Sun So that is termed the Celestial Winter of a place in which season Cold should be in that place by reason of the great distance of the Sun but that season is termed the Terrestrial Winter of any place in which there is very great Cold in that place every year And although in many places the Celestial and Terrestrial Winter happen in one season of the year as also the Celestial and Terrestrial Summer yet there are some places of the Torrid Zone where they observe divers seasons of the year as we shall shew in the following discourse The same should be said of the Celestial and Terrestrial Spring and likewise of the Autumn Secondly Seeing that there are few places where the Terrestrial Summer and Winter differ from the Celestial in the season of the year but in most places fall in with the same time of the year therefore the Celestial Summer may be absolutely termed the Summer so also the Winter the Spring and the Autumn But when we speak of the Terrestrial we must add the word Terrestrial but where we simply say the Summer the Winter Spring and Autumn we are to understand the Celestial seasons agreeing with the Terrestrial But how shall we make distinct and accurate definitions of the Summer viz. the Celestial the Winter the Spring and the Autumn so that they may be general for all places and also take place in the Torrid Zone I know no other Mode whereby such definitions may be made but only this The definitions of the sous Seasons of the year 1. The Celestial Summer of any place is that season of the year whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath the least distance from the Vertex of the place and that in the first season if the Sun become vertical to that place in two seasons The end that day in whose Meridies the Sun receiveth a moderate distance from the first Vertex of that place or whether it be lesser than that of all other days of the year 2. That is termed the Winter of any place the beginning of which is that day in whose Meridies the Sun obtaineth the greatest distance from the Vertex of that place And the end that day in whose Meridies the Sun acquireth a moderate distance from the Vertex of that place 3. That season is termed the Spring of any place which falleth between the end of the Winter and the beginning of the Summer or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath acquired a moderate distance from the Vertex when he hath come from a great distance And the end is that day where in whose Meridies the Sun hath acquired a very small distance from the first Vertex of the place 4. The Autumn of any place is termed that season of the year falling between the end of Summer and the beginning of Winter or whose beginning is that day in the Meridies of which the Sun receiveth a mean distance from the Vertex of the place coming from a lesser And the end that day in the Meridies of which the Sun hath obtained a very great distance from the Vertex of the place According to these
Shadows The Shadows receive their denominations from the parts or quarters of the World into which they are cast as the Oriental Shadow which tendeth into the East from the Sun placed in the West Contrariwise the Occidental Shadow which goeth into the Western Plaga or quater But here is chiefly to be considered the Meridian Shadow which is scituated on the Plain of the Meridian or which is cast from bodies perpendicularly erected or seated in the plain of the Meridian the Sun then being in the Meridian and this is two fold viz. Northern and Southern The Inhabitants of that part of the Earth are termed Heteroscij where the Meridian Shadows of bodies erected are constantly carried all days of the year to either Pole The Periscij are those Inhabitants of the Earth where the Shadows of erect bodies in one and the same day are carried about into all the Plagas of the Horizon or where the Meridian Shadows in one and the same day are cast to both the quarters of the Meridian The Amphiscij are those Inhabitants of the Earth where the Meridian shadows of the erected bodies in some days of the year are cast to the North and on othersom to the South Proposition I. The Shadows of bodies erected above the Horizontal plain fall upon the quarter opposite to it in which the Sun existeth Of Shadows in reference to Opticks and Dyalling Those that are versed in the Opticks and Horology are wont to say that a Shadow an Opac and Luminous body are in one Plain but the Term or bound of the Shadow the extremity of the Opac and the Sun are in one right line For because the Opac the Shadow and line concealed from the extremity of the Opac to the extremity of the Shadow make a Triangle now every Triangle is in one plain therefore those three lines shall be in one plain the Sun is in the extremity of the line conjoyning the extremity of the Opacity and the Shadow Moreover an erect body is right to the Horizontal plain wherefore the plain drawn through it viz. that of the forementioned Triangle is also streight to that Horizontal plain and therefore seated in the Vertical plain and because a body erected is seated as it were a Vertex between the Sun and Shadow therefore the Sun and Shadow shall be in the opposite quarter There are three parts of this Shadow which the Stile erected being illuminated from the Sun doth cast viz. a Dense Shadow a Central and a Shadow which is almost a Dense Shadow which a ray coming from the uppermost edge of the Sun doth terminate a Central Shadow is that which is intercepted between the ray of the Superior edge and the Centrel ray the penumbra is that which is intercepted between the Central ray and the ray of the lower Proposition II. The Inhabitants of the places of the Earth whichly in the Tropick of Cancer and Capricorn are Heteroscij The people in the Tropicks are Heteroscij For when the Sun is in the first degree of Cancer that very day the bodies erected in any point of the Tropick of Cancer do absorbe the Shadow of the Sun possessing their Meridian because that then the Sun perpendicularly from his Vertex hangeth over the Horizon and therefore illuminateth all parts of it neither doth any ray from the erect Opac hinder like this which perpendicularly falleth on the plain of the Horizon and therefore lyeth in the very Opac But in other days of the year because the Sun declineth from the Vertex of the places of the Tropick towards the South therefore the Shadow is cast in the Meridies towards the North never towards the South On the contrary in the places of the Tropick of Capricorn every day it is cast towards the South except on one day in which there will be no Shadow never towards the North. Proposition III. The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are Amphiscii The Inhabitants of the Torrid Zone are called Amphiscii Let any place of the Torrid Zone be taken in the Globe and let it be brought to the Meridian and let the Parallel of the Latitude which shall cut the Ecliptick in two points be described by Chalk applied When therefore the Sun shall be in these points of the Ecliptick he shall describe by his circumvolution a Parallel which shall directly hang over the Parallel described and therefore on those two days in which he obtaineth those points of the Ecliptick in the assumed place and in all scituated in the described Parallel he shall be vertical in the Meridies and illustrate all the places of the Horizon And therefore no shadow shall be cast on these two days and the Inhabitants shall be Amphiscii without any shadow but on the other days of the year they shall not be so but the Meridian shadow shall either be cast to the North or to the South to the North whilst the Sun moveth in that part of the Ecliptick which lie in those two points before noted towards the South On the contrary to the South whilst the Sun moveth in that part of the Ecliptick which is scituated from those two points towards the North. Proposition IV. The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zone are Heteroscii The Inhabitants of the Temperate Zone are called Heteroscii For because the Sun in all those days of the year in the Meridies is moved from the places of the North Temperate Zone towards that quarter to wit the South and on the contrary from the places of the South Temperate Zone towards the North it followeth from the first Proposition that the Meridian shadow of the places of the North Temperate Zone bend to the same quarter all the days of the year viz. the North on the contrary to the South in the places of the South Temperate Zone Proposition V. The Inhabitants of the Frigid Zones are Periscii The Inhabitants of the Frigid Zone are called Periscii For by reason that on some days of the year the Sun setteth not in these places but moveth round about the Horizon it is also necessary that the shadow should be carried round into all quarters and the Sun being in the superiour Semicircle of the Meridian the shadow is cast towards the North and when the Sun is in the inferiour Semicircle the shadow is carried towards the Southern quarter Proposition VI. A place of the Torrid Zone being given to find the days of the year in which the Inhabitants of that place shall be without any shadow and in what days the shadows are carried to the North and in what to the South Let the days of the year in which the Sun becometh vertical to the place given be found those shall be the days in which the Inhabitants of that place shall be without a shadow For this use the Mode in the third Proposition Proposition VII The day of the year being given to find the places of the Earth in the Globe whose Inhabitants are Amphiscii