the Earth they can every year find that Bird. The Lunde is a little Bird something bigger then a Pidgeon whereof there is a vast multitue It hath a strong crooked Beak so that if it biteth a man in the hand it teareth off the Flesh having also sharp Claws It wageth War with the Raven that cometh and will take it away and its young ones It being a wonderful spectacle to see their fight for as soon as the Raven cometh near the Lunde catcheth it under the throat with its Beak and graspeth it about the Breast with its Claws so that the Raven cannot hurt it but must fly away with a great crying the Lunde holds it fast in the mean time without letting it go till they come into the Sea where â—lipping it it is drowned Yet the Raven doth often take the Lunde at unawares rusheth into its hole takes it and eats it up The said Bird the Lunde buildeth its Nest sometimes on the Continent far from houses digging it self two or three yards according to the nature of the place under ground lying on its back as the Scrape sometimes in Ures that are places under high Clifts full of great and small stones that fall from the Clifts and by length of time are filled between with Earth and covered with Grass in which places they dig themselves into the Earth or build where there is no earth their nest under and between Stones where they can come to breed their young with most security The most part being taken in such places so that man can often take above an hundred Lundes in one Ure some of them build on the side of promontories where they find great tuffts of earth in flat places and when they fly from their Nests they first make them clean scraping all the dirt and old roots out of the holes and putting fresh grass in them again The Lundes that make their Nests in the Fields are taken as is said above of the Skrabe but for such as are under those many stones they let run unto them some little Dogs that are so taught which bring out both Bird and Egg to their Masters but when the Birds are fled the men take them flying which is done in this manner they have a long Pole at the end of which there is a hoop drawn over with a net whereof the mashes are almost as big as the quarrels of a Glass Window being like the Net wherewith they take Shrimps in some places and this they call a Stang of Staffe with this Staffe the Fowler sitteth on the Clift or in the Ures between the the great Stones where he knoweth most Fowl to come which they call flight places and when the Lunde cometh flying either from or to the Land he lifts up the Staff and the Net against the Fowle and when he hath got it into the Net he turneth the Staffe about that it may intangle it self the better therein a man being sometimes able in that manner to take 200 Lundes in very short time besides those that are taken in their Nests The Lumwifve is a pretty great Bird wherefore they are generally called great Fowls it is black on the back and white under the belly The Daw is something bigger then the Jack-dawes they have in Denmark being also black on the back and white under the breast having white stroaks about the Jaws and a sharp pointed Beak It hatcheth its young ones in holes and shinks of high Promontories but the Lumwifve layeth her eggs on the bare points and Clifts that are many in the said Promontories there lying sometimes on these Clifts some hundred Eggs according as the place is large but three fingers breadth from one another and when the Birds fly away the Eggs rowl often down into the Sea but laying but one Egg she sitteth straight thereon and continueth so a months time never stirring from the place till her young one be hatched in the mean time the Cock bringing her to eat and they Lay in this manner sitting close to one another Bird by Bird all over the place so that the Clift seemeth quite black and the young one being hatched she remains yet three weeks with it and then the Hen taketh the young one on her back and carryeth it to Sea but when the Fowler cometh to that place if there have not often been there men before it happeneth sometimes that the old will not leave their young ones and therefore are taken with the hand as many as they are and kill'd but where they are grown wild by reason of mans continual hunting after them they fly away the young ones running together in a Flock and when the Hen cometh again she seeks the same place where she fate before and clacketh so long till her young one cometh to her being very well able to discern its own Dame though they be all shap'd alike and when she giveth her young to eat she putteth her head back under her wing giving it so to eat backwards It cannot be exprest with what pain and danger they take these Birds in those high and steep clifts whereof many are above 200 Fathom high there being men apt by nature and fit for that work called Fowlers who take them usually in two manners for either they climb from below up into these high Promontories that are as steep as a wall or they let themselves down into them from above with a thick strong hemp-rope when they climb from below they have then a pole five or six ells long with an iron hook at the end which they tha are below in the Boat or on the Clift fasten unto the mans Girdle or another Rope that the Fowler hath about him helping him thus up to the highest place where he can get footing afterwards they also help up another man and when there are so several come up every one with his Fowling Staffe in his hand and the long Rope between them tyed to each others wast they climb so as high as possible they can and where they find difficulty they help each other up by thrusting one another under the breech with their Poles and when the first hath taken footing he draweth the other up to him by the Rope fastned to his wast and so they proceed on till they come to the place where the Birds build going then after them about the hill as they please and there being many dangerous glaces to climb about having hound themselves at the Ropes end the one seeketh a convenient place where he can stand sure and hold himself fast whilest the other goeth about these dangerous places if it then happen that he chanceth to fall the other that stands firm keeps him up and helps him up again but if he passeth safe he likewise fasteneth himself till the other hath passed that dangerous place and so they go about the Clifts after Birds as they please though it often happeneth the more is the pitty that when the one
stilleth it self so that the Inhabitants dare row out on Fishing There is nevertheless an extraordinary great motion every where at Sea so that sometimes they are as it were lifted up to the Heaven and presently come down as it were to the Abyssm as David saith Psal 127. which motion of the Sea they call Alda and certifie that when they are sunk in it they can see no land though it be above 300 Fathoms high As for the motion of Tides themselves they perfect their course according to the Moon here as well as in other places where there are ordinary tides by an ebb of six hours and a Flood of the like space of time Yet their course is different according as they beat against the Rocks and points of Land and as the ground is under them whence it comes that the particular streams alter their course and run directly against the general Tides such streams being called here Ider Concerning the general Currents here the Seaman that is not much acquainted with the Land may have this for information In the first place where the streams run even between the land there is a principal Current as between Suderoefiord Staapenfiord Kalsoefierd Skuofiord and Fugloefiord When the Current runneth here to the West it is called West-fall and when it runneth to the East East-fall but in Kalsoefiord the East-fall runneth Northward and the West-fall Southward because of the points of Land Secondly it doth not run with equall rapidity during the six hours but its course can be divided into three parts In the first third part it runneth prerty fast changing and augmenting its force more and more In the second third part it is very rapid and is here called Braaddew In the last third part it loseth its force by little and little till it comes to turn and then the stream is as it were half dead In the third place the Tide is not allways equally strong but it is strongest in the new and full Moon three days before and three days after losing after of its force till the first and last quarter and it renews its strength again from the first and last quarter till the new and full Moon though according to the Moons vertue it be neither always equally strong but in the Spring and Summer when the Sun acteth most on the earth so that the warmth reflecteth thence and in the Dog days when the air is hottest by reason of the heat of the Canicule it is stronger in every change of the Moon then it useth to be in Autum or Winter from which effect may doubtless be concluded that the Sun together with the Moon and the inward warmth of the Earth doth produce the motion of the Tides For the 4 th when the stream runneth in the Inlets at E. or when it is East-fall it is then West-fall by the land and in the Iders and so quite contrary so that when the Master of a Ship cannot advance his voyage in the middle of the Inlets he must seek his advantage by the Iders for they stretch themselves in some places a mile from the Land Fifthly the Tide beginneth that is the water riseth at West fall and when that is out and it is Braaddew it is Floud or highest water that is West-fall in all the principal streams of every Inlet but afterwards cometh the East-fall from the Land beginning thereby by little and little to grow low water but how high or low the water riseth or falleth in Feroe cannot be exactly described there being a great inequallity in it both by reason of the changes of the seasons of the year and of the Moon wherein the streams are strongest Notwithstanding the stream ariseth much higher at west of the Land then at East usually seven Fathoms at West and but three at East In the sixth place it is very needful for a Pilot to know when it is high water or West-fall in Feroe not that he might thereby run securely over Rocks and grounds for he hath no great need of that in Feroe but that he may know how the stream runneth and advance his voyage accordingly all Marriners having erred therein till this day even the Sea expert Hollanders who in their Sea Mirrour write that a South and North Moon maketh highest water in Feroe Those that have traded in this Country and in their Voyage have taken notice of the Tides have found it otherwise and believe quite contrary that an East and West Moon giveth highest water wherein they doe not much erre but I have enquired about this business of old understanding men who nevertheless take little notice of highest water nor know wherefore it is so observable but only note their West and East fall which they nevertheless only mark by Flood and low water not understanding what an East or West Moon signifieth and they say altogether that the second day after New or Full Moon it is perfect West-fall that is highest water at six of the Clock in the morning and East-fall or Low-water at twelve of the Clock at Noon whence an expert man can conclude that a North East Moon and a South West make highest water the first day the Moon beginneth to fill that is at five a Clock and fifteen minutes in the morning and then they have highest water or West fall in new or full Moon in Feroe a North East and a South West Moon making highest water in all the principal Streams above mentioned In the other particular Streams it is high water at different hours in some before and in some after the ordinary time for in Leerviigs-fiord an East North East and West South West Moon maketh highest water that is when it is four a Clock and a half in the Morning In Nolsoe fiord an North East and South West Moon that is at three a Clock and in Westmans haven and Myggenessfiorda North West and South East Moon that is at nine a Clock in the forenoon so that here is a strange difference in the rising of the water between these many Islands which cometh altogether by reason of the points of Land I dare not undertake to explicate the several Streams with their Iders there being often in one Inlet five different Currents that run against one another so that I verily believe if the Learned Philosopher Aristotle were here himself to undertake that work he would find no less difficulty therein then in his Euripe Nevertheless I cannot forbear writing something of the little stream between Stromoe and Osteroe which seemeth very strange Though that stream on both sides of the water be wholly still and dead and there be a very short way over the grounds between both Lands it runneth nevertheless forward and backward according to the ordinary Changes of the Moon so swiftly that it is impossible to row against it but one must expect till it returneth Whereof the cause is this There goeth neither Ebb nor Tide at South of the stream but at
being hollow veines in many places of the Earth and Rocks the water doth run through them and those Conduits being narrow the Sea lyeth heavy thereon and presseth them so that the lesser water must needs rise above and seek a way to get out where it can find it whence come Springs and Fountains Thus far Scaliger Out of this meaning of Scaliger the Ingenious Reader can easily perceive that there are many trooked Veines or Conduits under the Earth and Rocks but yet it doth not follow that they cause or help the ascent of the Water for it cannot ascend directly up as we see it doth not through a hollow Post By the help of nature and art Archimedes invented a screw to make Water ascend from the place where it lyeth still which Screw was a hollow Leaden Pipe that was twined about a round and long staffe in the manner of a Screw but it was to be turned about and so the water was screwed up such are not naturally found in the Earth and though there be no such crooked Conduits in the Earth the water can nevertheless ascend from the lowest part of the Earth to the highest top of the Mountains as shall be demonstrated hereafter Besides it is to be noted that the water of the Sea doth not throng or press up the water of the Fountains because it is more abundant or heavier then the water that is in the veines of the Earth for if one layeth a horn on the back so that both ends are equally high Horizontally and one filleth it full of water though there be then much more in the thicker end then in the smaller which it seems by reason of its gravity should endeavour to seek the bottome of the Horn and so drive out the lesser water it cannot nevertheless do so for the greater water cannot drive the lesser higher up then it self lyeth high whence it followeth that the water of the Sea is as high yea higher then the highest Mountain on whose top there springeth Fountain water which must be proved All Mathematicians do truly affirm that Earth and Water make a round Globe together as it may be perceived by the Eclipse of the Moon when the Earth lyeth between it and the Sun for what is then darkened is round because the interposed Earth is of a round Figure That Water is absolutely round as the Earth is proved by the custome of Seamen who when they will discover Land climb up to the Main mast whence they can discover it when no body else can see it in the Ship the cause whereof is the roundness of the Water for if it were flat they could as well see the Land below in the Ship as above on the Mast Finally the whole is like its parts and therefore if a drop let fall on a Table or on a Cloth formeth it self round the whole Mass or body thereof must have the same nature and propriety That Fundament being firm and without contradiction the wide Sea can soon mount in the roundness of its figure higher then any Mountain on Land is high And therefore naturally according to the aforesaid nature of Water can easily weigh up and press the lesser water through the Conduits of the Earth though they be not crooked and that as high as the Sea is in its highest Superficie which is demonstrated by the following Figure Let this round Figure be the whole Globe consisting of Water and Earth let D. E. and F. G. and H. I. be three parts of the Land and the space between water Let A. be here the highest Superficies or uppermost part of the water let K. L. be a Spring on the high Mountain D. K. L. now water presseth on its highest near A. down towards the Center C. through which it cannot come to the lowermost Superficie and therefore seeks a passage through the earth and amongst many let there be a veine near M. running up either straight or crooked from M. to I. K. as may be seen in the Figure which it can easily do till B. lying first Horizontally with A. but the Sea cannot drive up the least drop thereof to N because it is higher then A The Water therefore runneth thus from K. down the Mountain over the Plain near L. and thence into the Sea by O. which it will do as long as the World lasteth and since the perpendicular of the Mountain I. K. is a third part of the length of the earth semidiameter C I. which alter the supputation of Astronomers is 859 Leagues so the Mountain is high perpendicularly 286 Leagues no Mountain being so high no not Mount Olympus that is esteemed the highest in the World And this supposition sheweth the rising of the Sea in the motion of its waves expounded pag. 64. for if there be so great a difference of Floud in the space of ten Leagues what difference is there then in hundreds of Leagues This Demonstration is confirmed by a rare example of a water in Feroe for there is on Suderoe towards the South near a little Village called Famoien a little Lake pretty high on the Mountain that hath ordinary Ebb and Floud with the Sea but it hath doubtless larger Conduits then other veines of water through which it can easier rise and fall so that this example is a singular proof of the demoustration aforesaid for if that Lake had Ebd and Floud immediately of it self other fresh waters that lye still would also have the same nature but if this happens mediately by reason of the motion of the Sea it followeth that fresh water ascendeth from thence That there runneth salt water in the Conduits of the Earth and cometh out again fresh is by this reason since all Mettals and Minerâ—ls as Chymists prove clearly are produced of Salt and the Earth hath its fatness of the same they draw then the Salt from the Water for their maintenance and nourishment as the flesh draweth from the blood in the veines of a mans body that whereof the body hath its increase and fatness And wheresoever there are Mettals and Minerals in the Earth the Water Attracts their qualities and is tinged according to their nature whence doth proceed several healing waters that Earth draweth Salt to it self is proved by an Artificial Experiment for if one will bind a piece of linnen Cloth over the one end of a bottomless Cask and fill the Cask full of Earth pouring on the earth a quantity of Salt water and letting it sink through the Earth two or three times the Water at last will come out fresh the Earth having drawn to its self the Salt thereof If any would conclude fresh Springs to come of rain water because when it raineth there runneth out more water at the Spring then when it hath been a long time dry weather the Spring being then drained and producing no water It is answered thereunto that rain cannot be the cause of Spring water on Feroe the Land consisting in hard
even Polished that they serve to put in Rings whereunto they are used by some It is found that they grow in the Clifts and are washed off by the Sea-waves no body could yet know whether they be of any worth for some of them have by curiosity been carried to Jewelers but they have not been esteemed any thing My late private precept or the Learned and Famous Olaus Normins at my departure for Feroe shewed me amongst other Rarities in his Cabinet that sort of Stones sent him from Feroe and conceived they were Jaspis stones telling me also that they had lost their colour since he had them and desired me that I would send him some more of them which I did accordingly perform The Pearles whereof Mr. Peter Clauson writes in his Description of Norway that they are found in Muscles here are no other then those that are found in the Muscles of Denmark concerning the Stone which he also writes is found here by the sea side shaped like a Heart o Kidney called by the Inhabitants a Fairies Kidney that as Mr. Peter writeth according to the received opinion of the Inhabitants doth bring forth another Stone when it is kept long it is very certain that Fairies Kidneys ore found here but the Inhabitants have not that superstitious opinion of them neither is it any Stone but a West India Bean as hath been told me by a very knowing man for it hath a hard outward shell of a Chestnut brown colour and within a sweet Kernell This doubtless falls in other places off from its stalk into the Sea and is brought hither by the Stream They are carryed to Forreign Countreys and there carved to make Boxes for Sunff Tobacco here is also found but in small quantities some brittle Chrystal which cannot be wroâ—â—ht Though God hath denyed this land the riches aforesaid it hath nevertheless pleased him to enrich it with what can hardlyer be wanted in nature if the Land could be till'd every where as in other places it would in Fertility of Corn go beyond other Countreys equally large but here a Countryman cannot sow above one or two Tuns of Corn but in many places they Reap again 20 or 30 Tuns for one Tun of Seed specially in the Southerly Islands where they reap so much Corn that it need none to be imported from forreign Countryes Here is nothing sowed but Barley for other Seeds will not come to maturity and there being here but little sowed there is the more ground for Pastures In several places Grass is found so abundant and juicy that Oxen feed thereon both Winter and Summer growing sometimes so Fat that one can get in an Ox that is not big of growth 100 pound of Tallow and such places they call Feidelands It is very remarkable that where there are such Feidelands they ever turn to the North East and North wherefore would not think that the North or North East Wind could cause any Fertillity they being cold but rather the South West or West these being warm and moist and having more the Suns assistance to operate with them whence it comes that the old Grecians called the West Wind Zephirus as that which caused life in Plants Nevertheless the contrary is found in these pastures It is also observed that in Island the North part is more Fertile with Grass and Cattell then the South Greenland is also found to be given with Grass on the North East side whence it hath also received its name but on the West side there is found little or no grass If you will inquire the natural cause of this we must consult the Chymists who write much of their great Monarch or Lyon of the North especially mentioned by Theophrastus Paracelsus whereby they mean nothing but Nitre a special Agent in Chymical Operations The cause wherefore they call Nitre a Monarch and Lyon of the North is that in the Snow coming from the North or North East there is naturally found Salt Peter Wherefore when one cannot have other more convenient liquors to make Salt Peter of or sor other Chymical Operations they make use of North or North East Rain and Snow Besides there is found in their writings that Salt peter is not only used in the particular transmutation of Mettals but also that being dissolved and Corn dipt in it it may be sowed without dunging in the very leanest ground giving it an extraordinary production all dunging whereby the Earth is made Feftile having its inward vertue and essence consisting in Nitre or the Salt thereof which is clearly proved by an example known almost every where for those that make Salt Peter dig up old Floors from under Cattel or Sheep whereof they extract the Nitre that is ingendred there of the Beasts virtue whence it comes that Dunghills where Cattels Urine remains and rots are better for Dâ—ngning then dry dung it self For a further example it is seen here in Feroe that they take Sea weeds from the Shoare and lay them on heaps to â—ot wherewith afterwards they lung their ground which then bearâ—th abundance of Corn that effect proceeding doubtless of the Salt in â—he Sea weeds since Salt Peter can naturally be prepared of Salt from the premises North East Snow and Rain having Salt Peter in it self and all lunging consisting in Nitre The Reader may easily conclude that such plaâ—es as are exposed to North East Winds must consequently be more fruitful then others But here is also â—o be observed that the said places are Valleys arising usually with a high Promontory against the Sun which also helps to their Fertility the Scorching Beams of the Sun being hindred thereby One might here well imagine that since it Snoweth and Raineth from the North East or North over the whole Island and the Sun draweth Plants out of the Earth it might be most fruitful where the Sun doth shine the whole day with its beams it is found in nature that the Sun it self doth not produce the Plants from the Earth but warmeth nature and the night cooleth and moistneth what the Sun hath dryed and scorch'd whence principally Plants are produc'd In the Lands which lye under the torrid Zone nothing at all could grow because of the heat of the Sun if the night was not as long as the day and by its cooling and dew did not temperate the Plants It is observed here in Feroe that in the midst of Summer when in two months time there is almost no night Corn groweth but very little though it rainethâ— nor herbs though they be watered in dry weather and when the night beginneth to be longer Corn and Herbs grow more in a night and day then otherwise in fourteen from whence it is seen that the Sun at certain times doth indamage Plants and where it striketh directly down with its gathered Beams consumeth the moisture and fatness of the ground but where by a moderate reflexion it warmeth the Earth which happeneth in the Valleys aforesaid where
in the Countrey taking away without exception whosoever came before them It happened the same time that the Priest of that place called Mr. Paul Erasmuson fled upon a Rock with a little child the Turks pursued him and took first the Child which he had laid down and afterwards pursued the Priest wherefore he leaped down from a very high promontory under which many people had hidden themselves from the enemy and God made it come to pass so wonderfully that he stopped upon a Turffe of Earth that was soft and well overgrown with Grass there being round about nothing but Clifts and Stones yet though his body was not endamaged his mind was nevertheless very much distracted by that high fall Wherefore his Majesty of Denmark King Christian the IV. rig'd out a Ship commanded by the Honourable George Daa who likewise did his utmost to destroy such a company of Thieves Amongst other he surpriz'd an Irish Pyrate in Westmans-haven in Stremoe A part of the Pyrates crew run presently over the Land and took one of the Inhabitants Boats wherewith they fled from Feroe to Hetland those that were left behind were taken and hanged After the said Daa his said Majesty commanded other Ships to cruise under Feroe which harboured usually in Skaale fiord in Osteroe whence it is that the harbour hath gotten the name of Kings haven But there going more charges yearly to fit out such Ships then the revenue which the King received of the Land could import King Christian the IV. was pleased to cause to build a Fort in Thors-haven against the unexpected invasion of all enemies There being not only kept the Kings contributions but also all Merchandize for the maintenance of the whole Country which was done after the Turks falling into Suderoe and since that time they have in some manner been free from such Sea-robbers except when there hath been war between Denmark and the neighbouring Kingdoms for tâ—â—n as is probable they have often been disturb'd by neighbouring enemies It is not heard or read of any civil war or inward tumult in Feroe as in Island though there be an old tale of some troubles in the Country and there hath been shewed me a valley in Calsoe above the village of Migledal where two armies of the Inhabitants have fought together and two hills under which they say the dead are buried though they know not the true ground thereof I am almost of opinion that this happened in the time of King Ingi Baard's son in the year of Christ 1211. by Erling Suerrison of whom the Hystory of Norway pag. 581. maketh mention in this manner There was a man in Feroe called Erling that gave himself out for King Suerreson his Mother was Astride Rois Daughter He march'd about in the Islands with some gathered men doing great violence and oppression he had 7 Children and went since for Norway in the Ship of Einar the Sheriff ren â—ring himself to Philip and the Lady Christina she received him very well and acknowledged him for her Brother he dyed some years after of an effusion of blood after blood letting It may be that he as an heir to the Crown of Norway would reduce Feroe to obedience but that he was discomsited and forc'd to go out of the Country to seek the assistance of his Sister Christina and that his design vanished by his death Here is also spoken of another uproar that happened for a good while since by some few that gathered themselves together and would possess themselves of Feroe putting to death all those that would not be of their Faction which company they call to this day the Flock men from their thus flocking and being gathered together The Inhabitants of Feroe having thus continually been as well free from civil as from foreign wars except what oppression the Sea-robbers and those of their party did them they have during their long tranquility taken great care to cultivate the ground having not only till'd Planted aud built the places that are now inhabited but other places besides that are now left untill'd and are seldome renewed They devide the ground which they till into acres the acre being subdivided into ells so that by an acre of ground is understood 320 Hamborough Ells four square whereunto belongeth also a part of the ground that is without the Inclosure yet there is a great difference in the greatness of the divisions though every acre of Land be reckoned for 320 ells And the Acres consisting in that sort of measure the poor free-holders know to divide it after their deceased Parents in many small parts namely in 80 60 40 20 and 10 ells and an acre of ground costing according to the ancient price of Land sixteen Gylders of Feroe they call usually such small parts a Gylder namely 80 Ells about 4 Gylders 40 Ells 2 Gylders and so forth till it comes to be so little that it amounteth but to five Skins of earth which is Land for 10 pence This division being very damageable to the Country for it maketh many poor people they do not plow their ground but dig it making deep furrows laing the earth which they dig out of them on the ground close together the dung being laid under it before Neither is each Field above 3 ells broad usually with a ridge on the one side that water may always have its fall into the furrow and continually flow away there falling here very much rain afterwards they break the Earth that was laid over with a spade instead of harrowing it and when they have sowed their Seed they clap the earth over with flat pieces of Wood instead of rowling it over So that they have a great deal of labour and pain in the Tillage of their ground which cannot otherwise be because of the Lands propriety The ground which they thus Till they let rest 8 or 10 years for it will not bear fruit every year but in the mean time it yields excellent Grass for Hay which they only mow and not that which groweth in Moorish grounds as they do in other Countreys As they have a great deal of labour in the Tillage of their ground so they have no less about their Corn for they cut it off with an ordinary Knife and puck every Ear from the Straw drying them afterwards in a Kilne the Corn not coming here to perfect Maturity Afterwards instead of Thrashing Women tread the Ears of Corn with their bare feet all this labour about their Corn taking up a great deal of time almost unprofitably which might well be remedied but they are so minded in general that they will not change their old customes no more in this then in many other things CHAP. V. Of the Qualities of the Inhabitants IT is so ordered in nature alas that Tares will commonly grow amongst Wheat It is here even as in other places where there are bad and good and since the bad ones cannot be much praised for their vertue we