the xii â—ignes The Eâ—uinoctial Colure The Solstitiaâ—â— Colurâ— Thâ— greatesâ— declination of thâ— Zodiacke Definition of the Meridian Circlâ— The mydday or noone Diuers Meridians Definition of the horizon hemisphere or horizon Diuers horizonâ— The ryght and oblique horizon Distance of the zenith from the Equinoctiall how the horizon is deuided by thâ— Meridian The true and vntrue East and VVâ—st The lesse Circles Tropykes Paralelles The Polar Circles The Poles of the zodiacke and Poles of the world The greatâ—â—â— declination of the Sunne The Artykâ— and Antartike The Sphere diuided into fiue zones Zones habitablâ— and vnhabitable The diuision of the earth according to the fiue zones of heauen An errour of Ptolomie and the Astronomâ—â— The land of Brasile The straights of Magalianes The West Indies People of long life vnder the zone Cold Regions habitable Island Gothlandâ— Norway Russia The diuisioâ— of the Sphere by longitude and latitude The degreâ—â— of the Equinoctial circlâ— Myleâ— Furlongs Leagues Grayne Fynger Foote Pase The degreâ—â— of the sea Cardes The diameter of the earth and water Diuision of the earth and water by Climates Diuersities of thyngs in diuers Climates What is â— climate Differencâ— of dayes The space of sâ—â—â—n climates The quantitiâ—â—f the lâ—ssâ— circlâ—â— The Latitude of Climates Dia Mâ—râ—â— Dia Sienâ— Dia Alexandros Dia Rhodos knightes of the Rhodes The Rhodâ—â— taken by thâ— Turke Dia Romes Dia Boristhenes Dia Rifeos The riuer Tanais Stoflerine The Meridian or South Climate A right line An angle 〈◊〉 A circlâ— The circumference of a circle The center of a circle Diâ—meter Seâ—icircle Zenith Eccâ—ntricke Epicicle Auge Opposâ—â—â— of Auge The Sunâ—e is the guyde in Nauigation The moouing of the Sunnâ— vnder the zodiackâ— The Sommer Tropicke Declination of the Sunne The Winter Tropike The cause of increasing and decreasing of the day and nyghtes The moouing of the Sunne in the center of his Sphere To fynde the true place of the 〈◊〉 The equâ—â—ion of the yeâ—re VVhat is the declination of the Suâ—â—e The entrance of the Sunne into the fouâ—â— principall signes The Latinâ— yeere The Eâ—uinoctialles in the yâ—ere of Christâ—s byrth The Solstiâ—â—â—ls â—our notable thyngs To knowe more precisely the entraunce of the Sunne into the foure principall â—ignâ—â— To knowe when the Sunne entreth into euery of the xii Signâ—â— Leape yeâ—râ— Variation of houres by the rapte mouing of the Sunne from the East to the VVest The entrance of the Sunne into the iiii principall signes causeth the chaunge of tyme. The Sunne and Moone are the principal luminaries The Eclipse of the Moone The coniunction of the Moone with the Sunne The Moone receyueth her lyght of the Sunne The aspect of the Moone to thâ— Sunne The increasing and opposition of thâ— Moone The bignes of the Moone The Moone is â—earest vnto the eâ—â—th The motion of the moonâ— The coniunction Thâ— oppositâ— To know thâ— times of oppositions and coniunctioâ—s To know the golden number The rootes of the golden number The concurrent The Solar and Lunar yeeres To fynde the number of the concurrent Epact To know thâ— dayes oâ— agâ— of the Moonâ— To know tâ—â— day of the coniunction To know the place of the Moone in the Zodiacke and what aspectes she hath with the Sunne The description of the Instrument The vse of the Instrument to fynd the truâ— place of thâ— Sunne To fynde the place of the Moone Fiue aspecteâ— of the Planets Coniunction Opposition Trinall quadrine Sextiâ—e To know thâ— place of the Sunne by thâ— rule of memorie To knowe in what degree the Sunne is The Eclipse of â—hâ— Sunne The Eclipse of the Sunne is not vniuersall â—ow â—hâ— Sunne is eclipsed in the whole or iâ— parâ— why the Moone seemeth somtime bigger and sometime lesse then the Sunne The Sunne is Eclipsed in coniunction the Moone in opposition The reuoâ—ution on oâ— the â—ight Sphere The Solâ—r yeere how the Egyptians painted the yeere The quantitie of the yeere The yeere of the hebrues The Greekes Iulius Caesar. Lâ—â—pe yeere Dayes of the yeâ—râ— Beginning of the yeere Ouid. bruma is the stay of the sunne in winter the winter solstitiall and shortest day of the yeere The Creation of the world Exod. xii VVhere the Christians begin the yeere Diuersitie in the number of the yeeres or the date Machomet The date of the Christians The Lunar yeere or moâ—eth Reuolution of the moone The deuisioâ— of the yeerâ— into twelue monethes The Lunaâ— moneth The moneâ—â— of peragratioâ— The moneth of consecutioâ— The mouing of the Suâ—ne and moone in coniunction To know the tydes by the aspectes of the Moone The illumination or change of the Moone Interlunium is the space of tyme in the which neither the olde Moone doth appeare nor the newe Moone is seene The weeke of the Iewâ—s The Romanâ—â— The Christians Ferine signifieth vacant daies or somâ—time holy or fâ—stiuall 〈◊〉 The naâ—â—â—all day The beginning of the naturall day The ende of the naâ—uâ—all day The artificiall day The nyghâ— houres natural and artificiall The hour natural or equal The houre artificial or temperal The day and nyght diuided into foure partes Interpretation of certayne places of the Gospell The night diuided into iiâ—â— quarters Four watches of the nyght how Mariners ought to watch To know the houres of the day by the Sunne The placing of the instrument The fynding of the Meridian lyne The eleuation of the Pole Dyals horizontall and verticall East â—est The Triangle The making of the Dyall houres of the horizontall Dyall Placing of tâ—â— Dyall The Meridian line of thâ— Dyall The making of the vertical Dyall The Guardâ— starres what is mydnyght Noone or mydday An errour The making of the â—nstrument The horne of the seuen starres whiche make the lesse beare To fynde the hour with the instrument The Mariners opinion of â—bbyng and flowing of the sea or tydâ—s Obseruation of the Moonâ— to know the tydes Eyght principall wyndes The Moone causeth the ebbing and flowing of the Ocean Sea The moouing of the Moone The shortning of the tydes An errour The variation of the tydes A Table to knowe thâ— variation of the tydes Signes of faâ—â—â— and sowle weather Some cal these the fiers of S. Elin and S. Nicolas wandring fyers engendred of exhalations and vapours Castor and Pollux what is smoke and flame Exhalations of the land and water Exhalations and vapours engendred in Shyps A shining flye A superstitious opinion of the Mariners A lye of the fryer preachers Psalm 67. Testimonie of auncient aucthours The buildyng of Rome The Romanâ— kyngs One lyght or fyre is an euill signe Two lyghtes Castor and Pollux an errour of the Mariners Psalm 68. why Eolus was fayned god of winds what is winde The foure principall or Cardinall wyndâ—s Luke xvii East Souâ—h west North. Collaâ—erall wyndes Twelue wyâ—des Eyght whole wyndes Diuision of the horizon by the foure principall wyndes Eyght halfe wyndes quarter windes The deuisioâ— of the windâ— xxxii windeâ— in alâ—â— The names of
from the Tropike of Cancer to the Circle Artyke they called inhabited or habitable And to haue more perfect knowledge hereof it is to imagine that the earth is diuided proportionally into fyue Regions or Portions which answeare directly to the sayd fyue Zones as sayth the Poet Ouid in this Uerse Totidemque plage tellure praemuntur That is And so many Regions are on the earth beneath Euery of these Regions or portions of the earth is situate vnder one of the fiue Zones aforesayd But whereas certayne men of aucthoritie haue moued the question whether the earth vnder the Zone from the Tropike of Cancer to the Circle Antartyke is desart or no Ptolomie and the Astronomers affyrme that it is vnpeopled But Aristotle Ouid in the second of his Metamorphoses Plinie also and Iohn de Sacro bosco affyrme the contrary as for the more certaintie thereof we knowe the experience of such as goe and come dayly from those partes Moreouer then this we knowe that that lande is not onely well replenished with people of good corporature and of white colour but the same to be also very rych in Golde For they that sayle to the East Indies touch in the cape of Buena speranza or Caput bone Spei which is in this Zone Likewyse the land of Brasile and the confynes of Rio de la Plata with all the coast vnto the straights of Magalianes euen vnto the 54. degrees of the south part This lande was discouered by Magalianes in the yeere 1520â— or 1521. whereby that is now weâ—l knowen by sight whereof Ptolome had no knowledge by heare say The â—â—rnt Zone called Torrida Zona they also described to be vnhabitable by reason of the greate heate thereof as Aristotle Pâ—inie and in maner all other ancient aucthors affirme whereof the Poet Virgil wryteth thus Quinque tenent coelum Zonae quarum vna corrusco Semper sole rubens torrida semper ab igne Which in the English tongue is thus much to say in effect In Zones fyue the heauens conteyned be Whereof the one with burning Sunne is red Scorching the Earth subiect to his degree That for the heate thereof it is vnhabited Lykewyse Ouide in his Metamorphoses toucheth the same saying Quarum quae media est torrida semper ab igne c. Yet that the burnt zone is inhabited and well replenyshed wyth people that lyue there we knowe so certaynely by the number of them that dayly passe too and fro the Indies of your Maiestie discouered in your most happie dayes that to say any thing to the contrary it should be a manifest errour and therefore is it greatly to be marueyled that certayne wise men haue affirmed these parts to bee vnhabitable whereas neuerthelesse they had knowledge of Arabia Foelix Aethiopia Tabrobana and dyuers other Regions situate vnder the burnt Zone Plinie wryteth that a Ship came from the sea of Percia by the Ocean round about Ethiope and came to the pyllers of Hercules which is now the Citie of Cadiz where at this present I write this briefe treatise They of Guinca Calicut Gatigara and Malaca lyue all vnder the burnt Zone and many of them lyue very long And doubtlesse many things ought to perswade vs that vnder the burnt zone the earth is furnished with all thynges perteyning to the lyfe of man for that in that region or portion of the earth is in maner continuall Equiuoctiall and the coldnesse of the night doth sufficiently temper the heate of the day Agayne they that inhabite vnder that Zone haue two Sommers and two Winters in the yeere whereby is concluded that the auncient aucthours erred not onely in affyrming this Zone to be vnhabitable by reason of the great heat thereof but in lyke maner erred in affyrming the Zone that is betweene the circle Articke and the pole Articke to be also vnhabited by reason of great cold The contrary whereof we may well affyrme knowing as we knowe that Island with part of Gothland Norway Russia and dyuers other Lands are inhabited and well peopled This is the figure and demonstration which foloweth The xvij Chapter of longitude and latitude and of the proportion which the lesse circles haue to the great circle THE Sphere or globe of the earth is also diuided in breadth and in length The breadth which is called latitude is by degrees for from the Equinoctiall to eyther of the two poles is 90. degrees The length which is called longitude is by the degrees of the Equinoctiall which is diuided in â—60 degrees The fyrst degree of longitude doth begin at a certaine Meridian which passeth by the Ilands of the Canares called the fyxed Meridian and the order of the numbring of the sayd longitude is alwayes toward the East By euery degree of the sayd longitude in the Equinoctiall may be vnderstanded a great circle called Meridian to passe eche one of them passyng and meeting the poles of the world so that the sayd great circles or meridians doth diuide euery paralel or lesse circle proportionally into 360. degrees but we must not vnderstand these degrees to be equall that is to say as great in one circle as in another for the greater the circle is the greater is the degree in it and the greater the paralel is the nearer it is vnto the Equinoctiall lyne Euery degree of the Equinoctiall conteyneth in longitude 60. minutes so likewise it is to be vnderstanded of the degrees of latitude which be diuided ech one into 60. minutes of latitude because the degrees and minutes in the great circles doo not differ in theyr bignesse the one from the other but the degrees in the paralels as they are distaunt from the Equinoctiall and come neare to eyther of the two Poles they diminish consequently so that one degree in the paralel of 7. degrees of latitude doth make in quantitie but 59. minutes and 33. seconds of the Equinoctial circle and to one degree in the paralel of 12. degrees of latitude goeth but 58. minutes and 41. seconds of the Equinoctial and to one degree in the paralel of 16. degrees of latitude there goeth 57. minutes and 41. seconds The Table of minutes which euery degree conteyneth in euery of the paralelles G M S G M S G M S G M S G M S G M S 1 59 59 16 57 41 31 51 26 46 41 41 61 29 5 76 14 31 2 59 58 17 57 23 32 50 53 47 40 55 62 28 10 77 13 30 3 59 55 18 57 4 33 50 19 48 40 9 63 27 14 7â— â—2 2â— 4 59 51 19 56 44 34 49 45 49 39 22 64 26 18 79 11 27 5 59 46 20 56 23 35 49 9 50 38 34 65 25 21 80 10 25 6 59 40 21 56 1 36 48 32 51 37 46 66 24 24 81 9 23 7 59 33 22 55 38 37 47 55 52 36 56 67 23 27 82 8 21 8 59 25
respiration and life of men and other beastes As concerning which samâ— thinke that the Ocean Sea is higher then the earth and aske the question why the Sâ—a couereth not the whole earth and why the earth is not sunke in the water To this it may be a sufficient aunsweare that it hath so pleased the wyll of Gâ—d according to the saying of the prophet Dâ—uid Terminum posuisti quem non transgredietur neque conuertetâ—r operirâ— terram That is Thou hast appoynted limits which it shall not passe neyther shall it returne to couer the earth Besyde the wyll of God which is the cheefe and sufficient cause thereof we say that nature fayleth not in her necessaries For she sometime admitteth a litle inconuenience to auoyde a greater euill as when heauie things which natuâ—ally should descend doo not only not descende but rise vp And aâ— also soâ—â—time it chaunceth that fyre descendeth and wâ—ter aryseth to fyll the voyd or emptie places least any where should be fouâ—d voyd or emptie which nature so greatly abhoâ—reth Tâ— this puâ—pose nature foreseeing the kindes of many things that could not elsewhere liue then on the earth neither bee conserued wâ—thin the water as men and other earthly beasts determâ—â—ed before to mâ—ke the earth not perfectly round contrary to the nature thereof whereof it foloweth that it is not altogeather couered of the water And as sayth Origen the earth remayneth discouered of water that it might bring foorth fruites trees and plantes As touching the conuex aforesayde the water and earth discouered are conteyned vnder the concauitie of the ayre which is diuided into three Regions as the lowest hyghest and middlemost The lowest is hote by reason of the reflection or rebounding of the beames of the Sunne stryken backe by the earth The highest also is hote by participation of the fyre and nearenesse thereunto The myddle region is colde as is manifest by the snowe and hayle engendred in the same The ayre neare vnto the region of the fyre which is pure heate doth neither burne nor lighten because it hath no combustible matter and so hath it power and not acte It is neare vnto and reacheth the circle of the Moone which compasseth it about The heauen or circle of the Moone is next vnto the heauen of Mercuri and Mercuri vnto Venus Venus vnto the Sunne the Sunne to Mars Mars to Iupiter Iupiter to Saturne which is next and reacheth vnto the heauen of the Starres called the Firmament because that in it are all the Starres except the Planets firme and fyxt as a knot in a table The knowledge of the Planets was had by seuen sundry motions they haue among themselues and by their course not vnifourme to that of the Starres of the eyght heauen because that sometimes the Planets appeare vnto vs ioyned togeather and sometimes diuided The Christaline heauen compasseth about or conteyneth within it the heauen of Starres This Christaline heauen is transparent and pâ—rspicuous as cleare water or glasse that may be seene through by reason of the cleerenesse and pure substaunce thereof It is by an other name called the heauen of water whereof holy Scripture speaketh saying Aquae quae supra caelos sunt laudent nomen Domini That is to say Let the waters that are aboue the heauens prayse the name of the Lord. It was created for the conseruation of corporall things and to temper the heate engendred of the moouing of the fyrst moueable which being so great of body that it not onely compasseth all the Elements but also all the inferior heauens is mooued so swiftly that it dayly perfectly mooueth all the aforesaid Spheres And least by reason of the great heate thereof caused by his swyft motion it should consume inferior things God ordeyned this Christaline heauen that the coldnesse thereof might temper the extreame heaâ—e of the other This Christaline heauen reacheth vnto the fiâ—st moueable heauen called Primum mobile Aâ—d this reacheth to the Emperiall heauen which is the twelfth called Emperium by reason of his cleerenesse and respleâ—â—â—â—â—â— Tâ—â—â— is 〈…〉 aâ—â— is moâ—t pâ—â—fect The Philosophers had no knoâ—ledge heereof Bâ—â— we beleeue by holy Scripture that such a heauâ—n there is and the same to be the habitation of Aâ—gelles and Spirituall creatures It is also called Coelum Coelorum that is The heauen of heauens because it conteyneth and includeth within it all the other heauens It is of greater cleerenesse then all the other heauens and was created immediatly with the Angelles In this also remayneth the humanitie of Iesus Christ our GOD and in dignitie aboue it It conteyneth three holy orders or principalities called Hierarchias Wâ—ereof the fyrst is called Supercelestâ—all and hath in it alâ—o three orders Seraphims Câ—eruâ—ims anâ— Thrones The second is called Celestiall and conteyneth Dâ—minations Principates and Potestates The third called Subcelestiall conteineth Uirtutes Archangells and Angelles And to coâ—clude it hath aboundance of all goodnesse and perfect felicitie with priuation or want of all euill The heauen also geueth influence of constancie stedfastnesse and durabilitie to things agaâ—nst the fluxabilitie and inconstancie of the other heauens the order whereof doth appeare in the demonstration followyng The vi Chapter of the immutabilitie or immobilitie of the Earth THE Pythagorians and other auncient naturall Philosophers as sayth Aristotle were of opinion that the earth did mooue yet not by a ryght foorth motion but circulerly about the middest of one place The which errour both Aristotle himselfe and the Astronomers doâ— confute and reprooue by euident causes and manifest demonstrations For circuler motion is proper to the heauens And as the earth differeth from them in nature so likewise in moouing And although it be so that the earth may naturally mooue by certayne of his partes yet to mooue in the whole and without the circuite of his Sphere it is impossible being founded and established vppon his owne center the which of it selfe is naturally immooueable for as much as in it the reason of all heauynes consisteth Whereas otherwise euery part that is mooued should ascend contrary to the nature of all heauie things Bâ—t there is found nothing heauie that doth not naturally enclyne directly to the center of the earth and would actually descend thyther if it had no impediment of some other thing to resist it and when it toucheth there or is come thyther would still rest and remayne there And heereby it foloweth that the earth being founded vppon his owne center is not mooued The wâ—ich thing the Prophet Dauid also affyrmeth saying Fundasti terram super stabilitatem suam that is Thou foundedst the earth vppon his stabilitie The vij Chapter of the roundnesse of the Earth and Water THAT the Earth is rounde it appeareth by manifest euidence For if it were playne or flatte the dawning of
23 55 14 38 47 17 53 36 7 68 22 29 83 7 19 9 59 16 24 54 49 39 46 38 54 35 16 69 21 30 84 6 16 10 59 5 25 54 23 40 45 58 55 34 25 70 20 31 85 5 14 11 58 54 26 53 56 41 45 17 56 33 33 71 1â— 32 86 4 11 12 58 41 27 53 28 42 44 35 57 32 41 72 18 32 87 3 8 13 58 28 28 52 59 43 43 53 58 31 48 73 17 33 88 2 5 14 58 13 29 52 29 44 43 10 59 30 54 74 16 32 89 1 3 15 57 57 30 51 58 45 42 26 60 30 0 75 15 32 90 0 0 The xviii Chapter of the circuite or compasse of the Earth and Water according to the opinion of the auncient and latter aucthours IT may heere appeare to be necessarie for our purpose to declare what space of the superficie of the earth or water the auncient wryters diâ— suppose to aunsweare to one degree of a greater circle in the heauen for in diuers countries they vsed to count by diuers sorts of measures as the Latines counted by miles the Greeks by furlongs the Spanyards Frenchmen by leagues the Egyptians by signes or marks and the Persians by saguas But they all agree that foure graynes of Barly make a finger breadth four fingers a hand breadth four hands a â—oote fiue foote a Geometricall pase for two simple pases make fiue feete Also 125. Geometricall pases make a furlong eyght furlongs one myle whiche is a thousand pases and three myles one lâ—ague In Germanie they make leagues of more feete and in some places more then in other In Fraunce they count thyrâ—ie leagues to one degree The Spanyards count sixteene leagues and two terces and seuenteene and a halfe for a degree of the great ciâ—cle this difference that one league is bigger then another may come heereof that one Barly corne is bigger then another But to our purpose let vs geue to euery league three thousand pases and to euery pase fyue foote and so shall euery league haue xv thousand foote In the Cardes of the sea that haue their degrees of xvi leagues and two terces we say that of these the roundenesse of the land and the water conteyneth sixe thousande leagues And in the Cardes that haue seuenteene leagues and a halfe for a degree of these we say that it conteyneth sixe thousand and three hundred leagues And who so desyreth to knowe howe muche is the Diameter of the earth and water may knowe it by multiplying the circumference by seuen so that diuiding the summe that riseth thereof by twentie and two the part that ryseth of that calculation shall be the Diameter and the halfe thereofâ— shall be the semidiameter The xix Chapter of the seueâ— Climates THE auncient aucthours did also diuide that part of the superficie of the earth on the North side of the Equinoctiall which they supposed to be most habitable into seuen Climates wherein they did fynde to be dyuers conditions and customes of men and diuersities of beastes and of other naturall thynges the whiche thyngs they perceyued to haue a diuersâ—tie in the countreys as where the day of the one did encrease or differ aboue the day of the other by halfe an houre so that the space of the superficiall of the earth betweene two paralelle lynes wherein the longest day doth increase or differ by halfe an houre is called a Climate The place where they suppose the fyrst climate to begin is distant in Latitude from the Equinoctial by 12. degrees and 45. minutes where the longest day is 12. houres and 45. minutes the place where the last climate doth finishe is in the Latitude of 50. degrees and 30. minutes where the longest day is 16. houres and 15. minutes so that the increase of the longest day in the ende of the seuenth climate dooeth exceede it in the beginning of the fyrst climate by three houres and an halfe and the whole compasse of the earth with all the seuen climates dooeth conteyne in breadth 37. degrees and 45. minutes but their length is supposed to extend to 180. degrees of longitude In that maner a climate the neare it is vnto the Equinoctial the more it conteyneth of the superficiall of the earth because the paralelle circles the nearer they be vnto the Equinoctial the greater is the compasse of the earth which they make in length and the lesser the compasse is the nearer they be vnto the poles as dooth appeare euidently by the Meridians where they doo all concurre and meete in the poles â—heir distaunces waxeth continually lesser and lesser the nearer they be vnto the sayd poles so that the nearer the climate is vnto the pole the lesser it conteyneth of myles in the length In lyke maner shall you vnderstand that greater is the breadth of the first clime then of the second and the second then the third and lykewyse of the other For in how much the more the Equinoctial you come neare to the pole so much the more is the Sphere oblique or crooked and consequently the day encreaseth more by reason whereof in lesse space is found the increaseth of halfe an houre in which the climate maketh difference and doth varye Whiche thyng shall be more manifest to hym that beholdeth the Latitude of them all as may appeare by the Table heere folowyng In whiche you may see the houres whiche the greatest daye conteyneth of euery climate in his beginning middest and ende with also the eleuation of the Pole or distaâ—nce from the Equinoctial and also the degrees of Latitude which euery Climate conteyneth The longest day   The eleuation of the Pole  Differences of the latitude Climates Beginning Midst End beginning Midst End     Ho. M Ho. M Ho. M G M G M G M G M 1 12 45 13 0 13 15 12 45 16 40 20 30 7 45 2 13 15 13 30 13 45 20 30 24 15 27 30 7 0 3 13 45 14 0 14 15 27 30 30 45 33 40 6 10 4 14 15 14 30 14 45 33 40 36 24 39 0 5 20 5 14 45 15 0 15 15 39 0 41 20 43 30 4 30 6 15 15 15 30 15 45 43 30 45 24 47 15 3 45 7 15 45 16 0 16 15 47 15 48 40 50 30 3 15 The fyrst Climate is called Dia Meroes Meroe is a Citie of Aphrike vnder the burnt Zone on this side the Equinoctiall 16. degrees The second is called Dia Siena Siena is a Citie in the conâ—ines of Ethiope where there is a well that sheweth the Sommer solstitiall because that place is vnder the circle of the Tropike of Cancer and the Sunne seemeth to stand directly ouer that place at mydday of the solsticiall whereby the well is then very cleere and hath in it no shadowe at all as the Poet